Questo lavoro è stato sostenuto dal Canadian Institute of Health Research. CSC è stato finanziato da una borsa di studio post-dottorato della scienze naturali e ingegneria Research Council del Canada. FD è un Tier II Canada Research Chair.

<html> Ricostituzione del processo globale Il processo inizia ricostituzione miscelando la membrana proteina scaffold (MSP) con il complesso purificato MalFGK 2 in presenza di detergente-solubilizzate fosfolipidi. La fase è seguita dalla rimozione lenta del detergente da un materiale adsorbente polistirene chiamato Bio-Beads o Amberlite (Figura 1). L&#39;auto-assemblaggio processo si verifica molto probabilmente a causa delle interazioni tra i fosfolipidi apolari idrofobici, la MalFGK 2 complessi e la superficie della proteina MSP anfipatica. Il prodotto finale è una particella discoide fatta di due molecole di MSP incarto attorno al complesso 2 MalFGK. Le particelle vengono separate dalle addotti e aggregati di ultra-centrifugazione analitica e cromatografia ad esclusione dimensionale. Le particelle sono caratterizzate da native-gel elettroforesi e spettroscopia dispersione della luce dinamica. titolo &quot;&gt; 1. Preparazione della membrana impalcatura proteica, MSP <ol><li> Il suo tag-MSP (versione MSP1D1 1) è prodotto da pMSP1D1 plasmidi in E. coli BL21 (DE3) indotta a OD 600 ~ 0,5 con 0,5 mM isopropil β-D-1-tiogalattopiranoside per 3 ore a 37 ° C. </li><li> Le cellule vengono raccolte mediante centrifugazione a 5000 xg per 10 min a 4 ° C e risospese in tampone contenente 100 TSG10 fluoruro phenylmethanesulfonyl pM. </li><li> Le cellule vengono lisate con una pressa French (3x) a 8000 psi e il materiale insolubile è rimosso per centrifugazione a 5000 xg per 10 min a 4 ° C. La frazione solubile contenente l&#39;MSP è isolato da ultra-centrifugazione a 125.000 xg per 45 min. </li><li> La MSP è purificato dal nichel-chelante cromatografia usando ~ 1,5 ml Ni Sepharose HP TSG10 buffer. Contaminanti vengono lavati via con TSG10 tampone contenente 50 mM imidazolo. La MSP è eluita con TSG10 tampone contenente 600 mMimidazolo. La proteina purificata è dializzato in TSG10 tampone e conservati in -70 ° C ad una concentrazione proteica di ~ 10-15 mg / ml. </li></ol> 2. Preparazione del Complex 2 MalFGK <ol><li> Il complesso MalFGK 2, la-etichettato al C-terminale della MalK, viene espressa dal plasmide pBAD22-FGK in E. coli BL21 (DE3) e indotto a OD 600 ~ 0,5 con 0,2% di L-arabinosio per 3 ore a 37 ° C. </li><li> Seguendo la lisi cellulare e centrifugazione come nel passo 1,3, il pellet viene risospeso in membrana TSG20 tampone ad una concentrazione finale di 5 mg / ml. Il materiale viene solubilizzato con 1% w / v n-dodecil-β-maltopyranoside (DDM) per 3 ore a 4 ° C con agitazione delicata. </li><li> Il materiale insolubile è rimosso per centrifugazione ultra-come nel passo 1.3 e il surnatante contenente il solubilizzata MalFGK 2 complesso viene raccolto e purificato come nel passo 1.4, ma senza dialisi. </li><li> Inopurificazione r è ottenuta mediante cromatografia di filtrazione su gel in tampone TSGD su un Superdex 200 HR 10/300 colonna ad una velocità di flusso di 0,5 ml / min. </li></ol> 3. Preparazione di fosfolipidi <ol><li> Un E. lipidi coli totale estratto sciolto in cloroformio è separato in 1000 nmol aliquote in provette con tappo a vite microcentrifuga. Il solvente viene evaporato sotto leggera corrente di azoto ed essiccato ulteriormente durante la notte in un essiccatore sotto vuoto. </li><li> Il film lipidico viene disciolto in tampone TS a 5 nM concentrazione finale e vortexati vigorosamente e sonicata. I lipidi disciolti appariranno leggermente opaco a causa della loro insolubilità generale in tampone acquoso TS, ma devono rimanere in sospensione. DDM viene aggiunto ad una concentrazione finale di 0,5% (~ 10 mM), in cui la soluzione diventa limpida. </li><li> La miscela lipidica è posto in un bagno di acqua e impulsi sonicata per 5 volte per ~ 5 sec. La miscela lipidica è conservato a 4 ° C per un massimo di 1 week. </li></ol> 4. Preparazione di Bio-Beads <ol><li> Circa 10-15 ml (volume secco) Bio-Beads viene posto in una provetta da 50 ml. </li><li> Le perle vengono successivamente lavato con 50 ml di metanolo al 100%, 95% etanolo, MilliQ H 2 O, e infine tampone TS (due volte). </li><li> Le perle vengono lavate conservato a 4 ° C in 10 ml di tampone ~ TS. </li></ol> 5. Nanodisc Ricostituzione <ol><li> La MSP è diluito in tampone TSGD alla concentrazione finale di ~ 7 mg / ml (~ 0,3 mM). </li><li> ~ 2 nmol purificato MalFGK due complessi sono miscelati in una proteina: MSP: rapporto di 1:3:60 lipidi o 1:3:400 in tampone TSGD. La concentrazione finale è di 6 mM MalFGK 2, 18 MSP pM e lipidi pM 360 (1:3:60) e 2.4 mM di lipidi (1:3:400). Il volume finale è 300 ml. La concentrazione DDM finale è 0,08% (~ 1,6 mm). La concentrazione finale di glicerolo dipende dalla quantità di lipidi aggiunto ma rimane circa 5-10% v / v </li&gt; <li> ~ 50 pl di Bio-Bead sospensione viene aggiunto alla provetta e la miscela è incubata per una notte su una tavola oscillante a 4 ° C. </li><li> Le perle vengono sedimentate per gravità e