Ringraziamo il Dott. Meng-Chin Lin e signora Yuan Dong per l&#39;assistenza tecnica. Questo lavoro è stato sostenuto da una sovvenzione da parte del National Institutes of Health HD053767 (subappalto a NLW), e da fondi del Dipartimento di Fisiologia e Ufficio del Vice Rettore per la Ricerca, l&#39;Università di California-Los Angeles (NLW).

1. Dissezione di Brains da adulti Medaka <ol><li> Anestetizzare adulto di sesso maschile o femminile (Figura 1A) immergendo in 5 ml di MS-222 (150 mg / L, pH 7,4), attendere un paio di minuti dopo i movimenti branchie hanno cessato prima di decapitare. Tutte le procedure sono state approvate dalla cura degli animali e del Comitato Istituzionale Usa della University of California-Los Angeles. </li><li> Decapitare il pesce in soluzione salina di pesce alla fine caudale della opercolo con le forbici in una capsula di Petri del diametro di 60 mm. </li><li> Trasferimento testa di pesce ad un diametro piastra di Petri di 35 mm, riempito a metà con il pesce salino e foderato con Sylgard che ha una depressione in esso per posizionare e fissare la testa per la dissezione del cervello. Posizionare e fissare la testa dorso-laterale con perni di insetti. </li><li> Tagliare con cautela la parte dorsale del cranio attorno al suo perimetro con le forbici sottili e rimuovere delicatamente con una pinza, esponendo la parte dorsale del cervello compreso completamente la parte anteriore del midollo spinale. </li> &lt;li&gt; Sollevare il midollo spinale delicatamente con una pinza fine-tip e recidere i nervi connettivi bilaterali con le forbici dalla punta sottile: nervi cranici, nervi spinali e nervi ottici sul lato ventrale del cervello e dei nervi olfattivi presso la parte anteriore del il cervello. </li><li> Mettere il cervello completamente sezionato in una capsula di Petri fresco riempito con soluzione fisiologica di pesce e di verificare attentamente al microscopio per assicurare tutto il cervello è intatto (compresa la ghiandola pituitaria), senza tagli o forature. Cervelli danneggiati non vengono utilizzati per la sperimentazione. </li></ol> 2. Montaggio del cervello in una camera di registrazione <ol><li> Posto una piccola goccia di cianoacrilato o qualche altro colla azione rapida con un ago nel centro della camera di registrazione e diffondere la colla di circa 1 cm 2. </li><li> Trasferire rapidamente il cervello e la colla in basso in posizione ventrale up-side. </li><li> Aggiungere 1 ml di soluzione fisiologica pesce in modo da riempire la camera di registrazione e copre il cervello. Continuamente perfusioneil cervello con aerato salina pesce ad una velocità di almeno 200 ml / min. </li><li> Utilizzando la messa a punta di pinza rimuovere con attenzione le meningi sulla superficie dell&#39;area di registrazione del cervello. </li></ol> 3. Elettrofisiologia <ol><li> Allentato registrazione chiazza di potenziale d&#39;azione di cottura <ol><li> Microelettrodi di vetro (6-10 MW) sono costruiti con pipette in vetro borosilicato (1B150F-4, Strumenti di precisione mondiale) utilizzando un estrattore elettrodo (es. Sutter P-87), e ritorno riempiti con la soluzione di registrazione loose-patch a metà strada su per la elettrodo. </li><li> L&#39;utilizzo di un microscopio a fluorescenza in posizione verticale con un dispositivo ad accoppiamento di carica raffreddata (CCD), fotocamera, trovare l&#39;allora obiettivi ad immersione dell&#39;acqua 40x (Figura 1C) GFP che esprimono TN-GnRH3 neuroni attraverso 10x (Figura 1B). Essi sono situati in corrispondenza o in prossimità della superficie ventrale dei bulbi olfattivi, solo anteriori al telencefalo. </li><li> Passare a un monitor video che sta fornendoimmagini in tempo reale dal microscopio per individuare il neurone grappolo TN-GnRH3 (Figura 1C). </li><li> Posizionare il microelettrodo nel bagno di modo che la punta dell&#39;elettrodo è superiore all&#39;obiettivo neurone. Applicare costante leggera pressione positiva alla microelettrodo modo che non diventi intasato, e avvicinarsi delicatamente il neurone bersaglio con la punta dell&#39;elettrodo. </li><li> Controllare e monitorare la resistenza degli elettrodi in modalità voltage-clamp utilizzando il software AxoGraph e amplificatore Axoclamp 200B con il software Axograph (Axon Instruments). Quando si può vedere dal monitor video che la punta dell&#39;elettrodo è sulla superficie del neurone e dal display AxoGraph che la resistenza cambia leggermente, rilasciare la pressione positiva e applicare una leggera pressione negativa se necessario, per fare un sigillo bassa resistenza il neurone (&lt;100 MW). </li><li> Passare alla modalità corrente-clamp, e registrare la tensione della membrana costantemente senza alcun input corrente, regolando la scaladi tensione e frequenza di registrazione in caso di necessità. I dati vengono raccolti e analizzati dal software Powerlab (ADInstruments Inc.). </li><li> Record basale attività elettrica in soluzione fisiologica pesce per circa 5 minuti prima di qualsiasi trattamento (Figura 2A). Bagno perfusione di farmaci, ormoni, peptidi, ecc. aggiunto alla soluzione salina pesce continua alla velocità di 200 ml / min, seguito da un periodo di wash-out in pesce normale soluzione salina 5, 6, 11. </li></ol></li><li> Registrazione cellula intera del potenziale di membrana L&#39;intera procedura di patch clamp elettrofisiologia cella è uguale a quello della procedura di registrazione loose-patch extracellulare sopra descritto, da passaggi 3.1.1 - 3.1.4. Poi le procedure discostano di conseguenza: <ol><li> Controllare e monitorare la resistenza degli elettrodi in modalità voltage-clamp. Quando si può vedere dal monitor video che la punta dell&#39;elettrodo è sulla superficie del neurone e dall&#39;oscilloscopio