Gli autori ringraziano Pascal Paschenda e Mareike Schulz per la loro assistenza tecnica.

<ol>
	<li>Puhl, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Low+viscosity+histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate+graft+flush+improves+subsequent+extended+cold+storage+in+University+of+Wisconsin+solution+in+an+extracorporeal+rat+liver+perfusion+and+rat+liver+transplantation+model.">Low viscosity histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate graft flush improves subsequent extended cold storage in University of Wisconsin solution in an extracorporeal rat liver perfusion and rat liver transplantation model.</a> Liver Transpl. 12, 1841-1849 (2006).</li><li>Yagi, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improved+Preservation+and+Microcirculation+with+POLYSOL+After+Partial+Liver+Transplantation+in+Rats.">Improved Preservation and Microcirculation with POLYSOL After Partial Liver Transplantation in Rats.</a> J Surg Res. 167, e375-e383 (2011).</li><li>Engemann, R., Ulrichs, K., Thiede, A., Muller-Ruchholtz, W., Hamelmann, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Value+of+a+physiological+liver+transplant+model+in+rats.+Induction+of+specific+graft+tolerance+in+a+fully+allogeneic+strain+combination.">Value of a physiological liver transplant model in rats. Induction of specific graft tolerance in a fully allogeneic strain combination.</a> Transplantation. 33, 566-568 (1982).</li><li>Sumimoto, R., Shinomiya, T., Yamaguchi, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+hepatic+arterial+blood+flow+in+rats+with+liver+transplants.+Examination+of+donor+liver-derived+serum+class+I+MHC+antigen+in+rats+with+liver+transplants+with+or+without+hepatic+arterial+reconstruction.">Influence of hepatic arterial blood flow in rats with liver transplants. Examination of donor liver-derived serum class I MHC antigen in rats with liver transplants with or without hepatic arterial reconstruction.</a> Transplantation. 51, 1138-1139 (1991).</li><li>Chaland, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Orthotopic+liver+transplantation+with+hepatic+artery+anastomoses.+Hemodynamics+and+response+to+hemorrhage+in+conscious+rats.">Orthotopic liver transplantation with hepatic artery anastomoses. Hemodynamics and response to hemorrhage in conscious rats.</a> Transplantation. 49, 675-678 (1990).</li><li>Imamura, H., Rocheleau, B., Cote, J., Huet, P. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-term+consequence+of+rat+orthotopic+liver+transplantation+with+and+without+hepatic+arterial+reconstruction:+a+clinical,+pathological,+and+hemodynamic+study.">Long-term consequence of rat orthotopic liver transplantation with and without hepatic arterial reconstruction: a clinical, pathological, and hemodynamic study.</a> Hepatology. 26, 198-205 (1997).</li><li>Zhong, Z., Theruvath, T. P., Currin, R. T., Waldmeier, P. C., Lemasters, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NIM811,+a+mitochondrial+permeability+transition+inhibitor,+prevents+mitochondrial+depolarization+in+small-for-size+rat+liver+grafts.">NIM811, a mitochondrial permeability transition inhibitor, prevents mitochondrial depolarization in small-for-size rat liver grafts.</a> Am. J. Transplant. 7, 1103-1111 (2007).</li><li>Spiegel, H. U., Palmes, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Surgical+techniques+of+orthotopic+rat+liver+transplantation.">Surgical techniques of orthotopic rat liver transplantation.</a> J. Invest. Surg. 11, 83-96 (1998).</li><li>Lee, S., Charters, A. C., Chandler, J. G., Orloff, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+technique+for+orthotopic+liver+transplantation+in+the+rat.">A technique for orthotopic liver transplantation in the rat.</a> Transplantation. 16, 664-669 (1973).</li><li>Lee, S., Charters, A. C., Orloff, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simplified+technic+for+orthotopic+liver+transplantation+in+the+rat.">Simplified technic for orthotopic liver transplantation in the rat.</a> Am. J. Surg. 130, 38-40 (1975).</li><li>Kamada, N., Calne, R. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Orthotopic+liver+transplantation+in+the+rat.+Technique+using+cuff+for+portal+vein+anastomosis+and+biliary+drainage.">Orthotopic liver transplantation in the rat. Technique using cuff for portal vein anastomosis and biliary drainage.</a> Transplantation. 28, 47-50 (1979).</li><li>Howden, B., Jablonski, P., Grossman, H., Marshall, V. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+importance+of+the+hepatic+artery+in+rat+liver+transplantation.">The importance of the hepatic artery in rat liver transplantation.</a> Transplantation. 47, 428-431 (1989).</li><li>Gao, W., Lemasters, J. J., Thurman, R. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+a+new+method+for+hepatic+rearterialization+in+rat+orthotopic+liver+transplantation.+Reduction+of+liver+injury+and+improvement+of+surgical+outcome+by+arterialization.">Development of a new method for hepatic rearterialization in rat orthotopic liver transplantation. Reduction of liver injury and improvement of surgical outcome by arterialization.</a> Transplantation. 56, 19-24 (1993).</li><li>Zhao, D., Zimmermann, A., Wheatley, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Morphometry+of+the+liver+after+liver+transplantation+in+the+rat:+significance+of+an+intact+arterial+supply.">Morphometry of the liver after liver transplantation in the rat: significance of an intact arterial supply.</a> Hepatology. 17, 310-317 (1993).</li><li>Omura, T., Ascher, N. L., Emond, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fifty-percent+partial+liver+transplantation+in+the+rat.">Fifty-percent partial liver transplantation in the rat.</a> Transplantation. 62, 292-293 (1996).</li><li>Lehmann, T. G., Bunzendahl, H., Langrehr, J. M., Neuhaus, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Arterial+reconstruction+in+rat+liver+transplantation--development+of+a+new+tubing+technique+of+the+common+hepatic+artery.">Arterial reconstruction in rat liver transplantation--development of a new tubing technique of the common hepatic artery.</a> Transpl. Int. 18, 56-64 (2005).</li><li>Reck, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impact+of+arterialization+on+hepatic+oxygen+supply,+tissue+energy+phosphates,+and+outcome+after+liver+transplantation+in+the+rat.">Impact of arterialization on hepatic oxygen supply, tissue energy phosphates, and outcome after liver transplantation in the rat.</a> Transplantation. 62, 582-587 (1996).</li><li>Hasuike, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+simple+method+for+orthotopic+liver+transplantation+with+arterial+reconstruction+in+rats.">A simple method for orthotopic liver transplantation with arterial reconstruction in rats.</a> Transplantation. 45, 830-832 (1988).</li><li>Steffen, R., Ferguson, D. M., Krom, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+method+for+orthotopic+rat+liver+transplantation+with+arterial+cuff+anastomosis+to+the+recipient+common+hepatic+artery.">A new method for orthotopic rat liver transplantation with arterial cuff anastomosis to the recipient common hepatic artery.</a> Transplantation. 48, 166-168 (1989).</li><li>Knoop, M., Bachmann, S., Keck, H., Steffen, R., Neuhaus, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experience+with+cuff+rearterialization+in+600+orthotopic+liver+grafts+in+the+rat.">Experience with cuff rearterialization in 600 orthotopic liver grafts in the rat.</a> Am. J. Surg. 167, 360-363 (1994).</li><li>Hickman, R., Engelbrecht, G. H., Duminy, F. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+technique+for+liver+transplantation+in+the+rat.">A technique for liver transplantation in the rat.</a> Transplantation. 48, 1080 (1989).</li><li>Liu, T., Freise, C. E., Ferrell, L., Ascher, N. L., Roberts, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+modified+vascular+"sleeve"+anastomosis+for+rearterialization+in+orthotopic+liver+transplantation+in+rats.">A modified vascular "sleeve" anastomosis for rearterialization in orthotopic liver transplantation in rats.</a> Transplantation. 54, 179-180 (1992).</li><li>Li, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modified+sleeve+anastomosis+for+reconstruction+of+the+hepatic+artery+in+rat+liver+transplantation.">Modified sleeve anastomosis for reconstruction of the hepatic artery in rat liver transplantation.</a> Microsurgery. 22, 62-68 (2002).</li><li>Martins, P. N., Theruvath, T. P., Neuhaus, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rodent+models+of+partial+hepatectomies.">Rodent models of partial hepatectomies.</a> Liver Int. 28, 3-11 (2008).</li><li>Russell, W. M. S., Burch, R. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique. , (1992).</li></ol>

