Questo studio è stato sostenuto dal &#39;Fondo Medico Scientifico del Sindaco della Città di Vienna&#39; e Biosurgery Ethicon, Inc. New Jersey, USA. Gli autori esprimono il loro ringraziamento al professor Heber Ferraz-Leite, direttore del &#39;Workshop europeo sul Microchirurgia e rivascolarizzazione cerebrale&#39; presso l&#39;Università di Medicina di Vienna, in Austria, per il suo insegnamento prezioso microchirurgia.

1. Posizionamento e preparazione degli animali Gli esperimenti sono stati approvati dal responsabile del comitato etico locale ed eseguito secondo le linee guida Felasa. <ol><li> Inizio anestesia generale della femmina Nuova Zelanda bianco coniglio (2,5-3,5 kg) con iniezione intramuscolare di Ketamin (30mg/kg) e xilazina (6mg/kg) e continuare dopo l&#39;intubazione meccanica (tubo di diametro 4 mm, lunghezza 18 mm) con l&#39;anestesia gas ( ) isoflurano sotto monitoraggio ECG. Eseguire il monitoraggio del dolore attraverso pizzico piedi tutti i 15 minuti e adattare l&#39;anestesia in caso di risposta positiva. </li><li> Fissare il coniglio in posizione supina su un piatto bodywarm. </li><li> Preparare l&#39;area per un intervento chirurgico per la rimozione dei peli raggiungere dal punto di vista della mandibola fino alla metà del torace. Eseguire tutte le procedure in condizioni sterili. </li></ol> 2. Preparazione della vena giugulare esterna <ol><li> Eseguire una incisione mediana dal punto di vista della mandibola fino alla Sterni manubrio. </li><li> Utilizzando il microscopio operazione, selezionare un segmento di 1 cm di lunghezza sinistra vena giugulare esterna senza rami venosi e isolarlo microchirurgica (Figura 1a). Durante l&#39;intera operazione di frequente si applicano al 4% papaverin soluzione di HCl ed una soluzione antibiotica (5mg/ml neomicina solfato) per via topica sui vasi e anastomosi per prevenire le infezioni vasospasmo e locali. </li><li> Legare la vena prossimalmente e distalmente con suture polyfilament 4-0 (Vicryl, Ethicon Inc., New Jersey, USA), poi resecare e tenerlo in soluzione salina eparinata (1000 UI di eparina in 20 ml di soluzione salina allo 0,9% e 1 ml 4% papaverin HCl ). </li></ol> 3. Preparazione di entrambe le arterie carotidi comuni (CCAS) <ol><li> Preparare un segmento della sinistra CCA che dalla biforcazione carotidea verso l&#39;arco aortico. Preservare per quanto possibile rami arteriosi esecuzione medialmente e la fornitura di strutture della laringe e della trachea, nonché tutte le strutture neurali. </li><li> Preparare il diritto CCA. Mobilitare l&#39;alto alla biforcazione carotidea e giù per il tronco bracchiocephalic. </li><li> Somministrare eparina 1000 UI per via endovenosa. </li><li> Agganciare il diritto CCA temporaneamente appena sotto la biforcazione carotidea. </li><li> Legare il diritto CCA prossimalmente direttamente sopra il tronco brachiocefalico. Tagliare il diritto CCA sopra la legatura e irrigare il moncherino con soluzione fisiologica eparinata. </li><li> Tagliare e resecare attentamente l&#39;avventizia presso l&#39;estremità libera del diritto CCA. Libero meticolosamente il segmento della sinistra CCA previsto per l&#39;anastomosi del avventizia e la clip che distalmente e prossimalmente. </li></ol> 4. Anastomosi dei due CCAS <ol><li> Eseguire un arteriotomia ellittica della sinistra CCA tra i clip in base alle dimensioni delle anastomosi previsto con