che la resistenza cambia leggermente, rilasciano il positivopressione e applicare una piccola pressione negativa per fare un sigillo ad alta resistenza sul neurone (~ 3 Giga Ω). Applicare aspirazione delicata per via orale alla rottura della membrana patch, si vedrà un calo improvviso della resistenza a circa 120-250 MW. </li><li> Passare alla modalità corrente-clamp, e registrare la tensione della membrana costantemente senza alcun input corrente, regolando la scala di tensione e la frequenza di registrazione, se necessario. </li><li> Record basale attività elettrica in soluzione fisiologica pesce per circa 5 minuti prima di ogni trattamento, come sopra descritto in 3.1.7 (Figura 2B). </li></ol></li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Kah, O., Lethimonier, C., Lareyre, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gonadotrophin-releasing+hormone+(GnRH)+in+the+animal+kingdom.">Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in the animal kingdom.</a> J. Soc. Biol. 198 (1), 53-60 (2004).</li><li>Ramakrishnan, S., Wayne, N. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Social+cues+from+conspecifics+alter+electrical+activity+of+gonadotropin-releasing+hormone+neurons+in+the+terminal+nerve+via+visual+signals.">Social cues from conspecifics alter electrical activity of gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons in the terminal nerve via visual signals.</a> Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 297 (1), R135-R141 (2009).</li><li>Abe, H., Oka, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanisms+of+neuromodulation+by+a+nonhypophysiotropic+GnRH+system+controlling+motivation+of+reproductive+behavior+in+the+teleost.">Mechanisms of neuromodulation by a nonhypophysiotropic GnRH system controlling motivation of reproductive behavior in the teleost.</a> 57 (6), 665-674 (2011).</li><li>Oka, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tetrodotoxin-resistant+persistent+Na++current+underlying+pacemaker+potentials+of+fish+gonadotrophin-releasing+hormone+neurones.">Tetrodotoxin-resistant persistent Na+ current underlying pacemaker potentials of fish gonadotrophin-releasing hormone neurones.</a> J. Physiol. 482 (Pt. 1), 1-6 (1995).</li><li>Zhao, Y., Wayne, N. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+Kisspeptin1+on+Electrical+Activity+of+an+Extrahypothalamic+Population+of+Gonadotropin-Releasing+Hormone+Neurons+in+Medaka.">Effects of Kisspeptin1 on Electrical Activity of an Extrahypothalamic Population of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neurons in Medaka.</a> PLoS One. 7 (5), e37909 (2012).</li><li>Wayne, N. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Whole-cell+electrophysiology+of+gonadotropin-releasing+hormone+neurons+that+express+green+fluorescent+protein+in+the+terminal+nerve+of+transgenic+medaka+(Oryzias+latipes).">Whole-cell electrophysiology of gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons that express green fluorescent protein in the terminal nerve of transgenic medaka (Oryzias latipes).</a> Biol. Reprod. 73 (6), 1228-1234 (2005).</li><li>Okubo, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Forebrain+gonadotropin-releasing+hormone+neuronal+development:+insights+from+transgenic+medaka+and+the+relevance+to+X-linked+Kallmann+syndrome.">Forebrain gonadotropin-releasing hormone neuronal development: insights from transgenic medaka and the relevance to X-linked Kallmann syndrome.</a> Endocrinology. 147 (3), 1076-1084 (2006).</li><li>Okubo, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+form+of+gonadotropin-releasing+hormone+in+the+medaka,+Oryzias+latipes.">A novel form of gonadotropin-releasing hormone in the medaka, Oryzias latipes.</a> Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 276 (1), 298-303 (2000).</li><li>Ramakrishnan, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Acquisition+of+spontaneous+electrical+activity+during+embryonic+development+of+gonadotropin-releasing+hormone-3+neurons+located+in+the+terminal+nerve+of+transgenic+zebrafish+(Danio+rerio).">Acquisition of spontaneous electrical activity during embryonic development of gonadotropin-releasing hormone-3 neurons located in the terminal nerve of transgenic zebrafish (Danio rerio).</a> Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 168 (3), 401-407 (2010).</li><li>Abraham, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeted+gonadotropin-releasing+hormone-3+neuron+ablation+in+zebrafish:+effects+on+neurogenesis,+neuronal+migration,+and+reproduction.">Targeted gonadotropin-releasing hormone-3 neuron ablation in zebrafish: effects on neurogenesis, neuronal migration, and reproduction.</a> Endocrinology. 151 (1), 332-340 (2010).</li><li>Wayne, N. L., Kuwahara, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Beta-endorphin+alters+electrical+activity+of+gonadotropin+releasing+hormone+neurons+located+in+the+terminal+nerve+of+the+teleost+medaka+(Oryzias+latipes.">Beta-endorphin alters electrical activity of gonadotropin releasing hormone neurons located in the terminal nerve of the teleost medaka (Oryzias latipes.</a> Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 150 (1), 41-47 (2007).</li><li>Oka, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three+types+of+gonadotrophin-releasing+hormone+neurones+and+steroid-sensitive+sexually+dimorphic+kisspeptin+neurones+in+teleosts.">Three types of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone neurones and steroid-sensitive sexually dimorphic kisspeptin neurones in teleosts.</a> J. Neuroendocrinol. 21 (4), 334-338 (2009).</li><li>Molleman, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Patch Clamping: An Introductory Guide To Patch Clamp Electrophysiology. , (2003).</li></ol>

