עבודה זו נתמכה על ידי הלאומי ללב, ריאות ודם המכון מעניק HL56237, המכון הלאומי לסוכרת ומחלות עיכול כליות מכון DK97391-03, הקרן הלאומית למדע (NSF-1,227,359 והרווח למניה-1,003,907).

<ol>
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יש המחברים שום אינטרסים מתחרים או אינטרסים מנוגדים לחשוף.

<html> במאמר זה, אנו מציגים פרוטוקולים מפורטים לפיתוח רשת microvessel התרבותי, האפיון של צמתי EC ו cytoskeleton הפצת F- תקטין, ואת מדידות כמותיות של EC [Ca 2 +] i ו NO ייצור באמצעות מכשיר microfluidic. מכשיר microfluidic perfused מספק מודל במבחנה המאפשר סימולציה קרובה של גיאומטריות כלי דם <em...

תאי האנדותל (EC) המצפים את דפנות כלי דם vivo חשופים כל זמן לזרום, אבל ECS בתרבית גדלה לעתים קרובות בתנאי סטטיים תערוכת פנוטיפ פרו-דלקתי 1,2. טכנולוגית מיקרופלואידיקה מאפשרת נוזל לשלוט באופן מדויק באמצעות microscale המוגבל גיאומטרי ערוצים (תת מילימטר) 3, אשר מספק את ההזדמנות עבור תאים בתרבית, במיוחד עבור כלי דם ECS, לגדול בתנאי זרימה רצויות. תכונות אלו הופכות את תנאי תרבית תאים קרובים in vivo מ בתרביות תאי 2D הקונבנציונליות, סטטי. הם מאוד חשובים כאשר מכשירי microfluidic משמשים מודל סוגים שונים של vasculatures וללמוד תגובות EC גירויים מכאניים ו / או כימיים. למרות היתרונות שמפגינים רשת microchannel על תרבית תאים סטטי, העיבוד ויישום של מיקרופלואידיקה ב- F ביוield להישאר מוגבל. דווח ע&quot;י בדיקה שנערכה לאחרונה, רוב הפרסומים בתחום זה (85%) עדיין בכתבי עת הנדסה 4. הביצועים של מכשירי microfluidic לא היו מספיק משכנע עבור רוב הביולוגים לעבור טכניקות נוכחיות כגון assay Transwell ואת מנת תרבות מאקרו בקנה המידה / זכוכית שקופית למכשיר מיניאטורי זה. מיקרופלואידיקה הוא שדה רב תחומי, המחייב שיתוף פעולה בינתחומי לנוע בתחום זה קדימה. מטרת מאמר טכני זה היא לצמצם את פערי הידע בין דיסציפלינות ולבצע את הליכי הייצור מובנים על ידי ביולוגים, תוך מתן יישום ביולוגי ואימות פונקציונלית של microvessels microfluidic. הפרוטוקולים הניסיונות דמיינו כוללים ייצור של שני מכשירים microfluidic והמקודדים הביולוגיים שלהם, אשר מייצג שיתוף פעולה הדוק בין מהנדסים וביולוגים. אנחנו דיווחנו לאחרונה כמהיישומים ביולוגיים באמצעות רשת microvessel במבחנה עם המכשיר microfluidic 5. על מנת לעצב את הממדים כראוי של רשת microchannel ולהחיל את לחץ הגזירה הרצוי, מודל מספרים נבנה עם תוכנה הידרודינמיקה חישובית להעריך את פרופיל הזרימה מקרוב. תאי אנדותל טבור וריד אדם מן המעלה הראשון (HUVECs) כי היו זורעים לתוך microchannels הגיע למפגש, כלומר כיסו את המשטחים הפנימיים כולו של microchannel, בתוך 3-4 ימים עם זלוף הרציף. היווצרות המחסום הנאותה הודגמה על ידי מכתים VE-cadherin בהשוואה לאלו שנוצרו בתנאי תרבית תאי סטטי ב microvessels ללא פגע. על ידי יישום פרוטוקולי הניסוי שפותח microvessels שלמים perfused בנפרד 6-8, אנחנו כמותית למדוד את השינויים EC [Ca 2 +] i ו תחמוצת החנקן (NO) בתגובה אדנוזין אדנוזין (ATP) עם ניאוןdicators ו confocal מיקרוסקופ פלואורסצנטי קונבנציונאלי. העליות נגרמות אגוניסט ב EC [Ca 2 +] i ו NO ייצור דווחו כאותות תאיים הכרחיים עקב השפעות מתווך דלקת בחדירות microvessel 6-15. למרות שמחקרים קודמים הראו כמה תמונות של DAF-2 DA מכשירי microfluidic טעונים 16,17, ניתוח ברזולוציה ונתונים המתאים טרם השיג 18. למיטב ידיעתנו, מחקר זה מדגים את מדידות כמותיות הראשונות של שינוי הדינמי הנגרמת אגוניסט ב האנדותל [Ca 2 +] i ו NO microfluidic ניצול ייצור מערכת מבוססת. יש טכניקות microfabrication את הגמישות לפברק למטה microchannels כדי מיקרונים אחדים ולאפשר פיתוח של תבניות מורכבות לחקות את הגיאומטריות של microvasculature in vivo. כאן הצגנו רשת microchannel טיפוסית עם שלוש רמות של הסתעפות. זֶהרשת הוא מפוברק על ידי השילוב של photolithography אשר מתבצע חדר נקי microfabrication ו ליתוגרפיה רכה.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1058">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:303px;">ATP</td>
			<td style="width:247px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:327px;">A2383</td>
			<td style="width:183px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Acetone</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A929</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Biopsy punch</td>
			<td>Miltex</td>
			<td>33-31 AA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Bovine Albumin</td>
			<td>MP Biomedicals</td>
			<td>810014</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Bovine Brain Extract (BBE)</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>CC-4098</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Cover-slip</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>12-542C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">DAF-2 DA</td>
			<td>Calbiochem</td>
			<td>251505</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Dextran</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>31390</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Donkey anti-Goat IgG (H+L) Secondary Antibody</td>
			<td>Life technologies</td>
			<td>A-11055</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">DPBS, no calcium, no magnesium</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>14190-250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">DRAQ5 (nuclei staining)&#160;</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling Technology</td>
			<td>4084</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Endothelial Cell Growth Supplement (ECGS)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>E2759-15MG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>16000-044</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Fibronectin</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>PHE0023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Fluo-4 AM</td>
			<td>Life technologies</td>
			<td>F-14201</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Gelatin from porcine skin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G1890-100G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Gentamicin (50 mg/mL)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15750-078</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Glass coverslip</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>12-548B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Glass Pasteur pippette</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>14672</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Heparin sodium salt from porcine intestinal mucosa</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>H3393-10KU</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">HEPES Buffered Saline Solution</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>CC-5024</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs)</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>CC-2517</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Isopropyl alcohol (IPA)</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>89125</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">L-Glutamine (200 mM)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>25030-081</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Mammalian Ringer Solution Ingredient</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">NaCl (132 mM)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>S671-3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">KCL (4.6 mM)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>P217-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">CaCl2 &#183; 2H2O (2.0 mM)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>C79-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">MgSO4 &#183;7H2O (1.2 mM)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>M63-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Glucose(5.5 mM)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP350-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">NaHCO3 (5.0 mM)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>S233-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Hepes Salt (9.1 mM)</td>
			<td>Research Organics</td>
			<td>6007H</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Hepes Acid (10.9 mM)</td>
			<td>Research Organics</td>
			<td>6003H</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">MCDB 131 Culture Medium</td>
			<td>Life technologies</td>
			<td>10372-019</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td>15710</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Phalloidin (F-actin staining)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P1951</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Phosphate Buffered Saline&#160;</td>
			<td>Life technologies</td>
			<td>14040-133</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)</td>
			<td>Dow Corning Corporation</td>
			<td>Sylgard 184</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Scalpel</td>
			<td>Exel Int</td>
			<td>29552</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Scotch tape</td>
			<td>3M</td>
			<td>34-8711-3070-3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Silicon wafer</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>14672</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">SU-8 photoresist</td>
			<td>MicroChem</td>
			<td>SU-8 2050 Y111072</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">SU-8 developer</td>
			<td>MicroChem</td>
			<td>Y020100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">tissue culture flasks</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>Z707503-100EA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Chemical Book</td>
			<td>T6878</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Trypsin Neutralizer solution</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>R-002-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Trypsin/EDTA Solution (TE)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>R-001-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Tubing</td>
			<td>Cole-Parmer</td>
			<td>PTFE microbore tubing, 0.012&#34; ID x 0.030&#34; OD</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">VE-cadherin</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td>SC-6458</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Name of Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:247px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:327px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Biosafety Laminar hood</td>
			<td>NuAire</td>
			<td>NU-425 Class II, Type A2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">CCD camera</td>
			<td>Hamamatsu</td>
			<td>ORCA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Confocal microscope</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>TCS SL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Desiccator</td>
			<td>Bel-Art</td>
			<td>F42022</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Hotplate</td>
			<td>Wenesco</td>
			<td>HP-1212</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Incubator</td>
			<td>Forma Scientific</td>
			<td>3110</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Isotemp oven</td>
			<td>Barnstead</td>
			<td>3608-5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Lithography bench</td>
			<td>Karl Suss</td>
			<td>MA6 Contact Lithography</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Optical microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>L200 ND &#38; Diaphod 300</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Shutter for the CCD camera</td>
			<td>Sutter Instrument</td>
			<td>Lambda 10-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Plasma cleaner</td>
			<td>PVA TePla/Harrick plasma</td>
			<td>M4L/PDC-32G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Spin coater</td>
			<td>Brewer Science</td>
			<td>Cee 200X</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Syringe pump system</td>
			<td>Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td>703005</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Name of Software</td>
			<td style="width:247px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:327px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">CAD software</td>
			<td>Autodesk</td>
			<td>AutoCAD 2015</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">CFD simulation software</td>
			<td>COMSOL</td>
			<td>COMSOL Multiphysics 4.0.0.982</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Images acquire and analyse for NO production&#160;</td>
			<td>Universal Imaging</td>
			<td>Metafluor</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

development and characterization of in vitro microvessel network and quantitative measurements of endothelial [ca2+]i and nitric oxide production

תאי האנדותל (EC) המצפים את דפנות כלי דם vivo חשופים כל זמן לזרום, אבל ECS בתרבית גדלה לעתים קרובות בתנאי סטטיים תערוכת פנוטיפ פרו-דלקתי. למרות הפיתוח של מכשירי microfluidic כבר אומץ על ידי מהנדסים למעלה משני עשורים, היישומים הביולוגיים שלהם יישארו מוגבלים. מודל microvessel במבחנה רלוונטי יותר פיסיולוגי אומת על ידי יישומים ביולוגיים חשוב לקדם את התחום ולגשר על הפערים בין in vivo ו במבחנה. כאן, אנו מציגים נהלים מפורטים לפיתוח רשת microvessel בתרבית באמצעות מכשיר microfluidic עם יכולת זלוף לטווח ארוך. אנחנו גם מדגימים ושימושיה מדידות כמותיות של שינויים המושרה אגוניסט ב EC [Ca 2 +] i ו תחמוצת החנקן (NO) בזמן אמת באמצעות confocal מיקרוסקופ פלואורסצנטי קונבנציונאלי. רשת microvessel נוצרהעבודה עם זלוף הרציף הראתה צמתים מפותחות בין ECS. VE-cadherin הפצה היה קרוב יותר לזה שנצפה microvessels השלם מ monolayers EC בתרבית באופן סטטי. ATP-induced עלייה זמנית EC [Ca 2 +] i ו NO ייצור נמדדו כמותית ברמות תאים בודדות, אשר תוקפות את הפונקציונליות של microvessels התרבותי. מכשיר microfluidic זה מאפשר ECS לגדול תחת זרם רלוונטי מבוקר היטב, מבחינה פיזיולוגית, מה שהופך את סביבת תרבית תאים קרוב in vivo מזה בתרבויות 2D הקונבנציונליות, סטטי. עיצוב רשת microchannel הוא תכליתי מאוד, ותהליך הייצור הוא פשוט דיר. המכשיר ניתן לשלב בקלות למערכת המיקרוסקופית confocal או קונבנציונלית המאפשרת הדמיה ברזולוציה גבוהה. והכי חשוב, כי רשת microvessel התרבותית יכולה להיוצר על ידי ECS אדם מן המעלה הראשונה, גישה זו תשמש ככלי שימושי כדי לחקור כיצדפתולוגית מרכיבי דם שינו ממדגמים חולים להשפיע ECS אדם ולספק תובנה בנושאים קליניים. כמו כן ניתן לפתח כפלטפורמת הקרנת סמים.

סעיף זה מציג כמה מהתוצאות שהושגו עם רשת microvessel בתרבית שפותחה עם פרוטוקול זה. דפוס microchannel הוא רשת הסתעפות שלוש רמות (איור 1 א). בתכנון זה, סניפי ערוץ אמא רחבים 159 מיקרומטר לשתי 126 מיקרומטר ערוצים רחבים, וענפים שוב לארבעה 100 מיקרומטר ערוצי בת רחבי...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Development and Characterization of In Vitro Microvessel Network and Quantitative Measurements of Endothelial [Ca2+]i and Nitric Oxide Production at JoVE.com

Development and Characterization of In Vitro Microvessel Network and Quantitative Measurements of Endothelial [Ca2+]i and Nitric Oxide Production

Primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were grown to confluence within a microfluidic network device. The endothelial cell junction and F-actin distributions were illustrated and the changes in intracellular calcium concentration and nitric oxide production in response to adenosine triphosphate (ATP) were quantified in real-time at individual cell levels.

פיתוח ואפיון של<em&gt; במבחנה</em&gt; כלי דם קטן רשת מדידות כמותיות של האנדותל [Ca<sup&gt; 2 +</sup&gt;]<sub&gt; i</sub&gt; וייצור Nitric Oxide

Endothelial cells (ECs) lining the blood vessel walls in vivo are constantly exposed to flow, but cultured ECs are often grown under static conditions and ...

development-characterization-vitro-microvessel-network-quantitative

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Development and Characterization of In Vitro Microvessel Network and Quantitative Measurements of Endothelial [Ca2+]i and Nitric Oxide Production

8.5K Views.  College of Medicine, Penn State University. Primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were grown to confluence within a microfluidic network device. The endothelial cell junction and F-actin distributions were illustrated and the changes in intracellular calcium concentration and nitric oxide production in response to adenosine triphosphate (ATP) were quantified in real-time at individual cell levels.

Video: Development and Characterization of In Vitro Microvessel Network and Quantitative Measurements of Endothelial [Ca2+]i and Nitric Oxide Production

Counting and Determining the Viability of Cultured Cells

Determining the number of cells in culture is important in standardization of culture conditions and in performing accurate quantitation experiments. A hemacytometer is a thick glass slide with a central area designed as a counting chamber. Cell suspension is applied to a defined area and counted so cell density can be calculated. 

Determining the number of cells in culture is important in standardization of culture conditions and in performing accurate quantitation experiments. In this video, we demonstrate how cells are counted using a hemacytometer.

ספירת ועל קביעת הכדאיות של תאים בתרבית

Determining the number of cells in culture is important in standardization of culture conditions and in performing accurate quantitation experiments. A ...

Detection of Nitric Oxide and Superoxide Radical Anion by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy from Cells using Spin Traps

Reactive nitrogen/oxygen species (ROS/RNS) at low concentrations play an important role in regulating cell function, signaling, and immune response but in unregulated concentrations are detrimental to cell viability1, 2. While living systems have evolved with endogenous and dietary antioxidant defense mechanisms to regulate ROS generation, ROS are produced continuously as natural by-products of normal metabolism of oxygen and can cause oxidative damage to biomolecules resulting in loss of protein function, DNA cleavage, or lipid peroxidation3, and ultimately to oxidative stress leading to cell injury or death4. 
Superoxide radical anion (O2&bull;-) is the major precursor of some of the most highly oxidizing species known to exist in biological systems such as peroxynitrite and hydroxyl radical. The generation of O2&bull;- signals the first sign of oxidative burst, and therefore, its detection and/or sequestration in biological systems is important. In this demonstration, O2&bull;- was generated from polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs). Through chemotactic stimulation with phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA), PMN generates O2&bull;- via activation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase5. 
Nitric oxide (NO) synthase which comes in three isoforms, as inducible-, neuronal- and endothelial-NOS, or iNOS, nNOS or eNOS, respectively, catalyzes the conversion of L- arginine to L-citrulline, using NADPH to produce NO6. Here, we generated NO from endothelial cells. Under oxidative stress conditions, eNOS for example can switch from producing NO to O2&bull;- in a process called uncoupling, which is believed to be caused by oxidation of heme7 or the co-factor, tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4)8.
There are only few reliable methods for the detection of free radicals in biological systems but are limited by specificity and sensitivity. Spin trapping is commonly used for the identification of free radicals and involves the addition reaction of a radical to a spin trap forming a persistent spin adduct which can be detected by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. The various radical adducts exhibit distinctive spectrum which can be used to identify the radicals being generated and can provide a wealth of information about the nature and kinetics of radical production9.
The cyclic nitrones, 5,5-dimethyl-pyrroline-N-oxide, DMPO10, the phosphoryl-substituted DEPMPO11, and the ester-substituted, EMPO12 and BMPO13, have been widely employed as spin traps--the latter spin traps exhibiting longer half-lives for O2&bull;- adduct. Iron (II)-N-methyl-D-glucamine dithiocarbamate, Fe(MGD)2 is commonly used to trap NO due to high rate of adduct formation and the high stability of the spin adduct14.

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy was employed to detect nitric oxide from bovine aortic endothelial cells and superoxide radical anion from human neutrophils using iron (II)-N-methyl-D-glucamine dithiocarbamate, Fe(MGD)2 and 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyroroline-N-oxide, DMPO, respectively.

זיהוי של תחמוצת החנקן אניון קיצוני superoxide ידי ספקטרוסקופיה פאראמגנטיים אלקטרונים תהודה בין תאים באמצעות מלכודות ספין

Reactive nitrogen/oxygen species (ROS/RNS) at low concentrations play an important role in regulating cell function, signaling, and immune response but in ...

Application of MassSQUIRM for Quantitative Measurements of Lysine Demethylase Activity

Recently, epigenetic regulators have been discovered as key players in many different diseases 1-3. As a result, these enzymes are prime targets for small molecule studies and drug development 4. Many epigenetic regulators have only recently been discovered and are still in the process of being classified. Among these enzymes are lysine demethylases which remove methyl groups from lysines on histones and other proteins. Due to the novel nature of this class of enzymes, few assays have been developed to study their activity. This has been a road block to both the classification and high throughput study of histone demethylases. Currently, very few demethylase assays exist. Those that do exist tend to be qualitative in nature and cannot simultaneously discern between the different lysine methylation states (un-, mono-, di- and tri-). Mass spectrometry is commonly used to determine demethylase activity but current mass spectrometric assays do not address whether differentially methylated peptides ionize differently. Differential ionization of methylated peptides makes comparing methylation states difficult and certainly not quantitative (Figure 1A). Thus available assays are not optimized for the comprehensive analysis of demethylase activity.
Here we describe a method called MassSQUIRM (mass spectrometric quantitation using isotopic reductive methylation) that is based on reductive methylation of amine groups with deuterated formaldehyde to force all lysines to be di-methylated, thus making them essentially the same chemical species and therefore ionize the same (Figure 1B). The only chemical difference following the reductive methylation is hydrogen and deuterium, which does not affect MALDI ionization efficiencies. The MassSQUIRM assay is specific for demethylase reaction products with un-, mono- or di-methylated lysines. The assay is also applicable to lysine methyltransferases giving the same reaction products. Here, we use a combination of reductive methylation chemistry and MALDI mass spectrometry to measure the activity of LSD1, a lysine demethylase capable of removing di- and mono-methyl groups, on a synthetic peptide substrate 5. This assay is simple and easily amenable to any lab with access to a MALDI mass spectrometer in lab or through a proteomics facility. The assay has ~8-fold dynamic range and is readily scalable to plate format 5.

We present a method for using MALDI mass spectrometry and reductive methylation chemistry to quantify changes in lysine methylation.

יישום MassSQUIRM עבור מדידות כמותיות של פעילות Demethylase ליזין

Recently, epigenetic regulators have been discovered as key players in many different diseases 1-3. As a result, these enzymes are prime targets for small ...

Analysis of Oxidative Stress in Zebrafish Embryos

High levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) may cause a change of cellular redox state towards oxidative stress condition. This situation causes oxidation of molecules (lipid, DNA, protein) and leads to cell death. Oxidative stress also impacts the progression of several pathological conditions such as diabetes, retinopathies, neurodegeneration, and cancer. Thus, it is important to define tools to investigate oxidative stress conditions not only at the level of single cells but also in the context of whole organisms. Here, we consider the zebrafish embryo as a useful in vivo system to perform such studies and present a protocol to measure in vivo oxidative stress. Taking advantage of fluorescent ROS probes and zebrafish transgenic fluorescent lines, we develop two different methods to measure oxidative stress in vivo: i) a &#8220;whole embryo ROS-detection method&#8221; for qualitative measurement of oxidative stress and ii) a &#8220;single-cell&#160;ROS detection method&#8221; for quantitative measurements of oxidative stress. Herein, we demonstrate the efficacy of these procedures by increasing oxidative stress in tissues by oxidant agents and physiological or genetic methods. This protocol is amenable for forward genetic screens and it will help address cause-effect relationships of ROS in animal models of oxidative stress-related pathologies such as neurological disorders and cancer.

Here we report a protocol to measure oxidative stress in living zebrafish embryos. This procedure allows reactive oxygen species (ROS) detection in both whole embryo tissues and single-cell populations. This protocol will accomplish both qualitative and quantitative analyses.

ניתוח של סטרס חמצוני בעוברי דג הזברה

High levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) may cause a change of cellular redox state towards oxidative stress condition. This situation causes ...

Functional Reconstitution and Channel Activity Measurements of Purified Wildtype and Mutant CFTR Protein

The Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) is a unique channel-forming member of the ATP Binding Cassette (ABC) superfamily of transporters. The phosphorylation and nucleotide dependent chloride channel activity of CFTR has been frequently studied in whole cell systems and as single channels in excised membrane patches. Many Cystic Fibrosis-causing mutations have been shown to alter this activity. While a small number of purification protocols have been published, a fast reconstitution method that retains channel activity and a suitable method for studying population channel activity in a purified system have been lacking. Here rapid methods are described for purification and functional reconstitution of the full-length CFTR protein into proteoliposomes of defined lipid composition that retains activity as a regulated halide channel. This reconstitution method together with a novel flux-based assay of channel activity is a suitable system for studying the population channel properties of wild type CFTR and the disease-causing mutants F508del- and G551D-CFTR. Specifically, the method has utility in studying the direct effects of phosphorylation, nucleotides and small molecules such as potentiators and inhibitors on CFTR channel activity. The methods are also amenable to the study of other membrane channels/transporters for anionic substrates.

Described here is a rapid and effective procedure for functional reconstitution of purified wild-type and mutant CFTR protein that preserves activity for this chloride channel, which is defective in Cystic Fibrosis. Iodide efflux from reconstituted proteoliposomes mediated by CFTR allows studies of channel activity and the effects of small molecules.

מדידות הכינון פונקציונלי ופעילות הערוץ של מטוהרים wildtype וחלבון CFTR Mutant

The Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) is a unique channel-forming member of the ATP Binding Cassette (ABC) superfamily of ...

Two-photon Imaging of Intracellular Ca2+ Handling and Nitric Oxide Production in Endothelial and Smooth Muscle Cells of an Isolated Rat Aorta

Calcium is a very important regulator of many physiological processes in vascular tissues. Most endothelial and smooth muscle functions highly depend on changes in intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) and nitric oxide (NO). In order to understand how [Ca2+]i, NO and downstream molecules are handled by a blood vessel in response to vasoconstrictors and vasodilators, we developed a novel technique that applies calcium-labeling (or NO-labeling) dyes with two photon microscopy to measure calcium handling (or NO production) in isolated blood vessels. Described here is a detailed step-by-step procedure that demonstrates how to isolate an aorta from a rat, label calcium or NO within the endothelial or smooth muscle cells, and image calcium transients (or NO production) using a two photon microscope following physiological or pharmacological stimuli. The benefits of using the method are multi-fold: 1) it is possible to simultaneously measure calcium transients in both endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells in response to different stimuli; 2) it allows one to image endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells in their native setting; 3) this method is very sensitive to intracellular calcium or NO changes and generates high resolution images for precise measurements; and 4) described approach can be applied to the measurement of other molecules, such as reactive oxygen species. In summary, application of two photon laser emission microscopy to monitor calcium transients and NO production in the endothelial and smooth muscle cells of an isolated blood vessel has provided high quality quantitative data and promoted our understanding of the mechanisms regulating vascular function.

Two-photon Imaging of Intracellular Ca2+ Handling and Nitric Oxide Production in Endothelial and Smooth Muscle Cells of an Isolated Rat Aorta

Vascular cell functiondepends on activity of intracellular messengers. Described here is an ex vivo two photon imaging method that allows the measurement of intracellular calcium and nitric oxide levels in response to physiological and pharmacological stimuli in individual endothelial and smooth muscle cells of an isolated aorta.

הדמיה שני פוטונים של תאיים Ca<sup&gt; 2 +</sup&gt; תאי טיפול ותחמוצת חנקן ייצור בהאנדותל ושריר חלק של עכברוש אב העורקים מבודדים

Calcium is a very important regulator of many physiological processes in vascular tissues. Most endothelial and smooth muscle functions highly depend on ...

Quantitation of Endothelial Cell Adhesiveness In Vitro

One of the cardinal processes of inflammation is the infiltration of immune cells from the lumen of the blood vessel to the surrounding tissue. This occurs when endothelial cells, which line blood vessels, become adhesive to circulating immune cells such as monocytes. In vitro measurement of this adhesiveness has until now been done by quantifying the total number of monocytes that adhere to an endothelial layer either as a direct count or by indirect measurement of the fluorescence of adherent monocytes. While such measurements do indicate the average adhesiveness of the endothelial cell population, they are confounded by a number of factors, such as cell number, and do not reveal the proportion of endothelial cells that are actually adhesive. Here we describe and demonstrate a method which allows the enumeration of adhesive cells within a tested population of endothelial monolayer. Endothelial cells are grown on glass coverslips and following desired treatment are challenged with monocytes (that may be fluorescently labeled). After incubation, a rinsing procedure, involving multiple rounds of immersion and draining, the cells are fixed. Adhesive endothelial cells, which are surrounded by monocytes are readily identified and enumerated, giving an adhesion index that reveals the actual proportion of endothelial cells within the population that are adhesive.

Quantitation of Endothelial Cell Adhesiveness In Vitro

We report an in vitro method that allows the quantitation of the actual number of adhesive cells within an endothelial cell monolayer.

כימות של דביקות תא האנדותל<em&gt; במבחנה</em

One of the cardinal processes of inflammation is the infiltration of immune cells from the lumen of the blood vessel to the surrounding tissue. This ...

En Face Detection of Nitric Oxide and Superoxide in Endothelial Layer of Intact Arteries

Endothelium-derived nitric oxide (NO) produced from endothelial NO-synthase (eNOS) is one of the most important vasoprotective molecules in cardiovascular physiology. Dysfunctional eNOS such as uncoupling of eNOS leads to decrease in NO bioavailability and increase in superoxide anion (O2.&#8722;) production, and in turn promotes cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, appropriate measurement of NO and O2.&#8722; levels in the endothelial cells are pivotal for research on cardiovascular diseases and complications. Because of the extremely labile nature of NO and O2.&#8722;, it is difficult to measure NO and O2.&#8722; directly in a blood vessel. Numerous methods have been developed to measure NO and O2.&#8722; production. It is, however, either insensitive, or non-specific, or technically demanding and requires special equipment. Here we describe an adaption of the fluorescence dye method for en face simultaneous detection and visualization of intracellular NO and O2.&#8722; using the cell permeable diaminofluorescein-2 diacetate (DAF-2DA) and dihydroethidium (DHE), respectively, in intact aortas of an obesity mouse model induced by high-fat-diet feeding. We could demonstrate decreased intracellular NO and enhanced O2.&#8722; levels in the freshly isolated intact aortas of obesity mouse as compared to the control lean mouse. We demonstrate that this method is an easy technique for direct detection and visualization of NO and O2.&#8722; in the intact blood vessels and can be widely applied for investigation of endothelial (dys)function under (physio)pathological conditions.

En Face Detection of Nitric Oxide and Superoxide in Endothelial Layer of Intact Arteries

In this article we describe an adapted relatively easy method using the fluorescence dye diaminofluorescein-2 diacetate (DAF-2DA) and dihydroethidium (DHE) for en face simultaneous detection and visualization of intracellular nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide anion (O2.&#8722;) respectively, in freshly isolated intact aortas of an obesity mouse model.

צמודים זיהוי פנים של Nitric Oxide ו Superoxide ב שכבת האנדותל של העורקים Intact

Endothelium-derived nitric oxide (NO) produced from endothelial NO-synthase (eNOS) is one of the most important vasoprotective molecules in cardiovascular ...

The Assembly and Application of 'Shear Rings': A Novel Endothelial Model for Orbital, Unidirectional and Periodic Fluid Flow and Shear Stress

Deviations from normal levels and patterns of vascular fluid shear play important roles in vascular physiology and pathophysiology by inducing adaptive as well as pathological changes in endothelial phenotype and gene expression. In particular, maladaptive effects of periodic, unidirectional flow induced shear stress can trigger a variety of effects on several vascular cell types, particularly endothelial cells. While by now endothelial cells from diverse anatomic origins have been cultured, in-depth analyses of their responses to fluid shear have been hampered by the relative complexity of shear models (e.g., parallel plate flow chamber, cone and plate flow model). While these all represent excellent approaches, such models are technically complicated and suffer from drawbacks including relatively lengthy and complex setup time, low surface areas, requirements for pumps and pressurization often requiring sealants and gaskets, creating challenges to both maintenance of sterility and an inability to run multiple experiments. However, if higher throughput models of flow and shear were available, greater progress on vascular endothelial shear responses, particularly periodic shear research at the molecular level, might be more rapidly advanced. Here, we describe the construction and use of shear rings: a novel, simple-to-assemble, and inexpensive tissue culture model with a relatively large surface area that easily allows for a high number of experimental replicates in unidirectional, periodic shear stress studies on endothelial cells.

Different levels and patterns of fluid shear are known to modulate endothelial gene expression, phenotype and susceptibility to disease. We discuss the assembly and use of 'shear rings': a model that produces unidirectional, periodic shear stress patterns. Shear rings are simple to assemble, economical and can produce high cell yields.

האסיפה והיישום של &#39;טבעות Shear&#39;: מודל האנדותל חדשני Orbital, חד-כיוונית תקופתית נוזלי זרימת מתח שאר

Deviations from normal levels and patterns of vascular fluid shear play important roles in vascular physiology and pathophysiology by inducing adaptive as ...

Measuring Nitrite and Nitrate, Metabolites in the Nitric Oxide Pathway, in Biological Materials using the Chemiluminescence Method

Nitric oxide (NO) is one of the main regulator molecules in vascular homeostasis and also a neurotransmitter. Enzymatically produced NO is oxidized into nitrite and nitrate by interactions with various oxy-heme proteins and other still not well known pathways. The reverse process, reduction of nitrite and nitrate into NO had been discovered in mammals in the last decade and it is gaining attention as one of the possible pathways to either prevent or ease a whole range of cardiovascular, metabolic and muscular disorders that are thought to be associated with decreased levels of NO. It is therefore important to estimate the amount of NO and its metabolites in different body compartments &#8212; blood, body fluids and the various tissues. Blood, due to its easy accessibility, is the preferred compartment used for estimation of NO metabolites. Due to its short lifetime (few milliseconds) and low sub-nanomolar concentration, direct reliable measurements of blood NO in vivo present great technical difficulties. Thus NO availability is usually estimated based on the amount of its oxidation products, nitrite and nitrate. These two metabolites are always measured separately. There are several well established methods to determine their concentrations in biological fluids and tissues. Here we present a protocol for chemiluminescence method (CL), based on spectrophotometrical detection of NO after nitrite or nitrate reduction by tri-iodide or vanadium(III) chloride solutions, respectively. The sensitivity for nitrite and nitrate detection is in low nanomolar range, which sets CL as the most sensitive method currently available to determine changes in NO metabolic pathways. We explain in detail how to prepare samples from biological fluids and tissues in order to preserve original amounts of nitrite and nitrate present at the time of collection and how to determine their respective amounts in samples. Limitations of the CL technique are also explained.

Nitric oxide (NO) is an important signaling molecule in vascular homeostasis. NO production in vivo is too low for direct measurement. Chemiluminescence provides useful insight into NO cycle via measuring its precursors and oxidation products, nitrite and nitrate. Nitrite / nitrate determination in body tissues and fluids is explained.

מדידת הניטריט ו חנקתי, מטבוליטים במסלול תחמוצת החנקן, חומרים ביולוגיים באמצעות שיטה chemiluminescence

Nitric oxide (NO) is one of the main regulator molecules in vascular homeostasis and also a neurotransmitter. Enzymatically produced NO is oxidized into ...