This work was supported by a Wisconsin Partnership Program New Investigator Award (ID 2832), a National Heart, Lung, Blood Institute R01 Grant (HL-068673) and a T32 training Grant (HL-110853). We thank Dr. Melina Kibbe&#8217;s group at Northwestern University for providing helpful information.

NOTA: Etica Dichiarazione: Tutte le procedure sono conformi alla Guida per la cura e l&#39;uso di animali da laboratorio (National Academies Press, 8 ° edizione, 2011), e dei protocolli approvati dalla cura e l&#39;uso degli animali Comitato Istituzionale presso l&#39;Università del Wisconsin. Tutti gli interventi chirurgici sono stati eseguiti in anestesia isoflurano (attraverso inalazione, portata 2 ml / min), e sono stati fatti tutti gli sforzi per ridurre al minimo le sofferenze. Gli animali sono stati sacrificati in una camera progressivamente riempita con CO 2. 1. L&#39;induzione di anestesia generale e incisione cutanea <ol><li> Utilizzare maschio C57BL / 6 topi con un&#39;età di 12-16 settimane e peso di 23-28 g. Anestetizzare l&#39;animale da isoflurano attraverso un apparato anestesia a circuito chiuso. Verificare il corretto anestesia pizzicando la sua punta. Applicare un po &#39;lacrime artificiali pomata sugli occhi per prevenire la secchezza. </li><li> Posizionare il mouse in posizione supina con dell&#39;arto posteriore sinistro leggermente addotto e il ginocchio sl congiuntaightly flesso. Radersi i capelli intorno alla regione coscia sinistra e disinfettare la pelle con clorexidina, applicato tre volte utilizzando cotone sterile applicatori con punta. Utilizzare una perlina sterilizzatrice calda per mantenere gli strumenti sterilizzati durante l&#39;intervento chirurgico. </li><li> Posizionare un drappo garza sterile sulla gamba sinistra. Effettuare una retta 1,5 centimetri, incisione cutanea longitudinale sulla coscia mediale sinistro dal ginocchio all&#39;inguine (Figura 1A). </li></ol> 2. L&#39;esposizione di dall&#39;arteria femorale e Filiali NOTA: La figura 1B mostra l&#39;anatomia vascolare lordo nella coscia superiore. L&#39;arteria femorale superficiale (SFA) può essere osservato attraverso un microscopio da dissezione quando l&#39;incisione cutanea è correttamente effettuata lungo la linea mediana della coscia mediale. <ol><li> Aprire la sottile fascia sovrastante la SFA con le pinzette sottili e poi avvolgere il SFA con 9-0 nylon sutura. NOTA: In questo processo, il nervo femorale è facilmente messo comeide, ma la vena femorale adiacente richiede molta attenzione perché la sua parete è così sottile che fora e sanguina facilmente. La tecnica chiave è quello di concentrarsi sulla arteria stessa; finché la dissezione avviene vicino all&#39;arteria, danni accidentali vena è evitabile. </li><li> Una volta che la SFA è in loop, tenere la sutura con una pinza di zanzare e tirarla leggermente verso il basso. Questa manovra rende ulteriormente dissezione più facile, ma per evitare di danneggiare l&#39;arteria non tirare troppo forza. </li><li> Continuare dissezione dell&#39;arteria prossimale per esporre e ciclo l&#39;arteria femorale comune (CFA) con 9-0 nylon sutura. NOTA: In genere, looping il CFA in un punto distale all&#39;arteria epigastrico (Figura 1B) è sufficiente per l&#39;inserimento del filo. Tenere il ciclo di sutura CFA con pinze zanzara nello stesso modo. </li><li> Tirare l&#39;anello di sutura CFA verso l&#39;alto e il ciclo di sutura SFA verso il basso per scoprire la biforcazione di SFA e profonda arteria femorale (DFA). Il DFAE, la principale filiale del TUF,va verso il muscolo della coscia (Figura 1B). NOTA: Il filo verrà inserito dal DFA tardi. </li><li> Loop la DFA con cautela perché la vena adiacente è aggrovigliato sotto l&#39;arteria. In caso di sanguinamento dalla vena, un 30- a 60 sec