Non ci sono conflitti di interesse da dichiarare. I ratti sono alloggiati sotto specifica-esenti da organismi patogeni condizioni secondo le linee guida della Federazione Associazioni di Laboratorio Scienza animali (FELASA). Tutti gli esperimenti sono stati condotti in conformità con la legge federale tedesca in materia di protezione degli animali e della &quot;Guida per la cura e l&#39;uso di animali da laboratorio&quot; (National Institutes of Health pubblicazione n ° 86-23, riveduta 1985).

Il primo modello di OLT ratto è stato riportato da Lee et al. Nel 1973 9, in cui tutte le navi comprese dell&#39;arteria epatica sono stati ricostruiti da un cucita a mano e il metodo shunt porto extracorporeo è stato utilizzato. Questo modello era tecnicamente complicato e difficile da eseguire. Il modello successivo è stato uno senza ricostruzione arteriosa epatica e lo shunt extracorporea, sviluppato dagli autori stessi 10 nel 1975. Successivamente, nel 1979, Kamada et al. Ha introdotto la tecnica di anastomosi bracciale per il modello senza rearterialization epatica 11. Con queste modifiche, OLT nei ratti è stato semplificato con un tempo anepatica abbreviato in operazioni destinatario ed è stato ampiamente utilizzato come modello sperimentale accettato. Tuttavia, non vi è stata da allora notevoli controversie sul significato di arterialization epatica nel ratto OLT 8 perché il arterialization è stato un compito impegnativo, ma did non influenzano la sopravvivenza dopo il trapianto. Numerosi studi su arterialization epatica utilizzando varie tecniche di ricostruzione sono stati riportati 8, ad esempio un segmento aortico-to-aorta anastomosi 3,9,17, una tecnica di anastomosi bracciale 18,19,20, una tecnica telescopica 5, una tecnica stent 13, 16, e una tecnica di anastomosi manicotto 12,21-23. Mentre la tecnica di OLT ratto non è ancora standardizzata oggi, il modello arterializzato è stata sempre favorita in termini di superiorità fisiologica 8,12,13,14. Tra le tecniche sopra menzionate, una tecnica stent che era semplice e veloce per eseguire stata riportata da Lehmann et al. 16 del 2005. Lo studio ha mostrato ottimi risultati: no rate occlusione è stata osservata in arteria epatica ricostruito a 8 ore, 24 ore, e 6 mesi dopo la riperfusione. Abbiamo quindi adottato questa tecnica per arterialization epatica. Abbiamo Performa cucito a mano anastomosi per la ricostruzione del SHVC e IHVC. Questo metodo fornisce il sito anastomosi con una condizione ottimale fisiologica, che porta alla ridotta incidenza di trombosi 8, ed è la migliore simulazione microchirurgia e formazione per i chirurghi. Inoltre, l&#39;anastomosi può essere possibile anche con ceppi vaso brevi. Concernente l&#39;anastomosi di IHVC, questo metodo non richiede una lunga IHVC sul lato dell&#39;innesto rispetto alla tecnica anastomosi bracciale. Pertanto, quando la vena renale donatore è sezionato per rendere il IHVC innesto lungo, questo metodo è applicabile al trapianto di un piccolo innesto che necessita di un IHVC lungo, come un innesto 30% che consiste di lobi laterali destra e caudato con intraepatico breve vena cava senza SHVC 2. Per quanto riguarda le tecniche di resezione del fegato nei ratti, fino ad oggi diversi metodi sono stati segnalati, le due tecniche principali sono la classica tecnica della legatura di massae la nave orientato tecnica 24. Abbiamo eseguire la tecnica classica legatura per resezione epatica 50% 15, ma sotto un microscopio chirurgico per rendere la procedura più fine, e per evitare danni ai lobi rimanenti e strutture. Abbiamo descritto i risultati rappresentativi dei ratti destinatario nel nostro modello, i topi sono sopravvissuti durante il periodo di 7 giorni di osservazione senza complicazioni apparenti. Il modello può essere modificato per scopi diversi esperimenti scegliendo le impostazioni diverse, come prolungato stoccaggio a freddo, prolungata ischemia calda che comprende donazione dopo morte cardiaca, e l&#39;utilizzo di fegati piccole o innesti di modelli sperimentali di danno al fegato o malattie. Nella nostra esperienza, ci sono tre fattori chiave delle procedure che possono influenzare la sopravvivenza dopo il trapianto, il parametro più affidabile per i risultati di OLT ratto: la quantità di perdita di sangue, il tempo di funzionamento, gli eappositamente bloccaggio tempo della vena porta e IHVC, e l&#39;adeguatezza della ricostruzione di una nave, che potrebbe causare una stenosi, trombosi, o sanguinamento. In un periodo di formazione di questo modello, la maggior parte dei fallimenti potrebbe probabilmente essere correlato a tali fattori. In questo articolo video, vi presentiamo passo-passo le istruzioni per le procedure chirurgiche per il nostro modello di ratto di OLT parziale con ricostruzione arteriosa epatica. Mentre un modello di ratto di OLT è complicato e richiede competenze avanzate di microchirurgia, in questo articolo fornisce un sacco di informazioni pratiche, che dovrebbe servire come una buona guida per la formazione e l&#39;apprendimento di questo modello. Apprendimento questo modello efficiente è particolarmente importante per abbreviare il periodo di apprendimento, riducendo il numero di animali e costi necessari per la pratica, e poi riprodurre risultati affidabili in esperimenti. Ciò è in linea con il concetto delle 3R (sostituzione, riduzione e perfezionamento) degli esperimenti sugli animali, che è stata postulata da Russel e Burch nel1959 25.

