Chapter 3
Pharmacokinetics
Farmacocinetica: Panoramica
Pharmacokinetics is a scientific discipline that focuses on the journey of a drug within the body, encompassing four key stages: absorption, distribution, ...
Meccanismo di assorbimento del farmaco: trasporto passivo della membrana
Passive transport is a method of drug absorption where small, lipid-soluble drugs can move across the cell membrane. This movement happens along the ...
Meccanismo di assorbimento dei farmaci: trasporto di membrana mediato da carrier
Certain large, lipid-insoluble drug molecules that resemble amino acids, peptides, or glucose, require specialized carrier proteins to facilitate their ...
Assorbimento dei farmaci: fattori che influenzano l'assorbimento gastrointestinale
The process of oral drug absorption can be influenced by several factors. Weakly acidic drugs tend to be absorbed more readily from the stomach due to ...
Biodisponibilità: Panoramica
Bioavailability refers to the proportion of an unaltered drug that, after administration, enters the systemic circulation and can be distributed to the ...
Fattori che influenzano la biodisponibilità: eliminazione al primo passaggio
When a drug is taken orally, it undergoes a journey starting from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, passing through the portal vein, reaching the liver, ...
Bioequivalenza: Panoramica
Pharmaceutical equivalents, by definition, are drug products with the same active ingredient in the same quantities, encapsulated in identical dosage ...
Effetto del primo passaggio
Presystemic elimination, or the first-pass effect, is the metabolism of drugs that reduces their effective concentration at the site of action. Apart from ...
Decorso temporale dell'effetto del farmaco
The progression of a drug's impact can be analyzed by examining both the concentration-time course and the effect-time course. The concentration-time ...
Distribuzione Del Farmaco: Legame Tissutale
Upon entering the systemic circulation, drugs can distribute into the interstitial and intracellular fluid of various tissue cells. This distribution is ...
Barriere fisiologiche
Physiological barriers are semi-permeable cellular structures restricting drug diffusion into intracellular compartments and tissues. There are six types ...
Distribuzione del farmaco: legame con le proteine plasmatiche
Drugs predominantly attach to plasma proteins, with only a small percentage remaining unbound. The unbound portion can be calculated as one minus the ...
Modelli a scomparti: Modello a scomparto singolo
The single-compartment model serves as a simplified representation of the human body. This model assumes that the body functions as a single, well-mixed ...
Modelli a scomparti: modello a due scomparti
The two-compartment model divides the body into central and peripheral compartments to account for varying blood perfusion rates among organs and tissues, ...
Distribuzione Dei Farmaci: Volume Di Distribuzione
The volume of distribution refers to the theoretical volume necessary to contain the entire amount of an administered drug at the same concentration ...
Biotrasformazione dei farmaci: panoramica
Pharmaceutical substances known as xenobiotics are predominantly lipophilic and nonionized. This enables them to permeate lipid bilayers, such as cell ...
Metabolismo dei farmaci: reazioni di fase I
A phase I reaction is a biochemical process that introduces a functionally reactive polar group to a substance. This transformation predominantly occurs ...
Metabolismo dei farmaci: reazioni di fase II
Phase II reactions are essential for the detoxification and elimination of drugs from the body. These reactions involve the conjugation of parent drugs or ...
Eliminazione dei farmaci per via renale: filtrazione glomerulare
The kidney serves as the primary organ responsible for eliminating drugs and their metabolites from the body. This process, known as renal elimination, ...
Eliminazione dei farmaci per via renale: riassorbimento tubulare
During the process of renal excretion, as the glomerular filtrate progresses to the distal convoluted tubule (DCT), drugs that are highly permeable, ...
Eliminazione dei farmaci per via renale: secrezione tubulare
Once the process of glomerular filtration is completed, blood carrying unfiltered drug molecules traverses through efferent arterioles and makes its way ...
Eliminazione dei farmaci: il concetto di clearance
Drug elimination refers to removing drugs from the body, either through urine by the kidneys or through bile by the liver. Drug clearance is a ...
Eliminazione dei farmaci: vie non renali
The liver plays a pivotal role in eliminating drugs and their metabolites, primarily through a process known as biliary excretion. This process involves ...
Cinetica dell'eliminazione dei farmaci
Eliminating drugs from the body is a vital process that occurs through excretion or metabolism. Understanding the kinetics of drug elimination is crucial ...
Concentrazione allo stato stazionario
A steady state refers to the level of a drug in the body once it has reached an equilibrium between administration and elimination. It represents the ...
Regime di dosaggio dei farmaci: Panoramica
A drug dosage regimen describes the specific instructions and schedule for administering a drug to a patient. It considers factors such as drug dosage, ...
Regime posologico razionale: dose di mantenimento e dose di carico
A rational dosage regimen considers a drug's pharmacokinetics, including its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination from the body. By ...
Regime di dosaggio: Dose fissa
Fixed-dose regimens are a common approach to administer drugs to achieve and maintain desired levels of the drug in the body. In this dosing strategy, a ...
Profarmaci
Prodrugs are a class of pharmaceutical compounds that undergo a biotransformation process within the body to be converted into a pharmacologically active ...
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