Questo lavoro è stato sostenuto in parte dal National Institutes of Health: HD054347 e NS063997-01 per VLS. Questo lavoro è stato sostenuto in parte dal Fondo sulle cellule staminali attraverso l&#39;Empire State di New York State Department del Contratto Sanità # C024324 di VLS. Le opinioni qui espresse sono esclusivamente quelle dell&#39;autore e non riflette necessariamente il parere del Consiglio di cellule staminali Empire State Building, il New York State Department of Health, o lo Stato di New York. VLS è un Doris Duke Clinical Scientist Award Recipient sviluppo. Ringraziamo anche il professor Timothy Vartanian per il dono di Anti-O1, Anti-O4 anticorpi.

1. Preparazione di soluzioni e materiali per la dissezione e la conservazione della cultura di cellule staminali neurali <ol><li> Preparare 100 ml di media dissezione (KNOCKOUT DMEM/F12, Invitogen) in anticipo e conservare in frigorifero. </li><li> Prepare100 ml di terreno di coltura (Stem Pro NSC SFM, Invitrogen) e tenere a 37 ° C a bagnomaria. </li><li> Preparare il congelamento delle cellule-media (KNOCKOUT DMEM/F12 +10% FBS + 5% DMSO) a lungo termine crioconservazione delle cellule. </li><li> Se lo si desidera, preparare il 4% paraformaldeide (PFA) per il fissaggio del tessuto. </li><li> Sterili, pinze e lame bisturi in autoclave con maniglie vengono utilizzati per la dissezione. </li><li> Mettere da parte una pistola pipetta, 10 ml di pipette di trasferimento, e 40 filtro cellule mM (BD Falcon 352.340) per la dissociazione. </li><li> Mettere da parte 10 piatti diversi cultura cm (BD) per la dissezione, 50 provette ml (BD) per la dissociazione, 1,5 ml, provette per la conservazione dei tessuti e fiale congelate (BD) per celle di congelamento. </li></ol> 2. Isolare cellule staminali neurali dal cervello fetale umano <ol><li> La raccolta di tessuti vitali immediatamente dopo la cessazione del feto è vitale per il successo della procedura. Per le procedure elettive, i tempi per ottenere i campioni possono essere organizzati in anticipo in modo da ridurre al minimo il tempo dopo la morte del feto. I prodotti del concepimento sono raccolti nella procedura a 2 colonne ore, ma idealmente può essere realizzato su procedure elettive in pochi minuti. I tessuti fetali sono spesso frammentati. Tuttavia, in generale, una significativa porzione del cervello rimane intatto per l&#39;identificazione visiva. Limiti di età gestazionale (GA) sono determinate dalla legge scritta, ma sono state effettuate utilizzando questo protocollo tra 18-22 settimane GA. </li><li> Cervello fetale è posto in un piatto da 10 ml Petri contenenti ghiacciata KNOCKOUT DMEM/F12 soluzione. Identificare le diverse parti della corteccia da punti di repere anatomici. Confini per la corteccia frontale e parieto-occipitale sono orientate dall&#39;intersezione estrapolati del solco centrale e fessura Sylvian. Sezionare il tessuto dalla corteccia frontale anteriore al solco centrale e lungo il bordo della fessura silviana con lame chirurgiche, evitando di mettere il ventricolo integro e non danneggiato. </li><li> Rimuovere eventuali residui di sangue e meningi dal blocco separato della corteccia frontale. Se il campione è di qualità sufficiente, è ideale per sezionare il blocco in diversi campioni più piccole per vari scopi: sezioni (fissate in 4% paraformaldeide, PFA) e di proteine ​​/ mRNA test (veloce congelati in -80 ° C). </li><li> Trasferire il blocco selezionato cervello in una provetta da centrifuga da 50 ml e aggiungere ghiacciata KNOCKOUT DMEM/F12 soluzione a circa 3 volte il volume del tessuto. Delicatamente dissociare il tessuto pipettando meccanico con una pipetta 10 ml di trasferimento fino a che tutti i tessuti diventa frammentata (generalmente 20-30 volte), e quindi filtrare le cellule attraverso una cella di 40 micron filtro (BD Falcon 352340) per ottenere uno o vicino a singola cella sospensione. </li><li> Centrifugare la sospensione cellulare a 2000 giri e la temperatura ambiente per 5 minuti, risospendere il pellet cellulare in 10 ml di terreno fresco cultura caldo (Stem Pro NSC SFM), e contare il numero di cellule con un emocitometro. </li><li> Aggiungere 5 ml di mezzo di coltura caldo in ogni cm 25 2 fiasche cultura, e il trasferimento 2X10 6 celle ad ogni pallone. Le culture sono mantenuti a 37 ° C / 5% CO 2 incubatore per 1 settimana prima dell&#39;analisi. Cambia la metà della media una volta alla settimana per le culture più o esperimenti. </li></ol> 3. Manipulaton di cellule staminali neurali per la caratterizzazione ulteriore o sperimentazioni <ol><li> Neurosfere di solito forma in 1 o 2 settimane in condizioni di coltura NSC raccomandata con diametro compreso tra 200 e 400 micron. Neurosfere in questa fase può essere dissociata con 0,2 g / L di EDTA di calcio e magnesio libero Hanks medio (Hanks) a 37 ° C per 15 minuti per ottenere cellule singole. Sospensione le cellule sono filata a 2000 giri al minuto, sciacquate in acqua dolce Hanks, e saltuariamente nel terreno di coltura caldo per sottocultura. </li><li> Per avviare la differenziazione, le cellule dissociate sono placcati