Gli autori non hanno nulla da rivelare.

GnRH 3: GFP transgenici pesci forniscono modelli unici per studiare i meccanismi neurofisiologici alla base di integrazione neuronale e la regolamentazione nel controllo centrale di comportamenti che sono direttamente e indirettamente coinvolti nella riproduzione 3, 8-10. Uno dei vantaggi significativi di questo modello di sistema è che molti GnRH3 neuroni esprimono GFP sono vicini alla superficie ventrale del cervello, consentendo relativamente facile accesso ai neuroni di registrazione elettrofisi...

<table border="1">
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td>Name</td>
 <td>Company</td>
 <td>Catalog Number</td>
 <td>Comments</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Microscope</td>
 <td>Olympus</td>
 <td></td>
 <td>BX50W (Upright)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Amplifier</td>
 <td>Axon Instruments</td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Axoclamp 200B </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>A-D converter</td>
 <td>Computer Interference Corp.</td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Digidata ITC-18 </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Cooled CCD camera</td>
 <td>PCO Computer Optics </td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Sensicam</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Xenon lamp</td>
 <td>Sutter Instruments Co.</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>GFP filter set</td>
 <td>Chroma Technologies</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Imaging Software</td>
 <td>Intelligent Imaging Innovations</td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Slidebook software </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Electrophysiology Data Acquisition Software</td>
 <td>Axon Instruments</td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Axograph software </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Electrophysiology Data Acquisition Software</td>
 <td>AD Instruments Inc.</td>
 <td></td>
 <td>PowerLab </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Headstage for electrophysiology</td>
 <td>Axon Instruments</td>
 <td></td>
 <td>CV 203BU </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Micromanipulator</td>
 <td>Sutter Instrument Co </td>
 <td>MP-285 </td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Recording Chamber Platform</td>
 <td>Warner Instrument Corp.</td>
 <td></td>
 <td>P1 </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Recording Chamber</td>
 <td>Warner Instrument Corp.</td>
 <td></td>
 <td>RC-26G </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Electrode Puller</td>
 <td>Sutter instruments</td>
 <td></td>
 <td>P87 </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Filament for electrode puller</td>
 <td>Sutter Instruments</td>
 <td>FB330B</td>
 <td>3.0 mm wide trough filament</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>1.5 mm glass capillaries</td>
 <td>World Precision Instruments</td>
 <td>1B150-4</td>
 <td>Microelectrode for recording</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Syringe</td>
 <td>Becton Dickinson</td>
 <td>309586</td>
 <td>3 ml</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>MS-222 </td>
 <td>Sigma</td>
 <td>E10521-10G</td>
 <td>Ethyl 3-aminobenzoate methanesulfonate salt</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Fish saline</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>mM: 134 NaCl; 2.9 KCl; 2.1 CaCl2; 1.2 MgCl2; 10 HEPES </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Electrode solution (loose-patch) </td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>mM: 150 NaCl; 3.5 KCl; 2.5 CaCl2; 1.3 MgCl2; 10 HEPES; 10 glucose </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Electrode solution (whole-cell patch) </td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>mM: 112.5 K-gluconate; NaCl; 17.5 KCl; 0.5 CaCl2; 1 MgCl2; 5 MgATP; 1 EGTA; 10 HEPES; 1 GTP; 0.1 leupeptin;10 phospho-creatine </td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>

recording electrical activity from identified neurons in the intact brain of transgenic fish