la destra CCA e la sacca venosa. Irrigare sinistra CCA con soluzione fisiologica eparinata. (Figura 1b) </li><li> Sutura la circonferenza posteriore del diritto CCA-ceppo nel arteriotomia della sinistra CCA, utilizzando 4-5 non riassorbibile 10-0 sutura monofilamento (Ethilon 10-0, Ethicon Inc., New Jersey, USA). </li><li> Fare un taglio longitudinale nel moncone del diritto CCA di adattarsi alla metà della circonferenza della sacca venosa. Anastomizzano la parte posteriore della parete venosa sacchetto prima con il arteriotomia nella sinistra CCA, usando ancora una volta 4-5 10-0 suture. Poi anastomizzano il lato posteriore della borsa venoso con il retro del diritto CCA con 3 o 4 punti di sutura. (Figura 1c) </li><li> Eseguire l&#39;anastomosi nello stesso ordine a lato anteriore. (Figura 1d) </li><li> Rimuovere la clip distale sulla destra CCA. L&#39;aneurisma di solito non è completamente sigillato, quindi lavare l&#39;aria intrappolata e fuori detriti. </li><li> Sigillare le linee di sutura intorno alla anastomosi aneurisma e il collo con un cuscinetto di grasso e colla di fibrina (Evicel, Ethicon Biosurgery Inc., New Jersey, USA). Rimuovere le clip rimanenti. </li><li> Utilizzare 4-0 punti di sutura riassorbibili (monocryl, Ethicon Inc., New Jersey, USA) per interruzione suture sottocutanee e poi per una sutura cutanea in esecuzione. </li></ol> 5. Gestione post-operatoria <ol><li> Somministrare 10 mg / kg di acido acetilsalicilico per via endovenosa, e 60 ml di glucosio al 5% per via sottocutanea. </li><li> Applicare cerotti transdermici matrix fentanil rilasciando 12,5 mcg / ora nella regione del collo rasata degli animali per l&#39;analgesia efficace durante 72 ore. </li><li> Somministrare 250 UI / kg di eparina a basso peso molecolare per via sottocutanea ogni giorno per 2 settimane. </li></ol> 6. Rappresentante dei risultati: Se la procedura è eseguita correttamente, l&#39;aneurisma rimarrà brevetti e gli animali si riprenderà nel giro di circa 3 giorni. Nella nostra esperienza uno procedure di imaging dovrebbe essere fatto come minimo una settimana dopo. In caso contrario, gli animali forse non tollererà la procedura e potrebbe essere perso. Per l&#39;embolizzazione si consiglia di attendere per circa 4 settimane per garantire la compleendotelizzazione te dell&#39;aneurisma neck.Using tecniche presentate e la gestione degli autori potrebbe raggiungere la pervietà aneurisma nel 85,7% e nessuna mortalità nella loro serie di recente pubblicazione. 14 Per ridurre l&#39;alto tasso di complicazioni intestinali riportato fino al 20%, 12 abbiamo fornito una prolungata gestione analgesico post-operatorio di 72 ore analgesia rispetto alla gestione ordinaria analgesia.This 24 ore intensificato non ha comportato complicazioni gastriche. La gestione anticoagulazione aggressiva è importante raggiungere sufficiente tassi di pervietà aneurisma. Questo va di pari passo con i risultati di Grunwald et al. che mostra gli effetti positivi della terapia anticoagulante combinata. 17 A causa della terapia anticoagulante aggressiva è fondamentale avere una tenuta efficace delle anastomosi. Abbiamo fatto un&#39;esperienza molto buona con nuovi colla di fibrina (Evicel, Ethicon Biosurgery Inc., New Jersey, USA). Inoltre si consiglia di utilizzare piccoli conigli (massimo 3,5 kg), come nel nostro complicazioni sono spesso legati a soggetti in sovrappeso.