in poly-D-lysine/laminin 1 vetrini rivestiti con una densità di 1x10 5 cellule per vetrino (24mmX24mm). Differenziazione degli oligodendrociti si ottiene mantenendo le cellule in KNOCKOUT DMEM/F12 (Invitrogen, Main, MD) +2% B27 (50X, Invitrogen, Main, MD) +10 ng / ml bFGF 100 ng / ml SHH + 10ng/ml di PDGF-AA 2 giorni, poi il passaggio al mezzo stesso, senza fattori di crescita per altri 5 giorni. Differenziamento neuronale è ottenuto da cellule mantenendo in KNOCKOUT DMEM/F12 +2% B27 (50X) per 7 giorni. Differenziazione astrociti è fatto da cellule in coltura KNOCKOUT DMEM/F12 +1% FBS per una settimana. </li><li> Trasfezione delle cellule staminali neurali con i geni può essere fatto con cellule dissociate dalla neurosfere preformate. Qui, abbiamo dimostrato che le cellule staminali neuronali transfettate con EGFP-C1 mediante elettroporazione. L&#39;elettroporazione di EGFP-C1 costruire è stato fatto usando AMAXA Kit Nucleofector per cellule staminali neurali del mouse (VPG-1004) con dispositivo AMAXA Nucleofector (Lonza DAA-1001), a seguito di istruzione della società. In breve, 5 mg di DNA con 1 x 10 6 cellule sono state mescolate con 100 microlitri di media transfezione, e dopo l&#39;elettroporazione di impulsi, le cellule sono state risospese in cellule staminali neurali mantenendo media per la cultura ulteriormente. La differenziazione delle cellule transfettate sono stati trattati con la dissociazione di giorni neurosfere dopo 3-4 l&#39;elettroporazione, seguendo le stesse procedure descritte al punto 3.2. </li></ol> 4. Congelamento delle cellule staminali neurali e sottoculture <ol><li> Sospensioni cellulari dissociate sono centrifugate e risospese in medium di congelamento con una concentrazione di 1x10 7 cellule / flacone / ml. Lentamente congelare le cellule in -20 ° C, -80 ° C, poi il trasferimento a azoto liquido per la conservazione a lungo. </li><li> Le cellule sono veloci scongelati con 37 ° C bagnomaria e risospese in riscaldato DMEM/F12 +10% siero per un lavaggio, centrifugato per rimuovere il supporto di congelamento, e risospeso nel terreno di coltura riscaldato. </li></ol> 5. Rappresentante dei risultati: Cellule staminali neurali da un feto normale a 18 settimane di età gestazionale sono stati coltivati ​​secondo i metodi descritti e neurosfere si può vedere dopo una settimana con il turno, bordi lisci e le dimensioni abbastanza omogeneo (Fig.2a). Questi neurosfere possono essere transfettate con EGFP-C1 o altri costrutti e seguita al microscopio a fluorescenza (Fig.2b,). Fondata neurosfere sono state poi dissociato con EDTA e placcato come cellule disperse su vetrini rivestiti. Cellule differenziate secondo i protocolli sono stati fissati rispettivamente con il 4% parafamaldehyde, e colorati con marcatori diversi tipi cellulari specifici. Multipotenzialità si osserva con l&#39;espressione di marcatori indicativi di neuroni (Fig2C, D, rodamina) astrociti (Fig2E, F, rodamina) e gli oligodendrociti (Fig2G, H, rodamina). Le cellule non subito elettroporazione di EGFP sono state differenziate in diversi tipi di cellule e colorati con differenti marcatori cellulari specifici. Multipotenzialità si osserva con l&#39;espressione di marcatori indicativi di neuroni (Fig3A, B, fluoroscein) astrociti (Fig3C, rodamina e Fig3D, fluoroscein) e gli oligodendrociti (Fig3E, F, rodamina). <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2681/2681fig1.jpg" alt="Figura 1"/> Figura 1. Schematica della procedura sperimentale per isolare le cellule staminali neurali da scartati cervello fetale umano <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2681/2681fig2.jpg" alt="Figura 2"/> Figura 2. Cellule umane indifferenziate e differenziate propogated neurali in vitro. (A) neurosfere sono mostrati al microscopio a contrasto di fase dimostrare lisce, i bordi rotondi e una rapida crescita dopo la cultura per oltre 1 settimana. (B) Introduzione di plasmidi diversi e costruisce può essere raggiunto attraverso trasfezione. Tre giorni dopo EGFP-C1 transfezione, le cellule mostrano più espressione della proteina fluorescente verde come si è visto sotto immunocolorazione fluoroscein e microscopia a fluorescenza. EGFP-C1 neurosfere transfettate sono dissociate e differenziati in diverse condizioni in neuroni (C, D), gli astrociti (E, F) e gli oligodendrociti (G, H) e visto sotto fluorescenza rodamina. Allo stesso tempo, transfettate cellule EGFP positivi sono indicati sotto fluoroscein fluorescenza. Cellule transfettate (teste di freccia bianca) sono indistinguibili dalle cellule untransfected (frecce bianche). I nuclei delle cellule sono colorate con Hoechst33342. Barre di scala sono 200 micron per A, B per 100 micron e 25 micron per CH. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2681/2681fig3.jpg" alt="Figura 3"/> Figura 3. Neurosfere senza trasfezione sono dissociata e differenziata in diverse condizioni in neuroni (A, B, fluoroscein), gli astrociti (C, rodamina, D, fluoroscein) e gli oligodendrociti (E, F, rodamina). I nuclei delle cellule sono colorate con Hoechst33342. Barre di scala sono 25 micron per AF.