Comprendere la fisiologia delle cellule di circuiti neurali che regolano i comportamenti complessi è notevolmente migliorata utilizzando sistemi modello in cui questo lavoro può essere eseguito in una preparazione intatto cervello in cui i circuiti neurali del sistema nervoso centrale rimane intatto. Usiamo pesci transgenici in cui gonadotropina-releasing hormone (GnRH) neuroni sono geneticamente etichettati con proteina fluorescente verde per l&#39;identificazione nel cervello intatto. I pesci hanno molteplici popolazioni di neuroni GnRH, e le loro funzioni sono dipendenti dalla loro posizione nel cervello e il gene GnRH che essi esprimono 1. Abbiamo focalizzato la nostra dimostrazione GnRH3 neuroni situati nei nervi terminali (TN) associati ai bulbi olfattivi con il cervello intatto del transgenico Medaka pesce (Figura 1B e C). Studi suggeriscono che Medaka TN-GnRH3 neuroni sono neuromodulatori, che agisce come un trasmettitore di informazioni dall&#39;ambiente esterno al sistema nervoso centrale; tehi non svolgono un ruolo diretto nel regolare le funzioni di ipofisi-gonadi, così come il ben noto ipotalamico GnRH1 neuroni 2, 3. L&#39;andamento tonico di azione spontanea potenziale di scarica dei neuroni TN-GnRH3 è una proprietà intrinseca 4-6, la frequenza delle quali è modulata da segnali visivi da conspecifici 2 e il neuropeptide kisspeptin 1 5. In questo video, si usa una linea stabile di Medaka transgenici in cui i neuroni TN-GnRH3 esprimono un transgene contenente la regione del promotore del Gnrh3 legato alla maggiore proteina fluorescente verde 7 per mostrare come identificare i neuroni e monitorare la loro attività elettrica in tutto il cervello preparazione 6.

Un esempio di cluster bilaterali di GFP-etichettati TN-GnRH3 neuroni dal cervello asportato di Medaka pesci sono mostrati nelle figure 1B e 1C. Ogni cluster contiene circa 8-10 neuroni GnRH. Le attività neuronali spontanee del target TN-GnRH3 sono stati registrati in modalità di corrente-clamp (I = 0) con tassi di cottura tipiche di 0,5-6 Hz. Il modello di potenziale d&#39;azione di cottura è in genere un modello di tonico o battere, con un intervallo di interspike abbastanza regolar...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Recording Electrical Activity from Identified Neurons in the Intact Brain of Transgenic Fish at JoVE.com

Recording Electrical Activity from Identified Neurons in the Intact Brain of Transgenic Fish

In questo video, dimostreremo come registrare l&#39;attività elettrica di singoli neuroni identificati in una preparazione cervello intero, che preserva i circuiti neurali complessi. Usiamo pesci transgenici in cui gonadotropina-releasing hormone (GnRH) neuroni sono geneticamente etichettati con una proteina fluorescente per l&#39;identificazione nella preparazione cervello intatto.

La registrazione dell&#39;attività elettrica dai neuroni identificati nel cervello intatto di pesci transgenici

Understanding the cell physiology of neural circuits that regulate complex behaviors is greatly enhanced by using model systems in which this work can be ...

recording-electrical-activity-from-identified-neurons-intact-brain

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

13.4K Views.  University of California, Los Angeles. In questo video, dimostreremo come registrare l'attività elettrica di singoli neuroni identificati in una preparazione cervello intero, che preserva i circuiti neurali complessi. Usiamo pesci transgenici in cui gonadotropina-releasing hormone (GnRH) neuroni sono geneticamente etichettati con una proteina fluorescente per l'identificazione nella preparazione cervello intatto.

