Questo lavoro è stato sostenuto dal National Institutes of Health (7R01HL098528-03) e Clinica Innovator Award FAMRI.

1. Preparazione di proteine ​​Transfezione reagente <ol><li> Sciogliere il reagente Pro-Ject aggiungendo 250 ml di metanolo e cloroformio al tubo contenente il film secco. </li><li> Vortex per 10-20 secondi alla massima velocità. </li><li> Pipettare 20 ml di reagente di Pro-Ject in tubi microcentrifuga separate. </li><li> Evaporare il solvente ponendo le provette da microcentrifuga contenenti il ​​reagente Pro-Ject sotto cappa a flusso laminare per un minimo di 6 ore a temperatura ambiente. Esso deve essere completamente asciutto. Alternativamente, essiccare il reagente Pro-Ject utilizzando un essiccatore a vuoto. </li><li> Conservare le provette a -20 ° C. Essi sono buoni per un anno a questa temperatura. </li></ol> 2. L&#39;aggiunta di proteine ​​a Pro-Ject reagente <ol><li> Pipettare 50 ml di PBS, contenente 2,0 mg di proteina di interesse, in una provetta contenente 20 ml di reagente di trasfezione Pro-Ject essiccato. </li><li> Dopo aver aggiunto la proteina, miscelare la soluzione nel vortex a bassa velocità fo 3-5 sec seguita da incubazione per 30 minuti a temperatura ambiente. </li></ol> 3. Amministrazione tracheale di Proteine <ol><li> Anestetizzare topi mediante iniezione intraperitoneale di ketamina / xilazina (100 mg / kg e 10 mg / kg). </li><li> Dopo sedazione è raggiunto, i topi sono sospesi dalla incisivi superiori con una piattaforma appositamente progettata (Figura 1). </li><li> Con pinze e una graffetta come laringoscopio, dell&#39;orofaringe viene aperta in modo che il catetere può essere introdotto (Figura 2). Le corde vocali sono visualizzati semplicemente posizionando una sorgente di luce contro la trachea del mouse. </li><li> La miscela reagente proteina / progetto (50 ml) viene iniettato attraverso la trachea usando un secolo MICROIRRIGATORE Penn. </li></ol>

<ol>
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V., Lim, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcription+factors+in+mouse+lung+development+and+function.">Transcription factors in mouse lung development and function.</a> Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol. 280, 823-838 (2001).</li><li>Perl, A. K., Tichelaar, J. W., Whitsett, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Conditional+gene+expression+in+the+respiratory+epithelium+of+the+mouse.">Conditional gene expression in the respiratory epithelium of the mouse.</a> Transgenic Research. 11, 21-29 (2002).</li><li>Morimoto, M., Kopan, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=rtTA+toxicity+limits+the+usefulness+of+the+SP-C-rtTA+transgenic+mouse.">rtTA toxicity limits the usefulness of the SP-C-rtTA transgenic mouse.</a> Dev. Biol. 325, 171-178 (2009).</li><li>Waehler, R., Russell, S. J., Curiel, D. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Engineering+targeted+viral+vectors+for+gene+therapy.">Engineering targeted viral vectors for gene therapy.</a> Nature reviews. 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M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cellular+and+humoral+immune+responses+to+viral+antigens+create+barriers+to+lung-directed+gene+therapy+with+recombinant+adenoviruses.">Cellular and humoral immune responses to viral antigens create barriers to lung-directed gene therapy with recombinant adenoviruses.</a> J. Virol. 69, 2004-2015 (1995).</li><li>Liu, Q., Muruve, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+basis+of+the+inflammatory+response+to+adenovirus+vectors.">Molecular basis of the inflammatory response to adenovirus vectors.</a> Gene Ther. 10, 935-940 (2003).</li><li>Pfeifer, C., Aneja, M. 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Gli autori non hanno conflitti di interesse da dichiarare.

Il vantaggio di questa tecnica rispetto ad altri metodi è che produce aumenti dei livelli della proteina e l&#39;attività all&#39;interno del tessuto polmonare stesso. Inoltre, penetra alle regioni più distali del polmone rispetto a stare solo all&#39;interno delle vie respiratorie. Abbiamo misurato un aumento dell&#39;attività delle proteine ​​del nostro iniettato anche dopo lavaging le vie aeree con soluzione fisiologica 15. Analisi di attività del tessuto indicano che la proteina sta entrando cell...