<ol>
	<li>Molyneux, A., Kerr, R., Yu, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=International+subarachnoid+aneurysm+trial+(ISAT)+of+neurosurgical+clipping+versus+endovascular+coiling+in+2143+patients+with+ruptured+intracranial+aneurysms:+a+randomised+comparison+of+effects+on+survival,+dependency,+seizures,+rebleeding,+subgroups,+and+aneurysm+occlusion.">International subarachnoid aneurysm trial (ISAT) of neurosurgical clipping versus endovascular coiling in 2143 patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysms: a randomised comparison of effects on survival, dependency, seizures, rebleeding, subgroups, and aneurysm occlusion.</a> Lancet. 366, 809-817 (2005).</li><li>Mitchell, P., Kerr, R., Mendelow, A., Molyneux, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Could+late+rebleeding+overturn+the+superiority+of+cranial+aneurysm+coil+embolization+over+clip+ligation+seen+in+the+International+Subarachnoid+Aneurysm+Trial.">Could late rebleeding overturn the superiority of cranial aneurysm coil embolization over clip ligation seen in the International Subarachnoid Aneurysm Trial.</a> J Neurosur. 108, 437-442 (2008).</li><li>Bavinzski, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Histopathological+findings+in+experimental+aneurysms+embolized+with+conventional+and+thrombogenic/antithrombolytic+Guglielmi+coils.">Histopathological findings in experimental aneurysms embolized with conventional and thrombogenic/antithrombolytic Guglielmi coils.</a> Minim Invasive Neurosurg. 42, 167-174 (1999).</li><li>Bocher-Schwarz, H. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Histological+findings+in+coil-packed+experimental+aneurysms+3+months+after+embolization.">Histological findings in coil-packed experimental aneurysms 3 months after embolization.</a> Neurosurgery. 50, 379-384 (2002).</li><li>Sherif, C., Plenk, H., Grossschmidt, K., Kanz, F., Bavinzski, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Computer-assisted+quantification+of+occlusion+and+coil+densities+on+angiographic+and+histological+images+of+experimental+aneurysms.">Computer-assisted quantification of occlusion and coil densities on angiographic and histological images of experimental aneurysms.</a> Neurosurgery. 58, 559-566 (2006).</li><li>Massoud, T., Guglielmi, G., Ji, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experiemental+saccular+aneurysms.+1.+Review+of+surgically+constructed+models+and+their+laboratory+applications.">Experiemental saccular aneurysms. 1. Review of surgically constructed models and their laboratory applications.</a> Neurorad. 36, 537-546 (1994).</li><li>Anidjar, S., Salzmann, J., Gentric, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Elastase+induced+experimental+aneurysms+in+rats.">Elastase induced experimental aneurysms in rats.</a> Circulation. 82, 973-981 (1990).</li><li>Wakhloo, A., Schellhammer, F., de Vries, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Self-expanding+and+balloon-expandable+stents+in+the+treatment+of+carotid+aneurysms:+an+experimental+study+in+a+canine+model.">Self-expanding and balloon-expandable stents in the treatment of carotid aneurysms: an experimental study in a canine model.</a> AJNR. 15, 493-502 (1994).</li><li>Dai, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Histopathologic+and+immunohistochemical+comparison+of+human,+rabbit,+and+swine+aneurysms+embolized+with+platinum+coils.">Histopathologic and immunohistochemical comparison of human, rabbit, and swine aneurysms embolized with platinum coils.</a> AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 26, 2560-2568 (2005).</li><li>Shin, Y. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Creation+of+four+experimental+aneurysms+with+different+hemodynamics+in+one+dog.">Creation of four experimental aneurysms with different hemodynamics in one dog.</a> AJNR. 26, 1764-1767 (2005).</li><li>Abruzzo, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Histologic+and+morphologic+comparison+of+experimental+aneurysms+with+human+intracranial+aneurysms.">Histologic and morphologic comparison of experimental aneurysms with human intracranial aneurysms.</a> AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 19, 1309-1314 (1998).</li><li>Bavinzski, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+bifurcation+aneurysm:+a+model+for+in+vivo+evaluation+of+endovascular+techniques.">Experimental bifurcation aneurysm: a model for in vivo evaluation of endovascular techniques.</a> Minim Invasive Neurosurg. 41, 129-132 (1998).</li><li>Spetzger, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microsurgically+produced+bifurcation+aneurysms+in+a+rabbit+model+for+endovascular+coil+embolization.">Microsurgically produced bifurcation aneurysms in a rabbit model for endovascular coil embolization.</a> J Neurosurg. 85, 488-495 (1996).</li><li>Sherif, C., Marbacher, S., Erhardt, S., Fandino, J., J, . <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improved+microsurgical+creation+of+venous-pouch+arterial-bifurcation+aneurysms+in+rabbits.">Improved microsurgical creation of venous-pouch arterial-bifurcation aneurysms in rabbits.</a> AJNR. , .</li><li>Marbacher, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Complex+Bi-Lobular,+Bi-Saccular,+and+Broad-Necked+Microsurgical+Aneurysms+Formation+in+the+Rabbit+Bifurcation+Model+for+the+Study+of+Upcoming+Endovascular+Techniques.">Complex Bi-Lobular, Bi-Saccular, and Broad-Necked Microsurgical Aneurysms Formation in the Rabbit Bifurcation Model for the Study of Upcoming Endovascular Techniques.</a> AJNR. , .</li><li>Sherif, C., Plenk, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+angiographic+and+histopathologic+evaluation+of+experimental+aneurysms.">Quantitative angiographic and histopathologic evaluation of experimental aneurysms.</a> AJNR. , .</li><li>Grunwald, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anticoagulation+regimes+and+their+influence+on+the+occlusion+rate+of+aneurysms:+an+experimental+study+in+rabbits.">Anticoagulation regimes and their influence on the occlusion rate of aneurysms: an experimental study in rabbits.</a> Neurosurg. 57, 1048-1054 (2005).</li><li>Forrest, M. D., O'Reilly, G. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Production+of+experimental+aneurysms+at+a+surgically+created+arterial+bifurcation.">Production of experimental aneurysms at a surgically created arterial bifurcation.</a> AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 10, 400-402 (1989).</li></ol>