la soluzione viene pipettato attraverso una punta stretta per evitare il più Bio-Beads possibile. </li><li> Grande precipitati vengono rimossi dalla ultra-centrifugazione a 100.000 xg per 20 min. I dischi sono purificati mediante cromatografia di gel filtrazione, come nel passo 2.4 in TSG10 buffer. Frazioni contenenti i dischi vengono raggruppati ed una aliquota deve essere reimmesso sulla stessa colonna di filtrazione su gel per verificare la stabilità del preparato. </li><li> I dischi purificate possono conservati a -70 ° C per un periodo prolungato di tempo. Dopo lo scongelamento in ghiaccio, i dischi devono essere sottoposti ad ultra-centrifugazione come nel passaggio 5,5 per rimuovere potenziale precipitati. Una aliquota deve essere analizzata mediante cromatografia di gel filtrazione per garantire che l&#39;aggregazione significativa o precipitazione non verificarsi durante lo scongelamentoprocesso. </li></ol> 6. Elettroforesi su gel nativo <ol><li> 1 pM di nanodiscs (~ 0,2 mg / ml) sono analizzati mediante PAGE nativa 6, 7 (Tris-HCl pH 8,8, 4-12%) per valutare la qualità della ricostituzione (Figura 3A). </li><li> Il legame di maschio (1 mM) al 2-complesso MalFGK ricostituito in nanodiscs è anche valutata nativo-PAGE (Figura 3A). </li><li> Dopo l&#39;elettroforesi, il gel viene colorato con blu Coomassie per 10 min, e decolorato per ~ 1 ora. </li></ol> 7. Light Scattering Dinamico (DLS) <ol><li> Nanodiscs vengono purificati mediante cromatografia di gel filtrazione, come al punto 2.4 in TSG10 tampone usando un Superdex 200 HR 10/300 colonna ad una velocità di flusso di 0,1 ml / min. Frazioni contenenti nanodiscs sono riunite e concentrate a ~ 10 mg / ml con un filtro Amicon centrifugo. </li><li> Il campione viene filtrato due volte (0,22 micron filtro) prima dell&#39;analisi da DLS utilizzanoun DYNAPRO nanostar strumento (Wyatt Technology) in un volume di 1 cuvetta microlitri interna quarzo. Dati è montato mediante il software DYNAMICS (Wyatt Technology) per stimare il diametro e peso molecolare delle particelle. </li></ol> 8. ATPasi Misure <ol><li> L&#39;attività di ATPasi MalFGK 2-ricostituite nanodiscs viene determinato utilizzando un saggio colorimetrico 8. </li><li> 1 pM di dischi purificati e 1 mM ATP si mescolano con quantità crescenti di sesso maschile e incubate a 37 ° C per 20 min. Il rilascio di fosfato inorganico è misurata a 660 nm. </li><li> La quantità di fosfato liberato viene confrontata con una curva standard generata con una soluzione standard Fosforo. </li></ol> 9. Risultati rappresentativi Le nanodiscs vengono purificati mediante cromatografia di filtrazione su gel (Figura 2A, a sinistra). Il cromatogramma mostra che la maggior parte del ricostituito dCSI (traccia nera) eluire come picco singolo, mentre i dischi realizzati con lipidi in eccesso (traccia rossa) eluiti nel volume di vuoto e da una serie di picchi di massima. La qualità dei nanodiscs è ulteriormente analizzati mediante elettroforesi su gel nativo e spettroscopia light scattering dinamico (DLS). Dischi correttamente ricostituite migrare come banda tagliente sul gel mentre quelli ricostituito in presenza di un eccesso di lipidi migrare come striscio (Figura 2A, destra). Analisi per DLS mostra che la popolazione disco è omogenea con un diametro medio di 11,4 nm (Figura 2B). I dischi ricostituiti hanno un peso molecolare apparente di 215 kDa basato sul ravvicinamento DLS. Campioni ricostituiti in presenza di eccesso di lipidi visualizzano ampiamente distribuiti raggi circa 100 nm, che è tipico per campioni non omogenei. La qualità del complesso 2 MalFGK viene valutata native-gel elettroforesi e la sua attività da ATPasimisure (Figura 3). Il maschio maltosio legame con le proteine ​​si lega con alta affinità per il trasportatore 2 MalFGK 9, 10. Utilizzo non denaturante elettroforesi su gel, è possibile rilevare un complesso tra maschio e MalFGK 2 (Figura 3A). La stimolazione della attività 2 MalK ATPasi da Male è illustrato nella figura 3B. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/3910/3910fig1.jpg" alt="Figura 1"/> Figura 1. Tipico diagramma di flusso per il protocollo ricostituzione. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/3910/3910fig2.jpg" alt="Figura 2"/> Figura 2. Il controllo di qualità della preparazione nanodisc. A. Filtrazione analisi Gel (Superdex 200 HR 10/300 colonne) delle nanodiscs ricostituito con rapporto di lipidi bassa (1/3/60; traccia nera) o il rapporto lipidi alta (1/3/400; traccia rossa). Elettroforesi su gel nativo del preparato stesso disco. Molmarcatori di peso ecular in kDa sono indicati. B. Analisi luce dinamica dispersione del preparato stesso disco. <a href="http://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/3910/3910fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">Clicca qui per ingrandire la figura</a> . <img src="/files/ftp_upload/3910/3910fig3.jpg" alt="Figura 3"/> Figura 3. Analisi del MalFGK 2-nanodisc particelle. A. Spostamento analisi Gel di Malè incubate con quantità crescenti di MalFGK 2 nanodisc particelle. B. ATPasi del MalFGK 2 nanodisc particelle in funzione della concentrazione di Malè.

