Le fonti di finanziamento di questa ricerca: un fondo comune di società dell&#39;Università di Tel Aviv, il trasferimento tecnologico, RAMOT e-Sheba Medical Center (M. CA e SI.), ICRF - israeliana Cancer Research Foundation (M. CA.) E Israel Science Foundation ( SI).

1. Cell Culture Preparazione MDA-MB-231 cellule sono state acquistate da ATCC (American Type Culture Collection) e conservati in azoto liquido. <ol><li> Seed 10 6 MDA-MB-231 cellule nel diametro 92 mm piastra di Petri in 10 ml di terreno completo contenente Dulbeco Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM), 10% siero di cavallo, 1% di L-glutammina, e 1% Penstrep-amfotericina B. Consentono alle cellule di proliferare a circa 80-100% di confluenza. </li><li> Togliere terreno di coltura dal piatto e scartare. </li><li> Lavare lo strato cella brevemente con 0,25% (w / v) Tripsina-EDTA soluzione per eliminare ogni traccia di siero. </li><li> Aggiungere 2,0 ml di soluzione di tripsina-EDTA per piatto e osservare le cellule al microscopio invertito fino strato di cellule viene dispersa (di solito entro 5-15 min). </li><li> Aggiungere 18 ml di terreno di crescita completo e aspirare delicatamente le cellule dalla pipetta. Trasferire in una provetta. </li><li> Centrifugare la sospensione cellulare a 1.200 giri al minuto. </li><li> Risospendere il pellet cellulare in 24 ml di culture medie. </li><li> Aggiungere 2 ml di sospensione cellulare a 35 millimetri di vetro piatti inferiori (circa il 25% di confluenza) e posto in incubatore (5% di CO 2, 37 ° C). </li><li> Soluzioni: <ol><li> Terreno completo per la proliferazione delle cellule: DMEM con 10% FBS, 1% Antibiotici (100 unità / ml di penicillina G, 100 mg / ml di streptomicina, soluzione Pen-Strep-Ampho) e 2 mM L-glutammina. </li><li> Soluzione di tripsina-EDTA, contenente 0,25% tripsina-EDTA. </li></ol></li><li> Piatti: Diametro 92 mm Petri. 35 mm Diametro poli-D-lisina rivestite con fondo di vetro piatti della cultura. </li></ol> 2. Preparazione di cellule per Live confocale <ol><li> Seed 2 x 10 5 MDA-MB-231 cellule nel fondo di vetro piatti cultura in 2 ml di terreno completo come indicato nella sezione 1. Quando la coltura cellulare raggiunge confluenza del 60-70% (circa 3-4 x 10 5 cellule per piatto), procedere con la trasfezione. </li><li> Trasfezione le cellule con due plasmidi ENCODzione delle proteine ​​di fusione γ-tubulina-GFP (per la rilevazione fluorescente di centrosomi) e istone-RED (H2b-RED, per la rilevazione fluorescente dei cromosomi) utilizzando il reagente di trasfezione liposomiale Jet-PI, seguendo il protocollo di produzione. Brevemente, mescolare 2 ug di ciascun plasmide in un tubo con 100 microlitri di NaCl (150 mM). Mescolare il reagente di trasfezione (100 pl) con 100 microlitri di NaCl (150 mM) in un secondo tubo, e incubare 5 min a temperatura ambiente (RT). Poi unire le due soluzioni, miscela (con vortice lieve) e spin-down. Incubare per 30 min a RT. </li><li> Durante l&#39;incubazione della miscela di trasfezione, lavare le cellule una volta con PBS e sostituire il mezzo cella con 2 ml di DMEM caldo senza integratori (37 ° C). </li><li> Aggiungere delicatamente la miscela di trasfezione per le cellule in DMEM e poi tornare celle verso l&#39;incubatore (37 ° C, 5% CO 2) per 8 ore. </li><li> Dopo 8 ore di incubazione, sostituire il DMEM con 2 ml di mezzo completo e incubare le cellule in incubatore per 24hr. </li><li> 24 ore dopo la trasfezione, sostituire il medium delle cellule con 2 ml di terreno completo contenente 20 mM PJ-34. </li><li> Incubare le cellule per ulteriori 18 ore (37 ° C, 5% CO 2). </li><li> Oggetto le cellule a vivere confocale per almeno 16 ore in camera di imaging mantenere le cellule al 5% di CO 2 e 37 ° C. </li><li> In parallelo, esaminare l&#39;efficacia di trasfezione 36 ore dopo la trasfezione usando la microscopia a fluorescenza come segue: <ol><li> Seme 2 x 10 5 MDA-MB-231 cellule in piastra da 6 pozzetti contenente 1 coprioggetto per pozzetto in 2 ml di mezzo completo. </li><li> Trasfezione le cellule come accennato nelle sezioni 2,2-2,5. </li><li> 36 ore dopo la trasfezione fissare le cellule transfettate montati su un vetrino da incubazione in metanolo freddo: acetone (1:1) soluzione, 7 min, -20 ° C. </li><li> Aspirare la soluzione di fissaggio e lasciare che il vetrino con le cellule montati a secco in una cappa chimica. </li><li> Applicare Prolungare reagente antifade Oro con DAPI e lasciate °e