The author thanks Hugo Juraver-Geslin, Marion Wassef and Anne H&#233;l&#232;ne Monsoro-Burq for their help and advice, and the Animal Facility of the Institut Curie. The author thanks Paul Johnson for his editing work on the manuscript. This work was supported by the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS UMR8197, INSERM U1024) and by grants from the "Association pour la Recherche sur le Cancer" (ARC 4972 and ARC 5115; FRC DOC20120605233 and LABEX Memolife) and the Fondation Pierre Gilles de Gennes (FPGG0039).

<ol>
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The authors have nothing to disclose.

התפתחות עצבית היא בניצוחו של גומלין מורכב בין תוכניות סלולריות התפתחותיים ואותות מהרקמות הסובבות (נבדקו ב3,31,32). כאן אנו מתארים קבוצה של פרוטוקולים שניתן להשתמש בX. laevis עובר לחקור חיצוני וגורמים פנימיים מעורבים בקביעת גורל עצבית והמורפוגנזה עצבית במבח...

מערכת העצבים של בעלי החוליות עולה מהצלחת העצבית כשכבת אחידה של תאי neuroepithelial. הבנה כיצד תוכניות התפתחותיות מושרות, מקודדות, והוקמו במהלך אזורית של הצלחת העצבית היא, כיום, מטרה עיקרית בביולוגיה התפתחותית. בהשוואה למערכות אחרות, עובר Xenopus ניסוי נוח הוא מודל של בחירה לניתוח שלבים מוקדמים של התפתחות עצבית 1,2. זה קל להשיג מספר גדול של עוברים, ופיתוח חיצוני נותן גישה לצעדים הראשונים של neurulation 3. כלים רבים זמינים כדי לתפעל באופן ניסיוני Xenopus laevis (laevis X.) התפתחות עוברית. מיקרו הזרקה של mRNAs או morpholinos (MO), כוללים שיטות פעולה מושרה, יחד עם כלים ביוכימיים ותרופתיים, מאפשר מבוקר רווח של פונקציה (GOF) ואובדן התפקוד (LOF) ושינוי ספציפי של מסלולי איתות 4,5. בלההאאקטודרם גג stocoel, הממוקם סביב קוטב החיה של blastula, או עובר gastrula בשלב מוקדם מאוד, ומכונה &quot;בעלי החיים קאפ &#39;(AC), הוא מקור לתאי pluripotent שניתן לתכנת על ידי מניפולציה של ביטוי גנים לפני explants הכנה. בכתב יד זה הם פרוטוקולים מפורטים לשימוש X. explants laevis AC לבדוק במבחנה ובמנגנונים מולקולריים vivo ותהליכים תאיים התפתחות עצבית בסיסית. טכניקה מוצגת, המאפשרת תצפית יפה של דפוסי ביטוי גנים בצינור עצבי ראשן צפרדעים, צעד ראשוני בזיהוי רמזי נחישות גורל. בעוד התצפית של רקמות רכוב שטוחות נפוצה במחקר של עובר חומוס 6, זה לא תואר כראוי בצפרדעים. מניפולציה של ביטוי גנים על ידי הזרקת mRNA או MO סינטטיים ללסטומרים של 2 או 4 עובר שלב תא מאפשרת תכנות של ACexplants 4. לדוגמא עיכוב של מסלול חלבון העצם המוךפו&quot;גנטי (BMP) על ידי ביטוי של אנטי-BMP גורם הבחור!, נותן זהות עצבית לתאי AC 3. הפרוטוקול מפורט לביצוע חשיפה מבוקר זמן ומקומי של explants AC לרמזים חיצוניים באמצעות מגע ישיר עם חרוז שרף אניוני. לבסוף טכניקה מתוארת לבדיקת תכונות ההתפתחותי של אבות עצביים in vivo על ידי השתלה של explants המעורב הוכן מהתאים נפרדים מתוכנת ניתקו וקשורים-מחדש. עובר הצפרדע הוא מודל רב עוצמה כדי לחקור את ההתפתחות עצבית חוליות מוקדמות. שילוב מניפולציה של ביטוי גנים לexplant תרבויות במבחנה מספק מידע חשוב בחקר האזורי neuroepithelium, התפשטות, והמורפוגנזה 7-12. תכנות של explants AC מותר פיתוח של לב פונקציונלי vivo לשעבר 13,14. השימוששל explant השתלת 15 הובילו לזיהוי של בורר תעתיק המינימלי התרמה תכנית בידול הרכס העצבי 16. Limitans Zona intrathalamica (ZLI) הוא מרכז איתות שמפריש סוניק קיפוד (ששש) כדי לשלוט על הצמיחה ואזורית של המוח הקדמי הזנב. כאשר נחשפו ברציפות שלשש, תאי neuroepithelial coexpressing גני שלושה שעתוק גורם - כמו-barH homeobox-2 (barhl2), orthodenticle-2 (otx2) וIroquois-3 (irx3) - רכישת שני מאפיינים של תא ZLI: הסמכות ל להביע את ששש, ואת היכולת להפריד מתאי צלחת עצביים קדמי. כמערכת מודל, האינדוקציה של גורל ZLI לתאי neuroepithelial יוצג 8. פרוטוקולים אלה מכוונים למתן וכלים פשוטים, זולים, יעילים לביולוגים התפתחותיים וחוקרים אחרים לחקור את MEC הבסיסיhanisms של התנהגויות תא עצביות מרכזיות. פרוטוקולים אלה הם מגוונים מאוד ומאפשרים החקירה של מגוון גדול של רמזי נחישות עצביים חיצוניים ופנימיים. זה מאפשר לטווח ארוך בניתוח vivo של מחויבות עצביות שושלת, אינטראקציות אינדוקטיביים והתנהגויות תא.