compressione semplice con una garza di solito è sufficiente a produrre l&#39;emostasi. </li><li> Una volta che il DFAE è in loop con 9-0 sutura in nylon, assicurarsi che tutti e tre i cicli di sutura sono al loro corrette posizioni (Figura 2A). </li><li> Procedere con la dissezione del DFA distalmente per legare l&#39;arteria in un punto più lontano possibile dalla biforcazione. Tagliare sutura in più, ma lasciare una certa lunghezza in modo che le due estremità possono essere tenuti con una pinza di zanzara, che stabilizzano il DFAE rende l&#39;inserimento filo più facile. </li></ol> 3. Creazione Wire Injury <ol><li> Inserire Wire via DFA <ol><li> Scolare le suture CFA, SFA, e DFA di stabilire un emostatico temporanea. </li><li> Fai un piccolo foro nel DFA con microscissors. Inserire le punte delle microtweezers curvi per dilatare il foro abbastanza grande per un filo di diametro 0,015 pollici (Figura 2B mostra la differenza di dimensioni tra l&#39;arteria e il filo). <ol><li> Prima di fare un buco nel DFA, allentare il cappio di sutura CFA e delicatamente bloccare / spremere il DFA più volte con microtweezers sordo-punta. Questa manovra si espande il diametro delle arterie notevolmente per facilitare l&#39;inserimento del filo. Inumidire accuratamente il filo con PBS è anche importante per un inserimento scorrevole. </li><li> Quando si effettua un foro nel DFA, non tagliare la parete arteriosa, ma fare un piccolo morso a forma di V e pizzicare la patta con microtweezers taglienti a punta per la manipolazione. </li></ol></li><li> Inserire il filo attraverso il foro adeguato, dilatato in DFA. Avanzare con delicatezza il filo verso l&#39;arteria iliaca mentre allentando l&#39;anello di sutura intorno al CFA. 5-8 mm è sufficiente a coprire tutta la lunghezza CFA in molti casi (Figura 2C </strong&gt;). Non inserire il filo con forza come una perforazione arteriosa solito si traduce in perdita del mouse. Accorciando il filo a circa 15 mm di lunghezza aiuta con movimentazione. </li></ol></li><li> Lasciare filo all&#39;interno per 1 min <ol><li> Dopo aver inserito il filo alla lunghezza ottimale, lasciare per 1 min per deformare eccessivamente la parete arteriosa. Inumidire il filo e le arterie con PBS per evitare l&#39;essiccazione. Un&#39;altra sutura 9-0 nylon può essere collocato intorno prossimale DFA al punto di inserimento filo durante questo tempo di attesa. Questo sutura verrà utilizzato successivamente per chiudere il foro sul DFA dopo la rimozione del filo. </li></ol></li><li> Recuperare Wire e riprendere il flusso di sangue <ol><li> Tenere il filo con una pinza nave incannulamento, e tirarlo indietro delicatamente; il filo deve essere recuperato senza problemi. Per superare alcuna resistenza, di solito causato dalla aderenza del filo alla parete arteriosa, tirando indietro il filo con rotazione dolce è utile. Ancora una volta, una manovra forzata potrebbe provocare la perdita animali. </li><li> Laopo il filo recuperato, legare il DFA nel punto di biforcazione con 9-0 sutura di nylon. Non legare troppo vicino alla biforcazione, che metterebbe a repentaglio il deflusso di sangue al SFA. </li><li> Allentare gli anelli di sutura SFA e CFA di riprendere il normale flusso sanguigno. Si noti che il CFA è ben espansa-by inserimento del filo (Figura 2D). </li></ol></li></ol> 4. Pelle Chiusura e postoperatoria cura <ol><li> Controllo sanguina. Stillicidio Minor può essere fermato con una semplice compressione; alcuni sanguinamenti maggiori arterie richiedono punti di sutura con una sutura 11-0 nylon. Queste arterie suturate finirà per determinare occlusione arteriosa. </li><li> Chiudere la pelle ferita con cucitrici di pelle (di solito 3-4 punti metallici). Mantenere l&#39;area ferita sterilizzata applicando soluzione chirurgica clorexidina. </li><li> Applicare trattamenti post-chirurgici. Controllare il dolore del mouse con iniezioni sottocutanee di buprenorfina. Tenere il mouse sul tappetino di riscaldamento fino a che non ha recuperato sufciente coscienza per mantenere decubito sternale. Casa in una gabbia pulita senza compagnia di altri animali fino pienamente recuperato. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Dzau, V. J., Braun-Dullaeus, R. C., Sedding, D. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vascular+proliferation+and+atherosclerosis:+new+perspectives+and+therapeutic+strategies.">Vascular proliferation and atherosclerosis: new perspectives and therapeutic strategies.</a> Nat Med. 8 (11), 1249-1256 (2002).</li><li>Hui, D. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intimal+hyperplasia+in+murine+models.">Intimal hyperplasia in murine models.</a> Curr Drug Targets. 9 (3), 251-260 (2008).</li><li>Ferns, G. A., Avades, T. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+mechanisms+of+coronary+restenosis:+insights+from+experimental+models.">The mechanisms of coronary restenosis: insights from experimental models.</a> Int J Exp Pathol. 81 (2), 63-88 (2000).</li><li>Sata, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+mouse+model+of+vascular+injury+that+induces+rapid+onset+of+medial+cell+apoptosis+followed+by+reproducible+neointimal+hyperplasia.">A mouse model of vascular injury that induces rapid onset of medial cell apoptosis followed by reproducible neointimal hyperplasia.</a> J Mol Cell Cardiol. 32 (11), 2097-2104 (2000).</li><li>Xu, Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mouse+models+of+arteriosclerosis:+from+arterial+injuries+to+vascular+grafts.">Mouse models of arteriosclerosis: from arterial injuries to vascular grafts.</a> Am J Pathol. 165 (1), 1-10 (2004).</li><li>Lv, L., Meng, Q., Ye, M., Wang, P., Xue, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=STAT4+deficiency+protects+against+neointima+formation+following+arterial+injury+in+mice.">STAT4 deficiency protects against neointima formation following arterial injury in mice.</a> J Mol Cell Cardiol. 74C, 284-294 (2014).</li><li>Zhu, B., Kuhel, D. G., Witte, D. P., Hui, D. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Apolipoprotein+E+inhibits+neointimal+hyperplasia+after+arterial+injury+in+mice.">Apolipoprotein E inhibits neointimal hyperplasia after arterial injury in mice.</a> Am J Pathol. 157 (6), 1839-1848 (2000).</li><li>Fu, Y., Duru, E. A., Davies, M. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+metabolic+syndrome+on+the+response+to+arterial+injury.">Effect of metabolic syndrome on the response to arterial injury.</a> J Surg Res. , (2014).</li><li>Kuhel, D. G., Zhu, B., Witte, D. P., Hui, D. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Distinction+in+genetic+determinants+for+injury-induced+neointimal+hyperplasia+and+diet-induced+atherosclerosis+in+inbred+mice.">Distinction in genetic determinants for injury-induced neointimal hyperplasia and diet-induced atherosclerosis in inbred mice.</a> Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 22 (6), 955-960 (2002).</li><li>Cooley, B. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mouse+strain+differential+neointimal+response+in+vein+grafts+and+wire-injured+arteries.">Mouse strain differential neointimal response in vein grafts and wire-injured arteries.</a> Circ J. 71 (10), 1649-1652 (2007).</li><li>Ishigami, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deficiency+of+CuZn+superoxide+dismutase+promotes+inflammation+and+alters+medial+structure+following+vascular+injury.">Deficiency of CuZn superoxide dismutase promotes inflammation and alters medial structure following vascular injury.</a> J Atheroscler Thromb. 18 (11), 1009-1017 (2011).</li></ol>