<table border="1">
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td>Name of the reagent</td>
 <td>Company</td>
 <td>Catalogue number</td>
 <td>Comments (optional)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Pro-Ject</td>
 <td>Pierce Bio</td>
 <td>89850</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Microsprayer</td>
 <td>Penn Century</td>
 <td>FMJ-250</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Beta-galactosidase</td>
 <td>Pierce Bio</td>
 <td>89850</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Beta-galactosidase antibody</td>
 <td>Santa Cruz Bio</td>
 <td>SC-19119</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Mouse serum albumin</td>
 <td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
 <td>A3139</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Ketamine/xylazine</td>
 <td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
 <td>K113</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>

protein transfection of mouse lung

Aumentare l&#39;espressione della proteina permette ai ricercatori di comprendere meglio il ruolo funzionale di quella proteina nella regolazione dei processi biologici chiave 1. Nel polmone, questo è stato realizzato tipicamente attraverso approcci genetici che utilizzano topi transgenici 2,3 o vettori virali o non virali che elevano livelli di proteina tramite incremento dell&#39;espressione genica 4. Topi transgenici sono costosi e che richiede tempo per generare e l&#39;inserzione casuale di un&#39;espressione genica transgene o cronica possono alterare il normale sviluppo del polmone e quindi limitare l&#39;utilità del modello 5. Mentre transgenici condizionali scongiurare problemi associati con l&#39;espressione genica cronica 6, le transattivatore (rtTA) topi tetraciclina controllati inversa, che vengono utilizzati per generare un&#39;espressione condizionale, sviluppano spontanea allargamento dello spazio aereo 7. Come con transgenici, l&#39;uso di vettori virali e non virali è costoso 8 e può provocare dose-drisposte infiammatorie ependent che confondono risultati 9 e ostacolano l&#39;espressione 10. Inoltre, l&#39;efficacia di dosi ripetute sono limitati dalla migliorate le risposte immunitarie al vettore 11,12. I ricercatori stanno sviluppando associati adeno-virale (AAV) vettori che provocano meno infiammazione e hanno un&#39;espressione più lunga all&#39;interno del polmone 13. Utilizzando β-galattosidasi, presentiamo un metodo per aumentare l&#39;espressione di proteine ​​rapidamente ed efficacemente all&#39;interno del polmone utilizzando una tecnica diretta trasfezione proteina. Questo protocollo mescola una quantità fissa di proteina purificata con 20 pl di un reagente di trasfezione base lipidica (Pro-Ject, Pierce Bio) per consentire la penetrazione nel tessuto polmonare stesso. La miscela proteica liposomiale viene poi iniettato nei polmoni dei topi attraverso la trachea utilizzando un MICROIRRIGATORE (Century Penn, Philadelphia, PA). Il MICROIRRIGATORE genera un bel pennacchio di aerosol liquidi durante i polmoni. Utilizzando la tecnicaabbiamo dimostrato deposizione uniforme della proteina iniettata durante le vie aeree e gli alveoli dei topi 14. La tecnica di transfezione lipidi permette l&#39;uso di una piccola quantità di proteine ​​per realizzare l&#39;effetto. Questo limita la risposta infiammatoria che altrimenti sarebbe provocata dalla somministrazione di proteine. Infatti, con questa tecnica abbiamo pubblicato che siamo stati in grado di aumentare in modo significativo l&#39;attività PP2A nel polmone senza influire polmone lavanda cellularità 15. Polmone lavanda cellularità preso 24 ore dopo sfida era paragonabile ai controlli (27 ± 4 Controllo vs 31 ± 5 albumina transfettate; N = 6 per gruppo). Inoltre, i livelli di proteina aumenta senza indurre alterazioni dello sviluppo polmonare o modifiche architettoniche che si possono verificare in modelli transgenici. Tuttavia, la necessità di ripetute somministrazioni può rendere questa tecnica meno favorevole per studi di esaminare gli effetti di incremento a lungo termine nell&#39;espressione proteica. Ciò sarebbe particolarmente true per le proteine ​​con breve emivita.