vetrino ad asciugare al buio per 6 ore. </li><li> Esaminare il vetrino al microscopio a fluorescenza e di calcolare la percentuale di cellule trasfettate (segnali rosso e verde) della popolazione totale di cellule (colorazione del DNA con DAPI). La percentuale desiderata transfezione è circa 20-40% 100-200 quando le cellule sono contate. </li></ol></li></ol> 3. Parametri tecnici delle impostazioni dello scanner confocale in diretta <ol><li> ScanMode XYZT; Pinhole [arioso] 1,00; Zoom 3,5; Risoluzione 8 bit; laser DPSS 561 nm; argon, laser visibile a 488 nm laser He / Ne visibile 633 nm; Obiettivo HCX PL APO CS 63X 1.40 OLIO UV; Apertura numerica 1.4; Velocità di scansione 700 Hz; indice di rifrazione 1.52. </li><li> Immagine 3-D di presentazione sono stati preparati da Imaris di imaging software 7.0. </li></ol> 4. Confocale di mitosi in cellule fissate <ol><li> Seed 2 x 10 5 MDA-MB-231 delle cellule di cancro al seno (ATCC), normali fibroblasti embrionali di topo (MEF), o PARP1 carente MEF (PARP - / -, preparato dal dottor Francoise Dantzer) su vetrini in 6 pozzetti in 2 ml di terreno completo. Coprioggetto sono stati lavati con etanolo al 96%, in seguito da lavaggio con acqua sterile DD, asciugata per 2 ore, e collocato in ciascun pozzetto di piatto 6-bene. </li><li> Aggiungere PJ-34 (10-30 mM) al mezzo e incubare le cellule per il periodo necessario (di solito fino a 96 ore). </li><li> Lavare i coprioggetti una volta con PBS (tampone fosfato), e fissare le cellule utilizzando incubazione in metanolo ghiacciata: (1:1) soluzione di acetone, 7 min, -20 ° C. </li><li> Aspirare la soluzione di fissaggio e lasciare che i coprioggetti ad asciugare in cappa chimica (in questa fase, i vetrini possono essere conservati a -20 ° C per diverse settimane). </li><li> Lavare i coprioggetti una volta con PBST (PBS supplementato con 0,1% di Tween-20) per permeabilize le membrane cellulari e di bloccare le cellule con 10% NDS (asino siero normale) in PBST (&#39;soluzione bloccante&#39;) per 1 ora a RT. </li><li> Incubare le cellule fisse permeabilizzate con Antibodi primariaes per 2 ore a temperatura ambiente (per i mandrini e centrosomi colorazione). Gli anticorpi sono diluiti nella soluzione bloccante come seguono: tubulina anti-α (diluizione 1:250) e anti-tubulina γ (diluizione 1:200). Anticorpi primari sono applicati come segue: applicare 100 microlitri (in una goccia) di una miscela di anticorpi in soluzione per ogni coprioggetto bloccaggio sulla copertina 6 pozzetti (il coperchio è capovolto). Mettere delicatamente il vetrino sulla goccia anticorpi, le cellule seminate di fronte alla caduta. Incubare i coprioggetti rivolti gli anticorpi per 2 ore a temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Posizionare i coprioggetti indietro nei pozzetti e lavare le cellule 3 volte con PBST. Quindi utilizzare la stessa procedura descritta in 4.6 per etichettare le cellule sui vetrini con gli anticorpi secondari fluorescenti. Incubare le cellule sui vetrini con gli anticorpi secondari per 1 ora, RT, al buio. Gli anticorpi sono diluiti in soluzione di blocco come segue: Alexa Fluor 488 (diluizione 1:1000; verde) e Alexa Fluor 568 (diluizione 1:1000;rosso). </li><li> Montare il coprioggetto utilizzando prolungare reagente antifade Oro con DAPI (per i cromosomi colorazione) e incubare una notte a temperatura ambiente al buio per asciugare. </li><li> Esaminare i vetrini al microscopio confocale. </li></ol> 5. La vitalità cellulare Misurato da produzione di ATP Produzione di ATP è misurata da un kit di analisi ATP rilevamento luminescente. <ol><li> Seed le cellule in piastra a 96 pozzetti, circa 20.000 cellule in 800 microlitri media in ciascun pozzetto. Tre pozzi vuoti dovrebbero essere utilizzati per la determinazione dello sfondo luminescenza del mezzo. </li><li> Preparare una serie di diluizioni standard di ATP da circa 10 micron a 100 micron e tenere in ghiaccio. </li><li> Aggiungere 50 ml di detersivo per ogni pozzetto e agitare la piastra per 5 minuti in agitatore orbitale, 700 giri. </li><li> Ricostituire ciascun flacone di &#39;sostrato liofilizzato&#39; con 5 ml di &#39;tampone substrato&#39; nel kit. </li><li> Aggiungere 50 ml della soluzione di substrato ricostituito ai pozzetti, e agitarela piastra per 5 minuti su agitatore orbitale, 700 giri. </li><li> Tenere la piastra al buio per 10 minuti. </li><li> Misurare luminescenza di ogni bene da ELISA lettore di micropiastre. </li></ol>