The authors declare no competing financial interests.

La procedura lesioni filo è applicabile a tutti i ceppi di topi, purché le strutture anatomiche sono simili. 4 In questo lavoro, abbiamo utilizzato maschio C57BL / 6 topi con un&#39;età di 12-16 settimane. Come abbiamo imparato dai nostri studi preliminari, le arterie femorali di topi più giovani di 10 settimane sono spesso così piccole che l&#39;inserimento del filo è molto impegnativo. D&#39;altra parte, l&#39;inserimento del filo in topi vecchi a 16 settimane è tecnicamente più semplice, ma tende a...

In the era of expanded application of endovascular treatments for various cardiovascular diseases, restenosis after angioplasty is one of the major problems for patients undergoing such treatments. Damage to the vascular endothelium at the time of angioplasty, in concert with the atherosclerotic background, induces excessive smooth muscle cell proliferation in the medial layer, resulting in neointimal hyperplasia.1,2 A viable animal model that recapitulates post-angioplasty neointimal hyperplasia is, thus, important not only for the investigation of disease mechanisms but also for the development of effective therapeutics to treat this pathology.
Mice represent an excellent model animal to recapitulate neointimal hyperplasia for the following reasons: the genetic backgrounds of experimental mice are well established; a wide variety of genetically-modified strains are available;2 obtaining littermates of the same background is easy; and the cost of the animals is relatively low. Arterial ligation model and wire injury model are the two most common mouse models of mechanically-induced neointimal hyperplasia. The arterial ligation model is easy to create, but physiologically dissimilar to the actual angioplasty procedure. The wire injury model closely mimics actual angioplasty procedures but is technically difficult due to the small size of mouse arteries.2,3 Sata et al. first described a wire injury method for mouse femoral arteries based on the anatomical structure of the vasculature and the use of proper-sized flexible wire. Utilizing this technique, they succeeded in reproducibly inducing neointimal hyperplasia in various strains of mice.4
Although femoral wire injury is a well-established model, some of the technical aspects of the technique are highly challenging compared to other models such as ligation.5 The purpose of this paper is to describe our mouse wire injury model procedures in detail, which is a modified version of Sata&#8217;s original method. We have made two main modifications: 1) Looping only the arteries, and 2) No lidocaine use.

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a murine model of arterial restenosis: technical aspects of femoral wire injury

Le malattie cardiovascolari causate da aterosclerosi è la principale causa di morte nel mondo sviluppato. Restringimento del lume del vaso, a causa dello sviluppo della placca aterosclerotica o la rottura delle placche stabiliti, interrompe il normale flusso di sangue che porta a varie patologie, come l&#39;infarto del miocardio e ictus. Nella clinica procedure endovascolari, come l&#39;angioplastica sono comunemente eseguiti per riaprire il lume. Tuttavia, questi trattamenti inevitabilmente danneggiano la parete del serbatoio, nonché l&#39;endotelio vascolare, innescando una risposta guarigione eccessivo e lo sviluppo di una targa neointimale che si estende nel lume causando restenosi nave (ri-restringimento). Restenosi resta una delle principali cause di fallimento di trattamenti endovascolari per l&#39;aterosclerosi. Così, modelli animali preclinici di restenosi sono di vitale importanza per lo studio dei meccanismi fisiopatologici e traslazionale approcci per interventi vascolari. Tra diversi experime murinomodelli ntale, lesioni filo arteria femorale è ampiamente accettata come il più adatto per gli studi di restenosi post-angioplastica perché assomiglia da vicino la procedura di angioplastica che danneggia sia endotelio e parete del serbatoio. Tuttavia, molti ricercatori hanno difficoltà utilizzando questo modello grazie al suo elevato grado di difficoltà tecnica. Ciò è dovuto soprattutto un filo metallico deve essere inserito nell&#39;arteria femorale, che è circa tre volte più sottile il filo, per generare lesioni sufficiente ad indurre neointima prominente. Qui, descriviamo i dettagli chirurgici essenziali per superare efficacemente le maggiori difficoltà tecniche di questo modello. Seguendo le procedure presentate, eseguendo il pregiudizio del mouse filo femorale diventa più facile. Una volta familiarizzato, l&#39;intera procedura può essere completata entro 20 min.

Quattro settimane dopo l&#39;intervento, raccolgono l&#39;arteria femorale filo-feriti e rendono esemplare di blocco una paraffina per analizzare la formazione neointima. Indurre anestesia generale come descritto sopra. Aprire immediatamente il torace e inserire un calibro 20 farfalla ago al ventricolo sinistro. Collegare la linea ad una bottiglia di infusione. Eseguire la fissazione perfusione per infusione a goccia di PBS seguito da 4% paraformaldeide (di solito 10-20 ml, ciascuno). La bottiglia di infusione ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Murine Model of Arterial Restenosis: Technical Aspects of Femoral Wire Injury at JoVE.com

A Murine Model of Arterial Restenosis: Technical Aspects of Femoral Wire Injury

Il mouse filo arteria femorale modello di lesione di restenosi è tecnicamente impegnativo. In questo protocollo vi mostriamo i principali dettagli tecnici essenziali per eseguire con successo danno filo da indurre neointima coerente per gli studi di restenosi.