Nessun conflitto di interessi dichiarati.

Gli autori raccomandano di riguardoso le seguenti critiche fasi chirurgiche chiave per ottenere buoni risultati ed aneurismi di brevetto: <ol><li> Dissezione attenta di un segmento lungo della sinistra CCA per anastomosi facile senza la distruzione di nervi e piccoli vasi. </li><li> Attenta rimozione del tessuto fibroso molto trombogenico periadventitial prima della creazione delle anastomosi. </li><li> Creazione di una anastomosi senza tensione. </li><li> Meno punti di sutura: La sequenza proposta dei siti anastoms...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><th> Nome del reagente </th><th> Azienda </th><th> Numero di catalogo </th><th> Commenti </th></tr><tr><td> Vicryl4-0 polyfilament suture ripristinabili </td><td> Ethicon Inc </td><td> J386H </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Ethilon 10-0 monofilati suture non riassorbibili </td><td> Ethicon Inc </td><td> 2814 </td><td> cono punta dell&#39;ago </td></tr><tr><td> Evicel Bioglue </td><td> Ethicon Biosurgery Inc. </td><td> 3901 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Fentanil cerotto cutaneo 12,5 mcg / h </td><td></td><td></td><td> Qualsiasi genericon </td></tr><tr><td> Eparina </td><td></td><td></td><td> Qualsiasi genericon </td></tr><tr><td> 0,9% Saline </td><td></td><td></td><td> Qualsiasi genericon </td></tr><tr><td> 4% Papaverin HCl </td><td></td><td></td><td> Qualsiasi genericon </td></tr><tr><td> Neomicina solfato di 5 mg / ml </td><td></td><td></td><td> Qualsiasi genericon </td></tr><tr><td> Ketamin 50mg/ml </td><td></td><td></td><td> Qualsiasi genericon </td></tr><tr><td> Xylazina 20mg/ml </td><td></td><td></td><td> Qualsiasi genericon </td></tr></tbody></table>

microsurgical venous pouch arterial-bifurcation aneurysms in the rabbit model: technical aspects

Per la rottura di aneurisma cerebrale umana embolizzazione endovascolare è diventata un&#39;alternativa equivalente al ritaglio aneurisma. 1 Tuttavia, ampi studi clinici hanno dimostrato deludenti risultati a lungo termine con inaccettabili alti tassi di ricanalizzazione dell&#39;aneurisma e della rottura dell&#39;aneurisma ritardata. 2 Per superare questi problemi, animale studi sperimentali sono cruciali per lo sviluppo di migliori dispositivi endovascolari. 3-5 Diversi modelli animali nei ratti, conigli, cani e porci sono disponibili. 6-8 confronto dei diversi modelli animali ha dimostrato la superiorità di questo modello animale per quanto riguarda i emodinamica e comparabilità del sistema di coagulazione e di costo-efficacia. 9-11 Il sacchetto venoso arterioso modello biforcazione nei conigli è formata da un sacchetto venosa suturata in una biforcazione creata artificialmente vero di entrambe le arterie della carotide comune (CCA). Il vantaggio principale di questo modello sono vere emodinamica bifurcational. 12 I principali svantaggi sono le richieste di microchirurgia sofar elevato livello tecnico e alta morbilità e mortalità fino al 50%. 13 Queste limitazioni hanno portato ad un minor uso frequente di questo modello aneurisma nel recente anni. Queste carenze possono essere superate con il miglioramento delle procedure chirurgiche e modificato peri-e postoperatoria gestione analgesico e anticoagulante. 14-16 nostre tecniche riportate in questo documento dimostrano questa tecnica microchirurgica ottimizzato per la creazione di aneurismi biforcazione arteriosa.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Microsurgical Venous Pouch Arterial-Bifurcation Aneurysms in the Rabbit Model: Technical Aspects at JoVE.com

Microsurgical Venous Pouch Arterial-Bifurcation Aneurysms in the Rabbit Model: Technical Aspects

Una tecnica ottimizzata per la creazione microchirurgico di aneurismi arteriosi biforcazione imitando biforcazione aneurismi cerebrale umana è descritta. Un sacchetto venoso viene suturata in una biforcazione creata artificialmente vero di entrambe le arterie carotidi comuni. Tecniche microchirurgiche facilitato ed aggressiva terapia anticoagulante ed analgesia postoperatoria portare a tassi di morbilità ridotta al minimo e alti tassi di pervietà aneurisma.