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Nessun conflitto di interessi dichiarati.

Ci sono vari approcci verso la cultura del tessuto fresco e la produzione di linee cellulari umane. Storicamente, tessuto fresco è stato raccolto e colto immediatamente di generare vari tipi di cellule del sistema nervoso centrale. Questo approccio però è chiaramente limitata dal numero di campioni che possono essere ottenuti, che nel caso di campioni umani, di solito è abbastanza piccolo. Dato il grado minimo di manipolazione, le cellule neuronali in coltura fresco fornire il sistema più affidabile sperimentale, l...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><th> Nome del reagente </th><th> Azienda </th><th> Numero di catalogo </th><th> Commenti (opzionale) </th></tr><tr><td> KNOCKOUT DMEM/F12 </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> 12660-012 </td><td> Dissociazione media </td></tr><tr><td> Staminali Pro NSC SFM </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> A10509-01 </td><td> Terreno di coltura </td></tr><tr><td> Siero bovino fetale </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> 10091-148 </td><td> Medio congelati </td></tr><tr><td> Hanks soluzione (-Ca 2 +, Mg-2 +) </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> 14175-095 </td><td> Dissociazione media </td></tr><tr><td> DMSO </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> D2650 </td><td> Medio congelati </td></tr><tr><td> EDTA </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> 431788 </td><td> Dissociazione media </td></tr><tr><td> Paraformaldeide </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> 158127 </td><td> Fissazione soluzione </td></tr><tr><td> bFGF </td><td> R &amp; S </td><td> 234-FSE </td><td> Differenziazione media </td></tr><tr><td> SHH </td><td> R &amp; S </td><td> 1845-SH </td><td> Differenziazione media </td></tr><tr><td> PDGF-AA </td><td> R &amp; S </td><td> 221-AA </td><td> Differenziazione media </td></tr><tr><td> B27 </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> 17504-044 </td><td> Differenziazione media </td></tr><tr><td> Mouse Anti-MAP2 </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> M2320 </td><td> 1:200 </td></tr><tr><td> Coniglio anti-DCX </td><td> Segnalazione cellulare </td><td> 4604s </td><td> 1:200 </td></tr><tr><td> Coniglio anti-GFAP </td><td> DAKO </td><td> Z0334 </td><td> 1:200 </td></tr><tr><td> Coniglio anti-S100B </td><td> DAKO </td><td> Z0311 </td><td> 1:200 </td></tr><tr><td> Coniglio anti-O1 </td><td> doni del professor Timothy Vartanian * </td><td></td><td> 01:50 </td></tr><tr><td> Coniglio anti-O4 </td><td> Regali del professor Timothy Vartanian * </td><td></td><td> 01:50 </td></tr><tr><td> 40μm cellule filtro </td><td> BD Falcon </td><td> 352340 </td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> * Timothy Vartanian, MD, PhD, Dipartimento di Neurologia e Neuroscienze, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA

generation of neural stem cells from discarded human fetal cortical tissue

Cellule staminali neurali (NSC) risiedono lungo il neuroepitelio zona ventricolare durante lo sviluppo della placca corticale. Questi primi progenitori in ultima analisi, dare origine a cellule progenitrici intermedi e più tardi, i diversi sottotipi di cellule neuronali e gliali che formano la corteccia cerebrale. La capacità di generare e ampliare NSCs umano (la cosiddetta neurosfere) da scartati tessuto normale fetale fornisce un mezzo con cui studiare direttamente gli aspetti funzionali di sviluppo umano normale NSC 1-5. Questo approccio può anche essere diretto verso la generazione di NSCs da disturbi neurologici conosciuti, offrendo così l&#39;opportunità di identificare i processi di malattia che altera la proliferazione progenitrici, la migrazione e la differenziazione 6-9. Ci siamo concentrati sull&#39;identificazione dei meccanismi patologici umani NSCs sindrome di Down che possa contribuire al fenotipo malattia accelerata di Alzheimer 10,11. Né in vivo e in vitro modelli murini in grado di replicare il repertorio identiche di geni localizzati sul cromosoma umano 21. Qui usiamo un metodo semplice e affidabile per isolare da sindrome di Down NSCs abortiti corteccia fetale umano e farle crescere in coltura. La metodologia prevede aspetti specifici di raccolta del, dissezione dei tessuti con reperi anatomici limitata, separazione delle cellule, placcatura e passaging di NSC umano. Forniamo anche alcuni protocolli di base per indurre la differenziazione di NSC umano in sottotipi di cellule più selettivi.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Generation of Neural Stem Cells from Discarded Human Fetal Cortical Tissue at JoVE.com

Generation of Neural Stem Cells from Discarded Human Fetal Cortical Tissue

Un metodo semplice e affidabile sulle isolamento e la coltura di cellule staminali neurali da scartati tessuto fetale umano corticale è descritto. Culture derivati ​​da noti disturbi neurologici umano può essere utilizzato per la caratterizzazione di processi patologici cellulari e molecolari, oltre a fornire una piattaforma per valutare l&#39;efficacia farmacologica.

Generazione di cellule staminali neurali da scartate tessuto fetale umano corticale

Neural stem cells (NSCs) reside along the ventricular zone neuroepithelium during the development of the cortical plate. These early progenitors ...

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Neuroscience

15.4K Views.  Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. Un metodo semplice e affidabile sulle isolamento e la coltura di cellule staminali neurali da scartati tessuto fetale umano corticale è descritto. Culture derivati ​​da noti disturbi neurologici umano può essere utilizzato per la caratterizzazione di processi patologici cellulari e molecolari, oltre a fornire una piattaforma per valutare l'efficacia farmacologica.

Video: Generation of Neural Stem Cells from Discarded Human Fetal Cortical Tissue

Neural-Colony Forming Cell Assay: An Assay To Discriminate Bona Fide Neural Stem Cells from Neural Progenitor Cells

The neurosphere assay (NSA) is one of the most frequently used methods to isolate, expand and also calculate the frequency of neural stem cells (NSCs). Furthermore, this serum-free culture system has also been employed to expand stem cells and determine their frequency from a variety of tumors and normal tissues. It has been shown recently that a one-to-one relationship does not exist between neurosphere formation and NSCs. This suggests that the NSA as currently applied, overestimates the frequency of NSCs in a mixed population of neural precursor cells isolated from both the embryonic and adult mammalian brain. This video practically demonstrates a novel collagen based semi- solid assay, the neural-colony forming cell assay (N-CFCA), which has the ability to discriminate stem from progenitor cells based on their long-term proliferative potential, and thus provides a method to enumerate NSC frequency. In the N-CFCA, colonies &ge;2 mm in diameter are derived from cells that meet all the functional criteria of a NSC, while colonies &lt; 2mm are derived from progenitors. The N-CFCA procedure can be used for cells prepared from different sources including primary and cultured adult or embryonic mouse CNS cells. Here we use cells prepared from passage one neurospheres generated from embryonic day 14 mice brain to perform N-CFCA. The cultures are replenished with proliferation medium every seven days for three weeks to allow the plated cells to exhibit their full proliferative potential and then the frequency of neural progenitor and bona fide neural stem cells is calculated respectively by counting the number of colonies that are &lt; 2mm and the ones that are &ge;2mm in reference to the number of cells that were initially plated.

This video protocol demonstrates how to discriminate and enumerate bona fide neural stem cells in a mixed population of neural precursor cells using the neural colony-forming cell assay.

