עבודה זו נתמכה על ידי מימון כדי DJJ דרך JA2108 # פרויקט DFG / 2-1.

<ol>
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החוקרים אין לי מה לחשוף.

השיטה המתוארת כאן מאפשרת הדמיה היעילה של תעתיקי רנ&quot;א עם הנראה רמות ביטוי שונות בתוך כל שלבי ההתפתחות של Lymnaea stagnalis. כדי להסיר עבר זחלים מן הכמוסות שלהם אנו trialed מגוון של כימיקלים, הלם אוסמוטי וטיפולים פיסיים ודווח encapsulated- אחר פיתוח אורגניזמים מודל. עם זאת, בידינ?...

רכיכות הן קבוצה של בעלי חיים אשר מחזיקים את האינטרס של מגוון רחב של דיסציפלינות מדעיות. למרות מגוון מורפולוגיים שלהם 1, מיני עושר (שני רק פרוקי הרגליים מבחינת מספר מינים 2) ורלוונטי למגוון רחב של מסחרי 3, רפואיות ומדעיים 4 סוגיות 5-8, קיימים מעט מאוד מיני molluscan כי יכול לטעון בשני מודלים מדעיים מאובזרים וקל לתחזוקה בסביבה להיות במעבדה. רכיכות אחד משמשת במידה רבה על ידי דיסציפלינות כגון נוירוביולוגיה 9, ecotoxicology 10 וביולוגיה אבולוציונית ולאחרונה 11,12, הוא stagnalis Lymnaea, בעיקר בגלל ההפצה הנרחבת שלה וקל קיצוניים של תחזוקה. למרות הפופולריות שלו כאורגניזם &quot;מודל&quot; וההיסטוריה הארוכה של שימוש על ידי ביולוגים התפתחותיים 13-19, טווח וכוח של כלים מולקולריים לרשות L. stagnהקהילה המדעית alis טמונה הרחק מאחור כי מודלים של בעלי חיים מסורתיים יותר (דרוזופילה, עכבר, קיפוד ים, נמטודות). הרצון שלנו לפתח Lymnaea כמודל מולקולרי נובע עניין המנגנונים המולקולריים מנחה היווצרות פגז. זה הניע לנו לחדד סט של טכניקות שתאפשרנה להדמיה היעילה, עקבית ורגישה של ביטוי גנים במהלך ההתפתחות של Lymnaea. הר שלם הכלאה באתרו (WMISH) מועסק נרחב עבור מגוון רחב של אורגניזמים מודל כבר בשימוש במשך יותר מ -20 40 שנה. בתחפושות שונות שלה, שאני עורך יכול להיות מועסק על מנת לבצע לוקליזציה לוקוסים ספציפיים מרחבית על הכרומוזומים, rRNA, mRNA ו-RNAs מיקרו. אחד האתגרים שאנחנו צריכים לטפל לפני תחילת תהליך זיקוק שיטת WMISH עבור L. stagnalis היה בסוגיית בעדינות וביעילות לחילוץ עוברים וזחלים של שלבים הנעים בין tהוא קפסולות הביצה שבה הם מופקדים. מיצוי זה, או &#39;decapsulation&#39;, צריך להיות מושג בצורה יעילה כדי לאסוף חומר מתאים לשיעור נתון בניסוי באתרו, ואילו באותו זמן שמירה על שלמות מורפולוגיים הסלולר. בעוד אורגניזמים מודל אחרים גם לעבור התפתחות כמוסה, בידינו אף אחת מהשיטות ודווחו מינים אלה יכולים להיות מועסקים בהצלחה ל stagnalis. מטרות העל של שיטה זו הן אפוא: לחלץ ל stagnalis עובר זחלים מן הכמוסות שלהם באופן תפוקה גבוהה, כדי להחיל טיפולים מראש כלאה המביאות למרב את אות WMISH, להכין עוברים וזחלים עם WMISHsignals משביע רצון עבור הדמיה.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="2203">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:380px;">Featherweight forceps</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Ehlert &#38; Partner</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">#4181119</td>
			<td style="width:1547px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Silicon tubing</td>
			<td>Glasger&#228;tebau OCHS GmbH</td>
			<td>760070</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Glass capillaries</td>
			<td>Hilgenberg</td>
			<td>1403547</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">12 well tissue culture dishes</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>CE55.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">37% Formaldehyde</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>P733.1</td>
			<td>CAUTION - May cause cancer. Toxic by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed. Toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects through inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>CN06.3</td>
			<td>CAUTION - CAUSES EYE IRRITATION. MAY CAUSE RESPIRATORY TRACT AND SKIN IRRITATION. Avoid breathing dust. Avoid contact with eyes, skin and clothing. Use only with adequate ventilation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Magnesium Chloride</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>2189.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Tween-20</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>9127.1</td>
			<td>CAUTION - May be harmful if inhaled. May cause respiratory tract irritation. May be harmful if absorbed through skin. May cause skin irritation. May cause eye irritation. May be harmful if swallowed.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sodium Chloride</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>3957.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ficoll type 400</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>CN90.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">polyvinylpyrrolidone K30 (MW 40)</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>4607.1</td>
			<td>CAUTION - May be harmful if inhaled. May cause respiratory tract irritation. May be harmful if absorbed through skin. May cause skin irritation. May cause eye irritation. May be harmful if swallowed.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Nuclease freeBovine Serum Albumin</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>8895.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Salmon sperm</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>5434.2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Heparin</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>7692.1</td>
			<td>CAUTION - ADVERSE EFFECTS INCLUDE HEMORRHAGE, LOCAL IRRITATION. POSSIBLE ALLERGIC REACTION IF INHALED, INGESTED/CONTACTED. EYES/SKIN/RESPIRATORY TRACT IRRITANT. POSSIBLE HYPERSENSITIZATION. DURING PREGNANCY HAS BEEN REPORTED TO INCREASE RISK OF STILLBIRTH</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Proteinase-K</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>7528.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Glycine</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>3790.2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Deionised formamide</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>P040.1</td>