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Nome </td><td> Azienda </td><td> Numero di catalogo </td><td> Commenti </td></tr><tr><td> Microscopio chirurgico </td><td> Leica </td><td> M651 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Sorgente di luce </td><td> Schott </td><td> KL1500LCD </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Tamponi di cotone </td><td> NOBA Verbandmittel </td><td> 974202 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Tamponi di garza (5x5 cm) </td><td> Fuhrmann </td><td> 10002 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> povidone-iodio soluzione </td><td> Mundipharma </td><td> 6108022.00.01 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Olio a base di argilla </td><td> Debika società </td><td> 090148 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> TachoSil </td><td> Takeda Pharmaceuticals International GmbH </td><td> EU/1/04/277/001-004</td><td> Applicato al fegato superficie resecata </td></tr><tr><td> Bisturi lama n ° 11 </td><td> Pfm medico </td><td> 200130011 </td><td> Preparazione del bracciale e stent </td></tr><tr><td> Calibro 14 catetere </td><td> B. Braun </td><td> 4268210S </td><td> Bracciale per il fotovoltaico </td></tr><tr><td> 18-gauge catetere </td><td> B. Braun </td><td> 4268130S </td><td> Perfusione via PV </td></tr><tr><td> 24-gauge catetere </td><td> B. Braun </td><td> 4269071S </td><td> Stent per BD e HA </td></tr><tr><td> Seta filo di sutura 4-0 </td><td> Resorba </td><td> H3F </td><td> Resezione epatica </td></tr><tr><td> 6-0 seta sutura </td><td> Resorba </td><td> H1F </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 7-0 Prolene (polipropilene) sutura </td><td> Ethicon </td><td> 8701H </td><td> SHVC e IHVC </td></tr><tr><td> 4-0 sutura Vicryl </td><td> Ethicon </td><td> V304H </td><td> Chiusura addominale </td></tr><tr><td> Siringa da 5 ml </td><td> Terumo </td><td> SS + T05ES1 </td><td> Eseguire il cuscino </td></tr><tr><td> Riscaldamento pad </td><td> Thermo </td><td> 190 x 260 mm </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Magnetico fissatore retrazione </td><td> Belle Science Tools Inc. </td><td> 18200-01 18200-02 18200-03 18200-12 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Bagno di acqua fredda </td><td> Huber </td><td> 740.000X </td><td> Conservazione Graft </td></tr><tr><td> Pinza bipolare </td><td> Promotrice </td><td> MBC-200 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Pinza Mosquito </td><td> BONIMED </td><td> 451-476-03 </td><td> Due coppie usate </td></tr><tr><td> Adson micro pinza </td><td> Dimeda </td><td> 10.176.12 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Mi curvocro pinza </td><td> AESCULAP </td><td> FD281R </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Dritti pinza micro </td><td> Bonimed </td><td> 451-476-03 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Curve forbici micro </td><td> Medicon </td><td> 05.15.83 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Dritti forbici micro </td><td> AESCULAP </td><td> FD12 </td><td> Incisione fine </td></tr><tr><td> Forbici </td><td> AESCULAP </td><td> BC211W </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Micro supporto dell&#39;ago </td><td> AESCULAP </td><td> FD241R </td><td> Ricostruzione </td></tr><tr><td> Il sindaco-Hegar Porta aghi </td><td> Mizuho Ikakogyo </td><td> 06-798-00 </td><td> Chiusura addominale </td></tr><tr><td> DeBakey Bulldog morsetto (diritto) </td><td> ULRICH </td><td> CV3054 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> DeBakey Bulldog morsetto (curva) </td><td> Codman </td> &lt;td&gt; 37-1062 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Satinsky morsetto </td><td> Mizuhoika </td><td> 09-230-24 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Pinza vascolare periferica </td><td> Teleflex Medical </td><td> 353494 </td><td> Destinatario SHVC </td></tr><tr><td> Nave morsetto Micro (usa e getta) </td><td> AROSurgical Instruments Corporation </td><td> TKM-1-60 g </td><td> PV, IHVC innesto, e il destinatario HA </td></tr><tr><td> Nave fascetta Micro (metallo) </td><td> Belle Science Tools Inc. </td><td> 18052-01 </td><td> Destinatario IHVC </td></tr><tr><td> Soluzione di Ringer lattato </td><td> Fresenius Kabi </td><td> 6150917.00.00 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Normale soluzione salina </td><td> DeltaSelect </td><td> 1299.99.99 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> HTK soluzione </td><td> Dr. Franz Köhler Chemie GmbH </td><td> 31268.00.00 </td><td> Conservazione soluzione </td></tr><tr><td> Eparina-Natrium </td><td> Ratiopharm </td><td> 5394.02.00 </td><td> 500 UI prima di perfusione innesto </td></tr><tr><td> Bicarbonato di sodio 8,4% </td><td> Fresenius Kabi </td><td> 4399.97.99 </td><td> 0,5 ml dopo la riperfusione </td></tr><tr><td> Soluzione di glucosio 5% </td><td> B. Braun </td><td> 6714567.06.00 </td><td> 1,0 ml dopo la riperfusione </td></tr><tr><td> Cefuroxim sodio </td><td> Fresenius Kabi </td><td> 38985.01.00 </td><td> Antibiotico, 16 mg / kg </td></tr><tr><td> Buprenorfina </td><td> Essex Pharma </td><td> 997.00.00 </td><td> Painkiller, 0,1 mg / kg </td></tr><tr><td> Intensive Care Cage Unità </td><td> Brinsea Products Ltd. </td><td> Vetario S10 </td><td> Cura postoperatoria </td></tr></tbody></table>