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Nessun conflitto di interessi dichiarati.

Descriviamo una semplice procedura per la ricostituzione del trasportatore maltosio in nanodiscs. Il trasportatore è ATPasi attiva e l&#39;interazione con il maschio solubile partner di legame può essere ricreato (Figura 3). La ricostituzione di successo del trasportatore in nanodiscs aprire la strada a ulteriori analisi biofisica e biochimica. Di particolare interesse sarà l&#39;analisi sistematica della ATPasi MalK e attività di trasporto in maltosio detersivo, liposomi e nanodiscs. Trasportatori ...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Nome del reagente </td><td> Azienda </td><td> Numero di catalogo </td><td> Commenti </td></tr><tr><td> Amicon Ultra-4 50K filtro centrifugo </td><td> Millipore </td><td> UFC805008 </td><td> Segui protocollo del produttore per un uso corretto </td></tr><tr><td> Bio-Beads SM-2 Adsorbente </td><td> Bio-Rad </td><td> 152-3920 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> E. coli lipidi totali </td><td> Avanti Polar Lipids </td><td> 100500C </td><td> Disciolto in cloroformio, come appropriato per gestire un solvente organico </td></tr><tr><td> Ni sefarosio HP resina </td><td> GE Healthcare </td><td> 17-5268-01 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Fosforo soluzione standard </td><td>Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> P3869 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> pMSP1D1 </td><td> Addgene </td><td> 20061 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Superdex 200 HR 10/300 </td><td> GE Healthcare </td><td> 17-5172-01 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> Tabella I. reagenti specifici. </td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Nome </td><td> Composizione </td><td> Commenti </td></tr><tr><td> DDM magazzino </td><td> 10% w / v DDM </td><td> Risospendere in acqua MilliQ e conservare a -20 ° C </td></tr><tr><td> MalFGK 2 stock </td><td> 1-2 mg / ml 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH7.9 100 mM NaCl 10% v / v glicerolo 0,03% w / v DDM </td><td> Conservare a -70 ° C dopo purificazione </td></tr><tr><td> MSP magazzino </td><td> 10-15 mg / ml 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH7.9 100 mM NaCl 10% v / v glicerolo </td><td> Conservare a -70 ° C dopo la purificazione nel &lt;aliquote da 1 ml e di evitare eccessivi cicli gelo / disgelo </td></tr><tr><td> Fosfolipidi magazzino </td><td> 5 nM E. coli totale lipidi 0,5% w / v (10 mM) DDM 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7,9 50 mM NaCl </td><td> Conservare a 4 ° C per 1 settimana </td></tr><tr><td> TS tampone </td><td> 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7,9 50 mM NaCl </td><td> Conservare a 4 ° C </td></tr><tr><td> TSG10 tampone </td><td> 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH7.9 100 mM NaCl 10% v / v glicerolo </td><td> Conservare a 4 ° C </td></tr><tr><td> TSG20 tampone </td><td> 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8 100 mM NaCl 20% v / v glicerolo </td><td> Conservare a 4 ° C </td></tr><tr><td> TSGD tampone </td><td> 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH7.9 100 mM NaCl 10% v / v glicerolo 0,03% w / v DDM </td><td> Conservare a 4 ° C e aggiungere DDM poco prima dell&#39;uso </td></tr><tr><td colspan="3"> Tabella II. Soluzione ricette. </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table>

