עבודה זו ממומנת על ידי מענק גישור CBS שהוענק ל- OOM. OOM, PAA ו- AS עיצבו את המחקר וביצעו את הניסויים. AS ו- PAA ניתחו את התוצאות. OOM ו PAA הכינו את כתב היד. אנו מודים לד"ר קארל דיסרוט (אוניברסיטת סטנפורד) על שהפכה את AAV לזמין לשימושנו.

<ol>
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למחברים אין מה לחשוף.

בעשור האחרון התקדם משמעותית התכנון של מבני AAV. ככזה, מקדמים ספציפיים יותר נוירון שולבו במגוון של סרוטיפים AAV עבור שיפור הספציפיות transfection14. על ידי שילוב גנים לחלבוני פלואורסצנטיות, מובילים, קולטנים וערוצי יונים, ספריות של AAV קיימות כעת לזיהוי הדמיה, נוירומודולציה ופעילות סינפט?...

בעשור האחרון פותח מערך של כלים גנטיים כדי להגדיל את הספציפיות של אפנון מסוג נוירון, ואת המיפוי של רשתות עצביות מורכבות1. ראוי לציין, וירוסים נוירוטרופיים עם יכולת אינהרנטית להדביק ולשכפל בתאים עצביים נפרסו כדי לבטא או לנפח חלבונים ספציפיים בסוגי נוירון. כאשר מחסה חלבונים פלואורסצנטיים או אינדיקטורים פעילות סינפטית מקודדים גנטית, וקטורים AAV transfected תווית ומתווה רשתות עצביות על פני אזורי המוח2,3. הבחירה של מקדם במבנה AAV מכוונת את הביטוי של הווקטור בסוגי נוירונים עם רמה מסוימת של ספציפיות ( ביטויתלוי מקדם). עם זאת, באמצעות רקומבינציה Cre-lox, מבני AAV פרוסים עם ספציפיות רבה יותר עבור תיוג נוירון4,5,6,7. ראוי לציין, opsins מיקרוביאלי photoactivated וחלבוני פלואורסצנטיות ארוזים בווקטורים AAV יכולים לבוא לידי ביטוי בתת-סוגים שונים של נוירונים8, והם אידיאליים להדמיה, מעקב מעגלים מסוג נוירון, ו photomodulation9,10.
AAVs בונה סטריאוטקטי מוזרק לתוך אזור המוח (או גרעין) מניע את הביטוי של חלבון הכתב במסופי סומה, דנדריט ואקסונים. ביטוי עצבי של AAV מחסה גן כתב (eYFP) מקל על תיוג של גופי תאי נוירון ומעקב אנטומי של תחזיות אל ומכל אזורי מוח אחרים11,12,13,14. מבנים AAV-eYFP הנושאים אופסין מבוקר אור (למשל, hChR2), ניתן לפרוס ככלי להדמיה6,15 ומעקב פיזיולוגי מבוסס גירוי של תחזיות עצביות כדי למקד אזורי המוח ב vivo16. בהתאם לסרוטיפ AAV, הכיוון של תיוג נוירונים עשוי להיות anterograde או מדרדר11,12. מחקרים קודמים קבעו כי AAV5 נוסע אנטרוגרדית בנוירונים12. לכן, פוטוסטימולציה של גופים סלולריים המבטאים hChR2 מייצרת השפעות presynaptic במקומות אחרים במוח (יעד)17.
כאן, AAV (סרוטיפ 5) עם מקדם CaMKIIα שימש לבטא eYFP (כתב) ו hChR2 (אופסין) ב VTA גלוטמט נוירונים ותחזיות אקסונליות. תוצאות מחקר זה מדגימות את ההתפלגות התלויה בשכבה של מסופי קדם-גלוטמט VTA באזורי ההיפוקמפוס CA1, CA3 ו- DG. כמו כן, פוטוטימולציה של נוירונים גלוטמט VTA גדל CA1 רב יחידות וחד יחידות ירי שיעורי ירי ב vivo בהשוואה לערכים בסיסיים. פרוטוקול זה משתמש בכלים סבירים ובתוכנות זמינות מסחרית שיכולות להגביר את איכות הנתונים המתקבלים מניסויי מעקב מעגלים עצביים.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>3% Hydrogen peroxide</td>
			<td>Fisher chemical</td>
			<td>H312</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AAV-CaMKII&#945;-ChR2-eGYP</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>Plasmid #26969</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BNC cable</td>
			<td>Amazon</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BNC Splitter</td>
			<td>Amazon</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ceramic Split Mating Sleeve for &#216;1.25mm Ferrules.</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>ADAL1-5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Drill</td>
			<td>Dremel</td>
			<td>LR 39098</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gelatin coated slides</td>
			<td>Fisher scientific</td>
			<td>OBSLD01CS</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hamilton&#39;s syringe (Neuros)</td>
			<td>WPI Inc.</td>
			<td>06H</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Head stage adapter</td>
			<td>Neuronexus</td>
			<td>Adpt-Q4-OM32</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>High impedance silicon probe</td>
			<td>Neuronexus</td>
			<td>Q1x1-tet-5mm-121-CQ4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>INTAN 512ch Recording Controller</td>
			<td>INTAN</td>
			<td>RHD2000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Iodine solution</td>
			<td>Dynarex</td>
			<td>1425</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane</td>
			<td>Piramal</td>
			<td>NDC 66794-017-25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ketamine</td>
			<td>Spectrum</td>
			<td>K1068</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LED Driver</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>LEDD1B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LED light source (470 nm)-blue light</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>M470F3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micromanipulator</td>
			<td>Narishige</td>
			<td>M0-203</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Optic fiber</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>CFMLC14L05</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pan head philips screw (M0.6 X 2mm)</td>
			<td>Amazon</td>
			<td>M0.6 X 2mm</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pre-amplifier headstage (32 Channel)</td>
			<td>INTAN</td>
			<td>C3314</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereotaxic frame</td>
			<td>Kopf</td>
			<td>1530</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TTL pulser</td>
			<td>Prizmatix</td>
			<td>4031</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Urethane</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>U2500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xylazine</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>J61430</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Software</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Version</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Graphpad Prism</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Intan Recording Controller</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neuroexplorer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plexon Offline Spike Sorter</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ACSF Composition:</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>oxygenated ACSF with 95% Oxygen/5%CO2 constantly being bubbled through the ACSF (ACSF; in mM 125 NaCl, 25 NaHCO3, 3 KCl, 1.25 NaH2PO4, 1 MgCl2, 2 CaCl2 and 25 Glucose).</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