surgical procedures for a rat model of partial orthotopic liver transplantation with hepatic arterial reconstruction

Trapianto di fegato (OLT) nei ratti utilizzando un innesto totale o parziale, è indispensabile un modello sperimentale per la ricerca trapianto, come ad esempio gli studi sulla conservazione del trapianto e ischemia-riperfusione 1,2 lesioni, risposte immunologiche 3,4, 5,6 emodinamica, e di piccole dimensioni per la sindrome di 7. La OLT ratto è tra i modelli animali più difficili in chirurgia sperimentale e microchirurgia richiede competenze avanzate che richiedono molto tempo per imparare. Di conseguenza, l&#39;uso di questo modello è stato limitato. Dal momento che l&#39;affidabilità e la riproducibilità dei risultati sono componenti chiave degli esperimenti in cui si utilizzano tali modelli animali complessi, è fondamentale per i chirurghi che sono coinvolti nel OLT ratto per essere addestrato nelle procedure ben standardizzate e sofisticata per questo modello. Mentre varie tecniche e modifiche di OLT nei ratti sono stati riportati 8 Poiché il primo modello è stato descried da Lee et al. 9 nel 1973, l&#39;eliminazione della arteria epatica ricostruzione 10 e l&#39;introduzione della tecnica anastomosi bracciale da Kamada et al. 11 erano un avanzamento importante in questo modello, perché semplificato le procedure di ricostruzione in grande misura . Nel modello da Kamada et al., Il rearterialization epatica è stato eliminato. Dal momento che i ratti possono sopravvivere in assenza di flusso in arteria epatica dopo trapianto di fegato, vi è stata polemica considerevole rispetto al valore di arterialization epatica. Tuttavia, la superiorità del modello fisiologico arterializzato è stato sempre più riconosciuto, soprattutto in termini di preservazione del sistema biliare 8,12 e dell&#39;integrità fegato 8,13,14. In questo articolo, vi presentiamo dettagliate procedure chirurgiche per un modello murino di OLT con ricostruzione arteriosa epatica con un innesto parziale del 50% dopo resezione epatica ex vivozione. Le procedure di ricostruzione per ciascuna nave e il dotto biliare vengono eseguite con i seguenti metodi: un 7-0 sutura in polipropilene continuo per la sovra-e sottoepatica vena cava; una tecnica bracciale per la vena porta, e una tecnica di stent per l&#39;arteria epatica e il dotto biliare.