Un modello murino di restenosi arteriosa: aspetti tecnici del femore Wire Injury

Cardiovascular disease caused by atherosclerosis is the leading cause of death in the developed world. Narrowing of the vessel lumen, due to ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

19.9K Views.  University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health.  Il mouse filo arteria femorale modello di lesione di restenosi è tecnicamente impegnativo. In questo protocollo vi mostriamo i principali dettagli tecnici essenziali per eseguire con successo danno filo da indurre neointima coerente per gli studi di restenosi. 

Video: A Murine Model of Arterial Restenosis: Technical Aspects of Femoral Wire Injury

Microsurgical Venous Pouch Arterial-Bifurcation Aneurysms in the Rabbit Model: Technical Aspects

For ruptured human cerebral aneurysms endovascular embolization has become an equivalent alternative to aneurysm clipping.1 However, large clinical trials have shown disappointing long-term results with unacceptable high rates of aneurysm recanalization and delayed aneurysm rupture.2 To overcome these problems, animal experimental studies are crucial for the development of better endovascular devices.3-5
Several animal models in rats, rabbits, canines and swine are available.6-8 Comparisons of the different animal models showed the superiority of the rabbit model with regard to hemodynamics and comparability of the coagulation system and cost-effectiveness.9-11 
The venous pouch arterial bifurcation model in rabbits is formed by a venous pouch sutured into an artificially created true bifurcation of both common carotid arteries (CCA). The main advantage of this model are true bifurcational hemodynamics.12 The major drawbacks are the sofar high microsurgical technical demands and high morbidity and mortality rates of up to 50%.13 These limitations have resulted in less frequent use of this aneurysm model in the recent years. These shortcomings could be overcome with improved surgical procedures and modified peri- and postoperative analgetic management and anticoagulation.14-16 Our techniques reported in this paper demonstrate this optimized technique for microsurgical creation of arterial bifurcation aneurysms.

An optimized technique for the microsurgical creation of arterial bifurcation aneurysms mimicking bifurcation human cerebral aneurysms is described. A venous pouch is sutured into an artificially created true bifurcation of both common carotid arteries. Facilitated microsurgical techniques and aggressive postoperative anticoagulation and analgesia lead to minimized morbidity rates and high aneurysm patency rates.

Microchirurgia arteriosa, venosa Pouch biforcazione aneurismi nel modello Rabbit: Aspetti Tecnici

For ruptured human cerebral aneurysms endovascular embolization has become an equivalent alternative to aneurysm clipping.1 However, large clinical trials ...

Ricerca

Medicina

Femoral Arterial and Venous Catheterization for Blood Sampling, Drug Administration and Conscious Blood Pressure and Heart Rate Measurements

In multiple fields of study, access to the circulatory system in laboratory studies is necessary. Pharmacological studies in rats using chronically implanted catheters permit a researcher to effectively and humanely administer substances, perform repeated blood sampling and assists in conscious direct measurements of blood pressure and heart rate. Once the catheter is implanted long-term sampling is possible. Patency and catheter life depends on multiple factors including the lock solution used, flushing regimen and catheter material. This video will demonstrate the methodology of femoral artery and venous catheterization of the rat. In addition the video will demonstrate the use of the femoral venous and arterial catheters for blood sampling, drug administration and use of the arterial catheter in taking measurements of blood pressure and heart rate in a conscious freely-moving rat. A tether and harness attached to a swivel system will allow the animal to be housed and have samples taken by the researcher with minimal disruption to the animal. To maintain patency of the catheter, careful daily maintenance of the catheter is required using lock solution (100 U/ml heparinized saline), machine-ground blunt tip syringe needles and the use of syringe filters to minimize potential contamination. With careful aseptic surgical techniques, proper catheter materials and careful catheter maintenance techniques, it is possible to sustain patent catheters and healthy animals for long periods of time (several weeks).

Chronic catheterization of blood vessels in the rat is often required for administration of substances, obtain blood sample over a period of time or for direct conscious blood pressure measurements. Femoral arterial catheterization of the rat and corresponding measurements of blood pressure in the conscious animal will be demonstrated.

Femorale cateterismo arterioso e venoso per il campionamento del sangue, Drug Administration e pressione sanguigna consapevole e misure di frequenza cardiaca

In multiple fields of study, access to the circulatory system in laboratory studies is necessary. Pharmacological studies in rats using chronically ...

