Ringraziamo il Dott. Alexander Flugel (Martinsried, Germania) per averci fornito la GFP-etichettata, ovalbumina specifica linea cellulare T utilizzati in questo protocollo.

1. La stimolazione del ovalbumina specifici dei linfociti T Riposo ovalbumina specifiche cellule T vengono stimolati con ovalbumina in presenza del combustibile irraggiato timociti di ratto Lewis (30 Gy) come cellule presentanti l&#39;antigene (APC), in media stimolazione (Preparare in DMEM + Pen / Strep / L-Glut + + NEAA RPMI Vitamine + + 2ME Rat Siero + ovoalbumina, alle concentrazioni finale indicato nella lista dei materiali.) Rat preparazione del siero <ol><li> Prendiamo siero dai topi ci sacrifichiamo come donatori di timo. </li><li> I ratti sono profondamente anestetizzati per inalazione alotano e il sangue il più possibile è tratto da perfusione cardiaca (5-10 ml per topo) con siringhe da 10 ml e 23 G 1 &quot;aghi, dopo di che i ratti sono immediatamente decapitati per assicurare la morte. </li><li> Il sangue viene lasciato coagulare per 10 minuti a 37 ° C seguita da 10 minuti sul ghiaccio. </li><li> Il coagulo viene rimosso e il liquido rimasto filate. </li><li> Il siero viene raccolto, sterile, filtrata e conservati a -20 ° C. </li></ol> Preparazione delle cellule presentanti l&#39;antigene <ol><li> Prendete il timo di un topo decapitato con strumenti sterili e collocarlo in PBS contenente penicillina e streptomicina (PBS-PS), sul ghiaccio. </li><li> Prendete il timo ad un cappuccio colture di tessuti, pulirlo da coaguli di sangue e altri tessuti contaminare e tagliarlo a piccoli pezzi in un colino cella (Fisher # 08-771-2) posto in una capsula di Petri di 10 cm contenente 10 ml di PBS- PS. </li><li> Ogni pezzo viene premuto attraverso il filtro delle cellule utilizzando il retro di una sterile uno stantuffo della siringa ml. Raccogliere la sospensione singola cella in una provetta da 50 ml su ghiaccio. </li><li> Sciacquare il filtro cella con 20-40 ml di più di PBS-PS. Centrifugare la sospensione a 1250g e risospendere il pellet in PBS-PS, 5 ml / timo, sul ghiaccio. </li><li> Irradiare questa sospensione (30 Gy) in un irradiatore gamma e immediatamente lavare due volte con 50 ml di PBS-PS. Nota: I migliori donatori timo sono ratti adulti giovani, 5-7 settimane di età. Ratti fino a 10 settimane può essere utilizzato, ma il numero delle cellule diminuisce con il tempo. Genere non è importante, anche se alcune persone dicono che i maschi sono meglio i donatori timo. Usiamo sempre le femmine, perché tutti i nostri animali sono alloggiati nella stessa stanza e non vogliamo che maschi e femmine nella stessa stanza. </li></ol> Stimolazione <ol><li> Lavare i linfociti T, una volta e contarli. </li><li> Contare le cellule presentanti l&#39;antigene. </li><li> Mescolare 3 x 10 6 ovalbumina specifiche cellule T con 150 x 10 6 APC in un piatto da 10 cm di Petri contenente 10 ml di terreno stimolazione. </li><li> Incubare per 48 ore a 37 ° C. </li></ol> 2. Trasferimento adottivo del ovalbumina specifici linfociti T <ol><li> I ratti che usiamo come destinatari sono femmine 7-10 settimane di vita. </li><li> Contare i linfociti T, dovrebbero essere grandi e rotondi. Le cellule presentanti l&#39;antigene sarà morto. </li><li> Centrifugare i linfociti T e risospendere loro a 10 x 10 6 cellule / ml in PBS. </li><li> Iniettare 1 ml per via intraperitoneale con siringhe da 3 ml e 23 G 1 &quot;aghi. </li></ol> 3. Sfida con l&#39;antigene nell&#39;orecchio <ol><li> Due giorni dopo il trasferimento adottivo, iniettare 20 ml di un 1 mg / ml soluzione ovalbumina (antigene = necessario) da un orecchio e salino (o antigene irrilevante) a l&#39;altro orecchio. Non filtrare la soluzione antigene come è possibile perdere aggregati che aumentare la reazione infiammatoria. Nota: I ratti devono essere anestetizzati per evitare movimenti. Se siete di mano destra, tenere l&#39;orecchio tra il pollice sinistro e l&#39;indice, l&#39;indice è dentro l&#39;orecchio e il topo rivolto verso l&#39;alto. </li><li> Iniettare la soluzione nel padiglione dell&#39;orecchio con 27G ½ &quot;aghi. Prova a iniettare tutti i topi esattamente nello stesso luogo. </li></ol> 4. Misura della DTH <ol><li> L&#39;orecchio inizierà a girare rossa e gonfia come un segno di infiammazione. Misurare lo spessore di ciascun orecchio con una molla micrometro (per esempio il modello PK-0505 da Mitutoyo). </li><li> Prendere 5-6 misurazioni per ciascun orecchio ad ogni time-point e calcolare la media. </li><li> Il gonfiore massimo dovrebbe avvenire tra il 24 e 72 ore. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Beeton, C., Barbaria, J., Devaux, J., Benoliel, A. -. M., Gola, M., Sabatier, J. -. M., Bernard, D., Crest, M., Beraud, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Selective+blocking+of+voltage-gated+K++channels+treats+experimental+autoimmune+encephalomyelitis+and+inhibits+T-cell+activation.">Selective blocking of voltage-gated K+ channels treats experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and inhibits T-cell activation.</a> J. Immunol. , 166-936 (2001).</li><li>Beeton, C., Chandy, K. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Induction+and+monitoring+of+active+delayed+type+hypersensitivity+(DTH)in+rats.">Induction and monitoring of active delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH)in rats.</a> J Vis Exp. (5), (2007).</li></ol>