Microchirurgia arteriosa, venosa Pouch biforcazione aneurismi nel modello Rabbit: Aspetti Tecnici

For ruptured human cerebral aneurysms endovascular embolization has become an equivalent alternative to aneurysm clipping.1 However, large clinical trials ...

microsurgical-venous-pouch-arterial-bifurcation-aneurysms-rabbit

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

13.9K Views.  Hospital Rudolfstiftung. Una tecnica ottimizzata per la creazione microchirurgico di aneurismi arteriosi biforcazione imitando biforcazione aneurismi cerebrale umana è descritta. Un sacchetto venoso viene suturata in una biforcazione creata artificialmente vero di entrambe le arterie carotidi comuni. Tecniche microchirurgiche facilitato ed aggressiva terapia anticoagulante ed analgesia postoperatoria portare a tassi di morbilità ridotta al minimo e alti tassi di pervietà aneurisma.

Video: Microsurgical Venous Pouch Arterial-Bifurcation Aneurysms in the Rabbit Model: Technical Aspects

Technical Aspects of the Mouse Aortocaval Fistula

Technical aspects of creating an arteriovenous fistula in the mouse are discussed. Under general anesthesia, an abdominal incision is made, and the aorta and inferior vena cava (IVC) are exposed. The proximal infrarenal aorta and the distal aorta are dissected for clamp placement and needle puncture, respectively. Special attention is paid to avoid dissection between the aorta and the IVC. After clamping the aorta, a 25 G needle is used to puncture both walls of the aorta into the IVC. The surrounding connective tissue is used for hemostatic compression. Successful creation of the AVF will show pulsatile arterial blood flow in the IVC. Further confirmation of successful AVF can be achieved by post-operative Doppler ultrasound.

The goal is to produce an arteriovenous fistula that is simple and reproducible. This method does not use sutures or glue adhesive. Therefore the samples can be used with the least amount of foreign materials for analysis.

Aspetti tecnici della fistola aorto-cavale mouse

Technical aspects of creating an arteriovenous fistula in the mouse are discussed. Under general anesthesia, an abdominal incision is made, and the aorta ...

Ricerca

Medicina

The Helsinki Rat Microsurgical Sidewall Aneurysm Model

Experimental saccular aneurysm models are necessary for testing novel surgical and endovascular treatment options and devices before they are introduced into clinical practice. Furthermore, experimental models are needed to elucidate the complex aneurysm biology leading to rupture of saccular aneurysms.
Several different kinds of experimental models for saccular aneurysms have been established in different species. Many of them, however, require special skills, expensive equipment, or special environments, which limits their widespread use. A simple, robust, and inexpensive experimental model is needed as a standardized tool that can be used in a standardized manner in various institutions.
The microsurgical rat abdominal aortic sidewall aneurysm model combines the possibility to study both novel endovascular treatment strategies and the molecular basis of aneurysm biology in a standardized and inexpensive manner. Standardized grafts by means of shape, size, and geometry are harvested from a donor rat&#39;s descending thoracic aorta and then transplanted to a syngenic recipient rat. The aneurysms are sutured end-to-side with continuous or interrupted 9-0 nylon sutures to the infrarenal abdominal aorta.
We present step-by-step procedural instructions, information on necessary equipment, and discuss important anatomical and surgical details for successful microsurgical creation of an abdominal aortic sidewall aneurysm in the rat.

Microsurgical sidewall aneurysms in rats are created by end-to-side anastomosis of an aortic graft to the abdominal aorta. We present step-by-step instructions and discuss anatomical and surgical details for successful experimental saccular aneurysm creation.

La Helsinki Rat microchirurgica Sidewall Aneurisma Modello

Experimental saccular aneurysm models are necessary for testing novel surgical and endovascular treatment options and devices before they are introduced ...