Tutti i ratti destinatario (n = 20) sono sopravvissuti senza complicazioni apparenti fino a quando l&#39;eutanasia previsto per il prelievo del sangue a 1, 3, 24, e 168 ore (7 giorni) dopo la riperfusione portale (n = 5 ad ogni tempo). I campioni di sangue sono stati prelevati dalla IHVC da una puntura diretta con un ago di calibro 27. Dopo la centrifugazione a 5340 xg per 10 minuti, i campioni di siero sono stati ottenuti e analizzati per alanina aminotransferasi (ALT), che riflettono il grado di danno epatocellulare dopo il trapianto. Il tempo impiegato per cambiamenti nei livelli sierici di ALT è mostrato in Figura 16. I livelli di ALT ha raggiunto un picco a 24 ore (media ± deviazione standard: 212,6 ± 67,9 IU / L), per poi scendere entro i limiti normali a 168 ore (33,6 ± 6,8 UI / L). <img alt="Figura 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/4376/4376fig1.jpg" /> Figura 1. A bracciale per la vena porta (PV) da 14-calibro del catetere, e stent per l&#39;arteria epatica (HA) e del dotto biliare (BD) da 24-gauge cateteri. <img alt="Figura 2" fo:content-width="4in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/4376/4376fig2highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/4376/4376fig2.jpg" /> Figura 2. Schema della rimozione del fegato da donatore ratto BD, del dotto biliare,. HA, arteria epatica; IHVC, sottoepatica vena cava, PV, della vena porta, SHVC, sovraepatica vena cava. <img alt="Figura 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/4376/4376fig3.jpg" /> Figura 3. Donatore funzionamento. a. Il ratto viene posto su una piastra elettrica con un sistema magnetico retrazione fissatore. L&#39;addome viene aperto da una incisione mediana con estensioni bilaterali. B. Inserimento dello stent nel dotto biliare. C. Perfusione del fegato attraverso la vena porta. Abbreviazioni sono spiegareed in Figura 2. <img alt="Figura 4" src="/files/ftp_upload/4376/4376fig4.jpg" /> Figura 4. Fissaggio di un bracciale alla vena porta. a, b. La pinza DeBakey Bulldog che afferra il tronco venoso portale viene posta sopra la tazza di metallo. La coppa è montato nella scatola di plastica riempito di ghiaccio tritato. C. La vena porta è messa attraverso il bracciale. D. La parete della vena porta è rovesciato sopra il bracciale con il moncone della vena splenica fuori il bracciale al 7 posizione ore e l&#39;estensione del bracciale nella posizione delle ore 12. e. La vena porta è fissata con un filo di seta circonferenziale 6-0 sul bracciale. Le frecce nere indicano il moncone della vena splenica. <img alt="Figura 5" src="/files/ftp_upload/4376/4376fig5.jpg" /> Figura 5. Ex vivoinserimento di uno stent nell&#39;arteria epatica. a. Il fegato è fissata serrando entrambi i bordi del diaframma, e l&#39;arteria epatica viene tirato dritto tenendo il filo ligato per l&#39;arteria. b. La parete anteriore della piccola incisione sulla arteria epatica è tenuto con una pinza diritte micro . c, d. Lo stent viene inserito nell&#39;arteria epatica e fissato con un filo di seta 6-0. <img alt="Figura 6" fo:content-width="3.5in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/4376/4376fig6highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/4376/4376fig6.jpg" /> Figura 6. Lo schema di resezione epatica ex vivo al 50%. Lobi in colore grigio vengono rimossi. ACL, anteriore lobo caudato, PCL, lobo caudato posteriore; LLL, lobo sinistro laterale; LML, parte sinistra del lobo mediano, RML, parte destra del lobo mediano, SRL, superiore del lobo laterale destro, IRL, inferiore del lobo laterale destro. Figura 7. Ex resezione epatica vivo 50%. un. legatura del peduncolo del lobo caudato posteriore. b. legatura del peduncolo della porzione sinistra del lobo mediano. c. Il fegato prima 50% resezione. d. fegato dopo resezione 50%. <img alt="Figura 8" src="/files/ftp_upload/4376/4376fig8.jpg" /> Figura 8. Ex vivo plasty del sovraepatica vena cava. a. Il fegato è fissata serrando i due lati della membrana con le pinzette zanzara. b. Soggiorno con suture 7-0 polipropilene sono collegati ad entrambi gli angoli. <img alt="Figura 9" fo:content-width="4in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/4376/4376fig9highres.jpg" src = &quot;/ files/ftp_upload/4376/4376fig9.jpg&quot; /&gt; Figura 9. Schema di impianto dell&#39;innesto nel ratto ricevente. Le procedure di ricostruzione vengono eseguite per il sovra-e sottoepatica vena cava (SHVC e IHVC) con una sutura 7-0 continuo, la vena porta (PV) mediante una tecnica di bracciale, e l&#39;epatica arteria (HA) e del dotto biliare (BD) mediante una tecnica stent. <img alt="Figura 10" src="/files/ftp_upload/4376/4376fig10.jpg" /> Figura 10. Funzionamento beneficiario fino alla rimozione del fegato nativo. a. L&#39;addome viene aperto da una incisione mediana. b. La vena surrenalica destra è legato. c. il fegato nativo viene asportato. Abbreviazioni sono illustrate nella Figura 2. <img alt="Figura 11" src="/files/ftp_upload/4376/4376fig11.jpg" /> Figura 11. Anastomosi del suprahepatico vena cava. a, b. La pinza vascolare periferica per la vena cava sovraepatica è fissato in un grumo di olio a base di argilla. Le suture in entrambi gli angoli sono mantenuti con una leggera trazione superiolaterally per allargare l&#39;anastomosi. C. Continua sutura intraluminale della fila posteriore in corso. D. Sutura continua della fila anteriore in corso. <img alt="Figura 12" src="/files/ftp_upload/4376/4376fig12.jpg" /> Figura 12. Ricostruzione della vena porta. a, b. La pinza di serraggio zanzara vena porta è fissato in argilla a base di olio e tirato verso l&#39;ilo epatico. cf. Inserimento del bracciale nella vena porta. <img alt="Figura 13" src="/files/ftp_upload/4376/4376fig13.jpg" /> Figura 13. Ricostruzione dell&#39;arteria epatica. a, b. </stron<html> g inserimento&gt; di uno stent nell&#39;arteria epatica comune destinatario (CHA) alla biforcazione dell&#39;arteria epatica propria (PHA) e dell&#39;arteria gastroduodenale (GDA). <img alt="Figura 14" src="/files/ftp_upload/4376/4376fig14.jpg" /> Figura 14. Anastomosi del sottoepatica vena cava. a. Le suture in entrambi gli angoli. b. sutura continua della fila posteriore. c. sutura continua della fila anteriore. d. riperfusione del sottoepatica vena cava. Abbreviazioni sono illustrate nella Figura 2. <img alt="Figura 15" src="/files/ftp_upload/4376/4376fig15.jpg" /> Figura 15. Tutte le procedure di ricostruzione sono finiti. Abbreviazioni sono illustrate nella Figura 2. <img alt="&lt;/ Html">&quot;Figura 16&quot; src = &quot;/ files/ftp_upload/4376/4376fig16.jpg&quot; /&gt; Figura 16 postoperatoria time-course delle variazioni di sierici di alanina aminotransferasi (ALT) (n = 20; n = 5 in ogni punto).. I dati sono espressi come medie con barre di errore che indicano deviazioni standard. I livelli di ALT ha raggiunto un picco a 24 ore (212,6 ± 67,9 IU / L), per poi scendere entro i limiti normali a 168 ore (33,6 ± 6,8 UI / L).

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Surgical Procedures for a Rat Model of Partial Orthotopic Liver Transplantation with Hepatic Arterial Reconstruction at JoVE.com

Surgical Procedures for a Rat Model of Partial Orthotopic Liver Transplantation with Hepatic Arterial Reconstruction

Trapianto di fegato nei ratti è un modello sperimentale indispensabile per la ricerca biomedica. Qui vi presentiamo le nostre procedure chirurgiche per il trapianto ortotopico di fegato di ratto con la ricostruzione arteriosa epatica con un trapianto parziale del 50%.

Procedure chirurgiche per un modello di Rat parziale trapianto di fegato con la ricostruzione arteriosa epatica

Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) in rats using a whole or partial graft is an indispensable experimental model for transplantation research, such as ...