La sfida antigenico può essere eseguita anche in altri siti, ad esempio nella pelle della schiena (2). Noi però scoprire che impegnativo. Utilizzando il padiglione dell&#39;orecchio, come mostrato in questo video, permette per la misurazione più precisa della reazione DTH.

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		<th>Type</th>
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		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
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<td>DMEM</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Gibco/Invitrogen</td>
<td>12430-062</td>
<td>500ml</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Sodium pyruvate</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>S8636</td>
<td>1 mM final, in Stimulation medium</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Penicillin &#x2013; Streptomycin &#x2013; L-Glutamine</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Cambrex/BioWhittaker</td>
<td>17-718R</td>
<td>100 u/ml - 100 &micro;g/ml - 4 mM respectively, final, in Stimulation Medium </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Non essential amino acids</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>R7131</td>
<td>NEAA, 1% final, in Stimulation Medium</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>RPMI vitamins</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>R7256</td>
<td>1% final, in Stimulation medium</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>beta-mercaptoethanol</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>M6250</td>
<td>2ME, 50 &micro;M final, in Stimulation Medium</td>
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<tr>
<td>Syngeneic rat serum</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>1% final. See explanation in Protocol.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ovalbumin</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>A5503</td>
<td>10 &micro;g/ml final, in Stimulation Medium.</td>
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induction and monitoring of adoptive delayed-type hypersensitivity in rats

Ipersensibilità di tipo ritardato (DTH) è una reazione infiammatoria mediata dai linfociti memoria CCR7-T effettrici che si infiltrano nel sito di iniezione di un antigene contro il quale il sistema immunitario è stato innescato. La reazione infiammatoria è caratterizzata da arrossamento e gonfiore nel sito di uno stimolo antigenico. Si tratta di un modello pratico per determinare l&#39;efficacia in vivo di immunosoppressori. DTH cutanea può essere indotta in seguito a trasferimenti adottivo di antigene-specifica dei linfociti T o per l&#39;immunizzazione attiva con un antigene, e la successiva sfida intradermica con l&#39;antigene per indurre la reazione infiammatoria della pelle in una zona determinata. Risposte DTH può essere indotto a vari antigeni, per l&#39;ovoalbumina esempio, tubercolina, tossoide tetanico, o hemocyanin patelle buco della serratura. Tali reazioni possono anche essere indotta contro autoantigene, ad esempio per proteina basica della mielina (MBP) nei ratti con encefalomielite autoimmune sperimentale indotta con MBP, un modello animale di sclerosi multipla (1). Qui mostriamo come per indurre una risposta adottiva DTH nei ratti Lewis. Per prima cosa stimolare ovalbumina specifiche cellule T in vitro e iniettare queste cellule attivate via intraperitoneale a ratti ingenuo. Dopo che permette alle cellule di equilibrare in vivo per 2 giorni, ci sarà una sfida per i topi con ovalbumina nel padiglione di un orecchio, mentre l&#39;altro orecchio wil ricevono soluzione salina. La reazione infiammatoria sarà visibile 3-72 ore dopo l&#39;orecchio e lo spessore sarà misurato come indice di gravità DTH.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Induction and Monitoring of Adoptive Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity in Rats at JoVE.com