Neural-formanti colonia saggio Cell: un test per discriminare Bona Fide cellule staminali neurali da cellule progenitrici neurali

The neurosphere assay (NSA) is one of the most frequently used methods to isolate, expand and also calculate the frequency of neural stem cells (NSCs). ...

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Neuroscienze

Isolation and Culture of Neural Crest Stem Cells from Human Hair Follicles

Hair follicles undergo lifelong growth and hair cycle is a well-controlled process involving stem cell proliferation and quiescence. Hair bulge is a well-characterized niche for adult stem cells1. This segment of the outer root sheath contains a number of different types of stem cells, including epithelial stem cells2, melanocyte stem cells3 and neural crest like stem cells4-7. Hair follicles represent an accessible and rich source for different types of human stem cells. We and others have isolated neural crest stem cells (NCSCs) from human fetal and adult hair follicles4,5. These human stem cells are label-retaining cells and are capable of self-renewal through asymmetric cell division in vitro. They express immature neural crest cell markers but not differentiation markers. Our expression profiling study showed that they share a similar gene expression pattern with murine skin immature neural crest cells. They exhibit clonal multipotency that can give rise to myogenic, melanocytic, and neuronal cell lineages after in vitro clonal single cell culture. Differentiated cells not only acquire lineage-specific markers but also demonstrate appropriate functions in ex vivo conditions. In addition, these NCSCs show differentiation potential toward mesenchymal lineages. Differentiated neuronal cells can persist in mouse brain and retain neuronal differentiation markers. It has been shown that hair follicle derived NCSCs can help nerve regrowth, and they improve motor function in mice transplanted with these stem cells following transecting spinal cord injury8. Furthermore, peripheral nerves have been repaired with stem cell grafts9, and implantation of skin-derived precursor cells adjacent to crushed sciatic nerves has resulted in remyelination10. Therefore, the hair follicle/skin derived NCSCs have already shown promising results for regenerative therapy in preclinical models.
Somatic cell reprogramming to induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells has shown enormous potential for regenerative medicine. However, there are still many issues with iPS cells, particularly the long term effect of oncogene/virus integration and potential tumorigenicity of pluripotent stem cells have not been adequately addressed. There are still many hurdles to be overcome before iPS cells can be used for regenerative medicine. Whereas the adult stem cells are known to be safe and they have been used clinically for many years, such as bone marrow transplant. Many patients have already benefited from the treatment. Autologous adult stem cells are still preferred cells for transplantation. Therefore, the readily accessible and expandable adult stem cells in human skin/hair follicles are a valuable source for regenerative medicine.

This article presents a robust protocol for isolation and culture of neural crest stem cells from human hair follicles.

L&#39;isolamento e la coltura di cellule staminali neurali Crest di follicoli dei capelli umani

Hair follicles undergo lifelong growth and hair cycle is a well-controlled process involving stem cell proliferation and quiescence. Hair bulge is a ...

The Neuroblast Assay: An Assay for the Generation and Enrichment of Neuronal Progenitor Cells from Differentiating Neural Stem Cell Progeny Using Flow Cytometry

Neural stem cells (NSCs) can be isolated and expanded in large-scale, using the neurosphere assay and differentiated into the three major cell types of the central nervous system (CNS); namely, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and neurons. These characteristics make neural stem and progenitor cells an invaluable renewable source of cells for in vitro studies such as drug screening, neurotoxicology and electrophysiology and also for cell replacement therapy in many neurological diseases. In practice, however, heterogeneity of NSC progeny, low production of neurons and oligodendrocytes, and predominance of astrocytes following differentiation limit their clinical applications. Here, we describe a novel methodology for the generation and subsequent purification of immature neurons from murine NSC progeny using fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) technology. Using this methodology, a highly enriched neuronal progenitor cell population can be achieved without any noticeable astrocyte and bona fide NSC contamination. The procedure includes differentiation of NSC progeny isolated and expanded from E14 mouse ganglionic eminences using the neurosphere assay, followed by isolation and enrichment of immature neuronal cells based on their physical (size and internal complexity) and fluorescent properties using flow cytometry technology. Overall, it takes 5-7 days to generate neurospheres and 6-8 days to differentiate NSC progeny and isolate highly purified immature neuronal cells.

This video protocol demonstrates a novel method for the generation and subsequent purification of neuronal progenitor cells from a renewable source of neural stem cells (NSCs) based on their physical (size and internal granularity) and fluorescent properties using flow cytometry technology.

Il saggio neuroblasti: un test per la generazione e arricchimento delle cellule progenitrici neuronali di differenziare i Progeny cellule staminali neurali in citometria a flusso

Neural stem cells (NSCs) can be isolated and expanded in large-scale, using the neurosphere assay and differentiated into the three major cell types of ...