			<td>CAUTION - Irritating to eyes and skin. May be harmful by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed. May cause harm to the unborn child. Hygroscopic.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Standard formamide</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>6749.3</td>
			<td>CAUTION - Irritating to eyes and skin. May be harmful by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed. May cause harm to the unborn child. Hygroscopic.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Triethanolamine</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>6300.1</td>
			<td>CAUTION - Avoid breathing vapor or mist. Avoid contact with eyes. Avoid prolonged or repeated contact with skin. Wash thoroughly after handling.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Acetic anhydride</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>4483.1</td>
			<td>CAUTION - CAUSES SEVERE SKIN AND EYE BURNS. REACTS VIOLENTLY WITH WATER. HARMFUL IF SWALLOWED. VAPOR IRRITATING TO THE EYES AND RESPIRATORY TRACT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Maleic acid</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>K304.2</td>
			<td>CAUTION - Very hazardous in case of eye contact (irritant), of ingestion, . Hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant), of inhalation (lung irritant). Slightly hazardous in case of skin contact (permeator). Corrosive to eyes and skin.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Benzyl benzoate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>B6630-250ML</td>
			<td>CAUTION - May be harmful if inhaled. May cause respiratory tract irritation. May be harmful if absorbed through skin. May cause skin irritation. May cause eye irritation. Harmful if swallowed.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Benzyl alcohol</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>10,800-6</td>
			<td>CAUTION - Harmful if swallowed. Harmful if inhaled. Causes serious eye irritation.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Glycerol</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>3783.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Blocking powder</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>11096176001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Anti DIG Fab fragments AP conjugated</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>11093274910</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Tris-HCl</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>9090.3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">4-Nitro blue tetrazolium chloride in dimethylformamide&#160;</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>4421.3</td>
			<td>CAUTION - May cause harm to the unborn child. Harmful by inhalation and in contact with skin. Irritating to eyes.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-phosphate</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>A155.3</td>
			<td>CAUTION - Potentially harmful if ingested. Do not get on skin, in eyes, or on clothing. Potential skin and eye irritant.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">N-acetyl cysteine</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>4126.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dithiothreitol</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>6908.1</td>
			<td>CAUTION - May cause eye and skin irritation. May cause respiratory and digestive tract irritation. The toxicological properties of this material have not been fully investigated.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Tergitol</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>NP40S</td>
			<td>CAUTION - May be harmful if inhaled. May cause respiratory tract irritation. May be harmful if absorbed through skin. May cause skin irritation. May cause eye irritation. May be harmful if swallowed.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:380px;">Sodium dodecyl sulphate</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>CN30.3</td>
			<td>CAUTION - Harmful if swallowed. Toxic in contact with skin. Causes skin irritation. Causes serious eye damage. May cause respiratory irritation.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Potassium Chloride</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>6781.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">di-Sodium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate (Na2HPO4.2H2O)</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>4984.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">Potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4)</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>3904.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">Tri sodium citrate dihydrate (C6H5Na3O7.2H2O)</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>3580.1</td>
			<td>CAUTION - May cause eye, skin, and respiratory tract irritation. The toxicological properties of this material have not been fully investigated.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:380px;">Mineral oil&#160;</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">HP50.2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:380px;">InSituPro-Vsi&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Intavis</td>
			<td style="width:104px;"></td>
			<td>www.intavis.de/products/automated-ish-and-ihc</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a whole mount in situ hybridization method for the gastropod mollusc lymnaea stagnalis