<html> Per dimostrare l&#39;efficacia della nostra tecnica abbiamo usato una MICROIRRIGATORE (Penn sec) per iniettare la trachea di topi con 2 pg di topo albumina (Sigma) disciolto in 50 ml di PBS che conteneva 20 ml di reagente di trasfezione Pro-Ject. I topi trattati con albumina sono stati confrontati con i topi che sono stati trattati in modo identico con 2 mg di proteina beta-galattosidasi (Pierce Bio). Dopo ventiquattro ore, i topi sono stati sacrificati ed i polmoni sono stati processati per l&#39;analisi istologi...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Protein Transfection of Mouse Lung at JoVE.com

Protein Transfection of Mouse Lung

Topi transgenici o vettori virali sono stati usati per aumentare l&#39;espressione della proteina all&#39;interno del polmone. Tuttavia, queste tecniche sono lunghi, tecnicamente complesse e hanno effetti off-target che possono confondere i risultati. Il nostro protocollo di trasfezione proteina utilizza un reagente di trasfezione basata lipidico e un MICROIRRIGATORE ultrafine per fornire uniformemente proteina attiva di cellule polmonari.

Proteine ​​trasfezione di polmone mouse

Increasing protein expression enables researchers to  better understand the functional role of that protein in regulating key  biological processes1. In ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

9.2K Views.  St. Luke's Roosevelt Medical Center. Topi transgenici o vettori virali sono stati usati per aumentare l'espressione della proteina all'interno del polmone. Tuttavia, queste tecniche sono lunghi, tecnicamente complesse e hanno effetti off-target che possono confondere i risultati. Il nostro protocollo di trasfezione proteina utilizza un reagente di trasfezione basata lipidico e un MICROIRRIGATORE ultrafine per fornire uniformemente proteina attiva di cellule polmonari.

Video: Protein Transfection of Mouse Lung

Gene-gun Transfection of Hippocampal Neurons

Hi, I'm Kma. I work in Case Lab at Brown University Clean Slicer stage with 70%ethanol. Place plate insert into six.Well plate with medium and incubate at 37 degree whole brain with tweezers between midbrain and four brainin. Isolate hippocampus on one side, isolate hippocampus from the second side. Place hippocampi onto A PBS drop.Aspirate out the PBS make sagittal sections using the tissue slicer. Repeat transfer slicers onto a perish by squatting with PBS wash sections by adding and aspirating PBS and medium gently. Separate sections with tweezers.Wash sections with PBS and media. Again, transfer sections onto the plate and insert. Aspirate out the media in sections using tweezers.Attach gene gun hose to the helium cylinder. Attach barrel to gene gun. Fill the magazine with bullets.Insert magazine into the Jing gun. Adjust the pressure on the helium tank shoot. EGFP coated beads onto the sections.And now.

Gene-gun trasfezione di neuroni dell&#39;ippocampo

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Biologia

Staining of Proteins in Gels with Coomassie G-250 without Organic Solvent and Acetic Acid

In classical protein staining protocols using Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB), solutions with high contents of toxic and flammable organic solvents (Methanol, Ethanol or 2-Propanol) and acetic acid are used for fixation, staining and destaining of proteins in a gel after SDS-PAGE. To speed up the procedure, heating the staining solution in the microwave oven for a short time is frequently used. This usually results in evaporation of toxic or hazardous Methanol, Ethanol or 2-Propanol and a strong smell of acetic acid in the lab which should be avoided due to safety considerations. In a protocol originally published in two patent applications by E.M. Wondrak (US2001046709 (A1), US6319720 (B1)), an alternative composition of the staining solution is described in which no organic solvent or acid is used. The CBB is dissolved in bidistilled water (60-80mg of CBB G-250 per liter) and 35 mM HCl is added as the only other compound in the staining solution. The CBB staning of the gel is done after SDS-PAGE and thorough washing of the gel in bidistilled water. By heating the gel during the washing and staining steps, the process can be finished faster and no toxic or hazardous compunds are evaporating. The staining of proteins occurs already within 1 minute after heating the gel in staining solution and is fully developed after 15-30 min with a slightly blue background that is destained completely by prolonged washing of the stained gel in bidistilled water, without affecting the stained protein bands.

A short protocol for protein staining with Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB) G-250 in polyacrylamide gels is described without using organic solvents or acetic acid as in the classical staining procedures with CBB.

La colorazione delle proteine ​​in gel con Coomassie G-250, senza solventi organici acido acetico e

In classical protein staining protocols using Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB), solutions with high contents of toxic and flammable organic solvents ...