A Murine Model of Stent Implantation in the Carotid Artery for the Study of Restenosis

Despite the considerable progress made in the stent development in the last decades, cardiovascular diseases remain the main cause of death in western countries. Beside the benefits offered by the development of different drug-eluting stents, the coronary revascularization bears also the life-threatening risks of in-stent thrombosis and restenosis. Research on new therapeutic strategies is impaired by the lack of appropriate methods to study stent implantation and restenosis processes. Here, we describe a rapid and accessible procedure of stent implantation in mouse carotid artery, which offers the possibility to study in a convenient way the molecular mechanisms of vessel remodeling and the effects of different drug coatings.

A model of stent implantation in mouse carotid artery is described. Compared to other similar methods, this procedure is very rapid, simple and accessible, offering the possibility to study in a convenient way the vascular wall reaction to different drug-eluting stents and the molecular mechanisms of restenosis.

Un modello murino di impianto di stent a livello dell&#39;arteria carotidea per lo Studio della restenosi

Despite  the considerable progress made in the stent development in the last decades,  cardiovascular diseases remain the main cause of death in western ...

Technical Aspects of the Mouse Aortocaval Fistula

Technical aspects of creating an arteriovenous fistula in the mouse are discussed. Under general anesthesia, an abdominal incision is made, and the aorta and inferior vena cava (IVC) are exposed. The proximal infrarenal aorta and the distal aorta are dissected for clamp placement and needle puncture, respectively. Special attention is paid to avoid dissection between the aorta and the IVC. After clamping the aorta, a 25 G needle is used to puncture both walls of the aorta into the IVC. The surrounding connective tissue is used for hemostatic compression. Successful creation of the AVF will show pulsatile arterial blood flow in the IVC. Further confirmation of successful AVF can be achieved by post-operative Doppler ultrasound.

The goal is to produce an arteriovenous fistula that is simple and reproducible. This method does not use sutures or glue adhesive. Therefore the samples can be used with the least amount of foreign materials for analysis.

Aspetti tecnici della fistola aorto-cavale mouse

Technical aspects of creating an arteriovenous fistula in the mouse are discussed. Under general anesthesia, an abdominal incision is made, and the aorta ...

The Rabbit Blood-shunt Model for the Study of Acute and Late Sequelae of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Technical Aspects

Early brain injury and delayed cerebral vasospasm both contribute to unfavorable outcomes after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Reproducible and controllable animal models that simulate both conditions are presently uncommon. Therefore, new models are needed in order to mimic human pathophysiological conditions resulting from SAH.
This report describes the technical nuances of a rabbit blood-shunt SAH model that enables control of intracerebral pressure (ICP). An extracorporeal shunt is placed between the arterial system and the subarachnoid space, which enables examiner-independent SAH in a closed cranium. Step-by-step procedural instructions and necessary equipment are described, as well as technical considerations to produce the model with minimal mortality and morbidity. Important details required for successful surgical creation of this robust, simple and consistent ICP-controlled SAH rabbit model are described.

The experimental intracranial pressure-controlled blood shunt subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) model in the rabbit combines the standard procedures &#8212; subclavian artery cannulation and transcutaneous cisterna magna puncture, which enables close mimicking of human pathophysiological conditions after SAH. We present step-by-step instructions and discuss key surgical points for successful experimental SAH creation.

Il Coniglio Blood-shunt modello per lo studio di acuta e sequele tardive di emorragia subaracnoidea: Aspetti tecnici

Early brain injury and delayed cerebral vasospasm both contribute to unfavorable outcomes after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Reproducible and ...