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36.0K Views.  RWTH-Aachen University. Trapianto di fegato nei ratti è un modello sperimentale indispensabile per la ricerca biomedica. Qui vi presentiamo le nostre procedure chirurgiche per il trapianto ortotopico di fegato di ratto con la ricostruzione arteriosa epatica con un trapianto parziale del 50%.

Video: Surgical Procedures for a Rat Model of Partial Orthotopic Liver Transplantation with Hepatic Arterial Reconstruction

Orthotopic Aortic Transplantation: A Rat Model to Study the Development of Chronic Vasculopathy

Research models of chronic rejection are essential to investigate pathobiological and pathophysiological processes during the development of transplant vasculopathy (TVP).
The commonly used animal model for cardiovascular chronic rejection studies is the heterotopic heart transplant model performed in laboratory rodents. This model is used widely in experiments since Ono and Lindsey (3) published their technique. To analyze the findings in the blood vessels, the heart has to be sectioned and all vessels have to be measured.
Another method to investigate chronic rejection in cardiovascular questionings is the aortic transplant model (1, 2). In the orthotopic aortic transplant model, the aorta can easily be histologically evaluated (2). The PVG-to-ACI model is especially useful for CAV studies, since acute vascular rejection is not a major confounding factor and Cyclosporin A (CsA) treatment does not prevent the development of CAV, similar to what we find in the clinical setting (4). A7-day period of CsA is required in this model to prevent acute rejection and to achieve long-term survival with the development of TVP.
This model can also be used to investigate acute cellular rejection and media necrosis in xenogeneic models (5).

This video demonstrates the orthotopic aortic transplant model as a simple model to study the development of transplant vasculopathy (TVP) in rats.

Trapianto ortotopico aortica: un modello di ratto per studiare lo sviluppo di vasculopatia cronica

Research models of chronic rejection are essential to investigate pathobiological and pathophysiological processes during the development of transplant ...

Ricerca

Medicina

Orthotopic Liver Transplantation in Rats

Clinical progress in the field of liver transplantation has been largely supported by animal models1,2. Since the publication of the first orthotopic rat liver transplantation in 1979 by Kamada et al.3, this model has remained the gold standard despite various proposed alternative techniques4. Nevertheless, its broader use is limited by its steep learning curve5.
In this video paper, we show a simple and easy-to-establish revision of Kamada's two-cuff technique. The suprahepatic vena cava anastomosis is performed manually with a running suture, and the vena porta and infrahepatic vena cava anastomoses are performed utilizing a quick-linker cuff system6. Manufacturing the quick-linker kit is shown in a separate video paper.

We present an easy-to-establish revision of the classical two-cuff technique for orthotopic liver transplantation in rat.

Trapianto di fegato in ratti

Clinical progress in the field of liver transplantation has been largely supported by animal models1,2. Since the publication of the first orthotopic rat ...

Heterotopic Auxiliary Rat Liver Transplantation With Flow-regulated Portal Vein Arterialization in Acute Hepatic Failure

In acute hepatic failure auxiliary liver transplantation is an interesting alternative approach. The aim is to provide a temporary support until the failing native liver has regenerated.1-3 The APOLT-method, the orthotopic implantation of auxiliary segments- averts most of the technical problems. However this method necessitates extensive resections of both the native liver and the graft.4 In 1998, Erhard developed the heterotopic auxiliary liver transplantation (HALT) utilizing portal vein arterialization (PVA) (Figure 1). This technique showed promising initial clinical results.5-6 We developed a HALT-technique with flow-regulated PVA in the rat to examine the influence of flow-regulated PVA on graft morphology and function (Figure 2).
A liver graft reduced to 30 % of its original size, was heterotopically implanted in the right renal region of the recipient after explantation of the right kidney.&#160; The infra-hepatic caval vein of the graft was anastomosed with the infrahepatic caval vein of the recipient. The arterialization of the donor&#8217;s portal vein was carried out via the recipient&#8217;s right renal artery with the stent technique. The blood-flow regulation of the arterialized portal vein was achieved with the use of a stent with an internal diameter of 0.3 mm. The celiac trunk of the graft was end-to-side anastomosed with the recipient&#8217;s aorta and the bile duct was implanted into the duodenum. A subtotal resection of the native liver was performed to induce acute hepatic failure. 7
In this manner 112 transplantations were performed. The perioperative survival rate was 90% and the 6-week survival rate was 80%. Six weeks after operation, the native liver regenerated, showing an increase in weight from 2.3&#177;0.8 g to 9.8&#177;1 g. At this time, the graft&#8217;s weight decreased from 3.3&#177;0.8 g to 2.3&#177;0.8 g.
We were able to obtain promising long-term results in terms of graft morphology and function. HALT with flow-regulated PVA reliably bridges acute hepatic failure until the native liver regenerates.

Auxiliary liver transplantation provides a temporary support in acute hepatic failure, until regeneration of the failing liver. The heterotopic auxiliary liver transplantation (HALT) with portal vein arterialization (PVA) renders sufficient liver function. We developed an analogous technique in the rat, to examine the influence of the portal vein arterialization on the morphology and function of the graft.

Eterotopica ausiliario Ratto trapianto di fegato con flusso regolato Portal Vein arterialization in acuta insufficienza epatica

In acute hepatic failure auxiliary liver transplantation is an interesting alternative approach. The aim is to provide a temporary support until the ...

Method of Direct Segmental Intra-hepatic Delivery Using a Rat Liver Hilar Clamp Model

Major hepatic surgery with inflow occlusion, and liver transplantation, necessitate a period of warm ischemia, and a period of reperfusion leading to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury with myriad negative consequences. Potential I/R injury in marginal organs destined for liver transplantation contributes to the current donor shortage secondary to a decreased organ utilization rate. A significant need exists to explore hepatic I/R injury in order to mediate its impact on graft function in transplantation. Rat liver hilar clamp models are used to investigate the impact of different molecules on hepatic I/R injury. Depending on the model, these molecules have been delivered using inhalation, epidural infusion, intraperitoneal injection, intravenous administration or injection into the peripheral superior mesenteric vein. A rat liver hilar clamp model has been developed for use in studying the impact of pharmacologic molecules in ameliorating I/R injury. The described model for rat liver hilar clamp includes direct cannulation of the portal supply to the ischemic hepatic segment via a side branch of the portal vein, allowing for direct segmental hepatic delivery. Our approach is to induce ischemia in the left lateral and median lobes for 60 min, during which time the substance under study is infused. In this case, pegylated-superoxide dismutase (PEG-SOD), a free radical scavenger, is infused directly into the ischemic segment. This series of experiments demonstrates that infusion of PEG-SOD is protective against hepatic I/R injury. Advantages of this approach include direct injection of the molecule into the ischemic segment with consequent decrease in volume of distribution and reduction in systemic side effects.