Video: Recording Electrical Activity from Identified Neurons in the Intact Brain of Transgenic Fish

Simultaneous Recording of Calcium Signals from Identified Neurons and Feeding Behavior of Drosophila melanogaster

To study neuronal networks in terms of their function in behavior, we must analyze how neurons operate when each behavioral pattern is generated. Thus, simultaneous recordings of neuronal activity and behavior are essential to correlate brain activity to behavior. For such behavioral analyses, the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, allows us to incorporate genetically encoded calcium indicators such as GCaMP1, to monitor neuronal activity, and to use sophisticated genetic manipulations for optogenetic or thermogenetic techniques to specifically activate identified neurons2-5. Use of a thermogenetic technique has led us to find critical neurons for feeding behavior (Flood et al., under revision). As a main part of feeding behavior, a Drosophila adult extends its proboscis for feeding6 (proboscis extension response; PER), responding to a sweet stimulus from sensory cells on its proboscis or tarsi. Combining the protocol for PER7 with a calcium imaging technique8 using GCaMP3.01, 9, I have established an experimental system, where we can monitor activity of neurons in the feeding center &#x2013; the suboesophageal ganglion (SOG), simultaneously with behavioral observation of the proboscis. I have designed an apparatus ("Fly brain Live Imaging and Electrophysiology Stage": "FLIES") to accommodate a Drosophila adult, allowing its proboscis to freely move while its brain is exposed to the bath for Ca2+ imaging through a water immersion lens. The FLIES is also appropriate for many types of live experiments on fly brains such as electrophysiological recording or time lapse imaging of synaptic morphology. Because the results from live imaging can be directly correlated with the simultaneous PER behavior, this methodology can provide an excellent experimental system to study information processing of neuronal networks, and how this cellular activity is coupled to plastic processes and memory.

Simultaneous Recording of Calcium Signals from Identified Neurons and Feeding Behavior of Drosophila melanogaster

The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, extends its proboscis for feeding, responding to a sugar stimulus from its proboscis or tarsus. I have combined observations of the proboscis extension response (PER) with a calcium imaging technique, allowing us to monitor the activity of neurons in the brain, simultaneously with behavioral observation.

La registrazione simultanea dei segnali di calcio da parte dei neuroni identificati e comportamento alimentare di Drosophila melanogaster</em

To study neuronal networks in terms of their function in behavior, we must analyze how neurons operate when each behavioral pattern is generated.  Thus, ...

Ricerca

Neuroscienze

Retrograde Fluorescent Labeling Allows for Targeted Extracellular Single-unit Recording from Identified Neurons In vivo

The overall goal of this method is to record single-unit responses from an identified population of neurons. In vivo electrophysiological recordings from individual neurons are critical for understanding how neural circuits function under natural conditions. Traditionally, these recordings have been performed 'blind', meaning the identity of the recorded cell is unknown at the start of the recording. Cellular identity can be subsequently determined via intracellular1, juxtacellular2 or loose-patch3 iontophoresis of dye, but these recordings cannot be pre-targeted to specific neurons in regions with functionally heterogeneous cell types. Fluorescent proteins can be expressed in a cell-type specific manner permitting visually-guided single-cell electrophysiology4-6. However, there are many model systems for which these genetic tools are not available. Even in genetically accessible model systems, the desired promoter may be unknown or genetically homogenous neurons may have varying projection patterns. Similarly, viral vectors have been used to label specific subgroups of projection neurons7, but use of this method is limited by toxicity and lack of trans-synaptic specificity. Thus, additional techniques that offer specific pre-visualization to record from identified single neurons in vivo are needed. Pre-visualization of the target neuron is particularly useful for challenging recording conditions, for which classical single-cell recordings are often prohibitively difficult8-11. The novel technique described in this paper uses retrograde transport of a fluorescent dye applied using tungsten needles to rapidly and selectively label a specific subset of cells within a particular brain region based on their unique axonal projections, thereby providing a visual cue to obtain targeted electrophysiological recordings from identified neurons in an intact circuit within a vertebrate CNS.
The most significant novel advancement of our method is the use of fluorescent labeling to target specific cell types in a non-genetically accessible model system. Weakly electric fish are an excellent model system for studying neural circuits in awake, behaving animals12. We utilized this technique to study sensory processing by "small cells" in the anterior exterolateral nucleus (ELa) of weakly electric mormyrid fish. "Small cells" are hypothesized to be time comparator neurons important for detecting submillisecond differences in the arrival times of presynaptic spikes13. However, anatomical features such as dense myelin, engulfing synapses, and small cell bodies have made it extremely difficult to record from these cells using traditional methods11, 14. Here we demonstrate that our novel method selectively labels these cells in 28% of preparations, allowing for reliable, robust recordings and characterization of responses to electrosensory stimulation.

Retrograde Fluorescent Labeling Allows for Targeted Extracellular Single-unit Recording from Identified Neurons In vivo

Retrograde transport of fluorescent dye labels a sub-population of neurons based on anatomical projection. Labeled axons can be visually targeted in vivo, permitting extracellular recording from identified axons. This technique facilitates recording when neurons cannot be labeled through genetic manipulation or are difficult to isolate using 'blind' in vivo approaches.