Using the GELFREE 8100 Fractionation System for Molecular Weight-Based Fractionation with Liquid Phase Recovery

The GELFREE 8100 Fractionation System is a novel protein fractionation system designed to maximize protein recovery during molecular weight based fractionation. The system is comprised of single-use, 8-sample capacity cartridges and a benchtop GELFREE Fractionation Instrument. During separation, a constant voltage is applied between the anode and cathode reservoirs, and each protein mixture is electrophoretically driven from a loading chamber into a specially designed gel column gel. Proteins are concentrated into a tight band in a stacking gel, and separated based on their respective electrophoretic mobilities in a resolving gel. As proteins elute from the column, they are trapped and concentrated in liquid phase in the collection chamber, free of the gel. The instrument is then paused at specific time intervals, and fractions are collected using a pipette. This process is repeated until all desired fractions have been collected. If fewer than 8 samples are run on a cartridge, any unused chambers can be used in subsequent separations.
This novel technology facilitates the quick and simple separation of up to 8 complex protein mixtures simultaneously, and offers several advantages when compared to previously available fractionation methods. This system is capable of fractionating up to 1mg of total protein per channel, for a total of 8mg per cartridge. Intact proteins over a broad mass range are separated on the basis of molecular weight, retaining important physiochemical properties of the analyte. The liquid phase entrapment provides for high recovery while eliminating the need for band or spot cutting, making the fractionation process highly reproducible1.

The accompanying video describes the use of the GELFREE 8100 Fractionation System, which partitions complex protein samples on the basis of molecular weight and recovers the fractions in liquid phase. The video describes how the technology works, how it is used, and provides resultant data, with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of fractionated bovine liver homogenate.

Utilizzando il sistema GELFREE 8100 Frazionamento per peso molecolare basata su Frazionamento con recupero della fase liquida

The GELFREE 8100 Fractionation System is a novel protein fractionation system designed to maximize protein recovery during molecular weight based ...

Direct Tracheal Instillation of Solutes into Mouse Lung

Intratracheal instillations deliver solutes directly into the lungs. This procedure targets the delivery of the instillate into the distal regions of the lung, and is therefore often incorporated in studies aimed at studying alveoli. We provide a detailed survival protocol for performing intratracheal instillations in mice. Using this approach, one can target delivery of test solutes or solids (such as lung therapeutics, surfactants, viruses, and small oligonucleotides) into the distal lung. Tracheal instillations may be the preferred methodology, over inhalation protocols that may primarily target the upper respiratory tract and possibly expose the investigator to potentially hazardous substances. Additionally, in using the tracheal instillation protocol, animals can fully recover from the non-invasive procedure. This allows for making subsequent physiological measurements on test animals, or reinstallation using the same animal. The amount of instillate introduced into the lung must be carefully determined and osmotically balanced to ensure animal recovery. Typically, 30-75 &mu;L instillate volume can be introduced into mouse lung.

Intratracheal instillations deliver solutes directly into the lungs. This procedure targets the delivery of the instillate into the distal regions of the lung, and is therefore often incorporated in studies aimed at studying alveoli. We provide a detailed survival protocol for performing intratracheal instillations in mice.

Diretta instillazione tracheale di soluti in polmone mouse

Intratracheal instillations deliver solutes directly into the lungs.  This procedure targets the delivery of the instillate into the distal regions of the ...

Mouse Embryonic Lung Culture, A System to Evaluate the Molecular Mechanisms of Branching

Lung primordial specification as well as branching morphogenesis, and the formation of various pulmonary cell lineages requires a specific interaction of the lung endoderm with its surrounding mesenchyme and mesothelium. Lung mesenchyme has been shown to be the source of inductive signals for lung branching morphogenesis. Epithelial-mesenchymal-mesothelial interactions are also critical to embryonic lung morphogenesis. Early embryonic lung organ culture is a very useful system to study epithelial-mesenchymal interactions. Both epithelial and mesenchymal morphogenesis proceeds under specific conditions that can be readily manipulated in this system (in the absence of maternal influence and blood flow). More importantly this technique can be readily done in a serumless, chemically defined culture media. Gain and loss of function can be achieved using expressed proteins, recombinant viral vectors and/or analysis of transgenic mouse strains, antisense RNA, as well as RNA interference gene knockdown.

Early embryonic lung organ culture is a very useful system to study epithelial-mesenchymal interactions. Both epithelial and mesenchymal morphogenesis proceeds under specific conditions that can be readily manipulated in this system.

Embrionali di topo Cultura Lung, un sistema per valutare i meccanismi molecolari della Branching

Lung primordial specification as well as branching morphogenesis, and the formation of various pulmonary cell lineages requires a specific interaction of ...