The Rabbit Blood-shunt Model for the Study of Acute and Late Sequelae of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Technical Aspects

Early brain injury and delayed cerebral vasospasm both contribute to unfavorable outcomes after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Reproducible and controllable animal models that simulate both conditions are presently uncommon. Therefore, new models are needed in order to mimic human pathophysiological conditions resulting from SAH.
This report describes the technical nuances of a rabbit blood-shunt SAH model that enables control of intracerebral pressure (ICP). An extracorporeal shunt is placed between the arterial system and the subarachnoid space, which enables examiner-independent SAH in a closed cranium. Step-by-step procedural instructions and necessary equipment are described, as well as technical considerations to produce the model with minimal mortality and morbidity. Important details required for successful surgical creation of this robust, simple and consistent ICP-controlled SAH rabbit model are described.

The experimental intracranial pressure-controlled blood shunt subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) model in the rabbit combines the standard procedures &#8212; subclavian artery cannulation and transcutaneous cisterna magna puncture, which enables close mimicking of human pathophysiological conditions after SAH. We present step-by-step instructions and discuss key surgical points for successful experimental SAH creation.

Il Coniglio Blood-shunt modello per lo studio di acuta e sequele tardive di emorragia subaracnoidea: Aspetti tecnici

Early brain injury and delayed cerebral vasospasm both contribute to unfavorable outcomes after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Reproducible and ...

A Murine Model of Arterial Restenosis: Technical Aspects of Femoral Wire Injury

Cardiovascular disease caused by atherosclerosis is the leading cause of death in the developed world. Narrowing of the vessel lumen, due to atherosclerotic plaque development or the rupturing of established plaques, interrupts normal blood flow leading to various morbidities such as myocardial infarction and stroke. In the clinic endovascular procedures such as angioplasty are commonly performed to reopen the lumen. However, these treatments inevitably damage the vessel wall as well as the vascular endothelium, triggering an excessive healing response and the development of a neointimal plaque that extends into the lumen causing vessel restenosis (re-narrowing). Restenosis remains a major cause of failure of endovascular treatments for atherosclerosis. Thus, preclinical animal models of restenosis are vitally important for investigating the pathophysiological mechanisms as well as translational approaches to vascular interventions. Among several murine experimental models, femoral artery wire injury is widely accepted as the most suitable for studies of post-angioplasty restenosis because it closely resembles the angioplasty procedure that injures both endothelium and vessel wall. However, many researchers have difficulty utilizing this model due to its high degree of technical difficulty. This is primarily because a metal wire needs to be inserted into the femoral artery, which is approximately three times thinner than the wire, to generate sufficient injury to induce prominent neointima. Here, we describe the essential surgical details to effectively overcome the major technical difficulties of this model. By following the presented procedures, performing the mouse femoral artery wire injury becomes easier. Once familiarized, the whole procedure can be completed within 20 min.

The mouse femoral artery wire injury model of restenosis is technically challenging. In this protocol we show the key technical details essential for successfully performing wire injury to induce consistent&#160;neointima for studies of restenosis.

Un modello murino di restenosi arteriosa: aspetti tecnici del femore Wire Injury

Cardiovascular disease caused by atherosclerosis is the leading cause of death in the developed world. Narrowing of the vessel lumen, due to ...

Isometric Contractility Measurement of the Mouse Mesenteric Artery Using Wire Myography

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and drugs. It is widely used in many studies on the physiological functions of vascular smooth muscle, the pathogenesis of vascular diseases such as hypertension, and the development of smooth muscle relaxant drugs. The mouse is a widely used model animal with a large pool of disease models and genetically modified strains. We introduced this method to measure the isometric contraction of mouse mesenteric artery in detail. A 1.4-mm segment of mouse mesenteric resistance artery was isolated and mounted on a myograph chamber by passing two steel wires through its lumen. After equilibration and normalization steps, the vessel segment was potentiated by a high-K+ solution twice prior to the contraction assay. As an example of the application of this method in drug development, we measured the relaxant effect of a novel natural substance, neoliensinine, isolated from a Chinese herb, embryos of the lotus seed (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) on mouse mesenteric arteries. The vessel segments mounted on the myograph chamber were stimulated with a high-K+ solution. When the force tension reached a stable sustained phase, cumulative doses of neoliensinine were added to the chamber. We found that neoliensinine had a dose-dependent relaxant effect on smooth muscle contraction, thus suggesting that it bears potential activity against hypertension. In addition, as the vessel segment can survive at least 4 hours after mounting and maintain contractility induced by the high-K+ solution for many times, we suggest that the wire myograph system may be used for the time-consuming process of drug screening.