Retrograda Etichettatura fluorescente Consente mirata extracellulare singola unità di registrazione da parte dei neuroni identificati<em&gt; In vivo</em

The overall goal of this method is to record single-unit responses from an identified population of neurons. In vivo electrophysiological recordings from ...

Voltage-sensitive Dye Recording from Axons, Dendrites and Dendritic Spines of Individual Neurons in Brain Slices

Understanding the biophysical properties and functional organization of single neurons and how they process information is fundamental for understanding how the brain works. The primary function of any nerve cell is to process electrical signals, usually from multiple sources. Electrical properties of neuronal processes are extraordinarily complex, dynamic, and, in the general case, impossible to predict in the absence of detailed measurements. To obtain such a measurement one would, ideally, like to be able to monitor, at multiple sites, subthreshold events as they travel from the sites of origin on neuronal processes and summate at particular locations to influence action potential initiation. This goal has not been achieved in any neuron due to technical limitations of measurements that employ electrodes. To overcome this drawback, it is highly desirable to complement the patch-electrode approach with imaging techniques that permit extensive parallel recordings from all parts of a neuron. Here, we describe such a technique - optical recording of membrane potential transients with organic voltage-sensitive dyes (Vm-imaging) - characterized by sub-millisecond and sub-micrometer resolution. Our method is based on pioneering work on voltage-sensitive molecular probes 2. Many aspects of the initial technology have been continuously improved over several decades 3, 5, 11. Additionally, previous work documented two essential characteristics of Vm-imaging. Firstly, fluorescence signals are linearly proportional to membrane potential over the entire physiological range (-100 mV to +100 mV; 10, 14, 16). Secondly, loading neurons with the voltage-sensitive dye used here (JPW 3028) does not have detectable pharmacological effects. The recorded broadening of the spike during dye loading is completely reversible 4, 7. Additionally, experimental evidence shows that it is possible to obtain a significant number (up to hundreds) of recordings prior to any detectable phototoxic effects 4, 6, 12, 13. At present, we take advantage of the superb brightness and stability of a laser light source at near-optimal wavelength to maximize the sensitivity of the Vm-imaging technique. The current sensitivity permits multiple site optical recordings of Vm transients from all parts of a neuron, including axons and axon collaterals, terminal dendritic branches, and individual dendritic spines. The acquired information on signal interactions can be analyzed quantitatively as well as directly visualized in the form of a movie.

An imaging technique for monitoring of membrane potential changes with sub-micrometer spatial and sub-millisecond temporal resolution is described. The technique, based on laser excitation of voltage-sensitive dyes, allows measurements of signals in axons and axon collaterals, terminal dendritic branches, and individual dendritic spines.

Tensione sensibile registrazione Dye da assoni, dendriti e spine dendritiche dei singoli neuroni in fettine di cervello

Understanding the biophysical properties and functional organization of single neurons and how they process information is fundamental for understanding ...

Intracellular Recording, Sensory Field Mapping, and Culturing Identified Neurons in the Leech, Hirudo medicinalis

The freshwater leech, Hirudo medicinalis, is a versatile model organism that has been used to address scientific questions in the fields of neurophysiology, neuroethology, and developmental biology. The goal of this report is to consolidate experimental techniques from the leech system into a single article that will be of use to physiologists with expertise in other nervous system preparations, or to biology students with little or no electrophysiology experience. We demonstrate how to dissect the leech for recording intracellularly from identified neural circuits in the ganglion. Next we show how individual cells of known function can be removed from the ganglion to be cultured in a Petri dish, and how to record from those neurons in culture. Then we demonstrate how to prepare a patch of innervated skin to be used for mapping sensory or motor fields. These leech preparations are still widely used to address basic electrical properties of neural networks, behavior, synaptogenesis, and development. They are also an appropriate training module for neuroscience or physiology teaching laboratories.

Intracellular Recording, Sensory Field Mapping, and Culturing Identified Neurons in the Leech, Hirudo medicinalis

This article describes three nervous system preparations using leeches: intracellular recording from neurons in ventral ganglia, culturing neurons from ventral ganglia, and recording from a patch of innervated skin to map sensory fields.

Intracellulare di registrazione, sensoriale Campo Mapping, e la coltura neuroni identificata nel Leech, Hirudo medicinalis</i

The freshwater leech, Hirudo medicinalis, is a versatile model organism that has been used to address scientific questions in the fields of ...