Induction and Monitoring of Adoptive Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity in Rats

Ipersensibilità di tipo ritardato (DTH) è una reazione infiammatoria mediata da CCR7-memoria T effettrici (TEM) linfociti. Qui mostriamo come attivare antigene-specifiche cellule TEM, inducono DTH adottivi nei ratti Lewis e monitorare la risposta infiammatoria.

Induzione e Monitoraggio adottivi di ipersensibilità ritardata nei ratti

Delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) is an inflammatory reaction mediated by CCR7- effector memory T lymphocytes that infiltrate the site of injection of ...

induction-monitoring-adoptive-delayed-type-hypersensitivity

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JoVE Journal

Biology

11.8K Views.  University of California, Irvine (UCI). Ipersensibilità di tipo ritardato (DTH) è una reazione infiammatoria mediata da CCR7-memoria T effettrici (TEM) linfociti. Qui mostriamo come attivare antigene-specifiche cellule TEM, inducono DTH adottivi nei ratti Lewis e monitorare la risposta infiammatoria.

Video: Induction and Monitoring of Adoptive Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity in Rats

Induction and Monitoring of Active Delayed Type Hypersensitivity (DTH) in Rats

Delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) is an inflammatory reaction mediated by CCR7- effector memory T lymphocytes that infiltrate the site of injection of an antigen against which the immune system has been primed. The inflammatory reaction is characterized by redness and swelling of the site of antigenic challenge. It is a convenient model to determine the in vivo efficacy of immunosuppressants. Cutaneous DTH can be induced either by adoptive transfer of antigen-specific T lymphocytes or by active immunization with an antigen, and subsequent intradermal challenge with the antigen to induce the inflammatory reaction in a given skin area. DTH responses can be induced to various antigens, for example ovalbumin, tuberculin, tetanus toxoid, or keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH).
Here we demonstrate how to induce an active DTH reaction in Lewis rats. We will first prepare a water-in-oil emulsion of KLH, our antigen of interest, in complete Freund's adjuvant and inject this emulsion subcutaneously to rats. This will prime the immune system to develop memory T cells directed to KLH. Seven days later we will challenge the rats intradermally on the back with KLH on one side and with ovalbumin, an irrelevant antigen, on the other side. The inflammatory reaction will be visible 16-72 hours later and the red and swollen area will be measured as an indication of DTH severity.

Induction and Monitoring of Active Delayed Type Hypersensitivity DTH in Rats

Delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) is an inflammatory reaction mediated by CCR7- effector memory T lymphocytes. Here we demonstrate how to induce active DTH in Lewis rats and monitor the inflammatory response.

Induzione e Monitoraggio di Active ipersensibilità di tipo ritardato (DTH) in ratti

Ricerca

Biologia

Imaging Effector Memory T cells in the Ear After Induction of Adoptive DTH

Delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) is an immune reaction in which the main players are CCR7- effector / memory T lymphocytes. Here, we demonstrate a method for inducing and recording the progress of a DTH reaction in the rat ear. This is followed by a demonstration of the preparation of rat ear tissue for two-photon imaging of the CCR7- effector / memory T cell response.
An adoptive DTH is induced by the intraperitoneal injection of GFP-labeled Ova-specific CCR7- effector / memory T cell line (Beeton, C J. Visualized Experiments, Issue 8). Cells are then allowed to equilibrate in the rat for 48 hours before challenge by injecting one ear with saline (control ear) and the other with a 1:1 mix of Ova and Ova conjugated to Texas-Red (Ova-TR) to allow visualization of resident antigen-presenting cells.
We describe a method of tissue preparation useful for imaging the motility of cells within the deep dermal layer during an immune response, in conjunction with visualization of collagen fibers by second harmonic generation. Ear tissue is cut into 5 x 5 mm squares (slightly larger is better) and mounted onto plastic cover slips using Vetbond&trade;, which are then secured using silicone grease in an imaging chamber and superfused by oxygen-bubbled tissue culture medium at 37&deg;C.