a step-by-step method for the reconstitution of an abc transporter into nanodisc lipid particles

Il nanodisc è una particella discoidale (~ 10-12 nm di grandi dimensioni) che le proteine ​​di membrana trappola in una piccola zona di doppio strato di fosfolipidi. Il nanodisc è un&#39;opzione particolarmente interessante per studiare proteine ​​di membrana, in particolare nel contesto delle interazioni ligando-recettore. Il metodo introdotto da Sligar e colleghi si basa sulle proprietà di un anfipatiche altamente ingegnerizzato ad a-elica proteina scaffold derivato dal apolipoproteina A1. Le facce idrofobe della proteina scaffold interagire con i grassi acil catene laterali del doppio strato lipidico che le regioni polari affrontare l&#39;ambiente acquoso. Analisi di proteine ​​di membrana in nanodiscs hanno vantaggi significativi rispetto liposoma perché le particelle sono piccole, omogenea e idrosolubile. Inoltre, metodi biochimici e biofisici normalmente riservati alle proteine ​​solubili possono essere applicati, e da entrambi i lati della membrana. In questo protocollo visiva, presentiamo un passo-passo ricostituzione di un carattere benterizzato trasportatore batterica ABC, il maschio-MalFGK 2 complessi. La formazione del disco è un processo di auto-assemblaggio che dipende da interazioni idrofobiche che avvengono durante la rimozione progressiva del detersivo. Si descrivono le fasi essenziali e sottolineano l&#39;importanza di una corretta scelta proteina-lipide rapporto al fine di limitare la formazione di aggregati e grandi polidispersi liposoma-come particelle. Qualità semplici controlli, come la cromatografia di gel filtrazione, elettroforesi su gel nativo e dinamico spettroscopia di dispersione della luce in modo che i dischi sono stati adeguatamente ricostituito.

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A Step-by-step Method for the Reconstitution of an ABC Transporter into Nanodisc Lipid Particles

Nanodiscs sono piccole particelle discoidali che incorporano proteine ​​di membrana in una piccola zona di doppio strato di fosfolipidi. Forniamo un protocollo visivo che mostra il passo-passo incorporazione del trasportatore MalFGK2 in un disco.

A Step-by-step Metodo per la ricostituzione di un Transporter ABC in particelle lipidiche Nanodisc

The nanodisc is a discoidal particle (~ 10-12 nm large) that trap membrane proteins into a small patch of phospholipid bilayer. The nanodisc is a ...

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25.3K Views.  University of British Columbia. Nanodiscs sono piccole particelle discoidali che incorporano proteine ​​di membrana in una piccola zona di doppio strato di fosfolipidi. Forniamo un protocollo visivo che mostra il passo-passo incorporazione del trasportatore MalFGK2 in un disco.

Video: A Step-by-step Method for the Reconstitution of an ABC Transporter into Nanodisc Lipid Particles

Expression, Detergent Solubilization, and Purification of a Membrane Transporter, the MexB Multidrug Resistance Protein

Multidrug resistance (MDR), the ability of a cancer cell or pathogen to be resistant to a wide range of structurally and functionally unrelated anti-cancer drugs or antibiotics, is a current serious problem in public health. This multidrug resistance is largely due to energy-dependent drug efflux pumps. The pumps expel anti-cancer drugs or antibiotics into the external medium, lowering their intracellular concentration below a toxic threshold. We are studying multidrug resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an opportunistic bacterial pathogen that causes infections in patients with many types of injuries or illness, for example, burns or cystic fibrosis, and also in immuno-compromised cancer, dialysis, and transplantation patients. The major MDR efflux pumps in P. aeruginosa are tripartite complexes comprised of an inner membrane proton-drug antiporter (RND), an outer membrane channel (OMF), and a periplasmic linker protein (MFP) 1-8. The RND and OMF proteins are transmembrane proteins. Transmembrane proteins make up more than 30% of all proteins and are 65% of current drug targets. The hydrophobic transmembrane domains make the proteins insoluble in aqueous buffer. Before a transmembrane protein can be purified, it is necessary to find buffer conditions containing a mild detergent that enable the protein to be solubilized as a protein detergent complex (PDC) 9-11. In this example, we use an RND protein, the P. aeruginosa MexB transmembrane transporter, to demonstrate how to express a recombinant form of a transmembrane protein, solubilize it using detergents, and then purify the protein detergent complexes. This general method can be applied to the expression, purification, and solubilization of many other recombinantly expressed membrane proteins. The protein detergent complexes can later be used for biochemical or biophysical characterization including X-ray crystal structure determination or crosslinking studies.