הר שלם הכלאה באתרו (WMISH) היא טכניקה המאפשרת את הרזולוציה המרחבית של מולקולות של חומצות גרעין (לעתים קרובות mRNAs) בתוך תכשיר &#39;הר שלם&#39; רקמות, או שלב התפתחותי (כגון עובר או זחל) של עניין. WMISH היא בעלת עוצמה אדירה, כי זה יכול לתרום באופן משמעותי את האפיון הפונקציונלי של הגנום מטזואניים מורכבים, אתגר נהיה יותר של צוואר בקבוק עם מבול של נתונים רצף הדור הבא. למרות הפשטות המושגית של הטכניקה הרבה זמן יש צורך לעיתים קרובות כדי לייעל את הפרמטרים השונים הגלומים לניסויים WMISH למערכות מודל הרומן; הבדלים דקים במאפייני הסלולר ביוכימיים בין סוגי רקמות שלבי התפתחות אומרים כי שיטת WMISH יחידה לא יכולה להיות מתאימה לכל המצבים. פתחנו מערכת של שיטות WMISH עבור stagnalis Lymnaea מודל חלזון מתעורר מחדש שיוצרים עקבאותות WMISH ברורים עבור מגוון של גנים, ועל פני כל שלבי ההתפתחות. שיטות אלה כוללות הקצאה של זחלים של גיל כרונולוגי ידוע חלון ד&quot;ר מר, ההסרה ביותר של עבר זחלים מן קפסולות הביצה שלהם, היישום של טיפול proteinase-K מתאים לכל חלון ד&quot;ר מר, הכלאה, כלאה-פוסט immunodetection צעדים. שיטות אלה מספקים בסיס שממנו את האות שהתקבל עבור תעתיקי הרנ&quot;א נתונים יכול להיות מעודן יותר עם התאמות ספציפיות בדיקה (בדיקת ריכוז בעיקר וטמפרטורת הכלאה).

דפוסי מכתים נציג WMISH שמוצג באיור 3 נוצרו באמצעות הטכניקה המתוארת לעיל, ומשקפים מגוון של דפוסי הביטוי המרחבי עבור גנים המעורבים מגוון של תהליכים מולקולריים החל היווצרות פגז (גן Novel 1, 2, 3 ו -4), כדי איתות תאים תאים (DPP) לרגולציה שעתו...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Whole Mount In Situ Hybridization Method for the Gastropod Mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis at JoVE.com

A Whole Mount In Situ Hybridization Method for the Gastropod Mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis

הר שלם<em&gt; באתרו</em&gt; כלת שיטה עבור חלזון הרכיכות<em&gt; Stagnalis Lymnaea</em

The goal of this protocol is to provide users with a set of methods for the high-throughput decapsulation of Lymnaea stagnalis embryos and larvae in preparation for whole mount in situ hybridization, and for subsequent pre- and post-hybridization treatments.