A Simple Critical-sized Femoral Defect Model in Mice

While bone has a remarkable capacity for regeneration, serious bone trauma often results in damage that does not properly heal. In fact, one tenth of all limb bone fractures fail to heal completely due to the extent of the trauma, disease, or age of the patient. Our ability to improve bone regenerative strategies is critically dependent on the ability to mimic serious bone trauma in test animals, but the generation and stabilization of large bone lesions is technically challenging. In most cases, serious long bone trauma is mimicked experimentally by establishing a defect that will not naturally heal. This is achieved by complete removal of a bone segment that is larger than 1.5 times the diameter of the bone cross-section. The bone is then stabilized with a metal implant to maintain proper orientation of the fracture edges and allow for mobility. 
Due to their small size and the fragility of their long bones, establishment of such lesions in mice are beyond the capabilities of most research groups. As such, long bone defect models are confined to rats and larger animals. Nevertheless, mice afford significant research advantages in that they can be genetically modified and bred as immune-compromised strains that do not reject human cells and tissue.
Herein, we demonstrate a technique that facilitates the generation of a segmental defect in mouse femora using standard laboratory and veterinary equipment. With practice, fabrication of the fixation device and surgical implantation is feasible for the majority of trained veterinarians and animal research personnel. Using example data, we also provide methodologies for the quantitative analysis of bone healing for the model.

Animal models are frequently employed to mimic serious bone injury in biomedical research. Due to their small size, establishment of stabilized bone lesions in mice are beyond the capabilities of most research groups. Herein, we describe a simple method for establishing and analyzing experimental femoral defects in mice.

Un semplice Critical dimensioni femorale Difetto Modello in Mice

While bone has a remarkable capacity for regeneration, serious bone trauma often results in damage that does not properly heal. In fact, one tenth of all ...

Murine Model of Femoral Artery Wire Injury with Implantation of a Perivascular Drug Delivery Patch

Percutaneous interventions including balloon angioplasty and stenting have been used to restore blood flow in vessels with occlusive vascular disease. While these therapies lead to the rapid restoration of blood flow, these technologies remain limited by restenosis in the case of bare metal stents and angioplasty, or reduced healing and possibly enhanced risk of thrombosis in the case of drug eluting stents. A key pathophysiological mechanism in the formation of restenosis is intimal hyperplasia caused by the activation of vascular smooth muscle cells and inflammation due to arterial stretch and injury. Surgeries that induce arterial injury in genetically modified mice are useful for the mechanistic study of the vascular response to injury but are often technically challenging to perform in mouse models due to the their small size and lack of appropriate sized devices. We describe two approaches for a surgical technique that induces endothelial denudation and arterial stretch in the femoral artery of mice to produce robust neointimal hyperplasia. The first approach creates an arteriotomy in the muscular branch of the femoral artery to obtain vascular access. Following wire injury this arterial branch is ligated to close the arteriotomy. A second approach creates an arteriotomy in the main femoral artery that is later closed through localized cautery. This method allows for vascular access through a larger vessel and, consequently, provides a less technically demanding procedure that can be used in smaller mice. Following either method of arterial injury, a degradable drug delivery patch can be placed over or around the injured artery to deliver therapeutic agents.

We describe a surgical technique that produces wire injury in the femoral artery of mice to induce neointimal hyperplasia to serve as a model testing system for the perivascular delivery of therapeutic compounds for the inhibition of restenosis.

Modello murino di dall&#39;arteria femorale Wire Injury con impianto di una Perivascolare Drug Delivery Patch

Percutaneous interventions including balloon angioplasty and stenting have been used to restore blood flow in vessels with occlusive vascular disease. ...

Murine Model of Intestinal Ischemia-reperfusion Injury

Intestinal ischemia is a life-threatening condition associated with a broad range of clinical conditions including atherosclerosis, thrombosis, hypotension, necrotizing enterocolitis, bowel transplantation, trauma and chronic inflammation. Intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury is a consequence of acute mesenteric ischemia, caused by inadequate blood flow through the mesenteric vessels, resulting in intestinal damage. Reperfusion following ischemia can further exacerbate damage of the intestine. The mechanisms of IR injury are complex and poorly understood. Therefore, experimental small animal models are critical for understanding the pathophysiology of IR injury and the development of novel therapies.
Here we describe a mouse model of acute intestinal IR injury that provides reproducible injury of the small intestine without mortality. This is achieved by inducing ischemia in the region of the distal ileum by temporally occluding the peripheral and terminal collateral branches of the superior mesenteric artery for 60 min using microvascular clips. Reperfusion for 1 hr, or 2 hr after injury results in reproducible injury of the intestine examined by histological analysis. Proper position of the microvascular clips is critical for the procedure. Therefore the video clip provides a detailed visual step-by-step description of this technique. This model of intestinal IR injury can be utilized to study the cellular and molecular mechanisms of injury and regeneration.