Isolation and Culture of Neural Crest Cells from Embryonic Murine Neural Tube

The embryonic neural crest (NC) is a multipotent progenitor population that originates at the dorsal aspect of the neural tube, undergoes an epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and migrates throughout the embryo, giving rise to diverse cell types 1-3. NC also has the unique ability to influence the differentiation and maturation of target organs4-6. When explanted in vitro, NC progenitors undergo self-renewal, migrate and differentiate into a variety of tissue types including neurons, glia, smooth muscle cells, cartilage and bone. 
NC multipotency was first described from explants of the avian neural tube7-9. In vitro isolation of NC cells facilitates the study of NC dynamics including proliferation, migration, and multipotency. Further work in the avian and rat systems demonstrated that explanted NC cells retain their NC potential when transplanted back into the embryo10-13. Because these inherent cellular properties are preserved in explanted NC progenitors, the neural tube explant assay provides an attractive option for studying the NC in vitro. 
To attain a better understanding of the mammalian NC, many methods have been employed to isolate NC populations. NC-derived progenitors can be cultured from post-migratory locations in both the embryo and adult to study the dynamics of post-migratory NC progenitors11,14-20, however isolation of NC progenitors as they emigrate from the neural tube provides optimal preservation of NC cell potential and migratory properties13,21,22. Some protocols employ fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) to isolate a NC population enriched for particular progenitors11,13,14,17. However, when starting with early stage embryos, cell numbers adequate for analyses are difficult to obtain with FACS, complicating the isolation of early NC populations from individual embryos. Here, we describe an approach that does not rely on FACS and results in an approximately 96% pure NC population based on a Wnt1-Cre activated lineage reporter23. 
The method presented here is adapted from protocols optimized for the culture of rat NC11,13. The advantages of this protocol compared to previous methods are that 1) the cells are not grown on a feeder layer, 2) FACS is not required to obtain a relatively pure NC population, 3) premigratory NC cells are isolated and 4) results are easily quantified. Furthermore, this protocol can be used for isolation of NC from any mutant mouse model, facilitating the study of NC characteristics with different genetic manipulations. The limitation of this approach is that the NC is removed from the context of the embryo, which is known to influence the survival, migration and differentiation of the NC2,24-28.

Isolation of embryonic neural crest from the neural tube facilitates the use of in vitro methods for studying migration, self-renewal, and multipotency of neural crest.

Isolamento e la coltura delle cellule della cresta neurale da Embryonic Murine tubo neurale

The embryonic neural crest (NC) is a multipotent progenitor population that originates at the dorsal aspect of the neural tube, undergoes an epithelial to ...

A cGMP-applicable Expansion Method for Aggregates of Human Neural Stem and Progenitor Cells Derived From Pluripotent Stem Cells or Fetal Brain Tissue

A cell expansion technique to amass large numbers of cells from a single specimen for research experiments and clinical trials would greatly benefit the stem cell community. Many current expansion methods are laborious and costly, and those involving complete dissociation may cause several stem and progenitor cell types to undergo differentiation or early senescence. To overcome these problems, we have developed an automated mechanical passaging method referred to as &#8220;chopping&#8221; that is simple and inexpensive. This technique avoids chemical or enzymatic dissociation into single cells and instead allows for the large-scale expansion of suspended, spheroid cultures that maintain constant cell/cell contact. The chopping method has primarily been used for fetal brain-derived neural progenitor cells or neurospheres, and has recently been published for use with neural stem cells derived from embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells. The procedure involves seeding neurospheres onto a tissue culture Petri dish and subsequently passing a sharp, sterile blade through the cells effectively automating the tedious process of manually mechanically dissociating each sphere. Suspending cells in culture provides a favorable surface area-to-volume ratio; as over 500,000 cells can be grown within a single neurosphere of less than 0.5 mm in diameter. In one T175 flask, over 50 million cells can grow in suspension cultures compared to only 15 million in adherent cultures. Importantly, the chopping procedure has been used under current good manufacturing practice (cGMP), permitting mass quantity production of clinical-grade cell products.

This protocol describes a novel mechanical chopping method that allows the expansion of spherical neural stem and progenitor cell aggregates without dissociation to a single cell suspension.&#160; Maintaining cell/cell contact allows rapid and stable growth for over 40 passages.

Un metodo di espansione cGMP-applicabile per Aggregati di neurali umane staminali e cellule progenitrici derivate da cellule staminali pluripotenti o fetale tessuto cerebrale

A cell expansion technique to amass large numbers of cells from a single specimen for research experiments and clinical trials would greatly benefit the ...