In this protocol we demonstrate the expression, solubilization, and purification of a recombinantly expressed membrane protein, MexB, as a soluble protein detergent complex. MexB is a multidrug resistance membrane transporter from the opportunistic bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Espressione, solubilizzazione detergente, e purificazione di un trasportatore di membrana, la proteina multiresistente MexB Resistenza

Multidrug resistance (MDR), the ability of a cancer cell or pathogen to be resistant to a wide range of structurally and functionally unrelated ...

Ricerca

Biologia

Lipid Vesicle-mediated Affinity Chromatography using Magnetic Activated Cell Sorting (LIMACS): a Novel Method to Analyze Protein-lipid Interaction

The analysis of lipid protein interaction is difficult because lipids are embedded in cell membranes and therefore, inaccessible to most purification procedures. As an alternative, lipids can be coated on flat surfaces as used for lipid ELISA and Plasmon resonance spectroscopy. However, surface coating lipids do not form microdomain structures, which may be important for the lipid binding properties. Further, these methods do not allow for the purification of larger amounts of proteins binding to their target lipids.
 To overcome these limitations of testing lipid protein interaction and to purify lipid binding proteins we developed a novel method termed lipid vesicle-mediated affinity chromatography using magnetic-activated cell sorting (LIMACS). In this method, lipid vesicles are prepared with the target lipid and phosphatidylserine as the anchor lipid for Annexin V MACS. Phosphatidylserine is a ubiquitous cell membrane phospholipid that shows high affinity to the protein Annexin V. Using magnetic beads conjugated to Annexin V the phosphatidylserine-containing lipid vesicles will bind to the magnetic beads. When the lipid vesicles are incubated with a cell lysate the protein binding to the target lipid will also be bound to the beads and can be co-purified using MACS. This method can also be used to test if recombinant proteins reconstitute a protein complex binding to the target lipid. 
 We have used this method to show the interaction of atypical PKC (aPKC) with the sphingolipid ceramide and to co-purify prostate apoptosis response 4 (PAR-4), a protein binding to ceramide-associated aPKC. We have also used this method for the reconstitution of a ceramide-associated complex of recombinant aPKC with the cell polarity-related proteins Par6 and Cdc42. Since lipid vesicles can be prepared with a variety of sphingo- or phospholipids, LIMACS offers a versatile test for lipid-protein interaction in a lipid environment that resembles closely that of the cell membrane. Additional lipid protein complexes can be identified using proteomics analysis of lipid binding protein co-purified with the lipid vesicles.

Lipid Vesicle-mediated Affinity Chromatography using Magnetic Activated Cell Sorting LIMACS: a Novel Method to Analyze Protein-lipid Interaction

To test the interaction of a protein with its target lipid we used MACS and Annexin V-conjugated magnetic beads and lipid vesicles synthesized from the target lipid and Annexin V-binding phosphatidylserine. Proteins bound to the target lipid are co-purified and analyzed after elution from the beads.

Vescicole lipidiche-mediata Cromatografia di affinità mediante Magnetic separazione delle cellule attivate (LIMACS): un nuovo metodo per l&#39;analisi delle interazioni proteina-lipide

The analysis of lipid protein interaction is difficult because lipids are embedded in cell membranes and therefore, inaccessible to most purification ...

In vitro Reconstitution of the Active T. castaneum Telomerase

Efforts to isolate the catalytic subunit of telomerase, TERT, in sufficient quantities for structural studies, have been met with limited success for more than a decade. Here, we present methods for the isolation of the recombinant Tribolium castaneum TERT (TcTERT) and the reconstitution of the active T. castaneum telomerase ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex in vitro.
Telomerase is a specialized reverse transcriptase1 that adds short DNA repeats, called telomeres, to the 3' end of linear chromosomes2 that serve to protect them from end-to-end fusion and degradation. Following DNA replication, a short segment is lost at the end of the chromosome3 and without telomerase, cells continue dividing until eventually reaching their Hayflick Limit4. Additionally, telomerase is dormant in most somatic cells5 in adults, but is active in cancer cells6 where it promotes cell immortality7.
The minimal telomerase enzyme consists of two core components: the protein subunit (TERT), which comprises the catalytic subunit of the enzyme and an integral RNA component (TER), which contains the template TERT uses to synthesize telomeres8,9. Prior to 2008, only structures for individual telomerase domains had been solved10,11. A major breakthrough in this field came from the determination of the crystal structure of the active12, catalytic subunit of T. castaneum telomerase, TcTERT1.
Here, we present methods for producing large quantities of the active, soluble TcTERT for structural and biochemical studies, and the reconstitution of the telomerase RNP complex in vitro for telomerase activity assays. An overview of the experimental methods used is shown in Figure 1.