combined in vivo anatomical and functional tracing of ventral tegmental area glutamate terminals in the hippocampus

אפנון אופטוגנטי של תת-אוכלוסיות נוירונים במוח אפשר לחוקרים לנתח מעגלים עצביים ב- vivo ו- ex vivo. זה מספק הנחת יסוד לקביעת התפקיד של סוגי נוירונים בתוך מעגל עצבי, ואת המשמעות שלהם בקידוד מידע ביחס ללמידה. כמו כן, השיטה יכולה לשמש כדי לבדוק את המשמעות הפיזיולוגית של שני אזורי מוח מחוברים או יותר בבעלי חיים ערים ומורדמים. המחקר הנוכחי מדגים כיצד נוירונים גלוטמט VTA לווסת את קצב הירי של נוירונים פירמידליים putative ב CA1 (היפוקמפוס) של עכברים מרדימים. פרוטוקול זה משתמש וירוס הקשורים אדנו (AAV) תיוג תלוי של נוירונים גלוטמט VTA להתחקות אחר מסופי גלוטמט פרסינפטי VTA בשכבות של ההיפוקמפוס. ביטוי של אופסין מבוקר אור (channelrhodopsin; hChR2) וחלבון פלואורסצנטי (eYFP) המוחזק על ידי וקטור AAV מותר מעקב אנטרוגרד של מסופי גלוטמט VTA, ו photostimulation של גופי תאי נוירון גלוטמט VTA (ב- VTA). אלקטרודות סיליקון חריפות בעלותעכבה גבוהה הוצבו ב- CA1 כדי לזהות תגובות מרובות יחידות ויחידה אחת לתמונות VTA ב- vivo. תוצאות מחקר זה ממחישות את ההתפלגות התלויה בשכבה של מסופי גלוטמט VTA פרזינפטיים בהיפוקמפוס (CA1, CA3 ו- DG). כמו כן, פוטוטימולציה של נוירונים גלוטמט VTA הגדיל את שיעור הירי ואת קצב פרץ של יחידות פירמידליות CA1 putative ב vivo.