Feeder-free Derivation of Neural Crest Progenitor Cells from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have great potential for studying human embryonic development, for modeling human diseases in the dish and as a source of transplantable cells for regenerative applications after disease or accidents. Neural crest (NC) cells are the precursors for a large variety of adult somatic cells, such as cells from the peripheral nervous system and glia, melanocytes and mesenchymal cells. They are a valuable source of cells to study aspects of human embryonic development, including cell fate specification and migration. Further differentiation of NC progenitor cells into terminally differentiated cell types offers the possibility to model human diseases in vitro, investigate disease mechanisms and generate cells for regenerative medicine. This article presents the adaptation of a currently available in vitro differentiation protocol for the derivation of NC cells from hPSCs. This new protocol requires 18 days of differentiation, is feeder-free, easily scalable and highly reproducible among human embryonic stem cell (hESC) lines as well as human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) lines. Both old and new protocols yield NC cells of equal identity.

Neural crest (NC) cells derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC) have great potential for modeling human development and disease and for cell replacement therapies. Here, a feeder-free adaptation of the currently widely used in vitro differentiation protocol for the derivation of NC cells from hPSCs is presented.

Derivazione libero-Feeder della cresta neurale progenitrici Cellule pluripotenti da cellule staminali umane

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have great potential for studying human embryonic development, for modeling human diseases in the dish and as a ...

Modeling Astrocytoma Pathogenesis In Vitro and In Vivo Using Cortical Astrocytes or Neural Stem Cells from Conditional, Genetically Engineered Mice

Current astrocytoma models are limited in their ability to define the roles of oncogenic mutations in specific brain cell types during disease pathogenesis and their utility for preclinical drug development. In order to design a better model system for these applications, phenotypically wild-type cortical astrocytes and neural stem cells (NSC) from conditional, genetically engineered mice (GEM) that harbor various combinations of floxed oncogenic alleles were harvested and grown in culture. Genetic recombination was induced in vitro using adenoviral Cre-mediated recombination, resulting in expression of mutated oncogenes and deletion of tumor suppressor genes. The phenotypic consequences of these mutations were defined by measuring proliferation, transformation, and drug response in vitro. Orthotopic allograft models, whereby transformed cells are stereotactically injected into the brains of immune-competent, syngeneic littermates, were developed to define the role of oncogenic mutations and cell type on tumorigenesis in vivo. Unlike most established human glioblastoma cell line xenografts, injection of transformed GEM-derived cortical astrocytes into the brains of immune-competent littermates produced astrocytomas, including the most aggressive subtype, glioblastoma, that recapitulated the histopathological hallmarks of human astrocytomas, including diffuse invasion of normal brain parenchyma. Bioluminescence imaging of orthotopic allografts from transformed astrocytes engineered to express luciferase was utilized to monitor in vivo tumor growth over time. Thus, astrocytoma models using astrocytes and NSC harvested from GEM with conditional oncogenic alleles provide an integrated system to study the genetics and cell biology of astrocytoma pathogenesis in vitro and in vivo and may be useful in preclinical drug development for these devastating diseases.

Modeling Astrocytoma Pathogenesis In Vitro and In Vivo Using Cortical Astrocytes or Neural Stem Cells from Conditional, Genetically Engineered Mice

Phenotypically wild-type astrocytes and neural stem cells harvested from mice engineered with floxed, conditional oncogenic alleles and transformed via viral Cre-mediated recombination can be used to model astrocytoma pathogenesis in vitro and in vivo by orthotopic injection of transformed cells into brains of syngeneic, immune-competent littermates.

Modellazione Astrocitoma Patogenesi<em&gt; In Vitro</em&gt; E<em&gt; In Vivo</em&gt; Utilizzo corticale astrociti o cellule staminali neurali da condizionale, topi geneticamente ingegnerizzati

Current astrocytoma models are limited in their ability to define the roles of oncogenic mutations in specific brain cell types during disease ...

Development of a Refined Protocol for Trans-scleral Subretinal Transplantation of Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells into Rat Eyes

Degenerative retinal diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) are the leading cause of irreversible vision loss worldwide. AMD is characterized by the degeneration of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, which are a monolayer of cells functionally supporting and anatomically wrapping around the neural retina. Current pharmacological treatments for the non-neovascular AMD (dry AMD) only slow down the disease progression but cannot restore vision, necessitating studies aimed at identifying novel therapeutic strategies. Replacing the degenerative RPE cells with healthy cells holds promise to treat dry AMD in the future. Extensive preclinical studies of stem cell replacement therapies for AMD involve the transplantation of stem cell-derived RPE cells into the subretinal space of animal models, in which the subretinal injection technique is applied. The approach most frequently used in these preclinical animal studies is through the trans-scleral route, which is made difficult by the lack of direct visualization of the needle end and can often result in retinal damage. An alternative approach through the vitreous allows for direct observation of the needle end position, but it carries a high risk of surgical traumas as more eye tissues are disturbed. We have developed a less risky and reproducible modified trans-scleral injection method that uses defined needle angles and depths to successfully and consistently deliver RPE cells into the rat subretinal space and avoid excessive retinal damage. Cells delivered in this manner have been previously demonstrated to be efficacious in the Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rat for at least 2 months. This technique can be used not only for cell transplantation but also for delivery of small molecules or gene therapies.