In vitro Reconstitution of the Active T. castaneum Telomerase

Efforts to isolate the catalytic subunit of telomerase, TERT, in sufficient quantities for structural studies, have been met with limited success for more than a decade. Here, we present methods for the isolation of the recombinant Tribolium castaneum TERT (TcTERT) and the reconstitution of the active T. castaneum telomerase ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex in vitro.

Ricostituzione in vitro di Active T. castaneum telomerasi

Efforts to isolate the catalytic subunit of telomerase, TERT, in sufficient quantities for structural studies, have been met with limited success for more ...

A Simple Method for Imaging Arabidopsis Leaves Using Perfluorodecalin as an Infiltrative Imaging Medium

The problem of acquiring high-resolution images deep into biological samples is widely acknowledged1. In air-filled tissue such as the spongy mesophyll of plant leaves or vertebrate lungs further difficulties arise from multiple transitions in refractive index between cellular components, between cells and airspaces and between the biological tissue and the rest of the optical system. Moreover, refractive index mismatches lead to attenuation of fluorophore excitation and signal emission in fluorescence microscopy. We describe here the application of the perfluorocarbon, perfluorodecalin (PFD), as an infiltrative imaging medium which optically improves laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) sample imaging at depth, without resorting to damaging increases in laser power and has minimal physiological impact2. We describe the protocol for use of PFD with Arabidopsis thaliana leaf tissue, which is optically complex as a result of its structure (Figure 1). PFD has a number of attributes that make it suitable for this use3. The refractive index of PFD (1.313) is comparable with that of water (1.333) and is closer to that of cytosol (approx. 1.4) than air (1.000). In addition, PFD is readily available, non-fluorescent and is non-toxic. The low surface tension of PFD (19 dynes cm-1) is lower than that of water (72 dynes cm-1) and also below the limit (25 - 30 dyne cm-1) for stomatal penetration4, which allows it to flood the spongy mesophyll airspaces without the application of a potentially destructive vacuum or surfactant. Finally and crucially, PFD has a great capacity for dissolving CO2 and O2, which allows gas exchange to be maintained in the flooded tissue, thus minimizing the physiological impact on the sample. These properties have been used in various applications which include partial liquid breathing and lung inflation5,6, surgery7, artificial blood8, oxygenation of growth media9, and studies of ice crystal formation in plants10. Currently, it is common to mount tissue in water or aqueous buffer for live confocal imaging. We consider that the use of PFD as a mounting medium represents an improvement on existing practice and allows the simple preparation of live whole leaf samples for imaging.

A Simple Method for Imaging Arabidopsis Leaves Using Perfluorodecalin as an Infiltrative Imaging Medium

We describe the use of perfluorodecalin as an infiltrative mounting medium. This is a simple method for improving depth of imaging in Arabidopsis thaliana leaf tissue with minimal physiological impact.

Un metodo semplice per l&#39;imaging Arabidopsis Foglie Utilizzando Perfluorodecalin come Media Imaging infiltrativa

The problem of acquiring high-resolution images deep into biological samples is widely acknowledged1. In air-filled tissue such as the spongy mesophyll of ...

Reconstitution of a Kv Channel into Lipid Membranes for Structural and Functional Studies

To study the lipid-protein interaction in a reductionistic fashion, it is necessary to incorporate the membrane proteins into membranes of well-defined lipid composition. We are studying the lipid-dependent gating effects in a prototype voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channel, and have worked out detailed procedures to reconstitute the channels into different membrane systems. Our reconstitution procedures take consideration of both detergent-induced fusion of vesicles and the fusion of protein/detergent micelles with the lipid/detergent mixed micelles as well as the importance of reaching an equilibrium distribution of lipids among the protein/detergent/lipid and the detergent/lipid mixed micelles. Our data suggested that the insertion of the channels in the lipid vesicles is relatively random in orientations, and the reconstitution efficiency is so high that no detectable protein aggregates were seen in fractionation experiments. We have utilized the reconstituted channels to determine the conformational states of the channels in different lipids, record electrical activities of a small number of channels incorporated in planar lipid bilayers, screen for conformation-specific ligands from a phage-displayed peptide library, and support the growth of 2D crystals of the channels in membranes. The reconstitution procedures described here may be adapted for studying other membrane proteins in lipid bilayers, especially for the investigation of the lipid effects on the eukaryotic voltage-gated ion channels.