Whole mount in situ hybridization (WMISH) is a technique that allows for the spatial resolution of nucleic acid molecules (often mRNAs) within a ...

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A Whole Mount In Situ Hybridization Method for the Gastropod Mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis

8.7K Views.  Georg-August University of Göttingen. The goal of this protocol is to provide users with a set of methods for the high-throughput decapsulation of Lymnaea stagnalis embryos and larvae in preparation for whole mount in situ hybridization, and for subsequent pre- and post-hybridization treatments.

Video: A Whole Mount In Situ Hybridization Method for the Gastropod Mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis

Double Whole Mount in situ Hybridization of Early Chick Embryos

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ideal tool for studying  gene expression in brain, neural tube, somite and heart primordia formation. This video demonstrates the different steps in 2-color whole mount in situ hybridization; First, the embryo is dissected from the egg and fixed in paraformaldehyde. Second, the embryo is processed for prehybridization. The embryo is then hybridized with two different probes, one coupled to DIG, and one coupled to FITC.  Following overnight hybridization, the embryo is incubated with DIG coupled antibody. Color reaction for DIG substrate is performed, and the region of interest appears blue. The embryo is then incubated with FITC coupled antibody. The embryo is processed for color reaction with FITC, and the region of interest appears red. Finally, the embryo is fixed and processed for phtograph and sectioning. A troubleshooting guide is also presented.

This video demonstrates 2-color whole mount in situ hybridization, a method by which the spatial and temporal expression pattern of 2 different genes can be visualized in young chick embryos. This method was originally introduced by David Wilkinson, Domingos Henrique, Phil Ingham and David Ish -Horowicz.

הר שלם כפול באתרו הכלאה של עוברים צ&#39;יק מוקדם

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ...

Method for Whole Mount Antibody Staining in Chick

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ideal tool for studying antibody expression in developing brain, neural tube and somite. This video demonstrates the different steps in whole-mount antibody staining using HRP conjugated secondary antibodies; First, the embryo is dissected from the egg and fixed in paraformaldehyde. Second, endogenous peroxidase is inactivated; The embryo is then exposed to primary antibody. After several washes, the embryo is incubated with secondary antibody conjugated to HRP. Peroxidase activity is revealed using reaction with diaminobenzidine substrate. Finally, the embryo is fixed and processed for photography and sectioning. The advantage of this method over the use of fluorescent antibodies is that embryos can be processed for wax sectioning, thus enabling the study of antigen sites in cross section. This method was originally introduced by Jane Dodd and Tom Jessell 1.

This video demonstrates whole mount immunohistochemistry, a method by which the spatial and temporal expression pattern of an antigen can be visualized in young chick embryos. This method was originally introduced by Jane Dodd and Tom Jessell.

שיטת מכתים נוגדן שלם הר ב צ&#39;יק

Zebrafish Whole Mount High-Resolution Double Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization

Whole mount in situ hybridization is one of the most widely used techniques in developmental biology. Here, we present a high-resolution double fluorescent in situ hybridization protocol for analyzing the precise expression pattern of a single gene and for determining the overlap of the expression domains of two genes. The protocol is a modified version of the standard in situ hybridization using alkaline phosphatase and substrates such as NBT/BCIP and Fast Red 1,2. This protocol utilizes standard digoxygenin and fluorescein labeled probes along with tyramide signal amplification (TSA) 3. The commercially available TSA kits allow flexible experimental design as fluorescence emission from green to far-red can be used in combination with various nuclear stains, such as propidium iodide, or fluorescence immunohistochemistry for proteins. TSA produces a reactive fluorescent substrate that quickly covalently binds to moieties, typically tyrosine residues, in the immediate vicinity of the labeled antisense riboprobe. The resulting staining patterns are high resolution in that subcellular localization of the mRNA can be observed using laser scanning confocal microscopy 3,4. One can observe nascent transcripts at the chromosomal loci, distinguish nuclear and cytoplasmic staining and visualize other patterns such as cortical localization of mRNA. Studies in Drosophila indicate that roughly 70% of mRNAs exhibit specific patterns of subcellular localization that frequently correlate with the function of the encoded protein 5. When combined with computer-aided reconstruction of 3D confocal datasets, our protocol allows the detailed analysis of mRNA distribution with sub-cellular resolution in whole vertebrate embryos.