A unique rat liver hilar clamp model was developed for studying the impact of pharmacologic molecules in ameliorating ischemia-reperfusion injury. This model includes direct cannulation of the portal supply to the ischemic liver segment via a branch of the portal vein, allowing for direct hepatic delivery.

Metodo di consegna diretta segmentale intra-epatico utilizzando un modello di fegato di ratto Hilar morsetto

Major hepatic surgery with inflow occlusion, and liver transplantation, necessitate a period of warm ischemia, and a period of reperfusion leading to ...

Re-Arterialized Rat Partial Liver Transplantation with an in vivo Vessel-Oriented 70% Hepatectomy

Split liver transplantation and living liver donor liver transplantation were developed in the clinic to utilize liver organs in a more efficient manner. To better understand the mechanism behind these surgical procedures, a rat partial liver transplantation (PLTx) model was established for relevant surgical studies. Because of the complexity of the rat PLTx model, a protocol with detailed descriptions is required. An article published previously reported a protocol in which ex vivo hepatectomy was used to achieve 50% rat PLTx. In contrast to this protocol, we introduced a re-arterialized PLTx with an in vivo 70% hepatectomy. An updated vessel-oriented hepatectomy was incorporated into the rat PLTx to refine the microsurgical procedure. The portal veins and hepatic arteries of the left lateral lobe and the median lobe were individually dissected and ligated before removal of the liver parenchyma, thereby decreasing the probability of bleeding in the remnant liver stump. Furthermore, an end-to-side vessel anastomosis between the common hepatic artery and the enlarged proper hepatic artery was introduced to re-arterialize the hepatic artery. By using this end-to-side vessel anastomosis technique, the diameter of the anastomosis was enlarged, thereby decreasing the difficulty of hand suture and maintaining a high rate of anastomotic patency. Moreover, the cuff anastomosis of the infrahepatic vena cava was slightly modified. A section of circumferential liver parenchyma around the vena cava of a recipient was preserved during cuff anastomosis to maintain the three-dimensional shape of the vascular lumen. This section of liver parenchyma was removed after completing the anastomosis. With this modification, the step involving placement of stay sutures was omitted, thereby further shortening the cuff anastomosis time. By using this protocol of rat PLTx, a low liver enzyme level, an intact liver lobular architecture and a high survival rate were achieved after microsurgery.

Re-Arterialized Rat Partial Liver Transplantation with an in vivo Vessel-Oriented 70% Hepatectomy

Here, a protocol involving re-arterialized rat partial liver transplantation is presented. Specifically, 70% liver was resected in vivo by using an updated technique of vessel-oriented hepatectomy. The hepatic artery was reconstructed in an end-to-side manner. The cuff technique was modified to shorten the anastomosis time of the infrahepatic vena cava.

Ri-Arterialized trapianto parziale di fegato del ratto con un in vivo vaso-Oriented 70% Hepatectomy

Split liver transplantation and living liver donor liver transplantation were developed in the clinic to utilize liver organs in a more efficient manner. ...

A Rat Model of Orthotopic Liver Transplantation Using a Novel Magnetic Anastomosis Technique for Suprahepatic Vena Cava Reconstruction

The rat model of orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) is essential for transplant research. It is a very sophisticated animal model and requires a steep learning curve. The introduction of the cuff technique for anastomosis of the portal vein (PV) and infrahepatic vena cava (IHVC) has significantly simplified the transplant procedure in rats. However, due to the short anterior wall of the recipients' suprahepatic vena cava (SHVC), the cuff technique is very difficult to use for the reconstruction of the SHVC. Most researchers in this field still use the hand-suture technique for SHVC reconstruction, which makes it the bottleneck step in rat orthotopic liver transplantation. The magnetic anastomosis technique (i.e., magnamosis) is a method of connecting two vessels using the attractive force between two magnets. Our recent study has shown that the magnetic anastomosis technique is superior to the hand-suture technique for SHVC reconstruction in rats. In this article, we show a step-by-step protocol for SHVC reconstruction in rats using the novel magnetic anastomosis technique. In this model, the reconstruction of the PV and IHVC was performed by the standard cuff technique, while the reconstruction of the bile duct (BD) was performed by a stent technique. The hepatic re-arterialization was not performed. The magnetic anastomosis technique made SHVC reconstruction much easier and significantly shortened the anphepatic phase. After a reasonable learning curve, even researchers without advanced microsurgical skills can produce reliable and reproducible results using this rat model of OLT.

The reconstruction of the suprahepatic vena cava (SHVC) remains a difficult step in rat orthotopic liver transplantation. In this article, we show a step-by-step protocol for SHVC reconstruction in rats using a novel magnetic anastomosis technique.

Un modello del ratto di orthotopic del trapianto del fegato usando una tecnica novella dell'anastomosi magnetico per la ricostruzione della Vena Cava Suprahepatic

The rat model of orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) is essential for transplant research. It is a very sophisticated animal model and requires a steep ...

Orthotopic Rat Kidney Transplantation: A Novel and Simplified Surgical Approach

Kidney transplantation offers increased survival rates and improved quality of life for patients with end-stage renal disease, as compared to any type of renal replacement therapy. Over the past few decades, the rat kidney transplantation model has been used to study the immunological phenomena of rejection and tolerance. This model has become an indispensable tool to test new immunomodulatory pharmaceuticals and regimens prior to proceeding with expensive preclinical large animal studies.
This protocol provides a detailed overview of how to reliably perform orthotopic kidney transplantation in rats. This protocol includes three distinctive steps that increase the probability of success: perfusion of the donor kidney by flushing through the portal vein and the use of a cuff system to anastomose the renal veins and ureters, thereby decreasing cold and warm ischemia times. Using this technique, we have achieved survival rates beyond 6 months with normal serum creatinine in animals with syngeneic or tolerant kidney transplants. Depending on the aim of the study, this model can be modified by pre- or posttransplant treatments to study the acute, chronic, cellular, or antibody-mediated rejection. It is a reproducible, reliable, and cost-effective animal model to study different aspects of kidney transplantation.