Here we demonstrate a method for inducing and recording the progress of a delayed type-hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction in the rat ear. This is followed by a demonstration of the preparation of rat ear tissue for two-photon imaging of the effector / memory T cell response.

Imaging Effector cellule T di memoria nell&#39;orecchio dopo l&#39;induzione di DTH adottivi

Delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) is an immune reaction in which the main players are CCR7- effector / memory T lymphocytes. Here, we demonstrate a ...

Assay for Neural Induction in the Chick Embryo

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ideal tool for studying the formation and initial patterning of the nervous system. This video demonstrates how to graft organizer tissue into a host, a method by which Hensen s node (the organizer in the chick embryo) is grafted to a host competent ectoderm. The organizer graft instructs overlying na ve tissue to adopt a neural fate via neural inducing signals. This mechanism is referred to as neural induction, and constitutes the initial step in the formation of brain and spinal cord in amniotes. This method is essentially used for the characterization of putative neural inducing molecules in chick. This video demonstrates the different steps in the assay for neural induction; First, the donnor embryo is explanted and pinned on a dish. Then, the host embryo is prepared for New culture. The graft is excised and transplanted to the host area pellucida margin. The host is cultured for 18-22 hrs. The assembly is fixed and processed for further applications (e.g. in situ hybridization). This method was originally devised by Waddington 1,2 and Gallera 3,4.

Neural induction is the first step in the formation of the brain. It is a mechanism by which Hensen's node (organizer), instructs adjacent tissue to adopt a neural fate, i.e. to give rise to the nervous system. This video demonstrates an assay for neural induction in chick embryo.

Test di induzione neurale nell&#39;embrione Chick

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ...

Changes in Mammary Gland Morphology and Breast Cancer Risk in Rats

Studies in rodent models of breast cancer show that exposures to dietary/hormonal factors during the in utero and pubertal periods, when the mammary gland undergoes extensive modeling and re-modeling, alter susceptibility to carcinogen-induced mammary tumors. Similar findings have been described in humans: for example, high birthweight increases later risk of developing breast cancer, and dietary intake of soy during childhood decreases breast cancer risk. It is thought that these prenatal and postnatal dietary modifications induce persistent morphological changes in the mammary gland that in turn modify breast cancer risk later in life. These morphological changes likely reflect epigenetic modifications, such as changes in DNA methylation, histones and miRNA expression that then affect gene transcription . In this article we describe how changes in mammary gland morphology can predict mammary cancer risk in rats. Our protocol specifically describes how to dissect and remove the rat abdominal mammary gland and how to prepare mammary gland whole mounts. It also describes how to analyze mammary gland morphology according to three end-points (number of terminal end buds, epithelial elongation and differentiation) and to use the data to predict risk of developing mammary cancer.

Our protocol describes how to dissect the rat abdominal mammary gland and how to prepare mammary gland whole mounts. It also describes how to analyze mammary gland morphology using three end-points (number of terminal end buds, epithelial elongation and differentiation) and to use these results to predict mammary cancer risk in rats which were exposed to dietary modifications in utero or during prepuberty.

Cambiamenti nella morfologia della ghiandola mammaria e rischio di cancro al seno in topi

Studies in rodent models of breast cancer show that exposures to dietary/hormonal factors during the in utero and pubertal periods, when the mammary gland ...

Induction and Testing of Hypoxia in Cell Culture

Hypoxia is defined as the reduction or lack of oxygen in organs, tissues, or cells. This decrease of oxygen tension can be due to a reduced supply in oxygen (causes include insufficient blood vessel network, defective blood vessel, and anemia) or to an increased consumption of oxygen relative to the supply (caused by a sudden higher cell proliferation rate). Hypoxia can be physiologic or pathologic such as in solid cancers 1-3, rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis etc&#x2026; Each tissues and cells have a different ability to adapt to this new condition. During hypoxia, hypoxia inducible factor alpha (HIF) is stabilized and regulates various genes such as those involved in angiogenesis or transport of oxygen 4. The stabilization of this protein is a hallmark of hypoxia, therefore detecting HIF is routinely used to screen for hypoxia 5-7. 
In this article, we propose two simple methods to induce hypoxia in mammalian cell cultures and simple tests to evaluate the hypoxic status of these cells.

Here we propose simple methods to induce hypoxia in cell cultures and simple tests to evaluate the hypoxic status of the cultures.