The wire myograph technique is used to investigate vascular smooth muscle functions and screen new drugs. We report a detailed protocol for measuring the isometric contractility of the mouse mesenteric artery and for screening new relaxants of vascular smooth muscle.

Misurazione di contrattilità isometrica dell'arteria mesenterica Mouse con filo Myography

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and ...

Transthoracic Echocardiographic Examination in the Rabbit Model

Large animal models such as the rabbit are valuable for translational preclinical research. Rabbits have a similar cardiac electrophysiology compared to that of humans and that of other large animal models such as dogs and pigs. However, the rabbit model has the additional advantage of lower maintenance costs compared to other large animal models. The longitudinal evaluation of cardiac function using echocardiography, when appropriately implemented, is a useful methodology for preclinical assessment of novel therapies for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (e.g. cardiac regeneration). The correct use of this non-invasive tool requires the implementation of a standardized examination protocol following international guidelines. Here we describe, step by step, a detailed protocol supervised by veterinary cardiologists for performing echocardiography in the rabbit model, and demonstrate how to correctly obtain the different echocardiographic views and imaging planes, as well as the different imaging modes available in a clinical echocardiography system routinely used in human and veterinary patients.

Here we describe, step by step, a detailed protocol for performing echocardiography in the rabbit model. We show how to correctly obtain the different echocardiographic views and imaging planes, as well as the different imaging modes available in a clinical echocardiography system routinely used in human and veterinary patients.

Esame ecocardiografico transtoracico nel modello del coniglio

Large animal models such as the rabbit are valuable for translational preclinical research. Rabbits have a similar cardiac electrophysiology compared to ...

A Rabbit Venous Interposition Model Mimicking Revascularization Surgery using Vein Grafts to Assess Intimal Hyperplasia under Arterial Blood Pressure

Although vein grafts have been commonly used as autologous grafts in revascularization surgeries for ischemic diseases, the long-term patency remains poor because of the acceleration of intimal hyperplasia due to the exposure to arterial blood pressure. The present protocol is designed for the establishment of experimental venous intimal hyperplasia by interposing rabbit jugular veins to the ipsilateral carotid arteries. The protocol does not require surgical procedures deep in the body trunk and the extent of the incision is limited, which is less invasive for the animals, allowing long-term observation after implantation. This simple procedure enables researchers to investigate strategies to attenuate the progression of intimal hyperplasia of the implanted vein grafts. Using this protocol, we reported the effects transduction of microRNA-145 (miR-145), which is known to control the phenotype of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from the proliferative to the contractile state, into harvested vein grafts. We confirmed the attenuation of intimal hyperplasia of vein grafts by transducing miR-145 before implantation surgery through the phenotype change of the VSMCs. Here we report a less invasive experimental platform to investigate the strategies that can be used to attenuate intimal hyperplasia of vein grafts in revascularization surgeries.

The present protocol aims to experimentally create venous intimal hyperplasia by subjecting veins to arterial blood pressure for developing strategies to attenuate venous intimal hyperplasia following revascularization surgery using vein grafts.

Un modello di interposizione venosa di coniglio che imita la chirurgia di rivascolarizzazione usando grafts di venina per valutare l'iperplasia intima sotto la pressione sanguigna arteriosa

Although vein grafts have been commonly used as autologous grafts in revascularization surgeries for ischemic diseases, the long-term patency remains poor ...

Creation of Two Saccular Elastase-Digested Aneurysms with Different Hemodynamics in One Rabbit