Subretinal injection has been widely applied in preclinical studies of stem cell replacement therapy for age-related macular degeneration. In this visualized article, we describe a less risky, reproducible and precisely modified subretinal injection technique via the trans-scleral approach to deliver cells into rat eyes.

Sviluppo di un protocollo di raffinata per Trans-sclerale Subretinal trapianto delle cellule epiteliali del pigmento retinico umano negli occhi di topo

Degenerative retinal diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) are the leading cause of irreversible vision loss worldwide. AMD is ...

Simple Generation of a High Yield Culture of Induced Neurons from Human Adult Skin Fibroblasts

Induced neurons (iNs), the product of somatic cells directly converted to neurons, are a way to obtain patient-derived neurons from tissue that is easily accessible. Through this route, mature neurons can be obtained in a matter of a few weeks. Here, we describe a straightforward and rapid one-step protocol to obtain iNs from dermal fibroblasts obtained through biopsy samples from adult human donors. We explain each step of the process, including the maintenance of the dermal fibroblasts, the freezing procedure to build a stock of the cell line, seeding of the cells for reprogramming, as well as the culture conditions during the conversion process. In addition, we describe the preparation of glass coverslips for electrophysiological recordings, long-term coating conditions, and fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS). We also illustrate examples of the results to be expected. The protocol described here is easy to perform and can be applied to human fibroblasts derived from human skin biopsies from patients with various different diagnoses and ages. This protocol generates a sufficient amount of iNs which can be used for a wide array of biomedical applications, including disease modeling, drug screening, and target validation.

Direct neuronal reprogramming generates neurons that maintain the age of the starting somatic cell. Here, we describe a single vector-based method to generate induced neurons from dermal fibroblasts obtained from adult human donors.

Semplice generazione di una cultura ad alto rendimento dei neuroni indotti da fibroblasti umani della pelle adulta

Induced neurons (iNs), the product of somatic cells directly converted to neurons, are a way to obtain patient-derived neurons from tissue that is easily ...

Simultaneous Recordings of Cortical Local Field Potentials, Electrocardiogram, Electromyogram, and Breathing Rhythm from a Freely Moving Rat

Monitoring the physiological dynamics of the brain and peripheral tissues is necessary for addressing a number of questions about how the brain controls body functions and internal organ rhythms when animals are exposed to emotional challenges and changes in their living environments. In general experiments, signals from different organs, such as the brain and the heart, are recorded by independent recording systems that require multiple recording devices and different procedures for processing the data files. This study describes a new method that can simultaneously monitor electrical biosignals, including tens of local field potentials in multiple brain regions, electrocardiograms that represent the cardiac rhythm, electromyograms that represent awake/sleep-related muscle contraction, and breathing signals, in a freely moving rat. The recording configuration of this method is based on a conventional micro-drive array for cortical local field potential recordings in which tens of electrodes are accommodated, and the signals obtained from these electrodes are integrated into a single electrical board mounted on the animal's head. Here, this recording system was improved so that signals from the peripheral organs are also transferred to an electrical interface board. In a single surgery, electrodes are first separately implanted into the appropriate body parts and the target brain areas. The open ends of all of these electrodes are then soldered to individual channels of the electrical board above the animal's head so that all of the signals can be integrated into the single electrical board. Connecting this board to a recording device allows for the collection of all of the signals into a single device, which reduces experimental costs and simplifies data processing, because all data can be handled in the same data file. This technique will aid the understanding of the neurophysiological correlates of the associations between central and peripheral organs.

This study introduces a method for the simultaneous recording of local field potentials in the brain, electrocardiograms, electromyograms, and breathing signals of a freely moving rat. This technique, which reduces experimental costs and simplifies data analysis, will contribute to the understanding of the interactions between the brain and peripheral organs.

Registrazioni simultanee di potenziali di campo locale corticale, elettrocardiogramma, elettromiogramma e respirazione ritmo da un ratto liberamente commovente

Monitoring the physiological dynamics of the brain and peripheral tissues is necessary for addressing a number of questions about how the brain controls ...