The purpose of this manuscript and protocol is to explain and demonstrate in detail the surgical procedure of orthotopic kidney transplantation in rats. This method is simplified to achieve the correct perfusion of the donor kidney and shorten the reperfusion time by using the venous and ureteral cuff anastomosis technique.

Trapianto di rene ortotopico ratto: un nuovo approccio chirurgico semplificato

Kidney transplantation offers increased survival rates and improved quality of life for patients with end-stage renal disease, as compared to any type of ...

Generation of a Rat Model of Acute Liver Failure by Combining 70% Partial Hepatectomy and Acetaminophen

Acute liver failure (ALF) is a clinical condition caused by various etiologies resulting in the loss of metabolic, biochemical, synthesizing, and detoxifying functions of the liver. In most irreversible liver damage cases, orthotropic liver transplant (OLT) remains the only available treatment. To study the therapeutic potential of a treatment for ALF, its prior testing in an animal model of ALF is essential. In the current study, an ALF model in rats was developed by combining 70% partial hepatectomy (PHx) and injections of acetaminophen (APAP) that provides a therapeutic window of 48 h. The median and left lateral lobes of the liver were removed to excise 70% of the liver mass and APAP was given 24 h postsurgically for 2 days. Survival in ALF-induced animals was found to be severely decreased. The development of ALF was confirmed by altered serum levels of the enzymes alanine amino transferase (ALT), aspartate amino transferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP); changes in prothrombin time (PT); and assessment of the international normalized ratio (INR). Study of the gene expression profile by qPCR revealed an increase in expression levels of genes involved in apoptosis, inflammation, and in the progression of liver injury. Diffused degeneration of hepatocytes and infiltration of immune cells was observed by histological evaluation. The reversibility of ALF was confirmed by the restoration of survival and serum levels of ALT, AST, and ALP after intrasplenic transplantation of syngeneic healthy rat hepatocytes. This model presents a reliable alternative to the available ALF animal models to study the pathophysiology of ALF as well as to evaluate the potential of a novel therapy for ALF. The use of two different approaches also makes it possible to study the combined effect of physical and drug-induced liver injury. The reproducibility and feasibility of current procedure is an added benefit of the model.

The acute liver failure animal model developed in the current study presents a feasible alternative for the study of potential therapies. The current model employs the combined effect of physical and drug-induced hepatic injury and provides a suitable time window to study the potential of novel therapies.

Generazione di un modello di ratto di insufficienza epatica acuta combinando il 70% di epatitectomia parziale e acetaminofene

Acute liver failure (ALF) is a clinical condition caused by various etiologies resulting in the loss of metabolic, biochemical, synthesizing, and ...

Reduced Complications after Arterial Reconnection in a Rat Model of Orthotopic Liver Transplantation

The rat orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) model is a powerful tool to study acute and chronic rejection. However, it is not a complete representation of human liver transplantation due to the absence of arterial reconnection. Described here is a modified transplantation procedure that includes the incorporation of hepatic artery (HA) reconnection, leading to a marked improvement in transplant outcomes. With a mean anhepatic time of 12 min and 14 s, HA reconnection results in improved perfusion of the transplanted liver and an increase in long-term recipient survival from 37.5% to 88.2%. This protocol includes the use of 3D-printed cuffs and holders to connect the portal vein and infrahepatic inferior vena cava. It can be implemented for studying multiple aspects of liver transplantation, from immune response and infection to technical aspects of the procedure. By incorporating a simple and practical method for arterial reconnection using a microvascular technique, this modified rat OLT protocol closely mimics aspects of human liver transplantation and will serve as a valuable and clinically relevant research model.

The goal of this study is to modify the rat orthotopic liver transplant model to better represent human liver transplantation and improve recipient survival. The presented method reestablishes hepatic arterial inflow by connecting the donor liver&#39;s common hepatic artery to the recipient liver&#39;s proper hepatic artery.

Complicazioni ridotte dopo la riconnessione arteriosa in un modello di ratto di trapianto di fegato ortotopico

The rat orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) model is a powerful tool to study acute and chronic rejection. However, it is not a complete representation ...

Left Lung Orthotopic Transplantation in a Juvenile Porcine Model for ESLP

Lung transplantation is the gold-standard treatment for end-stage lung disease, with over 4,600 lung transplantations performed worldwide annually. However, lung transplantation is limited by a shortage of available donor organs. As such, there is high waitlist mortality. Ex situ lung perfusion (ESLP) has increased donor lung utilization rates in some centers by 15%-20%. ESLP has been applied as a method to assess and recondition marginal donor lungs and has demonstrated acceptable short- and long-term outcomes following transplantation of extended criteria donor (ECD) lungs. Large animal (in vivo) transplantation models are required to validate ongoing in vitro research findings. Anatomic and physiologic differences between humans and pigs pose significant technical and anesthetic challenges. An easily reproducible transplant model would permit the&#160;in vivo&#160;validation of current ESLP strategies and the preclinical evaluation of various interventions designed to improve donor lung function. This protocol describes a porcine model of orthotopic left lung allotransplantation. This includes anesthetic and surgical techniques, a customized surgical checklist, troubleshooting, modifications, and the benefits and limitations of the approach.

This protocol describes a juvenile porcine model of orthotopic left lung allotransplantation designed for use with ESLP research. Focus is made on anesthetic and surgical techniques, as well as critical steps and troubleshooting.

Trapianto ortotopico di polmone sinistro in un modello suino giovane per ESLP

Lung transplantation is the gold-standard treatment for end-stage lung disease, with over 4,600 lung transplantations performed worldwide annually. ...