Procedures for complete reconstitution of a prototype voltage-gated potassium channel into lipid membranes are described. The reconstituted channels are suitable for biochemical assays, electrical recordings, ligand screening and electron crystallographic studies. These methods may have general applications to the structural and functional studies of other membrane proteins.

La ricostituzione di un canale Kv in membrane lipidiche per gli studi strutturali e funzionali

To study the lipid-protein interaction in a reductionistic fashion, it is necessary to incorporate the membrane proteins into membranes of well-defined ...

Reconstitution of a Transmembrane Protein, the Voltage-gated Ion Channel, KvAP, into Giant Unilamellar Vesicles for Microscopy and Patch Clamp Studies

Giant Unilamellar Vesicles (GUVs) are a popular biomimetic system for studying membrane associated phenomena. However, commonly used protocols to grow GUVs must be modified in order to form GUVs containing functional transmembrane proteins. This article describes two dehydration-rehydration methods &#8212; electroformation and gel-assisted swelling &#8212; to form GUVs containing the voltage-gated potassium channel, KvAP. In both methods, a solution of protein-containing small unilamellar vesicles is partially dehydrated to form a stack of membranes, which is then allowed to swell in a rehydration buffer. For the electroformation method, the film is deposited on platinum electrodes so that an AC field can be applied during film rehydration. In contrast, the gel-assisted swelling method uses an agarose gel substrate to enhance film rehydration. Both methods can produce GUVs in low (e.g., 5 mM) and physiological (e.g., 100 mM) salt concentrations. The resulting GUVs are characterized via fluorescence microscopy, and the function of reconstituted channels measured using the inside-out patch-clamp configuration. While swelling in the presence of an alternating electric field (electroformation) gives a high yield of defect-free GUVs, the gel-assisted swelling method produces a more homogeneous protein distribution and requires no special equipment.

The reconstitution of the transmembrane protein, KvAP, into giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) is demonstrated for two dehydration-rehydration methods &#8212; electroformation, and gel-assisted swelling. In both methods, small unilamellar vesicles containing the protein are fused together to form GUVs that can then be studied by fluorescence microscopy and patch-clamp electrophysiology.

Ricostituzione di una proteina transmembrana, la tensione gated canali ionici, KvAP, in Giant unilamellari vescicole per la microscopia e Patch Clamp Studies

Giant Unilamellar Vesicles (GUVs) are a popular biomimetic system for studying membrane associated phenomena. However, commonly used protocols to grow ...

Procedure to Evaluate the Efficiency of Flocculants for the Removal of Dispersed Particles from Plant Extracts

Plants are important to humans not only because they provide commodities such as food, feed and raw materials, but increasingly because they can be used as manufacturing platforms for added-value products such as biopharmaceuticals. In both cases, liquid plant extracts may need to be clarified to remove particulates. Optimal clarification reduces the costs of filtration and centrifugation by increasing capacity and longevity. This can be achieved by introducing charged polymers known as flocculants, which cross-link dispersed particles to facilitate solid-liquid separation. There are no mechanistic flocculation models for complex mixtures such as plant extracts so empirical models are used instead. Here a design-of-experiments procedure is described that allows the rapid screening of different flocculants, optimizing the clarification of plant extracts and significantly reducing turbidity. The resulting predictive models allow the identification of robust process conditions and sets of polymers with complementary properties, e.g. effective flocculation in extracts with specific conductivities. The results presented for tobacco leaf extracts can easily be adapted to other plant species or tissues and will thus facilitate the development of more cost-effective downstream processes for commodities and plant-derived pharmaceuticals.

The design-of-experiments procedure presented here allows the evaluation of different flocculants in terms of their ability to aggregate dispersed particles in plant extracts, thus reducing turbidity and the costs of downstream processing.

Procedura per valutare l&#39;efficienza di flocculanti per la rimozione di particelle disperse di estratti di piante

Plants are important to humans not only because they provide commodities such as food, feed and raw materials, but increasingly because they can be used ...

An Efficient In Vitro Transposition Method by a Transcriptionally Regulated Sleeping Beauty System Packaged into an Integration Defective Lentiviral Vector

The Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon is a non-viral integrating system with proven efficacy for gene transfer and functional genomics. To optimize the SB transposon machinery, a transcriptionally regulated hyperactive transposase (SB100X) and T2-based transposon are employed. Typically, the transposase and transposon are provided transiently by plasmid transfection and SB100X expression is driven by a constitutive promoter. Here, we describe an efficient method to deliver the SB components to human cells that are resistant to several physical and chemical transfection methods, to control SB100X expression and stably integrate a gene of interest (GOI) through a &#34;cut and paste&#34; SB mechanism. The expression of hyperactive transposase is tightly controlled by the Tet-ON system, widely used to control gene expression since 1992. The gene of interest is flanked by inverted repeats (IR) of the T2 transposon. Both SB components are packaged in integration defective lentiviral vectors transiently produced in HEK293T cells. Human cells, either cell lines or primary cells from human tissue, are in vitro transiently transduced with viral vectors. Upon addition of doxycycline (dox, tetracycline analog) into the culture medium, a fine-tuning of transposase expression is measured and results in a long-lasting integration of the gene of interest in the genome of the treated cells. This method is efficient and applicable to the cell line (e.g., HeLa cells) and primary cells (e.g., human primary keratinocytes), and thus represents a valuable tool for genetic engineering and therapeutic gene transfer.