Induzione e test di ipossia in coltura cellulare

Hypoxia is defined as the reduction or lack of oxygen in organs, tissues, or cells.  This decrease of oxygen tension can be due to a reduced supply in ...

Efficient Derivation of Human Cardiac Precursors and Cardiomyocytes from Pluripotent Human Embryonic Stem Cells with Small Molecule Induction

To date, the lack of a suitable human cardiac cell source has been the major setback in regenerating the human myocardium, either by cell-based transplantation or by cardiac tissue engineering1-3. Cardiomyocytes become terminally-differentiated soon after birth and lose their ability to proliferate. There is no evidence that stem/progenitor cells derived from other sources, such as the bone marrow or the cord blood, are able to give rise to the contractile heart muscle cells following transplantation into the heart1-3. The need to regenerate or repair the damaged heart muscle has not been met by adult stem cell therapy, either endogenous or via cell delivery1-3. The genetically stable human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have unlimited expansion ability and unrestricted plasticity, proffering a pluripotent reservoir for in vitro derivation of large supplies of human somatic cells that are restricted to the lineage in need of repair and regeneration4,5. Due to the prevalence of cardiovascular disease worldwide and acute shortage of donor organs, there is intense interest in developing hESC-based therapies as an alternative approach. However, how to channel the wide differentiation potential of pluripotent hESCs efficiently and predictably to a desired phenotype has been a major challenge for both developmental study and clinical translation. Conventional approaches rely on multi-lineage inclination of pluripotent cells through spontaneous germ layer differentiation, resulting in inefficient and uncontrollable lineage-commitment that is often followed by phenotypic heterogeneity and instability, hence, a high risk of tumorigenicity6-8 (see a schematic in Fig. 1A). In addition, undefined foreign/animal biological supplements and/or feeders that have typically been used for the isolation, expansion, and differentiation of hESCs may make direct use of such cell-specialized grafts in patients problematic9-11. To overcome these obstacles, we have resolved the elements of a defined culture system necessary and sufficient for sustaining the epiblast pluripotence of hESCs, serving as a platform for de novo derivation of clinically-suitable hESCs and effectively directing such hESCs uniformly towards clinically-relevant lineages by small molecules12 (see a schematic in Fig. 1B). After screening a variety of small molecules and growth factors, we found that such defined conditions rendered nicotinamide (NAM) sufficient to induce the specification of cardiomesoderm direct from pluripotent hESCs that further progressed to cardioblasts that generated human beating cardiomyocytes with high efficiency (Fig. 2). We defined conditions for induction of cardioblasts direct from pluripotent hESCs without an intervening multi-lineage embryoid body stage, enabling well-controlled efficient derivation of a large supply of human cardiac cells across the spectrum of developmental stages for cell-based therapeutics.

We have established a protocol for induction of cardioblasts direct from pluripotent human embryonic stem cells maintained under defined conditions with small molecules, which enables derivation of a large supply of human cardiac progenitors and functional cardiomyocytes for cardiovascular repair.

Derivazione efficiente dei diritti dell&#39;uomo e precursori cardiaci e cardiomiociti pluripotenti da cellule staminali embrionali umane con induzione piccole molecole

To date, the lack of a suitable human cardiac cell source has been the major setback in regenerating the human myocardium, either by cell-based ...

Long-term Lethal Toxicity Test with the Crustacean Artemia franciscana

Our research activities target the use of biological methods for the evaluation of environmental quality, with particular reference to saltwater/brackish water and sediment. The choice of biological indicators must be based on reliable scientific knowledge and, possibly, on the availability of standardized procedures. In this article, we present a standardized protocol that used the marine crustacean Artemia to evaluate the toxicity of chemicals and/or of marine environmental matrices. Scientists propose that the brine shrimp (Artemia) is a suitable candidate for the development of a standard bioassay for worldwide utilization. A number of papers have been published on the toxic effects of various chemicals and toxicants on brine shrimp (Artemia). The major advantage of this crustacean for toxicity studies is the overall availability of the dry cysts; these can be immediately used in testing and difficult cultivation is not demanded1,2. Cyst-based toxicity assays are cheap, continuously available, simple and reliable and are thus an important answer to routine needs of toxicity screening, for industrial monitoring requirements or for regulatory purposes3. The proposed method involves the mortality as an endpoint. The numbers of survivors were counted and percentage of deaths were calculated. Larvae were considered dead if they did not exhibit any internal or external movement during several seconds of observation4. This procedure was standardized testing a reference substance (Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate); some results are reported in this work. This article accompanies a video that describes the performance of procedural toxicity testing, showing all the steps related to the protocol.