Electrophysiological Recording in the Brain of Intact Adult Zebrafish

Previously, electrophysiological studies in adult zebrafish have been limited to slice preparations or to eye cup preparations and electrorentinogram recordings. This paper describes how an adult zebrafish can be immobilized, intubated, and used for in vivo electrophysiological experiments, allowing recording of neural activity. Immobilization of the adult requires a mechanism to deliver dissolved oxygen to the gills in lieu of buccal and opercular movement. With our technique, animals are immobilized and perfused with habitat water to fulfill this requirement. A craniotomy is performed under tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222; tricaine) anesthesia to provide access to the brain. The primary electrode is then positioned within the craniotomy window to record extracellular brain activity. Through the use of a multitube perfusion system, a variety of pharmacological compounds can be administered to the adult fish and any alterations in the neural activity can be observed. The methodology not only allows for observations to be made regarding changes in neurological activity, but it also allows for comparisons to be made between larval and adult zebrafish. This gives researchers the ability to identify the alterations in neurological activity due to the introduction of various compounds at different life stages.

This paper describes how an adult zebrafish can be immobilized, intubated, and used for in vivo electrophysiological experiments to allow recordings and manipulation of neural activity in an intact animal.

Registrazione elettrofisiologica nel cervello di intatto Zebrafish adulti

Previously, electrophysiological studies in adult zebrafish have been limited to slice preparations or to eye cup preparations and electrorentinogram ...

A Guide to In vivo Single-unit Recording from Optogenetically Identified Cortical Inhibitory Interneurons

A major challenge in neurophysiology has been to characterize the response properties and function of the numerous inhibitory cell types in the cerebral cortex. We here share our strategy for obtaining stable, well-isolated single-unit recordings from identified inhibitory interneurons in the anesthetized mouse cortex using a method developed by Lima and colleagues1. Recordings are performed in mice expressing Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) in specific neuronal subpopulations. Members of the population are identified by their response to a brief flash of blue light. This technique &#8211; termed &#8220;PINP&#8221;, or Photostimulation-assisted Identification of Neuronal Populations &#8211; can be implemented with standard extracellular recording equipment. It can serve as an inexpensive and accessible alternative to calcium imaging or visually-guided patching, for the purpose of targeting extracellular recordings to genetically-identified cells. Here we provide a set of guidelines for optimizing the method in everyday practice. We refined our strategy specifically for targeting parvalbumin-positive (PV+) cells, but have found that it works for other interneuron types as well, such as somatostatin-expressing (SOM+) and calretinin-expressing (CR+) interneurons.

A Guide to In vivo Single-unit Recording from Optogenetically Identified Cortical Inhibitory Interneurons

Here we describe our strategy for obtaining stable, well-isolated single-unit recordings from identified inhibitory interneurons in the anesthetized mouse cortex. Neurons expressing ChR2 are identified by their response to blue light. The method uses standard extracellular recording equipment, and serves as an inexpensive alternative to calcium imaging or visually-guided patching.

Una guida per<em&gt; In vivo</em&gt; Singola unità di registrazione da Optogenetically Identificato corticale inibitorio interneuroni

A major challenge in neurophysiology has been to characterize the response properties and function of the numerous inhibitory cell types in the cerebral ...

Perforated Patch-clamp Recording of Mouse Olfactory Sensory Neurons in Intact Neuroepithelium: Functional Analysis of Neurons Expressing an Identified Odorant Receptor

Analyzing the physiological responses of olfactory sensory neurons (OSN) when stimulated with specific ligands is critical to understand the basis of olfactory-driven behaviors and their modulation. These coding properties depend heavily on the initial interaction between odor molecules and the olfactory receptor (OR) expressed in the OSNs. The identity, specificity and ligand spectrum of the expressed OR are critical. The probability to find the ligand of the OR expressed in an OSN chosen randomly within the epithelium is very low. To address this challenge, this protocol uses genetically tagged mice expressing the fluorescent protein GFP under the control of the promoter of defined ORs. OSNs are located in a tight and organized epithelium lining the nasal cavity, with neighboring cells influencing their maturation and function. Here we describe a method to isolate an intact olfactory epithelium and record through patch-clamp recordings the properties of OSNs expressing defined odorant receptors. The protocol allows one to characterize OSN membrane properties while keeping the influence of the neighboring tissue. Analysis of patch-clamp results yields&#160;a precise quantification of ligand/OR interactions, transduction pathways and pharmacology, OSNs&#39; coding properties and their modulation at the membrane level.&#160;

Analyzing the physiological properties of olfactory sensory neurons still faces technical limitations. Here we record them through perforated patch-clamp in an intact preparation of the olfactory epithelium in gene-targeted mice. This technique allows the characterization of membrane properties and responses to specific ligands of neurons expressing defined olfactory receptors.

Perforato Patch-clamp registrazione di topo neuroni sensoriali olfattivi In neuroepithelium intatto: Analisi funzionale di neuroni Esprimendo un Identificato odorizzante Receptor

Analyzing the physiological responses of olfactory sensory neurons (OSN) when stimulated with specific ligands is critical to understand the basis of ...