An Efficient In Vitro Transposition Method by a Transcriptionally Regulated Sleeping Beauty System Packaged into an Integration Defective Lentiviral Vector

This protocol describes a method to achieve stable integration of a gene of interest into the human genome by the transcriptionally regulated Sleeping Beauty system. Preparation of the integration of defective lentiviral vectors, the in vitro transduction of human cells, and the molecular assay on transduced cells are reported.

Un metodo efficiente In Vitro trasposizione da un sistema di bellezza dormire trascrizionalmente regolata confezionato in un vettore lentivirale difettoso di integrazione

The Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon is a non-viral integrating system with proven efficacy for gene transfer and functional genomics. To optimize the SB ...

Adipo-Clear: A Tissue Clearing Method for Three-Dimensional Imaging of Adipose Tissue

Adipose tissue plays a central role in energy homeostasis and thermoregulation. It is composed of different types of adipocytes, as well as adipocyte precursors, immune cells, fibroblasts, blood vessels, and nerve projections. Although the molecular control of cell type specification and how these cells interact have been increasingly delineated, a more comprehensive understanding of these adipose-resident cells can be achieved by visualizing their distribution and architecture throughout the whole tissue. Existing immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence approaches to analyze adipose histology rely on thin paraffin-embedded sections. However, thin sections capture only a small portion of tissue; as a result, the conclusions can be biased by what portion of tissue is analyzed. We have therefore developed an adipose tissue clearing technique, Adipo-Clear, to permit comprehensive three-dimensional visualization of molecular and cellular patterns in whole adipose tissues. Adipo-Clear was adapted from iDISCO/iDISCO+, with specific modifications made to completely remove the lipid stored in the tissue while preserving native tissue morphology. In combination with light-sheet fluorescence microscopy, we demonstrate here the use of the Adipo-Clear method to obtain high-resolution volumetric images&#160;of an entire adipose tissue.

Due to the high lipid content, adipose tissue has been challenging to visualize using traditional histological methods. Adipo-Clear is a tissue clearing technique that allows robust labeling and high-resolution volumetric fluorescent imaging of adipose tissue. Here, we describe the methods for sample preparation, pretreatment, staining, clearing, and mounting for imaging.

Adipo-Clear: Un tessuto metodo di compensazione per l'Imaging tridimensionale del tessuto adiposo

Adipose tissue plays a central role in energy homeostasis and thermoregulation. It is composed of different types of adipocytes, as well as adipocyte ...

An Air-liquid Interface Bronchial Epithelial Model for Realistic, Repeated Inhalation Exposure to Airborne Particles for Toxicity Testing

For toxicity testing of airborne particles, air-liquid interface (ALI) exposure systems have been developed for in vitro tests in order to mimic realistic exposure conditions. This puts specific demands on the cell culture models. Many cell types are negatively affected by exposure to air (e.g., drying out) and only remain viable for a few days. This limits the exposure conditions that can be used in these models: usually relatively high concentrations are applied as a cloud (i.e., droplets containing particles, which settle down rapidly) within a short period of time. Such experimental conditions do not reflect realistic long-term exposure to low concentrations of particles. To overcome these limitations the use of a human bronchial epithelial cell line, Calu-3 was investigated. These cells can be cultured at ALI conditions for several weeks while retaining a healthy morphology and a stable monolayer with tight junctions. In addition, this bronchial model is suitable for testing the effects of repeated exposures to low, realistic concentrations of airborne particles using an ALI exposure system. This system uses a continuous airflow in contrast to other ALI exposure systems that use a single nebulization producing a cloud. Therefore, the continuous flow system is suitable for repeated and prolonged exposure to airborne particles while continuously monitoring the particle characteristics, exposure concentration, and delivered dose. Taken together, this bronchial model, in combination with the continuous flow exposure system, is able to mimic realistic, repeated inhalation exposure conditions that can be used for toxicity testing.

Described is the cell culture and exposure method of an in vitro bronchial model for realistic, repeated inhalation exposure to particles for toxicity testing.

Un modello epiteliale bronchiale interfaccia aria-liquido per un'esposizione realistica e ripetuta all'inalazione alle particelle trasportate dall'aria per i test di tossicità

For toxicity testing of airborne particles, air-liquid interface (ALI) exposure systems have been developed for in vitro tests in order to mimic realistic ...