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stem cell-like xenopus embryonic explants to study early neural developmental features in vitro and in vivo

Understanding the genetic programs underlying neural development is an important goal of developmental and stem cell biology. In the amphibian blastula, cells from the roof of the blastocoel are pluripotent. These cells can be isolated, and programmed to generate various tissues through manipulation of genes expression or induction by morphogens. In this manuscript protocols are described for the use of Xenopus laevis blastocoel roof explants as an assay system to investigate key in vivo and in vitro features of early neural development. These protocols allow the investigation of fate acquisition, cell migration behaviors, and cell autonomous and non-autonomous properties. The blastocoel roof explants can be cultured in a serum-free defined medium and grafted into host embryos. This transplantation into an embryo allows the investigation of the long-term lineage commitment, the inductive properties, and the behavior of transplanted cells in vivo. These assays can be exploited to investigate molecular mechanisms, cellular processes and gene regulatory networks underlying neural development. In the context of regenerative medicine, these assays provide a means to generate neural-derived cell types in vitro that could be used in drug screening.

בהתבסס על שיקולים מורפולוגיים במינים שונים, מניפולציות עובריות, ואת דפוס הביטוי של גני רגולציה, מודל רעיוני גורס כי הצלחת העצבית מחולקת למגזרים רוחביים ואורך המגדירים רשת התפתחותית יצירת שדות histogenic מובחנים. בצלחת העצבית, primordia של המוח הקדמי, המוח ה?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Stem cell-like Xenopus Embryonic Explants to Study Early Neural Developmental Features In Vitro and In Vivo at JoVE.com

Stem cell-like Xenopus Embryonic Explants to Study Early Neural Developmental Features In Vitro and In Vivo

In Xenopus embryos, cells from the roof of the blastocoel are pluripotent and can be programmed to generate various tissues. Here, we describe protocols to use amphibian blastocoel roof explants as an assay system to investigate key in vivo and in vitro features of early neural development.

כמו תא גזע<em&gt; Xenopus</em&gt; Explants העובריים לחקר תכונות המוקדמות עצבי התפתחותית<em&gt; במבחנה</em&gt; ו<em&gt; In vivo</em

Understanding the genetic programs underlying neural development is an important goal of developmental and stem cell biology. In the amphibian blastula, ...

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Developmental Biology

Stem cell-like Xenopus Embryonic Explants to Study Early Neural Developmental Features In Vitro and In Vivo

7.9K Views.  Institut Curie. In Xenopus embryos, cells from the roof of the blastocoel are pluripotent and can be programmed to generate various tissues. Here, we describe protocols to use amphibian blastocoel roof explants as an assay system to investigate key in vivo and in vitro features of early neural development. 

Video: Stem cell-like Xenopus Embryonic Explants to Study Early Neural Developmental Features In Vitro and In Vivo

Understanding Early Organogenesis Using a Simplified In Situ Hybridization Protocol in Xenopus

Organogenesis is the study of how organs are specified and then acquire their specific shape and functions during development. The Xenopuslaevis embryo is very useful for studying organogenesis because their large size makes them very suitable for identifying organs at the earliest steps in organogenesis. At this time, the primary method used for identifying a specific organ or primordium is whole mount in situ hybridization with labeled antisense RNA probes specific to a gene that is expressed in the organ of interest. In addition, it is relatively easy to manipulate genes or signaling pathways in Xenopus and in situ hybridization allows one to then assay for changes in the presence or morphology of a target organ. Whole mount in situ hybridization is a multi-day protocol with many steps involved. Here we provide a simplified protocol with reduced numbers of steps and reagents used that works well for routine assays. In situ hybridization robots have greatly facilitated the process and we detail how and when we utilize that technology in the process. Once an in situ hybridization is complete, capturing the best image of the result can be frustrating. We provide advice on how to optimize imaging of in situ hybridization results. Although the protocol describes assessing organogenesis in Xenopus laevis, the same basic protocol can almost certainly be adapted to Xenopus tropicalis and other model systems.

Understanding Early Organogenesis Using a Simplified In Situ Hybridization Protocol in Xenopus

The Xenopus laevis embryo continues to be exceptionally useful in the study of early development due to its large size and ease of manipulation. A simplified protocol for whole mount in situ hybridization protocol is provided that can be used in the identification of specific organs in this model system.

הבנת organogenesis המוקדם שימוש פשוטה<em&gt; באתר</em&gt; הכלאת פרוטוקול ב<em&gt; Xenopus</em

Organogenesis is the study of how organs are specified and then acquire their specific shape and functions during development.  The Xenopuslaevis embryo ...

Zebrafish Keratocyte Explants to Study Collective Cell Migration and Reepithelialization in Cutaneous Wound Healing

Due to their unique motile properties, fish keratocytes dissociated from explant cultures have long been used to study the mechanisms of single cell migration. However, when explants are established, these cells also move collectively, maintaining many of the features which make individual keratocytes an attractive model to study migration: rapid rates of motility, extensive actin-rich lamellae with a perpendicular actin cable, and relatively constant speed and direction of migration. In early explants, the rapid interconversion of cells migrating individually with those migrating collectively allows the study of the role of cell-cell adhesions in determining the mode of migration, and emphasizes the molecular links between the two modes of migration. Cells in later explants lose their ability to migrate rapidly and collectively as an epithelial to mesenchymal transition occurs and genes associated with wound healing and inflammation are differentially expressed. Thus, keratocyte explants can serve as an in vitro model for the reepithelialization that occurs during cutaneous wound healing and can represent a unique system to study mechanisms of collective cell migration in the context of a defined program of gene expression changes. A variety of mutant and transgenic zebrafish lines are available, which allows explants to be established from fish with different genetic backgrounds. This allows the role of different proteins within these processes to be uniquely addressed. The protocols outlined here describe an easy and effective method for establishing these explant cultures for use in a variety of assays related to collective cell migration.

Zebrafish keratocytes migrate in cell sheets from explants and provide an in vitro model for the study of the mechanisms of collective cell migration in the context of epithelial wound healing. These protocols detail an effective way to establish primary explant cultures for use in collective cell migration assays.

Explants Keratocyte דג הזברה לחקר הגירה קולקטיבית סלולארי וReepithelialization בריפוי פצע עורית

Due to their unique motile properties, fish keratocytes dissociated from explant cultures have long been used to study the mechanisms of single cell ...

Manipulation and In Vitro Maturation of Xenopus laevis Oocytes, Followed by Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection, to Study Embryonic Development

Amphibian eggs have been widely used to study embryonic development. Early embryonic development is driven by maternally stored factors accumulated during oogenesis. In order to study roles of such maternal factors in early embryonic development, it is desirable to manipulate their functions from the very beginning of embryonic development. Conventional ways of gene interference are achieved by injection of antisense oligonucleotides (oligos) or mRNA into fertilized eggs, enabling under- or over-expression of specific proteins, respectively. However, these methods normally require more than several hours until protein expression is affected, and, hence, the interference of gene functions is not effective during early embryonic stages. Here, we introduce an experimental system in which expression levels of maternal proteins can be altered before fertilization. Xenopus laevis oocytes obtained from ovaries are defolliculated by incubating with enzymes. Antisense oligos or mRNAs are injected into defolliculated oocytes at the germinal vesicle (GV) stage. These oocytes are in vitro matured to eggs at the metaphase II (MII) stage, followed by intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). By this way, up to 10% of ICSI embryos can reach the swimming tadpole stage, thus allowing functional tests of specific gene knockdown or overexpression. This approach can be a useful way to study roles of maternally stored factors in early embryonic development.

Manipulation and In Vitro Maturation of Xenopus laevis Oocytes, Followed by Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection, to Study Embryonic Development

We describe methods of manipulating Xenopus laevis immature oocytes, in vitro maturation of oocytes to eggs, and intracytoplasmic sperm injection. This protocol allows degradation of some maternal proteins and overexpression of genes of interest at fertilization, and hence is valuable to study roles of specific factors in early embryonic development.

ומניפולציה<em&gt; במבחנה</em&gt; ההבשלה של<em&gt; Laevis Xenopus</em&gt; ביציות, ואחריו הזרקת Intracytoplasmic זרע, לחקר התפתחות העוברית

Amphibian eggs have been widely used to study embryonic development. Early embryonic development is driven by maternally stored factors accumulated during ...

Neural Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells in Serum-free Monolayer Culture

The ability to differentiate mouse embryonic stem cells (ESC) to neural progenitors allows the study of the mechanisms controlling neural specification as well as the generation of mature neural cell types for further study. In this protocol we describe a method for the differentiation of ESC to neural progenitors using serum-free, monolayer culture. The method is scalable, efficient and results in production of ~70% neural progenitor cells within 4 - 6 days. It can be applied to ESC from various strains grown under a variety of conditions. Neural progenitors can be allowed to differentiate further into functional neurons and glia or analyzed by microscopy, flow cytometry or molecular techniques. The differentiation process is amenable to time-lapse microscopy and can be combined with the use of reporter lines to monitor the neural specification process. We provide detailed instructions on media preparation and cell density optimization to allow the process to be applied to most ESC lines and a variety of cell culture vessels.

This protocol describes in detail the method for generating neural progenitors from embryonic stem cells using a serum-free monolayer method. These progenitors can be used to derive mature neural cell types or to study the process of neural specification and is amenable to multiwell format scaling for compound screening.

בידול עצבי של תאי עכבר גזע עובריים בסרום ללא חד שכבתי תרבות

The ability to differentiate mouse embryonic stem cells (ESC) to neural progenitors allows the study of the mechanisms controlling neural specification as ...

Generating CRISPR/Cas9 Mediated Monoallelic Deletions to Study Enhancer Function in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells

Enhancers control cell identity by regulating tissue-specific gene expression in a position and orientation independent manner. These enhancers are often located distally from the regulated gene in intergenic regions or even within the body of another gene. The position independent nature of enhancer activity makes it difficult to match enhancers with the genes they regulate. Deletion of an enhancer region provides direct evidence for enhancer activity and is the gold standard to reveal an enhancer's role in endogenous gene transcription. Conventional homologous recombination based deletion methods have been surpassed by recent advances in genome editing technology which enable rapid and precisely located changes to the genomes of numerous model organisms. CRISPR/Cas9 mediated genome editing can be used to manipulate the genome in many cell types and organisms rapidly and cost effectively, due to the ease with which Cas9 can be targeted to the genome by a guide RNA from a bespoke expression plasmid. Homozygous deletion of essential gene regulatory elements might lead to lethality or alter cellular phenotype whereas monoallelic deletion of transcriptional enhancers allows for the study of cis-regulation of gene expression without this confounding issue. Presented here is a protocol for CRISPR/Cas9 mediated deletion in F1 mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells (Mus musculus129 x Mus castaneus). Monoallelic deletion, screening and expression analysis is facilitated by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) between the two alleles which occur on average every 125 bp in these cells.

Experimental validation of enhancer activity is best approached by loss-of-function analysis. Presented here is an efficient protocol that uses CRISPR/Cas9 mediated deletion to study allele-specific regulation of gene transcription in F1 ES cells which contain a hybrid genome (Mus musculus129 x Mus castaneus).

יצירת CRISPR / Cas9 מתווכת Monoallelic מחיקות ללמוד לתפקד Enhancer בתאי עכבר גזע עובריים

Enhancers control cell identity by regulating tissue-specific gene expression in a position and orientation independent manner. These enhancers are often ...

Transcriptome Profiling of In-Vivo Produced Bovine Pre-implantation Embryos Using Two-color Microarray Platform

Early embryonic loss is a large contributor to infertility in cattle. Moreover, bovine becomes an interesting model to study human preimplantation embryo development due to their similar developmental process. Although genetic factors are known to affect early embryonic development, the discovery of such factors has been a serious challenge. Microarray technology allows quantitative measurement and gene expression profiling of transcript levels on a genome-wide basis. One of the main decisions that have to be made when planning a microarray experiment is whether to use a one- or two-color approach. Two-color design increases technical replication, minimizes variability, improves sensitivity and accuracy as well as allows having loop designs, defining the common reference samples. Although microarray is a powerful biological tool, there are potential pitfalls that can attenuate its power. Hence, in this technical paper we demonstrate an optimized protocol for RNA extraction, amplification, labeling, hybridization of the labeled amplified RNA to the array, array scanning and data analysis using the two-color analysis strategy.

Transcriptome Profiling of In-Vivo Produced Bovine Pre-implantation Embryos Using Two-color Microarray Platform

Microarray technology allows quantitative measurement and gene expression profiling of transcripts on a genome-wide basis. Therefore, this protocol provides an optimized technical procedure in a two-color custom made bovine array using Day 7 bovine embryos to demonstrate the feasibility of using low amount of total RNA.

Transcriptome Profiling של<em&gt; In-Vivo</em&gt; עוברי אדם שור הופק באמצעות פלטפורמת microarray שני צבעים

Early embryonic loss is a large contributor to infertility in cattle. Moreover, bovine becomes an interesting model to study human preimplantation embryo ...

Technique to Target Microinjection to the Developing Xenopus Kidney

The embryonic kidney of Xenopus&#160;laevis (frog), the pronephros, consists of a single nephron, and can be used as a model for kidney disease. Xenopus embryos are large, develop externally, and can be easily manipulated by microinjection or surgical procedures. In addition, fate maps have been established for early Xenopus embryos. Targeted microinjection into the individual blastomere that will eventually give rise to an organ or tissue of interest can be used to selectively overexpress or knock down gene expression within this restricted region, decreasing secondary effects in the rest of the developing embryo. In this protocol, we describe how to utilize established Xenopus fate maps to target the developing Xenopus kidney (the pronephros), through microinjection into specific blastomere of 4- and 8-cell embryos. Injection of lineage tracers allows verification of the specific targeting of the injection. After embryos have developed to stage 38 - 40, whole-mount immunostaining is used to visualize pronephric development, and the contribution by targeted cells to the pronephros can be assessed. The same technique can be adapted to target other tissue types in addition to the pronephros.

Technique to Target Microinjection to the Developing Xenopus Kidney

Here, we present a protocol to use fate maps and lineage tracers to target injections into individual blastomeres that give rise to the kidney of Xenopus laevis embryos.

טכניקה לכוון Microinjection אל פיתוח<em&gt; Xenopus</em&gt; כליה

The embryonic kidney of Xenopus&#160;laevis (frog), the pronephros, consists of a single nephron, and can be used as a model for kidney disease. Xenopus ...

In Vitro and In Vivo Models to Study Corneal Endothelial-mesenchymal Transition

Corneal endothelial cells (CECs) play a crucial role in maintaining corneal clarity through active pumping. A reduced CEC count may lead to corneal edema and diminished visual acuity. However, human CECs are prone to compromised proliferative potential. Furthermore, stimulation of cell growth is often complicated by gradual endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EnMT). Therefore, understanding the mechanism of EnMT is necessary for facilitating the regeneration of CECs with competent function. In this study, we prepared a primary culture of bovine CECs by peeling the CECs with Descemet's membrane from the corneal button and demonstrated that bovine CECs exhibited the EnMT process, including phenotypic change, nuclear translocation of &#946;-catenin, and EMT regulators snail and slug, in the in vitro culture. Furthermore, we used a rat corneal endothelium cryoinjury model to demonstrate the EnMT process in vivo. Collectively, the in vitro primary culture of bovine CECs and in vivo rat corneal endothelium cryoinjury models offers useful platforms for investigating the mechanism of EnMT.

In Vitro and In Vivo Models to Study Corneal Endothelial-mesenchymal Transition

A primary culture of bovine corneal endothelial cells was used to investigate the mechanism of corneal endothelial-mesenchymal transition. Furthermore, a rat corneal endothelium cryoinjury model was used to demonstrate corneal endothelial-mesenchymal transition in vivo.