Recording Temperature-induced Neuronal Activity through Monitoring Calcium Changes in the Olfactory Bulb of Xenopus laevis

The olfactory system, specialized in the detection, integration and processing of chemical molecules is likely the most thoroughly studied sensory system. However, there is piling evidence that olfaction is not solely limited to chemical sensitivity, but also includes temperature sensitivity. Premetamorphic Xenopus laevis are translucent animals, with protruding nasal cavities deprived of the cribriform plate separating the nose and the olfactory bulb. These characteristics make them well suited for studying olfaction, and particularly thermosensitivity. The present article describes the complete procedure for measuring temperature responses in the olfactory bulb of X. laevis larvae. Firstly, the electroporation of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) is performed with spectrally distinct dyes loaded into the nasal cavities in order to stain their axon terminals in the bulbar neuropil. The differential staining between left and right receptor neurons serves to identify the &#947;-glomerulus as the only structure innervated by contralateral presynaptic afferents. Secondly, the electroporation is combined with focal bolus loading in the olfactory bulb in order to stain mitral cells and their dendrites. The 3D brain volume is then scanned under line-illumination microscopy for the acquisition of fast calcium imaging data while small temperature drops are induced at the olfactory epithelium. Lastly, the post-acquisition analysis allows the morphological reconstruction of the thermosensitive network comprising the &#947;-glomerulus and its innervating mitral cells, based on specific temperature-induced Ca2+ traces. Using chemical odorants as stimuli in addition to temperature jumps enables the comparison between thermosensitive and chemosensitive networks in the olfactory bulb.

Recording Temperature-induced Neuronal Activity through Monitoring Calcium Changes in the Olfactory Bulb of Xenopus laevis

Here we describe a protocol for measuring and analyzing temperature responses in the olfactory bulb of Xenopus laevis. Olfactory receptor neurons and mitral cells are differentially stained, after which calcium changes are recorded, reflecting a sensitivity of some neural networks in the bulb to temperature drops induced at the nose.

Registrazione neuronale attività Temperatura indotta attraverso il monitoraggio dei cambiamenti di calcio nel bulbo olfattivo di<em&gt; Laevis Xenopus</em

The olfactory system, specialized in the detection, integration and processing of chemical molecules is likely the most thoroughly studied sensory system. ...

Imaging Neural Activity in the Primary Somatosensory Cortex Using Thy1-GCaMP6s Transgenic Mice

The mammalian brain exhibits marked symmetry across the sagittal plane. However, detailed description of neural dynamics in symmetric brain regions in adult mammalian animals remains elusive. In this study, we describe an experimental procedure for measuring calcium dynamics through dual optical windows above bilateral primary somatosensory corticies (S1) in Thy1-GCaMP6s transgenic mice using 2-photon (2P) microscopy. This method enables recordings and quantifications of neural activity in bilateral mouse brain regions one at a time in the same experiment for a prolonged period in vivo. Key aspects of this method, which can be completed within an hour, include minimally invasive surgery procedures for creating dual optical windows, and the use of 2P imaging. Although we only demonstrate the technique in the S1 area, the method can be applied to other regions of the living brain facilitating the elucidation of structural and functional complexities of brain neural networks.

Imaging Neural Activity in the Primary Somatosensory Cortex Using Thy1-GCaMP6s Transgenic Mice

We describe an experimental procedure for measuring neuronal activity through dual optical windows above bilateral primary somatosensory corticies (S1) in Thy1-GCaMP6s transgenic mice using 2-photon (2P) microscopy in vivo.

Imaging di attività neurale nella corteccia somatosensoriale primaria utilizzando Thy1-topi transgenici GCaMP6s

The mammalian brain exhibits marked symmetry across the sagittal plane. However, detailed description of neural dynamics in symmetric brain regions in ...

Wireless Electrophysiological Recording of Neurons by Movable Tetrodes in Freely Swimming Fish

The neural mechanisms governing fish behavior remain mostly unknown, although fish constitute the majority of all vertebrates. The ability to record brain activity from freely moving fish would advance research on the neural basis of fish behavior considerably. Moreover, precise control of the recording location in the brain is critical to studying coordinated neural activity across regions in fish brain. Here, we present a technique that records wirelessly from the brain of freely swimming fish while controlling for the depth of the recording location. The system is based on a neural logger associated with a novel water-compatible implant that can adjust the recording location by microdrive-controlled tetrodes. The capabilities of the system are illustrated through recordings from the telencephalon of goldfish.

A novel wireless technique for recording extracellular neural signals from the brain of freely swimming goldfish is presented. The recording device is composed of two tetrodes, a microdrive, a neural data logger, and a waterproof case. All parts are custom-made except for the data logger and its connector.

Registrazione elettrofisiologica wireless dei neuroni da tetrodi mobili in pesci che nuotano liberamente

The neural mechanisms governing fish behavior remain mostly unknown, although fish constitute the majority of all vertebrates. The ability to record brain ...