<ol>
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Gli autori dichiarano di non avere interessi finanziari in competizione.

In diretta confocale ha fornito una documentazione in tempo reale l&#39;effetto citotossico di PJ-34 in cellule multi-centrosomica dal vivo durante la mitosi (figura 3 e le informazioni supplementari). Questa è stata la prima documentazione vivo attribuendo la citotossicità di PJ-34 in cellule tumorali umane di centrosomi de-clustering e di morte cellulare, suggerendo l&#39;induzione di morte cellulare mitotica Catastrophe da PJ-34 5-9. Al contrario, il clustering bi-focale di centrosomi su...

Fenantrene deriva inibitori PARP1, tra cui PJ-34, sono stati progettati per proteggere le cellule quiescenti di morte cellulare per apoptosi indotta dal consumo di energia PARP1 mediata riparazione del DNA in condizioni di stress (ictus o infarto del miocardio) 1. Tuttavia, di recente abbiamo scoperto che PJ-34, a concentrazione due volte più alta di quella che induce PARP1 inibizione, può causare la morte delle cellule esclusivamente in cellule tumorali umane 2,3. Più rapida è la proliferazione della cellula era, più efficiente l&#39;eradicazione delle cellule era. L&#39;attività citotossica di PJ-34 è stato attribuito a extra-centrosomi de-clustering in mitosi 2. Molte cellule tumorali porto umano multicentrosomes 4,5. Incubazione di cellule umane di cancro al seno MDA-MB-231, che ospitano centrosomi soprannumero, con 20 micron PJ-34 efficientemente debellate queste cellule entro 72-96 ore senza danneggiare le cellule quiescenti o alcuni proliferativi benigni ospitare due centrosomi in mitosi <sup&gt; 2,3. Cellule benigne incluse cellule epiteliali mammarie umane MCF-10, cellule endoteliali umane (HUVEC) e cellule mesenchimali primari preparati da timo umano. Queste cellule erano resistenti alla attività citotossica di PJ-34. PJ-34 non ha interferito con il loro ciclo cellulare durante le 96 ore di incubazione o influenzare i loro centrosomi e formazione del fuso bi-focale 2,3. Bipolare assemblea centrosoma è cruciale per la formazione del fuso bipolare in mitosi 4,5. Pertanto, le cellule con più di due centrosomi hanno sviluppato un meccanismo molecolare poco capito, raggruppando i loro centrosomi ai due poli 4-9. Fallimento di montaggio bipolare dei loro centrosomi può causare multipolare distorto mandrini e aberrante cromosomi segregazione che arresta il ciclo cellulare in G2 / M arresto, e porta alla morte cellulare attribuite al fallimento mitotico 4,5. I meccanismi molecolari alla base di olio extra-centrosomi de-cluster sono intensamente studiate &lt;sup&gt; 10. La comprensione di questo meccanismo di morte consentirà eradicazione esclusivo delle cellule tumorali risparmiando i tessuti sani 5,10. Così, composti che attivano la morte cellulare mitotico catastrofe offrono una nuova modalità di una terapia del cancro selettivo, che può essere efficace in una vasta gamma di risultati cancers.Our solidi umani suggeriscono che l&#39;imaging confocale può essere utilizzato per identificare molecole che influenzano extra-cntrosome clustering in mitosi 2,3, rendendo questi composti cancro mira candidati farmaci. Abbiamo documentato l&#39;attività citotossica del fenantridina PJ-34 tramite la scansione cellule tumorali umane fisse e vivo (con alta presenza di extra-centrosomi in mitosi) contro le cellule normali. Un passo-passo le procedure di imaging utilizzate per identificare l&#39;attività citotossica di PJ-34 in cellule tumorali umane di seguito è incluso.

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>REAGENTS </td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM</td>
			<td>Invitrogen (GIBCO)</td>
			<td>41965</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FBS (Fetal bovine Serum)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen (GIBCO)</td>
			<td>12657</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pen-Strep-Ampho solution</td>
			<td>Biological Industries, Israel</td>
			<td>03-033-1B</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-glutamine</td>
			<td>Invitrogen (GIBCO)</td>
			<td>25030-024</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.25% