Diese Arbeit wird durch den CBS Bridging Grant finanziert, der ooM verliehen wird. OOM, PAA und AS entwarfen die Studie und führten die Experimente durch. AS und PAA analysierten die Ergebnisse. OOM und PAA bereiteten das Manuskript vor. Wir danken Dr. Karl Disseroth (Stanford University) für die Bereitstellung des AAV für unsere Nutzung.

<ol>
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In den letzten zehn Jahren hat sich das Design von AAV-Konstrukten erheblich weiterentwickelt. Daher wurden mehr neuronenspezifische Promotoren in eine Reihe von AAV-Serotypen integriert, um die Transfektionsspezifität zu verbessern14. Durch die Kombination von Genen für Fluoreszenzproteine, Transporter, Rezeptoren und Ionenkanäle existieren nun Bibliotheken von AAV für bildgebung, neuromodulation und synaptische Aktivitätserkennung. In kommerziell erhältlichen AAV-Konstrukten ermöglicht ei...

In den letzten zehn Jahren wurde eine Reihe genetischer Werkzeuge entwickelt, um die Spezifität der Modulation vom Neuronentyp und die Kartierung komplexer neuronaler Netze zu erhöhen1. Insbesondere neurotrope Viren mit einer inhärenten Fähigkeit, sich in neuronalen Zellen zu infizieren und zu replizieren, wurden eingesetzt, um bestimmte Proteine in Neuronensubtypen zu exprimieren oder abtränken. Bei der Unterung von Fluoreszenzproteinen oder genetisch kodierten synaptischen Aktivitätsindikatoren kennzeichnen und beschreiben transfizierte AAV-Vektoren neuronale Netzwerke über Gehirnregionen hinweg2,3. Die Wahl eines Promotors im AAV-Konstrukt steuert die Expression des Vektors in Neuronentypen mit einem gewissen Grad an Spezifität(promotorabhängige Expression). Durch die Cre-lox-Rekombination werden AAV-Konstrukte jedoch mit größerer Spezifität für die Neuronenmarkierung4,5,6,7eingesetzt. Bemerkenswert ist, dass photoaktivierte mikrobielle Opsine und Fluoreszenzproteine, die in AAV-Vektoren verpackt sind, in verschiedenen Neuronensubtypen8exprimiert werden können und ideal für die Bildgebung, die Verfolgung von Neuronenschaltungen und die Photomodulation9,10sind.
AAVs-Konstrukte, die stereotaktisch in eine Gehirnregion (oder einen Zellkern) injiziert werden, treiben die Expression des Reporterproteins in den Terminals soma, Dendriten und Axone an. Die neuronale Expression von AAV, die ein Reportergen (eYFP) beherbergt, erleichtert die Markierung von Neuronenzellkörpern und die anatomische Verfolgung von Projektionen zu und von anderen Gehirnregionen11,12,13,14. AAV-eYFP-Konstrukte, die lichtgesteuertes Opsin (z. B. hChR2) tragen, können als Werkzeug für die Bildgebungvon 6,15 und die stimulationsbasierte physiologische Verfolgung neuronaler Projektionen auf Hirnareale in vivo16eingesetzt werden. Abhängig vom AAV-Serotyp kann die Richtung der Neuronenmarkierung anterograde oder retrograd sein11,12. Frühere Studien haben ergeben, dass AAV5 anterograde in Neuronenreist 12. So erzeugt die Photostimulation von Zellkörpern, die hChR2 exprimieren, präsynaptische Effekte an anderer Stelle im Gehirn (Ziel)17.
Hier wurde AAV (Serotyp 5) mit einem CaMKIIα-Promotor verwendet, um eYFP (Reporter) und hChR2 (Opsin) in VTA-Glutamat-Neuronen und axonalen Projektionen zu exprimieren. Die Ergebnisse dieser Studie zeigen die schichtabhängige Verteilung von VTA-Glutamat-präsynaptischen Terminals in den Hippocampusregionen CA1, CA3 und DG. Auch die Photostimulation von VTA-Glutamat-Neuronen erhöhte die CA1-Feuerraten mit mehreren Einheiten und Einzeleinheiten in vivo im Vergleich zu den Ausgangswerten. Dieses Protokoll verwendet erschwingliche Tools und kommerziell erhältliche Software, die die Qualität der Daten aus neuronalen Schaltkreis-Tracing-Experimenten erhöhen können.

<table><tbody><tr><td>3% Hydrogen peroxide</td><td>Fisher chemical</td><td>H312</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>AAV-CaMKII&amp;alpha;-ChR2-eGYP</td><td>Addgene</td><td>Plasmid #26969</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>BNC cable</td><td>Amazon</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>BNC Splitter</td><td>Amazon</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ceramic Split Mating Sleeve for &amp;Oslash;1.25mm Ferrules.</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>ADAL1-5</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Drill</td><td>Dremel</td><td>LR 39098</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Gelatin coated slides</td><td>Fisher scientific</td><td>OBSLD01CS</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hamilton&#039;s syringe (Neuros)</td><td>WPI Inc.</td><td>06H</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Head stage adapter</td><td>Neuronexus</td><td>Adpt-Q4-OM32</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>High impedance silicon probe</td><td>Neuronexus</td><td>Q1x1-tet-5mm-121-CQ4</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>INTAN 512ch Recording Controller</td><td>INTAN</td><td>RHD2000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Iodine solution</td><td>Dynarex</td><td>1425</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Isoflurane</td><td>Piramal</td><td>NDC 66794-017-25</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ketamine</td><td>Spectrum</td><td>K1068</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>LED Driver</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>LEDD1B</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>LED light source (470 nm)-blue light</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>M470F3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Micromanipulator</td><td>Narishige</td><td>M0-203</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Optic fiber</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>CFMLC14L05</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pan head philips screw (M0.6 X 2mm)</td><td>Amazon</td><td>M0.6 X 2mm</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pre-amplifier headstage (32 Channel)</td><td>INTAN</td><td>C3314</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Stereotaxic frame</td><td>Kopf</td><td>1530</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>TTL pulser</td><td>Prizmatix</td><td>4031</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Urethane</td><td>Sigma</td><td>U2500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Xylazine</td><td>Alfa Aesar</td><td>J61430</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Software&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Version&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Graphpad Prism</td><td>GraphPad Software</td><td>version 8</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Intan Recording Controller</td><td>Intantech</td><td>version 2.07</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Neuroexplorer</td><td>Nex Technologies</td><td>version 5.215</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Plexon Offline Spike Sorter</td><td>Plexon Inc</td><td>version 4.5</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;ACSF Composition:&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>oxygenated ACSF with 95% Oxygen/5%CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; constantly being bubbled through the ACSF (ACSF; in mM 125 NaCl, 25 NaHCO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, 3 KCl, 1.25 NaH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;PO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;, 1 MgCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, 2 CaCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and 25 Glucose).</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

combined in vivo anatomical and functional tracing of ventral tegmental area glutamate terminals in the hippocampus

Die optogenetische Modulation von Neuronensubpopulationen im Gehirn hat es Forschern ermöglicht, neuronale Schaltkreise in vivo und ex vivo zu sezieren. Dies bietet eine Voraussetzung für die Bestimmung der Rolle von Neuronentypen innerhalb eines neuronalen Schaltkreises und ihrer Bedeutung für die Informationscodierung in Bezug auf das Lernen. Ebenso kann die Methode verwendet werden, um die physiologische Bedeutung von zwei oder mehr miteinander verbundenen Hirnregionen bei wachen und betäubten Tieren zu testen. Die aktuelle Studie zeigt, wie VTA-Glutamat-Neuronen die Feuerrate von mutmaßlichen Pyramidenneuronen im CA1 (Hippocampus) anästhesierter Mäuse modulieren. Dieses Protokoll verwendet adeno-assoziierte Virus (AAV)-abhängige Markierung von VTA-Glutamat-Neuronen für die Rückverfolgung von VTA-präsynaptischen Glutamat-Terminals in den Schichten des Hippocampus. Die Expression von lichtgesteuertem Opsin (Channelrhodopsin; hChR2) und Fluoreszenzprotein (eYFP), die durch den AAV-Vektor beherbergt werden, ermöglichte die anterograde Rückverfolgung von VTA-Glutamatterminals und die Photostimulation von VTA-Glutamat-Neuronenzellkörpern (im VTA). Hochimige akute Siliziumelektroden wurden im CA1 positioniert, um Reaktionen von mehreren einheiten und einzelnen Einheiten auf VTA-Photostimulation in vivo zu erkennen. Die Ergebnisse dieser Studie zeigen die schichtabhängige Verteilung von präsynaptischen VTA-Glutamatterminals im Hippocampus (CA1, CA3 und DG). Auch die Photostimulation von VTA-Glutamat-Neuronen erhöhte die Feuer- und Burst-Rate von mutmaßlichen CA1-Pyramideneinheiten in vivo.

Anterograde Rückverfolgung
Die AAV-Expression wurde durch Immunfluoreszenz-Bildgebung des Reporterproteins (eYFP) im VTA von C57BL/6-Mäusen 21 Tage nach der Injektion verifiziert(Abbildung 2). Die erfolgreiche anterograde Markierung von präsynaptischen VTA-Glutamatprojektionen im Hippocampus wurde auch durch eYFP-Nachweis in den Schichten von DG, CA3 und CA1 nachgewiesen(Abbildung 6a–d; Film 2 und 3</stro...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Combined In Vivo Anatomical and Functional Tracing of Ventral Tegmental Area Glutamate Terminals in the Hippocampus at JoVE.com

Combined In Vivo Anatomical and Functional Tracing of Ventral Tegmental Area Glutamate Terminals in the Hippocampus

Das aktuelle Protokoll demonstriert eine einfache Methode zur Rückverfolgung von ventralen Tegmentalflächen (VTA) Glutamatprojektionen auf den Hippocampus. Die Photostimulation von VTA-Glutamat-Neuronen wurde mit CA1-Aufnahmen kombiniert, um zu zeigen, wie VTA-Glutamat-Terminals die mutmaßliche pyramidale CA1-Feuerrate in vivo modulieren.

Kombinierte in vivo anatomische und funktionelle Spurensuche von ventralen Tegmentalflächen-Glutamat-Terminals im Hippocampus

Optogenetic modulation of neuron sub-populations in the brain has allowed researchers to dissect neural circuits in vivo and ex vivo. This provides a ...

combined-vivo-anatomical-functional-tracing-ventral-tegmental-area

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

3.8K Aufrufe.  Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine. Das aktuelle Protokoll demonstriert eine einfache Methode zur Rückverfolgung von ventralen Tegmentalflächen (VTA) Glutamatprojektionen auf den Hippocampus. Die Photostimulation von VTA-Glutamat-Neuronen wurde mit CA1-Aufnahmen kombiniert, um zu zeigen, wie VTA-Glutamat-Terminals die mutmaßliche pyramidale CA1-Feuerrate in vivo modulieren.

Serie: Combined In Vivo Anatomical and Functional Tracing of Ventral Tegmental Area Glutamate Terminals in the Hippocampus

Longitudinal Two-Photon Imaging of Dorsal Hippocampal CA1 in Live Mice

Two-photon microscopy is a fundamental tool for neuroscience as it permits investigation of the brain of live animals at spatial scales ranging from subcellular to network levels and at temporal scales from milliseconds to weeks. In addition, two-photon imaging can be combined with a variety of behavioral tasks to explore the causal relationships between brain function and behavior. However, in mammals, limited penetration and scattering of light have limited two-photon intravital imaging mostly to superficial brain regions, thus precluding longitudinal investigation of deep-brain areas such as the hippocampus. The hippocampus is involved in spatial navigation and episodic memory and is a long-standing model used to study cellular as well as cognitive processes important for learning and recall, both in health and disease. Here, a preparation that enables chronic optical access to the dorsal hippocampus in living mice is detailed. This preparation can be combined with two-photon optical imaging at cellular and subcellular resolution in head fixed, anesthetized live mice over several weeks. These techniques enable repeated imaging of neuronal structure or activity-evoked plasticity in tens to hundreds of neurons in the dorsal hippocampal CA1. Furthermore, this chronic preparation can be used in combination with other techniques such as micro-endoscopy, head-mounted wide field microscopy or three-photon microscopy, thus greatly expanding the toolbox to study cellular and network processes involved in learning and memory.

This method describes a chronic preparation that allows optical access to the hippocampus of living mice. This preparation can be used to perform longitudinal optical imaging of neuronal structural plasticity and activity-evoked cellular plasticity over a period of several weeks.

Längs-Zwei-Photon-Bildgebung des Dorsal Hippocampal CA1 in lebenden Mäusen

Two-photon microscopy is a fundamental tool for neuroscience as it permits investigation of the brain of live animals at spatial scales ranging from ...

Forschung

Verhalten

Measurement of Glutamate Uptake using Radiolabeled L-[3H]-Glutamate in Acute Transverse Slices Obtained from Rodent Resected Hippocampus

Glutamate removal from the extracellular space by high-affinity Na+-dependent transporters is essential to ensure that the brain&#39;s intrinsic connectivity mechanisms work properly and homeostasis is maintained. The hippocampus is a unique brain structure that manages higher cognitive functions, and is the subject of several studies regarding neurologic diseases. The investigation of physiological and pathological mechanisms in rodent models can benefit from acute hippocampal slice (AHS) preparations. AHS has the advantage of providing reliable information on cell function since the cytoarchitecture and synaptic circuits are preserved. Although AHS preparations are commonly used in neurochemistry laboratories, it is possible to find some methodological differences in the literature. Considering that distinctive slice preparation protocols might change the hippocampal regions analyzed, this current protocol proposes a standard technique for obtaining transverse AHS from resected hippocampus. This simple-to-perform protocol may be used in mice and rats&#39; experimental models and allow several ex vivo approaches investigating neurochemical dynamics (in dorsal, intermediate and ventral hippocampus) in different backgrounds (e.g., transgenic manipulations) or after in vivo manipulations (e.g., pharmacological treatments or suitable rodent models to study clinical disorders). After dissecting the hippocampus from the rodent brain, transverse slices along the septo-temporal axis (300 &#181;m thick) were obtained. These AHS contain distinct parts of the hippocampus and were subjected to an individual neurochemical investigation (as an example: neurotransmitter transporters using their respective substrates). As the hippocampus presents a high density of excitatory synapses, and glutamate is the most important neurotransmitter in the brain, the glutamatergic system is an interesting target for in vivo observed phenomena. Thus, the current protocol provides detailed steps to explore glutamate uptake in ex vivo AHS using L-[3H]-Glutamate. Using this protocol to investigate hippocampal function may help to better understand the influence of glutamate metabolism on mechanisms of neuroprotection or neurotoxicity.

Measurement of Glutamate Uptake using Radiolabeled L-[3H]-Glutamate in Acute Transverse Slices Obtained from Rodent Resected Hippocampus

This article describes a reliable and simple way to obtain ex vivo acute hippocampal transverse slices from mice and rats using a tissue chopper. Slices obtained from resected hippocampi can be submitted for functional glutamate uptake analysis to investigate glutamatergic system homeostasis.

Glutamate removal from the extracellular space by high-affinity Na+-dependent transporters is essential to ensure that the brain&#39;s intrinsic ...

Biochemie

High-resolution In Vivo Manual Segmentation Protocol for Human Hippocampal Subfields Using 3T Magnetic Resonance Imaging

The human hippocampus has been broadly studied in the context of memory and normal brain function and its role in different neuropsychiatric disorders has been heavily studied. While many imaging studies treat the hippocampus as a single unitary neuroanatomical structure, it is, in fact, composed of several subfields that have a complex three-dimensional geometry. As such, it is known that these subfields perform specialized functions and are differentially affected through the course of different disease states. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging can be used as a powerful tool to interrogate the morphology of the hippocampus and its subfields. Many groups use advanced imaging software and hardware (&#62;3T) to image the subfields; however this type of technology may not be readily available in most research and clinical imaging centers. To address this need, this manuscript provides a detailed step-by-step protocol for segmenting the full anterior-posterior length of the hippocampus and its subfields: cornu ammonis (CA) 1, CA2/CA3, CA4/dentate gyrus (DG), strata radiatum/lacunosum/moleculare (SR/SL/SM), and subiculum. This protocol has been applied to five subjects (3F, 2M; age 29-57, avg. 37). Protocol reliability is assessed by resegmenting either the right or left hippocampus of each subject and computing the overlap using the Dice&#39;s kappa metric. Mean Dice&#39;s kappa (range) across the five subjects are: whole hippocampus, 0.91 (0.90-0.92); CA1, 0.78 (0.77-0.79); CA2/CA3, 0.64 (0.56-0.73); CA4/dentate gyrus, 0.83 (0.81-0.85); strata radiatum/lacunosum/moleculare, 0.71 (0.68-0.73); and subiculum 0.75 (0.72-0.78). The segmentation protocol presented here provides other laboratories with a reliable method to study the hippocampus and hippocampal subfields in vivo using commonly available MR tools.

High-resolution In Vivo Manual Segmentation Protocol for Human Hippocampal Subfields Using 3T Magnetic Resonance Imaging

The goal of this manuscript is to study the hippocampus and hippocampal subfields using MRI. The manuscript describes a protocol for segmenting the hippocampus and five hippocampal substructures: cornu ammonis (CA) 1, CA2/CA3, CA4/dentate gyrus, strata radiatum/lacunosum/moleculare, and subiculum.

Hohe Auflösung<em&gt; In-vivo-</em&gt; Manuelle Segmentierung Protokoll für Menschen Hippocampus Teilfelder Verwenden von 3T Kernspintomographie

The human hippocampus has been broadly studied in the context of memory and normal brain function and its role in different neuropsychiatric disorders has ...

Neurowissenschaften

Assessment of Dendritic Arborization in the Dentate Gyrus of the Hippocampal Region in Mice

Dendritic arborization has been shown to be a reliable marker for examination of structural and functional integrity of neurons. Indeed, the complexity and extent of dendritic arborization correlates well with the synaptic plasticity in these cells. A reliable method for assessment of dendritic arborization is needed to characterize the deleterious effects of neurological disorders on these structures and to determine the effects of therapeutic interventions. However, quantification of these structures has proven to be a formidable task given their complex and dynamic nature. Fortunately, sophisticated imaging techniques can be paired with conventional staining methods to assess the state of dendritic arborization, providing a more reliable and expeditious means of assessment. Below is an example of how these imaging techniques were paired with staining methods to characterize the dendritic arborization in wild type mice. These complementary imaging methods can be used to qualitatively and quantitatively assess dendritic arborization that span a rather wide area within the hippocampal region.

We describe two methods for visualization and quantification of dendritic arborization in the hippocampus of mouse models: real-time and extended depth of field imaging. While the former method allows sophisticated topographical tracing and quantification of the extent of branching, the latter allows speedy visualization of the dendritic tree.

Bewertung der dendritischen Verzweigung im Gyrus dentatus des Hippocampus-Region an der Maus

Dendritic arborization has been shown to be a reliable marker for examination of structural and functional integrity of neurons. Indeed, the complexity ...

Improving the Application of High Molecular Weight Biotinylated Dextran Amine for Thalamocortical Projection Tracing in the Rat

High molecular weight biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) has been used as a highly sensitive neuroanatomical tracer for many decades. Since the quality of its labeling was affected by various factors, here, we provide a refined protocol for the application of high molecular weight BDA for studying optimal neural labeling in the central nervous system. After stereotactic injection of BDA into the ventral posteromedial nucleus (VPM) of the thalamus in the rat through a delicate glass pipette, BDA was stained with fluorescent streptavidin-Alexa (AF) 594 and counterstained with fluorescent Nissl stain AF500/525. On the background of green Nissl staining, the red BDA labeling, including neuronal cell bodies and axonal terminals, was more distinctly demonstrated in the somatosensory cortex. Furthermore, double fluorescent staining for BDA and the calcium-binding protein parvalbumin (PV) was carried out to observe the correlation of BDA labeling and PV-positive interneurons in the cortical target, providing the opportunity to study the local neural circuits and their chemical characteristics. Thus, this refined method is not only suitable for visualizing high quality neural labeling with the high molecular weight BDA through reciprocal neural pathways between the thalamus and cerebral cortex, but also will permit the simultaneous demonstration of other neural markers with fluorescent histochemistry or immunochemistry.

Here, we present a refined protocol to effectively reveal biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) labeling with a fluorescent staining method through a reciprocal neural pathway. It is suitable for analyzing the fine structure of BDA labeling and distinguishing it from other neural elements under a confocal laser scanning microscope.

Verbesserung der Anwendung des hochmolekularen Biotinylierte Dextran Amin für Thalamocortical Projektion Tracing in der Ratte

High molecular weight biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) has been used as a highly sensitive neuroanatomical tracer for many decades. Since the quality of ...

In Vivo Intracerebral Stereotaxic Injections for Optogenetic Stimulation of Long-Range Inputs in Mouse Brain Slices

Knowledge of cell-type specific synaptic connectivity is a crucial prerequisite for understanding brain-wide neuronal circuits. The functional investigation of long-range connections requires targeted recordings of single neurons combined with the specific stimulation of identified distant inputs. This is often difficult to achieve with conventional and electrical stimulation techniques, because axons from converging upstream brain areas may intermingle in the target region. The stereotaxic targeting of a specific brain region for virus-mediated expression of light-sensitive ion channels allows selective stimulation of axons originating from that region with light. Intracerebral stereotaxic injections can be used in well-delimited structures, such as the anterior thalamic nuclei, in addition to other subcortical or cortical areas throughout the brain.
Described here is a set of techniques for precise stereotaxic injection of viral vectors expressing channelrhodopsin in the mouse brain, followed by photostimulation of axon terminals in the brain slice preparation. These protocols are simple and widely applicable. In combination with whole-cell patch clamp recording from a postsynaptically connected neuron, photostimulation of axons allows the detection of functional synaptic connections, pharmacological characterization, and evaluation of their strength. In addition, biocytin filling of the recorded neuron can be used for post-hoc morphological identification of the postsynaptic neuron.

This protocol describes a set of methods to identify the cell-type specific functional connectivity of long-range inputs from distant brain regions using optogenetic stimulations in ex vivo brain slices.

In Vivo Intracerebral Stereotaxic Injektionen für optogenetische Stimulation von Long-Range-Eingängen in Maus Gehirn Scheiben

Knowledge of cell-type specific synaptic connectivity is a crucial prerequisite for understanding brain-wide neuronal circuits. The functional ...

Preparation of Acute Slices from Dorsal Hippocampus for Whole-Cell Recording and Neuronal Reconstruction in the Dentate Gyrus of Adult Mice

Although the general architecture of the hippocampus is similar along its longitudinal axis, recent studies have revealed prominent differences in molecular, anatomical and functional criteria suggesting a division into different sub-circuits along its rostro-caudal extent. Owing to differential connectivity and function the most fundamental distinction is made between the dorsal and the ventral hippocampus, which are preferentially involved in spatial and emotional processing, respectively. Accordingly, in vivo work regarding spatial memory formation has focused on the dorsal hippocampus.
In contrast, electro-physiological in vitro recordings have been preferentially performed on intermediate-ventral hippocampus, largely motivated by factors like slice viability and circuit integrity. To allow for direct correlation of in vivo data on spatial processing with in vitro data we have adapted previous sectioning methods to obtain highly viable transverse brain slices from the dorsal-intermediate hippocampus for long-term recordings of principal cells and interneurons in the dentate gyrus. As spatial behavior is routinely analyzed in adult mice, we have combined this transversal slicing procedure with the use of protective solutions to enhance viability of brain tissue from mature animals. We use this approach for mice of about 3 months of age. The method offers a good alternative to the coronal preparation which is frequently used for in vitro studies on dorsal hippocampus. We compare these two preparations in terms of quality of recordings and preservation of morphological features of recorded neurons.

We present a protocol to prepare acute-slices from the dorsal-intermediate hippocampus of mice. We compare this transversal preparation with coronal slicing in terms of quality of recordings and preservation of morphological features of recorded neurons.

Vorbereitung von akuten Scheiben aus dem Dorsal Hippocampus für die Ganzzellaufnahme und neuronale Rekonstruktion im Dentate Gyrus von erwachsenen Mäusen

Although the general architecture of the hippocampus is similar along its longitudinal axis, recent studies have revealed prominent differences in ...

Craniotomy Procedure for Visualizing Neuronal Activities in Hippocampus of Behaving Mice

Imaging neuronal activities at single-cell resolution in awake behaving animals is a very powerful approach for the investigation of neural circuit functions in systems neuroscience. However, high absorbance and scattering of light in mammalian tissue limit intravital imaging mostly to superficial brain regions, leaving deep-brain areas, such as the hippocampus, out of reach for optical microscopy. In this video, we show the preparation and implantation of the custom-made imaging window to enable chronic in vivo imaging of the dorsal hippocampal CA1 region in head-fixed behaving mice. The custom-made window is supplemented with an infusion cannula that allows targeted delivery of viral vectors and drugs to the imaging area. By combining this preparation with wide-field imaging, we performed a long-term recording of neuronal activity using a fluorescent calcium indicator from large subsets of neurons in behaving mice over several weeks. We also demonstrated the applicability of this preparation for voltage imaging with single-spike resolution. High-performance genetically encoded indicators of neuronal activity and scientific CMOS cameras allowed the recurrent visualization of subcellular morphological details of single neurons at high temporal resolution. We also discuss the advantages and potential limitations of the described method and its compatibility with other imaging techniques.

This article demonstrates the preparation of a custom-made imaging window supplemented with infusion cannula and its implantation onto the CA1 region of the hippocampus in mice.

Kraniotomie-Verfahren zur Visualisierung neuronaler Aktivitäten im Hippocampus von sich benehmenden Mäusen

Imaging neuronal activities at single-cell resolution in awake behaving animals is a very powerful approach for the investigation of neural circuit ...

In Vivo Chronic Two-Photon Imaging of Microglia in the Mouse Hippocampus

Microglia, the only immune cells resident in the brain, actively participate in neural circuit maintenance by modifying synapses and neuronal excitability. Recent studies have revealed the differential gene expression and functional heterogeneity of microglia in different brain regions. The unique functions of the hippocampal neural network in learning and memory may be associated with the active roles of microglia in synapse remodeling. However, inflammatory responses induced by surgical procedures have been problematic in the two-photon microscopic analysis of hippocampal microglia. Here, a method is presented that enables the chronic observation of microglia in all layers of the hippocampal CA1 through an imaging window. This method allows the analysis of morphological changes in microglial processes for more than 1 month. Long-term and high-resolution imaging of the resting microglia requires minimally invasive surgical procedures, appropriate objective lens selection, and optimized imaging techniques. The transient inflammatory response of hippocampal microglia may prevent imaging immediately after surgery, but the microglia restore their quiescent morphology within a few weeks. Furthermore, imaging neurons simultaneously with microglia allows us to analyze the interactions of multiple cell types in the hippocampus. This technique may provide essential information about microglial function in the hippocampus.

In Vivo Chronic Two-Photon Imaging of Microglia in the Mouse Hippocampus

This paper describes a method for chronic in vivo observation of the resting microglia in the mouse hippocampal CA1 using precisely controlled surgery and two-photon microscopy.

Im lebenden Organismus Chronische Zwei-Photonen-Bildgebung von Mikroglia im Hippocampus der Maus

Microglia, the only immune cells resident in the brain, actively participate in neural circuit maintenance by modifying synapses and neuronal ...

Echtzeit-Bildgebung der Neuronenaktivität in dentaten Gyruszellen von Mäusen 

In Vivo Calcium Imaging of Granule Cells in the Dentate Gyrus of Hippocampus in Mice

Real-time approaches are typically needed in studies of learning and memory, and in vivo calcium imaging provides the possibility to investigate neuronal activity in awake animals during behavior tasks. Since the hippocampus is closely associated with episodic and spatial memory, it has become an essential brain region in&#160;this field&#39;s research. In recent research, engram cells and place cells were studied by recording the neural activities in the hippocampal CA1 region using the miniature microscope in mice while performing behavioral tasks including open-field and linear track. Although the dentate gyrus is another important region in the hippocampus, it has rarely been studied with in vivo imaging due to its greater depth and difficulty for imaging. In this protocol, we present in detail a calcium imaging process, including how to inject the virus, implant a GRIN (Gradient-index) lens, and attach a base plate for imaging the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. We further describe how to preprocess the calcium imaging data using MATLAB. Additionally, studies of other deep brain regions that require imaging may benefit from this method.

Autor im Rampenlicht: Untersuchung der neuronalen Aktivität von Körnerzellen des dentaten Gyrus mit einem Miniaturmikroskop

The dentate gyrus of the hippocampus carries out essential and distinct functions in learning and memory. This protocol describes a set of robust and efficient procedures for in vivo calcium imaging of granule cells in the dentate gyrus in freely moving mice.

In vivo Calcium-Bildgebung von Körnerzellen im Gyrus dentatus des Hippocampus bei Mäusen 

Real-time approaches are typically needed in studies of learning and memory, and in vivo calcium imaging provides the possibility to investigate neuronal ...

Kombinierte in vivo anatomische und funktionelle Spurensuche von ventralen Tegmentalflächen-Glutamat-Terminals im Hippocampus

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