In vivo Imaging and Therapeutic Treatments in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Ovarian Cancer

Human cancer and response to therapy is better represented in orthotopic animal models. This paper describes the development of an orthotopic mouse model of ovarian cancer, treatment of cancer via oral delivery of drugs, and monitoring of tumor cell behavior in response to drug treatment in real time using in vivo imaging system. In this orthotopic model, ovarian tumor cells expressing luciferase are applied topically by injecting them directly into the mouse bursa where each ovary is enclosed. Upon injection of D-luciferin, a substrate of firefly luciferase, luciferase-expressing cells generate bioluminescence signals. This signal is detected by the in vivo imaging system and allows for a non-invasive means of monitoring tumor growth, distribution, and regression in individual animals. Drug administration via oral gavage allows for a maximum dosing volume of 10 mL/kg body weight to be delivered directly to the stomach and closely resembles delivery of drugs in clinical treatments. Therefore, techniques described here, development of an orthotopic mouse model of ovarian cancer, oral delivery of drugs, and in vivo imaging, are useful for better understanding of human ovarian cancer and treatment and will improve targeting this disease.

In vivo Imaging and Therapeutic Treatments in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Ovarian Cancer

Orthotopic animal models of ovarian cancer replicate better human disease and therefore enhance our understanding of cancer progression and tumor response to therapy. A mouse model receives an intrabursal injection of luciferase-expressing ovarian tumor cells. Treatment is administered via oral gavage. Tumor growth is monitored by in vivo imaging system.

Imaging in vivo e trattamenti terapeutici in un modello di mouse ortotopico di cancro ovarico

Human cancer and response to therapy is better represented in orthotopic animal models.  This paper describes the development of an orthotopic mouse model ...

Characterization of the Isolated, Ventilated, and Instrumented Mouse Lung Perfused with Pulsatile Flow

The isolated, ventilated and instrumented mouse lung preparation allows steady and pulsatile pulmonary vascular pressure-flow relationships to be measured with independent control over pulmonary arterial flow rate, flow rate waveform, airway pressure and left atrial pressure. Pulmonary vascular resistance is calculated based on multi-point, steady pressure-flow curves; pulmonary vascular impedance is calculated from pulsatile pressure-flow curves obtained at a range of frequencies. As now recognized clinically, impedance is a superior measure of right ventricular afterload than resistance because it includes the effects of vascular compliance, which are not negligible, especially in the pulmonary circulation. Three important metrics of impedance - the zero hertz impedance Z0, the characteristic impedance ZC, and the index of wave reflection RW - provide insight into distal arterial cross-sectional area available for flow, proximal arterial stiffness and the upstream-downstream impedance mismatch, respectively. All results obtained in isolated, ventilated and perfused lungs are independent of sympathetic nervous system tone, volume status and the effects of anesthesia. We have used this technique to quantify the impact of pulmonary emboli and chronic hypoxia on resistance and impedance, and to differentiate between sites of action (i.e., proximal vs. distal) of vasoactive agents and disease using the pressure dependency of ZC. Furthermore, when these techniques are used with the lungs of genetically engineered strains of mice, the effects of molecular-level defects on pulmonary vascular structure and function can be determined.

The following protocol outlines the process of isolating, ventilating and instrumenting mouse lungs to measure steady or pulsatile pulmonary vascular pressure-flow relationships in order to quantify the effects of blood flow, airflow, airway changes and vascular changes on right ventricular afterload.

Caratterizzazione del isolata, ventilata e polmone mouse Instrumented perfusi con flusso pulsatile

The isolated, ventilated and instrumented mouse lung preparation allows steady and pulsatile pulmonary vascular pressure-flow relationships to be measured ...

Isolation &#38; Characterization of Hoechstlow CD45negative Mouse Lung Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Tissue resident mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are important regulators of tissue repair or regeneration, fibrosis, inflammation, angiogenesis and tumor formation. Taken together these studies suggest that resident lung MSC play a role during pulmonary tissue homeostasis, injury and repair during diseases such as pulmonary fibrosis (PF) and arterial hypertension (PAH). Here we describe a technology to define a population of resident lung MSC. The definition of this population in vivo pulmonary tissue using a define set of markers facilitates the repeated isolation of a well-characterized stem cell population by flow cytometry and the study of a specific cell type and function.

Isolation &amp; Characterization of Hoechstlow CD45negative Mouse Lung Mesenchymal Stem Cells

In this article we demonstrate the isolation of murine resident lung mesenchymal stem cells (lung MSC), their expansion, characterization and analysis of immunomodulatory properties.

Isolamento e caratterizzazione di Hoechst Basso CD45 Negativo Mouse cellule staminali mesenchimali del polmone

Tissue resident mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are important regulators of tissue repair or regeneration, fibrosis, inflammation, angiogenesis and tumor ...