Long-term Lethal Toxicity Test with the Crustacean Artemia franciscana

This study concerns the development and standardization of a valuable methodological protocol to determine long-term (14 days) lethal toxicity exerted by chemical substances, industrial wastewater or sewage and liquid environmental samples on the saltwater crustacean, Artemia franciscana.

A lungo termine del test di tossicità letale con il crostaceo Artemia franciscana</em

Our research activities target the use of biological methods for the evaluation of environmental quality, with particular reference to saltwater/brackish ...

Induction and Analysis of Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition

Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is essential for proper morphogenesis during development. Misregulation of this process has been implicated as a key event in fibrosis and the progression of carcinomas to a metastatic state. Understanding the processes that underlie EMT is imperative for the early diagnosis and clinical control of these disease states. Reliable induction of EMT in vitro is a useful tool for drug discovery as well as to identify common gene expression signatures for diagnostic purposes. Here we demonstrate a straightforward method for the induction of EMT in a variety of cell types. Methods for the analysis of cells pre- and post-EMT induction by immunocytochemistry are also included. Additionally, we demonstrate the effectiveness of this method through antibody-based array analysis and migration/invasion assays.

A straightforward method is described for the induction of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in a variety of cell types. Methods for the analysis of cells in EMT states by immunocytochemistry are included.

Induzione e Analisi dei epiteliale a Mesenchymal Transizione

Epithelial  to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is essential for proper morphogenesis during  development. Misregulation of this  process has been implicated ...

In Vitro Synthesis of Modified mRNA for Induction of Protein Expression in Human Cells

The exogenous delivery of coding synthetic messenger RNA (mRNA) for induction of protein synthesis in desired cells has enormous potential in the fields of regenerative medicine, basic cell biology, treatment of diseases, and reprogramming of cells. Here, we describe a step by step protocol for generation of modified mRNA with reduced immune activation potential and increased stability, quality control of produced mRNA, transfection of cells with mRNA and verification of the induced protein expression by flow cytometry. Up to 3 days after a single transfection with eGFP mRNA, the transfected HEK293 cells produce eGFP. In this video article, the synthesis of eGFP mRNA is described as an example. However, the procedure can be applied for production of other desired mRNA. Using the synthetic modified mRNA, cells can be induced to transiently express the desired proteins, which they normally would not express.

In Vitro Synthesis of Modified mRNA for Induction of Protein Expression in Human Cells

In this video article, we describe the in vitro synthesis of modified mRNA for induction of protein expression in cells.

In vitro Sintesi di mRNA modificata per l&#39;induzione di espressione della proteina nelle cellule umane

The exogenous delivery of coding synthetic messenger RNA (mRNA) for induction of protein synthesis in desired cells has enormous potential in the fields ...

Quantitative Proteomics Workflow using Multiple Reaction Monitoring Based Detection of Proteins from Human Brain Tissue

The proteomic analysis of the human brain tissue over the last decade has greatly enhanced our understanding of the brain. However, brain related disorders continue to be a major contributor of deaths around the world, necessitating the need for even greater understanding of their pathobiology. Traditional antibody-based techniques like western blotting or immunohistochemistry suffer from being low-throughput besides being labor-intensive and qualitative or semi-quantitative. Even conventional mass spectrometry-based shotgun approaches fail to provide conclusive evidence to support a certain hypothesis. Targeted proteomics approaches are largely hypothesis driven and differ from the conventional shotgun proteomics approaches that have been long in use. Multiple reaction monitoring is one such targeted approach that requires the use of a special mass spectrometer called the tandem quadrupole mass spectrometer or triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. In the current study, we have systematically highlighted the major steps involved in performing a successful tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry-based proteomics workflow using human brain tissue with an aim to introduce this workflow to a broader research community.

The protocol aims to introduce the use of a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer for Multiple Reaction Monitoring (MRM) of proteins from clinical samples. We have provided a systematic workflow starting from sample preparation to data analysis for clinical samples with all the necessary precautions to be taken.

Flusso di lavoro di proteomica quantitativa utilizzando il rilevamento basato sul monitoraggio di reazioni multiple di proteine dal tessuto cerebrale umano