Preclinical animal models with hemodynamic, morphologic, and histologic characteristics close to human intracranial aneurysms play a key role in the understanding of the pathophysiological processes and the development and testing of new therapeutic strategies. This study aims to describe a new rabbit aneurysm model that allows the creation of two elastase-digested saccular aneurysms with different hemodynamic conditions within the same animal.
Five female New Zealand white rabbits with a mean weight of 4.0 (&#177; 0.3) kg and mean age of 25 (&#177;5) weeks underwent microsurgical stump and bifurcation aneurysm creation. One aneurysm (stump) was created by right common carotid artery (CCA) exposure at its origin at the brachiocephalic trunk. A temporary clip was applied at the CCA origin and another, 2 cm above. This segment was treated with a local injection of 100 U of elastase for 20 min. A second aneurysm (bifurcation) was created by suturing an elastase-treated arterial pouch into the end-to-side anastomosis of the right CCA to left CCA. Patency was controlled by fluorescence angiography immediately after creation.
The average duration of surgery was 221 min. The creation of two aneurysms in the same animal was successful in all rabbits without complication. All aneurysms were patent immediately after surgery except for one bifurcation aneurysm, which showed an extreme tissue reaction due to elastase incubation and an immediate intraluminal thrombosis. No mortality was observed during surgery and up to one-month follow-up. Morbidity was limited to a transient vestibular syndrome (one rabbit), which recovered spontaneously within one day.
Demonstrated here for the first time is the feasibility of creating a two-aneurysm rabbit model with stump and bifurcation hemodynamic characteristics and highly degenerated wall conditions. This model allows the study of the natural course and potential treatment strategies on the basis of aneurysm biology under different flow conditions.

This protocol describes the steps for the creation of a rabbit model with two elastase-digested aneurysms with different hemodynamics (stump and bifurcation constellation). This allows the testing of novel endovascular devices in aneurysms with different angioarchitecture and hemodynamic conditions within a single animal.

Creazione di due aneurismi digeriti con elastasi sacculare con emodinamica diversa in un coniglio

Preclinical animal models with hemodynamic, morphologic, and histologic characteristics close to human intracranial aneurysms play a key role in the ...

Isolated Lung Perfusion System in the Rabbit Model

The isolated lung perfusion system has been widely used in pulmonary research, contributing to elucidate the lungs&#39; inner workings, both micro and macroscopically. This technique is useful in the characterization of pulmonary physiology and pathology by measuring metabolic activities and respiratory functions, including interactions between circulatory substances and the effects of inhaled or perfused substances, as in drug testing. While in vitro methods involve the slicing and culturing of tissues, the isolated ex vivo lung perfusion system allows to work with a complete functional organ making possible the study of a continuous physiological function while recreating ventilation and perfusion. However, it should be noted that the effects of the absence of central innervation and lymphatic drainage still have to be fully assessed. This protocol aims to describe the assembly of the isolated lung apparatus, followed by the surgical extraction and cannulation of lungs and heart from experimental lab animals, as well as to display the perfusion technique and signal processing of data. The average viability of the isolated lung ranges between 5-8 h; during this period, the pulmonary capillary permeability increases, causing edema and lung injury. The functionality of preserved pulmonary tissue is measured by the capillary filtration coefficient (Kfc), used to determine the extent of pulmonary edema through time.

The isolated rabbit lung preparation is a gold standard tool in pulmonary research. This publication aims to describe the technique as developed for the study of physiological and pathological mechanisms involved in airway reactivity, lung preservation, and preclinical research in lung transplantation and pulmonary edema.

Sistema di perfusione polmonare isolato nel modello di coniglio

The isolated lung perfusion system has been widely used in pulmonary research, contributing to elucidate the lungs&#39; inner workings, both micro and ...

A Rabbit Aortic Valve Stenosis Model Induced by Direct Balloon Injury

Animal models are emerging as an important tool to understand the pathologic mechanisms underlying aortic valve stenosis (AVS) because of the lack of access to reliable sources of diseased human aortic valves. Among the various animal models, AVS rabbit models are one of the most commonly used in large animal studies. However, traditional AVS rabbit models require a long-term period of dietary supplementation and genetic manipulation to induce significant stenosis in the aortic valve, limiting their use in experimental studies. To address these limitations, a new AVS rabbit model is proposed, in which stenosis is induced by a direct balloon injury to the aortic valve. The present protocol describes a successful technique for inducing AVS in New Zealand white (NZW) rabbits, with step-by-step procedures for the preparation, the surgical procedure, and the post-operative care. This simple and reproducible model offers a promising approach for studying the initiation and progression of AVS and provides a valuable tool for investigating the underlying pathological mechanisms of the disease.

An appropriate animal model is needed to understand the pathologic mechanisms underlying aortic valve stenosis (AVS) and to evaluate the efficacy of therapeutic interventions. The present protocol describes a new procedure for developing the AVS rabbit model via a direct balloon injury in vivo.

Un modello di stenosi della valvola aortica di coniglio indotta da lesione diretta del palloncino

Animal models are emerging as an important tool to understand the pathologic mechanisms underlying aortic valve stenosis (AVS) because of the lack of ...