Generation of Mice Derived from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

The production of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from somatic cells provides a means to create valuable tools for basic research and may also produce a source of patient-matched cells for regenerative therapies. iPSCs may be generated using multiple protocols and derived from multiple cell sources. Once generated, iPSCs are tested using a variety of assays including immunostaining for pluripotency markers, generation of three germ layers in embryoid bodies and teratomas, comparisons of gene expression with embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and production of chimeric mice with or without germline contribution2. Importantly, iPSC lines that pass these tests still vary in their capacity to produce different differentiated cell types2. This has made it difficult to establish which iPSC derivation protocols, donor cell sources or selection methods are most useful for different applications.
The most stringent test of whether a stem cell line has sufficient developmental potential to generate all tissues required for survival of an organism (termed full pluripotency) is tetraploid embryo complementation (TEC)3-5. Technically, TEC involves electrofusion of two-cell embryos to generate tetraploid (4n) one-cell embryos that can be cultured in vitro to the blastocyst stage6. Diploid (2n) pluripotent stem cells (e.g. ESCs or iPSCs) are then injected into the blastocoel cavity of the tetraploid blastocyst and transferred to a recipient female for gestation (see Figure 1). The tetraploid component of the complemented embryo contributes almost exclusively to the extraembryonic tissues (placenta, yolk sac), whereas the diploid cells constitute the embryo proper, resulting in a fetus derived entirely from the injected stem cell line.
Recently, we reported the derivation of iPSC lines that reproducibly generate adult mice via TEC1. These iPSC lines give rise to viable pups with efficiencies of 5-13%, which is comparable to ESCs3,4,7 and higher than that reported for most other iPSC lines8-12. These reports show that direct reprogramming can produce fully pluripotent iPSCs that match ESCs in their developmental potential and efficiency of generating pups in TEC tests. At present, it is not clear what distinguishes between fully pluripotent iPSCs and less potent lines13-15. Nor is it clear which reprogramming methods will produce these lines with the highest efficiency. Here we describe one method that produces fully pluripotent iPSCs and "all- iPSC" mice, which may be helpful for investigators wishing to compare the pluripotency of iPSC lines or establish the equivalence of different reprogramming methods.

Generating induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines produces lines of differing developmental potential even when they pass standard tests for pluripotency. Here we describe a protocol to produce mice derived entirely from iPSCs, which defines the iPSC lines as possessing full pluripotency1.

Generazione di topi derivati ​​da cellule staminali pluripotenti indotte

The production of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from somatic cells provides a means to create valuable tools for basic research and may also ...

Phenotyping Mouse Pulmonary Function In Vivo with the Lung Diffusing Capacity

The mouse is now the primary animal used to model a variety of lung diseases. To study the mechanisms that underlie such pathologies, phenotypic methods are needed that can quantify the pathologic changes. Furthermore, to provide translational relevance to the mouse models, such measurements should be tests that can easily be done in both humans and mice. Unfortunately, in the present literature few phenotypic measurements of lung function have direct application to humans. One exception is the diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide, which is a measurement that is routinely done in humans. In the present report, we describe a means to quickly and simply measure this diffusing capacity in mice. The procedure involves brief lung inflation with tracer gases in an anesthetized mouse, followed by a 1 min gas analysis time. We have tested the ability of this method to detect several lung pathologies, including emphysema, fibrosis, acute lung injury, and influenza and fungal lung infections, as well as monitoring lung maturation in young pups. Results show significant decreases in all the lung pathologies, as well as an increase in the diffusing capacity with lung maturation. This measurement of lung diffusing capacity thus provides a pulmonary function test that has broad application with its ability to detect phenotypic structural changes with most of the existing pathologic lung models.

Phenotyping Mouse Pulmonary Function In Vivo with the Lung Diffusing Capacity

We describe a means to quickly and simply measure the lung diffusing capacity in mice and show that it is sufficiently sensitive to phenotype changes in multiple common lung pathologies. This metric thus brings direct translational relevance to the mouse models, since diffusing capacity is also easily measured in humans.

Fenotipizzazione mouse Pulmonary Function<em&gt; In Vivo</em&gt; Con la capacità polmonare Diffusione

The mouse is now the primary animal used to model a variety of lung diseases. To study the mechanisms that underlie such pathologies, phenotypic methods ...

Proteine ​​trasfezione di polmone mouse

Proteine trasfezione di polmone mouse