Zebrafish Whole Mount High-Resolution Double Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization

Whole mount in situ hybridization is one of the most widely used techniques in developmental biology. Here, we present a high-resolution double fluorescent in situ hybridization protocol for analyzing the precise expression pattern of a single gene and for determining the overlap of the expression domains of two genes. We include a propidium iodide nuclear counter-stain to highlight tissue organization.

דג הזברה שלמים הר ברזולוציה גבוהה פעמיים פלורסנט באתרו הכלאה

Whole mount in situ hybridization is one of the most widely used techniques in developmental biology.  Here, we present a high-resolution double ...

Using Whole Mount in situ Hybridization to Link Molecular and Organismal Biology

Whole mount in situ hybridization (WISH) is a common technique in molecular biology laboratories used to study gene expression through the localization of specific mRNA transcripts within whole mount specimen. This technique (adapted from Albertson and Yelick, 2005) was used in an upper level undergraduate Comparative Vertebrate Biology laboratory classroom at Syracuse University. The first two thirds of the Comparative Vertebrate Biology lab course gave students the opportunity to study the embryology and gross anatomy of several organisms representing various chordate taxa primarily via traditional dissections and the use of models. The final portion of the course involved an innovative approach to teaching anatomy through observation of vertebrate development employing molecular techniques in which WISH was performed on zebrafish embryos. A heterozygous fibroblast growth factor 8 a (fgf8a) mutant line, ace, was used. Due to Mendelian inheritance, ace intercrosses produced wild type, heterozygous, and homozygous ace/fgf8a mutants in a 1:2:1 ratio. RNA probes with known expression patterns in the midline and in developing anatomical structures such as the heart, somites, tailbud, myotome, and brain were used. WISH was performed using zebrafish at the 13 somite and prim-6 stages, with students performing the staining reaction in class. The study of zebrafish embryos at different stages of development gave students the ability to observe how these anatomical structures changed over ontogeny. In addition, some ace/fgf8a mutants displayed improper heart looping, and defects in somite and brain development. The students in this lab observed the normal development of various organ systems using both external anatomy as well as gene expression patterns. They also identified and described embryos displaying improper anatomical development and gene expression (i.e., putative mutants).
For instructors at institutions that do not already own the necessary equipment or where funds for lab and curricular innovation are limited, the financial cost of the reagents and apparatus may be a factor to consider, as will the time and effort required on the part of the instructor regardless of the setting. Nevertheless, we contend that the use of WISH in this type of classroom laboratory setting can provide an important link between developmental genetics and anatomy. As technology advances and the ability to study organismal development at the molecular level becomes easier, cheaper, and increasingly popular, many evolutionary biologists, ecologists, and physiologists are turning to research strategies in the field of molecular biology. Using WISH in a Comparative Vertebrate Biology laboratory classroom is one example of how molecules and anatomy can converge within a single course. This gives upper level college students the opportunity to practice modern biological research techniques, leading to a more diversified education and the promotion of future interdisciplinary scientific research.

Using Whole Mount in situ Hybridization to Link Molecular and Organismal Biology

Whole mount in situ hybridization (WISH) was used in an upper level undergraduate Comparative Vertebrate Biology course in addition to vertebrate dissections. This gave students the opportunity to study gene expression patterns as well as gross anatomy, linking the study of molecular and organismal biology within one course.

שימוש הר שלם באתרו הכלאה קישור לביולוגיה מולקולרית האורגניזם

Whole mount in situ hybridization (WISH) is a common technique in molecular biology laboratories used to study gene expression through the localization of ...

Whole Mount in Situ Hybridization of E8.5 to E11.5 Mouse Embryos

Whole mount in situ hybridization is a very informative approach for defining gene expression patterns in embryos. The in situ hybridization procedures are lengthy and technically demanding with multiple important steps that collectively contribute to the quality of the final result. This protocol describes in detail several key quality control steps for optimizing probe labeling and performance. Overall, our protocol provides a detailed description of the critical steps necessary to reproducibly obtain high quality results. First, we describe the generation of digoxygenin (DIG) labeled RNA probes via in vitro transcription of DNA templates generated by PCR. We describe three critical quality control assays to determine the amount, integrity and specific activity of the DIG-labeled probes. These steps are important for generating a probe of sufficient sensitivity to detect endogenous mRNAs in a whole mouse embryo. In addition, we describe methods for the fixation and storage of E8.5-E11.5 day old mouse embryos for in situ hybridization. Then, we describe detailed methods for limited proteinase K digestion of the rehydrated embryos followed by the details of the hybridization conditions, post-hybridization washes and RNase treatment to remove non-specific probe hybridization. An AP-conjugated antibody is used to visualize the labeled probe and reveal the expression pattern of the endogenous transcript. Representative results are shown from successful experiments and typical suboptimal experiments.

Whole Mount in Situ Hybridization of E8.5 to E11.5 Mouse Embryos

This whole mount in situ hybridization protocol discusses critical steps that ensure reproducible high quality results for gene expression studies in E8.5-E11.5 day old mouse embryos.

הר שלם<em&gt; באתר</em&gt; הכלאה של E8.5 לעוברי E11.5 עכבר

Whole mount in situ hybridization is a very informative approach for defining gene expression patterns in embryos. The in situ hybridization procedures ...

In Situ Hybridization for the Precise Localization of Transcripts in Plants

With the advances in genomics research of the past decade, plant biology has seen numerous studies presenting large-scale quantitative analyses of gene expression. Microarray and next generation sequencing approaches are being used to investigate developmental, physiological and stress response processes, dissect epigenetic and small RNA pathways, and build large gene regulatory networks1-3. While these techniques facilitate the simultaneous analysis of large gene sets, they typically provide a very limited spatiotemporal resolution of gene expression changes. This limitation can be partially overcome by using either profiling method in conjunction with lasermicrodissection or fluorescence-activated cell sorting4-7. However, to fully understand the biological role of a gene, knowledge of its spatiotemporal pattern of expression at a cellular resolution is essential. Particularly, when studying development or the effects of environmental stimuli and mutants can the detailed analysis of a gene's expression pattern become essential. For instance, subtle quantitative differences in the expression levels of key regulatory genes can lead to dramatic phenotypes when associated with the loss or gain of expression in specific cell types. 
Several methods are routinely used for the detailed examination of gene expression patterns. One is through analysis of transgenic reporter lines. Such analysis can, however, become time-consuming when analyzing multiple genes or working in plants recalcitrant to transformation. Moreover, an independent validation to ensure that the transgene expression pattern mimics that of the endogenous gene is typically required. Immunohistochemical protein localization or mRNA in situ hybridization present relatively fast alternatives for the direct visualization of gene expression within cells and tissues. The latter has the distinct advantage that it can be readily used on any gene of interest. In situ hybridization allows detection of target mRNAs in cells by hybridization with a labeled anti-sense RNA probe obtained by in vitro transcription of the gene of interest. 
Here we outline a protocol for the in situ localization of gene expression in plants that is highly sensitivity and specific. It is optimized for use with paraformaldehyde fixed, paraffin-embedded sections, which give excellent preservation of histology, and DIG-labeled probes that are visualized by immuno-detection and alkaline-phosphatase colorimetric reaction. This protocol has been successfully applied to a number of tissues from a wide range of plant species, and can be used to analyze expression of mRNAs as well as small RNAs8-14.

In Situ Hybridization for the Precise Localization of Transcripts in Plants

The in situ hybridization protocol described here allows a direct localization of mRNA and small RNA expression at the cellular level with high sensitivity and specificity. The procedure is optimized for paraffin-embedded plant tissue sections, is applicable to a wide range of plants and tissues, and can be completed within ten days.

ב הכלאה באתרו עבור לוקליזציה המדויק של תמלילי בצמחים

With the advances in genomics research of the past decade, plant biology has seen numerous studies presenting large-scale quantitative analyses of gene ...

Whole Mount RNA Fluorescent in situ Hybridization of Drosophila Embryos

Assessing the expression pattern of a gene, as well as the subcellular localization properties of its transcribed RNA, are key features for understanding its biological function during development. RNA in situ hybridization (RNA-ISH) is a powerful method used for visualizing RNA distribution properties, be it at the organismal, cellular or subcellular levels 1. RNA-ISH is based on the hybridization of a labeled nucleic acid probe (e.g. antisense RNA, oligonucleotides) complementary to the sequence of an mRNA or a non-coding RNA target of interest 2. As the procedure requires primary sequence information alone to generate sequence-specific probes, it can be universally applied to a broad range of organisms and tissue specimens 3. Indeed, a number of large-scale ISH studies have been implemented to document gene expression and RNA localization dynamics in various model organisms, which has led to the establishment of important community resources 4-11. While a variety of probe labeling and detection strategies have been developed over the years, the combined usage of fluorescently-labeled detection reagents and enzymatic signal amplification steps offer significant enhancements in the sensitivity and resolution of the procedure 12. Here, we describe an optimized fluorescent in situ hybridization method (FISH) employing tyramide signal amplification (TSA) to visualize RNA expression and localization dynamics in staged Drosophila embryos. The procedure is carried out in 96-well PCR plate format, which greatly facilitates the simultaneous processing of large numbers of samples.

Whole Mount RNA Fluorescent in situ Hybridization of Drosophila Embryos

Here we describe a whole-mount fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) protocol for determining the expression and localization properties of RNAs expressed during embryogenesis in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster.

הר כולו RNA פלורסנט<em&gt; באתר</em&gt; הכלאה של<em&gt; דרוזופילה</em&gt; עוברים

Assessing  the expression pattern of a gene, as well as the subcellular localization  properties of its transcribed RNA, are key features for ...

RNA In situ Hybridization in Whole Mount Embryos and Cell Histology Adapted for Marine Elasmobranchs

Marine elasmobranchs are valued animal models for biomedical and genomic studies as they are the most primitive vertebrates to have adaptive immunity and have unique mechanisms for osmoregulation 1-3. As the most primitive living jawed-vertebrates with paired appendages, elasmobranchs are an evolutionarily important model, especially for studies in evolution and development. Marine elasmobranchs have also been used to study aquatic toxicology and stress physiology in relationship to climate change 4. Thus, development and adaptation of methodologies is needed to facilitate and expand the use of these primitive vertebrates to multiple biological disciplines. Here I present the successful adaptation of RNA whole mount in situ hybridization and histological techniques to study gene expression and cell histology in elasmobranchs.
Monitoring gene expression is a hallmark tool of developmental biologists, and is widely used to investigate developmental processes 5. RNA whole mount in situ hybridization allows for the visualization and localization of specific gene transcripts in tissues of the developing embryo. The expression pattern of a gene's message can provide insight into what developmental processes and cell fate decisions a gene may control. By comparing the expression pattern of a gene at different developmental stages, insight can be gained into how the role of a gene changes during development.
While whole mount in situ's provides a means to localize gene expression to tissue, histological techniques allow for the identification of differentiated cell types and tissues. Histological stains have varied functions. General stains are used to highlight cell morphology, for example hematoxylin and eosin for general staining of nuclei and cytoplasm, respectively. Other stains can highlight specific cell types. For example, the alcian blue stain reported in this paper is a widely used cationic stain to identify mucosaccharides. Staining of the digestive tract with alcian blue can identify the distribution of goblet cells that produce mucosaccharides. Variations in mucosaccharide constituents on short peptides distinguish goblet cells by function within the digestive tract 6. By using RNA whole mount in situ's and histochemical methods concurrently, cell fate decisions can be linked to gene-specific expression.
Although RNA in situ's and histochemistry are widely used by researchers, their adaptation and use in marine elasmobranchs have met limited and varied success. Here I present protocols developed for elasmobranchs and used on a regular basis in my laboratory. Although further modification of the RNA in situ's hybridization method may be needed to adapt to different species, the protocols described here provide a strong starting point for researchers wanting to adapt the use of marine elasmobranchs to their scientific inquiries.

RNA In situ Hybridization in Whole Mount Embryos and Cell Histology Adapted for Marine Elasmobranchs

By combining methods for RNA whole mount in situ hybridization and histology, gene expression can be linked with cell fate decisions in the developing embryo. These methods have been adapted to marine elasmobranchs and facilitate the use of these animals as model organisms for biomedical, toxicology and comparative studies.

רנ&quot;א<em&gt; באתר</em&gt; הכלאה בעוברי הר שלמים והיסטולוגיה הסלולרית מותאמת לElasmobranchs הימי

Marine  elasmobranchs are valued animal models for biomedical and genomic studies as  they are the most primitive vertebrates to have adaptive immunity ...

Visualization and Analysis of mRNA Molecules Using Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH) method allows one to detect nucleic acids in the native cellular environment. Here we provide a protocol for using FISH to quantify the number of mRNAs in single yeast cells. Cells can be grown in any condition of interest and then fixed and made permeable. Subsequently, multiple single-stranded deoxyoligonucleotides conjugated to fluorescent dyes are used to label and visualize mRNAs. Diffraction-limited fluorescence from single mRNA molecules is quantified using a spot-detection algorithm to identify and count the number of mRNAs per cell. While the more standard quantification methods of northern blots, RT-PCR and gene expression microarrays provide information on average mRNAs in the bulk population, FISH facilitates both the counting and localization of these mRNAs in single cells at single-molecule resolution.

Visualization and Analysis of mRNA Molecules Using Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

This protocol describes an experimental procedure for performing Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH) for counting mRNAs in single cells at single-molecule resolution.

הדמיה וניתוח של מולקולות ה-mRNA באמצעות הקרינה<em&gt; באתרו</em&gt; הכלאה ב<em&gt; Cerevisiae Saccharomyces</em

The Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH) method allows one to detect nucleic acids in the native cellular environment. Here we provide a protocol for ...

High Resolution Whole Mount In Situ Hybridization within Zebrafish Embryos to Study Gene Expression and Function

This article focuses on whole-mount in situ hybridization (WISH) of zebrafish embryos. The WISH technology facilitates the assessment of gene expression both in terms of tissue distribution and developmental stage. Protocols are described for the use of WISH of zebrafish embryos using antisense RNA probes labeled with digoxigenin. Probes are generated by incorporating digoxigenin-linked nucleotides through in vitro transcription of gene templates that have been cloned and linearized. The chorions of embryos harvested at defined developmental stages are removed before incubation with specific probes. Following a washing procedure to remove excess probe, embryos are incubated with anti-digoxigenin antibody conjugated with alkaline phosphatase. By employing a chromogenic substrate for alkaline phosphatase, specific gene expression can be assessed. Depending on the level of gene expression the entire procedure can be completed within 2-3 days.

High Resolution Whole Mount In Situ Hybridization within Zebrafish Embryos to Study Gene Expression and Function

The zebrafish, a small tropical fish, has become a popular model for studying gene function during vertebrate development and disease. The temporal and spatial expression of target genes can be determined by in situ hybridization. Our improved protocol allows for the detection of low abundant transcripts with low non-specific background signal.

הר שלם ברזולוציה גבוהה<em&gt; באתרו</em&gt; הכלאה בתוך עוברי דג הזברה לחקר ביטוי גנים ותפקוד

This article focuses on whole-mount in situ hybridization (WISH) of zebrafish embryos. The WISH technology facilitates the assessment of gene expression ...