במבחנה מודלים Vivo ללמוד קרנית האנדותל-mesenchymal מעבר

Corneal endothelial cells (CECs) play a crucial role in maintaining corneal clarity through active pumping. A reduced CEC count may lead to corneal edema ...

Visualization and Quantitative Analysis of Embryonic Angiogenesis in Xenopus tropicalis

Blood vessels supply oxygen and nutrients throughout the body, and the formation of the vascular network is under tight developmental control. The efficient in vivo visualization of blood vessels and the reliable quantification of their complexity are key to understanding the biology and disease of the vascular network. Here, we provide a detailed method to visualize blood vessels with a commercially available fluorescent dye, human plasma acetylated low density lipoprotein DiI complex (DiI-AcLDL), and to quantify their complexity in Xenopus tropicalis. Blood vessels can be labeled by a simple injection of DiI-AcLDL into the beating heart of an embryo, and blood vessels in the entire embryo can be imaged in live or fixed embryos. Combined with gene perturbation by the targeted microinjection of nucleic acids and/or the bath application of pharmacological reagents, the roles of a gene or of a signaling pathway on vascular development can be investigated within one week without resorting to sophisticated genetically engineered animals. Because of the well-defined venous system of Xenopus and its stereotypic angiogenesis, the sprouting of pre-existing vessels, vessel complexity can be quantified efficiently after perturbation experiments. This relatively simple protocol should serve as an easily accessible tool in diverse fields of cardiovascular research.

Visualization and Quantitative Analysis of Embryonic Angiogenesis in Xenopus tropicalis

This protocol demonstrates a fluorescence-based method to visualize the vasculature and to quantify its complexity in Xenopus tropicalis. Blood vessels can be imaged minutes after the injection of a fluorescent dye into the beating heart of an embryo after genetic and/or pharmacological manipulations to study cardiovascular development in vivo.

ויזואליזציה וניתוח כמותי של אנגיוגנזה עובריים ב<em&gt; Xenopus טרופי</em

Blood vessels supply oxygen and nutrients throughout the body, and the formation of the vascular network is under tight developmental control. The ...

Using In Vivo and Tissue and Cell Explant Approaches to Study the Morphogenesis and Pathogenesis of the Embryonic and Perinatal Aorta

The aorta is the largest artery in the body. The aortic wall is composed of an inner layer of endothelial cells, a middle layer of alternating elastic lamellae and smooth muscle cells (SMCs), and an outer layer of fibroblasts and extracellular matrix. In contrast to the widespread study of pathological models (e.g., atherosclerosis) in the adult aorta, much less is known about the embryonic and perinatal aorta. Here, we focus on SMCs and provide protocols for the analysis of the morphogenesis and pathogenesis of embryonic and perinatal aortic SMCs in normal development and disease. Specifically, the four protocols included are: i) in vivo embryonic fate mapping and clonal analysis; ii) explant embryonic aorta culture; iii) SMC isolation from the perinatal aorta; and iv) subcutaneous osmotic mini-pump placement in pregnant (or non-pregnant) mice. Thus, these approaches facilitate the investigation of the origin(s), fate, and clonal architecture of SMCs in the aorta in vivo. They allow for modulating embryonic aorta morphogenesis in utero by continuous exposure to pharmacological agents. In addition, isolated aortic tissue explants or aortic SMCs can be used to gain insights into the role of specific gene targets during fundamental processes such as muscularization, proliferation, and migration. These hypothesis-generating experiments on isolated SMCs and the explanted aorta can then be assessed in the in vivo context through pharmacological and genetic approaches.

Using In Vivo and Tissue and Cell Explant Approaches to Study the Morphogenesis and Pathogenesis of the Embryonic and Perinatal Aorta

Protocols for studying the embryonic and perinatal murine aorta using in vivo clonal analysis and fate mapping, aortic explants, and isolated smooth muscle cells are detailed here. These diverse approaches facilitate the investigation of the morphogenesis of the embryonic and perinatal aorta in normal development and the pathogenesis in disease.

באמצעות In Vivo , רקמות, תאים Explant גישות ללמוד מורפוגנזה ו פתוגנזה של הלידה של אבי העורקים

The aorta is the largest artery in the body. The aortic wall is composed of an inner layer of endothelial cells, a middle layer of alternating elastic ...

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באמצעות In Vivo , רקמות, תאים Explant גישות ללמוד מורפוגנזה ו פתוגנזה של הלידה של אבי העורקים