מעקב אנטרוגרד
ביטוי AAV אומת על ידי הדמיית אימונופלואורסצנטיות של חלבון כתב (eYFP) ב- VTA של עכברי C57BL/6 21 ימים לאחר ההזרקה (איור 2). תיוג אנטרוגרדי מוצלח של תחזיות גלוטמט VTA פרסינפטיות בהיפוקמפוס אומת גם על ידי זיהוי eYFP בשכבות של DG, CA3 ו- CA1 (איור 6</s...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Combined In Vivo Anatomical and Functional Tracing of Ventral Tegmental Area Glutamate Terminals in the Hippocampus at JoVE.com

Combined In Vivo Anatomical and Functional Tracing of Ventral Tegmental Area Glutamate Terminals in the Hippocampus

הפרוטוקול הנוכחי מדגים שיטה פשוטה להתחקות אחר תחזיות גלוטמט אזור טגמנטלי גחוני (VTA) להיפוקמפוס. פוטוטימולציה של נוירונים גלוטמט VTA שולב עם הקלטת CA1 כדי להדגים כיצד מסופי גלוטמט VTA לווסת CA1 קצב ירי פירמידלי putative ב vivo.

מעקב אנטומי ותפקודי משולב של מסופי גלוטמט באזור הגונטם הגחמני בהיפוקמפוס

Optogenetic modulation of neuron sub-populations in the brain has allowed researchers to dissect neural circuits in vivo and ex vivo. This provides a ...

combined-vivo-anatomical-functional-tracing-ventral-tegmental-area

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

3.8K Views.  Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine. הפרוטוקול הנוכחי מדגים שיטה פשוטה להתחקות אחר תחזיות גלוטמט אזור טגמנטלי גחוני (VTA) להיפוקמפוס. פוטוטימולציה של נוירונים גלוטמט VTA שולב עם הקלטת CA1 כדי להדגים כיצד מסופי גלוטמט VTA לווסת CA1 קצב ירי פירמידלי putative ב vivo.

Video: Combined In Vivo Anatomical and Functional Tracing of Ventral Tegmental Area Glutamate Terminals in the Hippocampus

The Analysis of Purkinje Cell Dendritic Morphology in Organotypic Slice Cultures

Purkinje cells are an attractive model system for studying dendritic development, because they have an impressive dendritic tree which is strictly oriented in the sagittal plane and develops mostly in the postnatal period in small rodents 3. Furthermore, several antibodies are available which selectively and intensively label Purkinje cells including all processes, with anti-Calbindin D28K being the most widely used. For viewing of dendrites in living cells, mice expressing EGFP selectively in Purkinje cells 11 are available through Jackson labs. Organotypic cerebellar slice cultures cells allow easy experimental manipulation of Purkinje cell dendritic development because most of the dendritic expansion of the Purkinje cell dendritic tree is actually taking place during the culture period 4. We present here a short, reliable and easy protocol for viewing and analyzing the dendritic morphology of Purkinje cells grown in organotypic cerebellar slice cultures. For many purposes, a quantitative evaluation of the Purkinje cell dendritic tree is desirable. We focus here on two parameters, dendritic tree size and branch point numbers, which can be rapidly and easily determined from anti-calbindin stained cerebellar slice cultures. These two parameters yield a reliable and sensitive measure of changes of the Purkinje cell dendritic tree. Using the example of treatments with the protein kinase C (PKC) activator PMA and the metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 (mGluR1) we demonstrate how differences in the dendritic development are visualized and quantitatively assessed. The combination of the presence of an extensive dendritic tree, selective and intense immunostaining methods, organotypic slice cultures which cover the period of dendritic growth and a mouse model with Purkinje cell specific EGFP expression make Purkinje cells a powerful model system for revealing the mechanisms of dendritic development.

We present a protocol that permits to view and to quantitatively asses the morphology of the dendritic tree of individual Purkinje cells grown in organotypic cerebellar slice cultures. This protocol is intended to promote studies on the mechanisms of Purkinje cell dendritic development.

הניתוח של מורפולוגיה דנדריטים סלולרי פורקינג&#39; בתרבויות Slice Organotypic

Purkinje cells are an attractive model system for studying dendritic development, because they have an impressive dendritic tree which is strictly ...

Functional Neuroimaging Using Ultrasonic Blood-brain Barrier Disruption and Manganese-enhanced MRI

Although mice are the dominant model system for studying the genetic and molecular underpinnings of neuroscience, functional neuroimaging in mice remains technically challenging. One approach, Activation-Induced Manganese-enhanced MRI (AIM MRI), has been used successfully to map neuronal activity in rodents 1-5. In AIM MRI, Mn2+ acts a calcium analog and accumulates in depolarized neurons 6,7. Because Mn2+ shortens the T1 tissue property, regions of elevated neuronal activity will enhance in MRI. Furthermore, Mn2+ clears slowly from the activated regions; therefore, stimulation can be performed outside the magnet prior to imaging, enabling greater experimental flexibility. However, because Mn2+ does not readily cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), the need to open the BBB has limited the use of AIM MRI, especially in mice.
One tool for opening the BBB is ultrasound. Though potentially damaging, if ultrasound is administered in combination with gas-filled microbubbles (i.e., ultrasound contrast agents), the acoustic pressure required for BBB opening is considerably lower. This combination of ultrasound and microbubbles can be used to reliably open the BBB without causing tissue damage 8-11.
Here, a method is presented for performing AIM MRI by using microbubbles and ultrasound to open the BBB. After an intravenous injection of perflutren microbubbles, an unfocused pulsed ultrasound beam is applied to the shaved mouse head for 3 minutes. For simplicity, we refer to this technique of BBB Opening with Microbubbles and UltraSound as BOMUS 12. Using BOMUS to open the BBB throughout both cerebral hemispheres, manganese is administered to the whole mouse brain. After experimental stimulation of the lightly sedated mice, AIM MRI is used to map the neuronal response.
To demonstrate this approach, herein BOMUS and AIM MRI are used to map unilateral mechanical stimulation of the vibrissae in lightly sedated mice 13. Because BOMUS can open the BBB throughout both hemispheres, the unstimulated side of the brain is used to control for nonspecific background stimulation. The resultant 3D activation map agrees well with published representations of the vibrissae regions of the barrel field cortex 14. The ultrasonic opening of the BBB is fast, noninvasive, and reversible; and thus this approach is suitable for high-throughput and/or longitudinal studies in awake mice.

A technique is described for broadly opening the blood-brain barrier in the mouse using microbubbles and ultrasound. Using this technique, manganese can be administered to the mouse brain. Because manganese is an MRI contrast agent that accumulates in depolarized neurons, this approach enables imaging of neuronal activity.

הדמייה תפקודית באמצעות שיבוש Ultrasonic הדם למוח הגדר מנגן משופרת MRI

Although mice are the dominant model system for studying the genetic and molecular underpinnings of neuroscience, functional neuroimaging in mice remains ...

Comprehensive Profiling of Dopamine Regulation in Substantia Nigra and Ventral Tegmental Area

Dopamine is a vigorously studied neurotransmitter in the CNS. Indeed, its involvement in locomotor activity and reward-related behaviour has fostered five decades of inquiry into the molecular deficiencies associated with dopamine regulation. The majority of these inquiries of dopamine regulation in the brain focus upon the molecular basis for its regulation in the terminal field regions of the nigrostriatal and mesoaccumbens pathways; striatum and nucleus accumbens. Furthermore, such studies have concentrated on analysis of dopamine tissue content with normalization to only wet tissue weight. Investigation of the proteins that regulate dopamine, such as tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) protein, TH phosphorylation, dopamine transporter (DAT), and vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) protein often do not include analysis of dopamine tissue content in the same sample. The ability to analyze both dopamine tissue content and its regulating proteins (including post-translational modifications) not only gives inherent power to interpreting the relationship of dopamine with the protein level and function of TH, DAT, or VMAT2, but also extends sample economy. This translates into less cost, and yet produces insights into the molecular regulation of dopamine in virtually any paradigm of the investigators' choice.
We focus the analyses in the midbrain. Although the SN and VTA are typically neglected in most studies of dopamine regulation, these nuclei are easily dissected with practice. A comprehensive readout of dopamine tissue content and TH, DAT, or VMAT2 can be conducted. There is burgeoning literature on the impact of dopamine function in the SN and VTA on behavior, and the impingements of exogenous substances or disease processes therein 1-5. Furthermore, compounds such as growth factors have a profound effect on dopamine and dopamine-regulating proteins, to a comparatively greater extent in the SN or VTA 6-8. Therefore, this methodology is presented for reference to laboratories that want to extend their inquiries on how specific treatments modulate behaviour and dopamine regulation. Here, a multi-step method is presented for the analyses of dopamine tissue content, the protein levels of TH, DAT, or VMAT2, and TH phosphorylation from the substantia nigra and VTA from rodent midbrain. The analysis of TH phosphorylation can yield significant insights into not only how TH activity is regulated, but also the signaling cascades affected in the somatodendritic nuclei in a given paradigm.
We will illustrate the dissection technique to segregate these two nuclei and the sample processing of dissected tissue that produces a profile revealing molecular mechanisms of dopamine regulation in vivo, specific for each nuclei (Figure 1).

Dopamine is distinctly regulated in the midbrain nuclei, which contain the cell bodies and dendrites of the dopamine neurons. Here we describe a dissection and sample-handling approach to maximize results, and thus conclusions and insights, on dopamine regulation in the midbrain nuclei of the substantia nigra (SN) and ventral tegmental area (VTA) in rodents.

פרופיל מקיף של הסדרת substantia nigra הדופמין ואזור Tegmental הגחון

Dopamine is a vigorously studied neurotransmitter in the CNS. Indeed, its involvement in locomotor activity and reward-related behaviour has fostered five ...

Fast Micro-iontophoresis of Glutamate and GABA: A Useful Tool to Investigate Synaptic Integration

One of the fundamental interests in neuroscience is to understand the integration of excitatory and inhibitory inputs along the very complex structure of the dendritic tree, which eventually leads to neuronal output of action potentials at the axon. The influence of diverse spatial and temporal parameters of specific synaptic input on neuronal output is currently under investigation, e.g. the distance-dependent attenuation of dendritic inputs, the location-dependent interaction of spatially segregated inputs, the influence of GABAergig inhibition on excitatory integration, linear and non-linear integration modes, and many more.
With fast micro-iontophoresis of glutamate and GABA it is possible to precisely investigate the spatial and temporal integration of glutamatergic excitation and GABAergic inhibition. Critical technical requirements are either a triggered fluorescent lamp, light-emitting diode (LED), or a two-photon scanning microscope to visualize dendritic branches without introducing significant photo-damage of the tissue. Furthermore, it is very important to have a micro-iontophoresis amplifier that allows for fast capacitance compensation of high resistance pipettes. Another crucial point is that no transmitter is involuntarily released by the pipette during the experiment.
Once established, this technique will give reliable and reproducible signals with a high neurotransmitter and location specificity. Compared to glutamate and GABA uncaging, fast iontophoresis allows using both transmitters at the same time but at very distant locations without limitation to the field of view. There are also advantages compared to focal electrical stimulation of axons: with micro-iontophoresis the location of the input site is definitely known and it is sure that only the neurotransmitter of interest is released. However it has to be considered that with micro-iontophoresis only the postsynapse is activated and presynaptic aspects of neurotransmitter release are not resolved. In this article we demonstrate how to set up micro-iontophoresis in brain slice experiments.

In this article we introduce fast micro-iontophoresis of neurotransmitters as a technique to investigate integration of postsynaptic signals with high spatial and temporal precision.

מיקרו-Iontophoresis מהיר של גלוטמט וגאבא: כלי שימושי לחקירת האינטגרציה סינפטית

One of the fundamental interests in neuroscience is to understand the integration of excitatory and inhibitory inputs along the very complex structure of ...

Ex Vivo Preparations of the Intact Vomeronasal Organ and Accessory Olfactory Bulb

The mouse accessory olfactory system (AOS) is a specialized sensory pathway for detecting nonvolatile social odors, pheromones, and kairomones. The first neural circuit in the AOS pathway, called the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB), plays an important role in establishing sex-typical behaviors such as territorial aggression and mating. This small (&#60;1 mm3) circuit possesses the capacity to distinguish unique behavioral states, such as sex, strain, and stress from chemosensory cues in the secretions and excretions of conspecifics. While the compact organization of this system presents unique opportunities for recording from large portions of the circuit simultaneously, investigation of sensory processing in the AOB remains challenging, largely due to its experimentally disadvantageous location in the brain. Here, we demonstrate a multi-stage dissection that removes the intact AOB inside a single hemisphere of the anterior mouse skull, leaving connections to both the peripheral vomeronasal sensory neurons (VSNs) and local neuronal circuitry intact. The procedure exposes the AOB surface to direct visual inspection, facilitating electrophysiological and optical recordings from AOB circuit elements in the absence of anesthetics. Upon inserting a thin cannula into the vomeronasal organ (VNO), which houses the VSNs, one can directly expose the periphery to social odors and pheromones while recording downstream activity in the AOB. This procedure enables controlled inquiries into AOS information processing, which can shed light on mechanisms linking pheromone exposure to changes in behavior.

Ex Vivo Preparations of the Intact Vomeronasal Organ and Accessory Olfactory Bulb

The mouse accessory olfactory bulb (AOB) has been difficult to study in the context of sensory coding. Here, we demonstrate a dissection that produces an ex vivo preparation in which AOB neurons remain functionally connected to their peripheral inputs, facilitating research into information processing of mouse pheromones and kairomones.

Ex Vivo הכנות של הנורה Vomeronasal האיברים ואבזר חוש הריח הפגועה

The mouse accessory olfactory system (AOS) is a specialized sensory pathway for detecting nonvolatile social odors, pheromones, and kairomones. The first ...

Laser Capture Microdissection - A Demonstration of the Isolation of Individual Dopamine Neurons and the Entire Ventral Tegmental Area

Laser capture microdissection (LCM) is used to isolate a concentrated population of individual cells or precise anatomical regions of tissue from tissue sections on a microscope slide. When combined with immunohistochemistry, LCM can be used to isolate individual cells types based on a specific protein marker. Here, the LCM technique is described for collecting a specific population of dopamine neurons directly labeled with&#160;tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry and for isolation of the dopamine neuron containing region of the ventral tegmental area using indirect tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry on a section adjacent to those used for LCM. An infrared (IR) capture laser is used to both dissect individual neurons as well as the ventral tegmental area off glass slides and onto an LCM cap for analysis. Complete dehydration of the tissue with 100% ethanol and xylene is critical. The combination of the IR capture laser and the ultraviolet (UV) cutting laser is used to isolate individual dopamine neurons or the ventral tegmental area when using PEN membrane slides. A PEN membrane slide has significant advantages over a glass slide as it offers better consistency in capturing and collecting cells, is faster collecting large pieces of tissue, is less reliant on dehydration and results in complete removal of the tissue from the slide. Although removal of large areas of tissue from a glass slide is feasible, it is considerably more time consuming and frequently leaves some residual tissue behind. Data shown here demonstrate that RNA of sufficient quantity and quality can be obtained using these procedures for quantitative PCR measurements. Although RNA and DNA are the most commonly isolated molecules from tissue and cells collected with LCM, isolation and measurement of microRNA, protein and epigenetic changes in DNA can also benefit from the enhanced anatomical and cellular resolution obtained using LCM.

The isolation of individual dopamine neurons or the ventral tegmental area with direct or indirect immunohistochemistry is demonstrated using laser capture microdissection. Parameters for isolation of tissue from a glass slide using an infrared laser and from membrane slides using the combination of an infrared and ultraviolet laser are discussed.

Microdissection לכידת לייזר - הפגנה של הבידוד של פרט דופמין נוירונים ופינת הגחון tegmental השלם

Laser capture microdissection (LCM) is used to isolate a concentrated population of individual cells or precise anatomical regions of tissue from tissue ...

Conditional Genetic Transsynaptic Tracing in the Embryonic Mouse Brain

Anatomical path tracing is of pivotal importance to decipher the relationship between brain and behavior. Unraveling the formation of neural circuits during embryonic maturation of the brain however is technically challenging because most transsynaptic tracing methods developed to date depend on stereotaxic tracer injection. To overcome this problem, we developed a binary genetic strategy for conditional genetic transsynaptic tracing in the mouse brain. Towards this end we generated two complementary knock-in mouse strains to selectively express the bidirectional transsynaptic tracer barley lectin (BL) and the retrograde transsynaptic tracer Tetanus Toxin fragment C from the ROSA26 locus after Cre-mediated recombination. Cell-specific tracer production in these mice is genetically encoded and does not depend on mechanical tracer injection. Therefore our experimental approach is suitable to study neural circuit formation in the embryonic murine brain. Furthermore, because tracer transfer across synapses depends on synaptic activity, these mouse strains can be used to analyze the communication between genetically defined neuronal populations during brain development at a single cell resolution. Here we provide a detailed protocol for transsynaptic tracing in mouse embryos using the novel recombinant ROSA26 alleles. We have utilized this experimental technique in order to delineate the neural circuitry underlying maturation of the reproductive axis in the developing female mouse brain.

Capitalizing on a binary genetic strategy we provide a detailed protocol for neural circuit tracing in mice that express complementary transsynaptic tracers after Cre-mediated recombination. Because cell-specific tracer production is genetically encoded, our experimental approach is suitable to study the formation and maturation of neural circuitry during murine embryonic brain development at a single cell resolution.

מותנה הגנטי Transsynaptic איתור במוח העכבר עוברי

Anatomical path tracing is of pivotal importance to decipher the relationship between brain and behavior. Unraveling the formation of neural circuits ...

Simultaneous ex vivo Functional Testing of Two Retinas by in vivo Electroretinogram System

An In vivo electroretinogram (ERG) signal is composed of several overlapping components originating from different retinal cell types, as well as noise from extra-retinal sources. Ex vivo ERG provides an efficient method to dissect the function of retinal cells directly from an intact isolated retina of animals or donor eyes. In addition, ex vivo ERG can be used to test the efficacy and safety of potential therapeutic agents on retina tissue from animals or humans. We show here how commercially available in vivo ERG systems can be used to conduct ex vivo ERG recordings from isolated mouse retinas. We combine the light stimulation, electronic and heating units of a standard in vivo system with custom-designed specimen holder, gravity-controlled perfusion system and electromagnetic noise shielding to record low-noise ex vivo ERG signals simultaneously from two retinas with the acquisition software included in commercial in vivo systems. Further, we demonstrate how to use this method in combination with pharmacological treatments that remove specific ERG components in order to dissect the function of certain retinal cell types.

Simultaneous ex vivo Functional Testing of Two Retinas by in vivo Electroretinogram System

Ex vivo ERG can be used to record electrical activity of retinal cells directly from isolated intact retinas of animals or humans. We demonstrate here how common in vivo ERG systems can be adapted for ex vivo ERG recordings in order to dissect the electrical activity of retinal cells.

בו זמנית<em&gt; Vivo לשעבר</em&gt; בדיקות פונקציונליות של שתי הרשתיות על ידי<em&gt; In vivo</emמערכת electroretinogram&gt;

An In vivo electroretinogram (ERG) signal is composed of several overlapping components originating from different retinal cell types, as well as noise ...

Utilizing Combined Methodologies to Define the Role of Plasma Membrane Delivery During Axon Branching and Neuronal Morphogenesis

During neural development, growing axons extend to multiple synaptic partners by elaborating axonal branches. Axon branching is promoted by extracellular guidance cues like netrin-1 and results in dramatic increases to the surface area of the axonal plasma membrane. Netrin-1-dependent axon branching likely involves temporal and spatial control of plasma membrane expansion, the components of which are supplied through exocytic vesicle fusion. These fusion events are preceded by formation of SNARE complexes, comprising a v-SNARE, such as VAMP2 (vesicle-associated membrane protein 2), and plasma membrane t-SNAREs, syntaxin-1 and SNAP25 (synaptosomal-associated protein 25). Detailed herein isa multi-pronged approach used to examine the role of SNARE mediated exocytosis in axon branching. The strength of the combined approach is data acquisition at a range of spatial and temporal resolutions, spanning from the dynamics of single vesicle fusion events in individual neurons to SNARE complex formation and axon branching in populations of cultured neurons. This protocol takes advantage of established biochemical approaches to assay levels of endogenous SNARE complexes and Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy of cortical neurons expressing VAMP2 tagged with a pH-sensitive GFP (VAMP2-pHlourin) to identify netrin-1 dependent changes in exocytic activity in individual neurons. To elucidate the timing of netrin-1-dependent branching, time-lapse differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy of single neurons over the order of hours is utilized. Fixed cell immunofluorescence paired with botulinum neurotoxins that cleave SNARE machinery and block exocytosis demonstrates that netrin-1 dependent axon branching requires SNARE-mediated exocytic activity.

Light microscopy techniques coupled with biochemical assays elucidate the involvement of SNARE-mediated exocytosis in netrin-dependent axon branching. This combination of techniques permits identification of molecular mechanisms controlling axon branching and cell shape change.

ניצול מתודולוגיות משולב להגדיר את התפקיד של משלוח ממברנה פלזמה במהלך אקסון מסעף ו העצבית המורפוגנזה

During neural development, growing axons extend to multiple synaptic partners by elaborating axonal branches. Axon branching is promoted by extracellular ...

Combined Optogenetic and Freeze-fracture Replica Immunolabeling to Examine Input-specific Arrangement of Glutamate Receptors in the Mouse Amygdala

Freeze-fracture electron microscopy has been a major technique in ultrastructural research for over 40 years. However, the lack of effective means to study the molecular composition of membranes produced a significant decline in its use. Recently, there has been a major revival in freeze-fracture electron microscopy thanks to the development of effective ways to reveal integral membrane proteins by immunogold labeling. One of these methods is known as detergent-solubilized Freeze-fracture Replica Immunolabeling (FRIL).
The combination of the FRIL technique with optogenetics allows a correlated analysis of the structural and functional properties of central synapses. Using this approach it is possible to identify and characterize both pre- and postsynaptic neurons by their respective expression of a tagged channelrhodopsin and specific molecular markers. The distinctive appearance of the postsynaptic membrane specialization of glutamatergic synapses further allows, upon labeling of ionotropic glutamate receptors, to quantify and analyze the intrasynaptic distribution of these receptors. Here, we give a step-by-step description of the procedures required to prepare paired replicas and how to immunolabel them. We will also discuss the caveats and limitations of the FRIL technique, in particular those associated with potential sampling biases. The high reproducibility and versatility of the FRIL technique, when combined with optogenetics, offers a very powerful approach for the characterization of different aspects of synaptic transmission at identified neuronal microcircuits in the brain.
Here, we provide an example how this approach was used to gain insights into structure-function relationships of excitatory synapses at neurons of the intercalated cell masses of the mouse amygdala. In particular, we have investigated the expression of ionotropic glutamate receptors at identified inputs originated from the thalamic posterior intralaminar and medial geniculate nuclei. These synapses were shown to relay sensory information relevant for fear learning and to undergo plastic changes upon fear conditioning.

This article illustrates how the expression of neurotransmitter receptors can be quantified and the pattern analyzed at synapses with identified pre and postsynaptic elements using a combination of viral transduction of optogenetic tools and the freeze-fracture replica immunolabeling technique.

בשילוב optogenetic ולהקפיא-שבר Replica immunolabeling לבחינת הסדר ספציפי קלט של גלוטמט הקולטנים עכבר האמיגדלה

Freeze-fracture electron microscopy has been a major technique in ultrastructural research for over 40 years. However, the lack of effective means to ...