Here we describe the detailed procedure of intestinal ischemia-reperfusion in mice which results in reproducible injury without mortality to encourage the standardization of this technique across the field. This model of intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury can be utilized to study the cellular and molecular mechanisms of injury and regeneration.

Modello murino di ischemia-riperfusione intestinale Injury

Intestinal ischemia is a life-threatening condition associated with a broad range of clinical conditions including atherosclerosis, thrombosis, ...

Induction of Accelerated Atherosclerosis in Mice: The "Wire-Injury" Model

Atherosclerosis is a proliferative fibro-inflammatory disease developing in the arterial wall, inducing a deficient blood flow or a lack of blood flow. Moreover, by rupture of the defective vascular wall, atherosclerosis induces occlusive thrombus formation, which represents the main cause of myocardial infarction or stroke and the most frequent cause of death. Despite the advances in the cardiovascular field, many questions remain unanswered, and additional basic research is essential to improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms during atherosclerosis and its effects. Due to limited clinical studies, there is a need for representative animal models recreating atherosclerotic conditions such as neointima formation after stent implantation, balloon angioplasty, or endarterectomy. Since the mouse presents many advantages and is the most frequently used model for studying molecular processes, the current study proposes an invasive procedure of endothelial denudation, also known as the wire-injury model, which is representative of the human condition of neointima formation in arteries after revascularization procedures.

Induction of Accelerated Atherosclerosis in Mice: The &quot;Wire-Injury&quot; Model

This study describes an invasive procedure for the induction of accelerated atherosclerosis in mice. In comparison to other methods using electric- or cryo-induced injury, mechanical-induced injury mimics the human condition of restenosis after revascularization therapies and is ideal for the study of the molecular mechanisms involved.

Induzione di aterosclerosi accelerata nei topi: il modello "Wire-Injury"

Atherosclerosis is a proliferative fibro-inflammatory disease developing in the arterial wall, inducing a deficient blood flow or a lack of blood flow. ...

Open Tracheostomy Gastric Acid Aspiration Murine Model of Acute Lung Injury Results in Maximal Acute Nonlethal Lung Injury

Acid pneumonitis is a major cause of sterile acute lung injury (ALI) in humans. Acid pneumonitis spans the clinical spectrum from asymptomatic to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), characterized by neutrophilic alveolitis, and injury to both alveolar epithelium and vascular endothelium. Clinically, ARDS is defined by acute onset of hypoxemia, bilateral patchy pulmonary infiltrates and non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema. Human studies have provided us with valuable information about the physiological and inflammatory changes in the lung caused by ARDS, which has led to various hypotheses about the underling mechanisms. Unfortunately, difficulties determining the etiology of ARDS, as well as a wide range of pathophysiology have resulted in a lack of critical information that could be useful in developing therapeutic strategies.
Translational animal models are valuable when their pathogenesis and pathophysiology accurately reproduce a concept proven in both in vitro and clinical settings. Although large animal models (e.g., sheep) share characteristics of the anatomy of human trachea-bronchial tree, murine models provide a host of other advantages including: low cost; short reproductive cycle lending itself to greater data acquisition; a well understood immunologic system; and a well characterized genome leading to the availability of a variety of gene deletion and transgenic strains. A robust model of low pH induced ARDS requires a murine ALI that targets mainly the alveolar epithelium, secondarily the vascular endothelium, as well as the small airways leading to the alveoli. Furthermore, a reproducible injury with wide differences between different injurious and non-injurious insults is important.
The murine gastric acid aspiration model presented here using hydrochloric acid employs an open tracheostomy and recreates a pathogenic scenario that reproduces the low pH pneumonitis injury in humans. Additionally, this model can be used to examine interaction of a low pH insult with other pulmonary injurious entities (e.g., food particles, pathogenic bacteria).

This protocol induces acute lung injury in a mouse that has close fidelity to the pathogenesis of acid pneumonitis observed in humans. We generate a maximal acute nonlethal low pH lung injury and account for differences in rodent-human anatomic respiratory structure using an open tracheostomy coupled with circumferential pressure release.

Aprire tracheostomia gastrico acido aspirazione Modello murino di lesioni polmonari acute Risultati in massima acuta non letale Lung Injury

Acid pneumonitis is a major cause of sterile acute lung injury (ALI) in humans. Acid pneumonitis spans the clinical spectrum from asymptomatic to acute ...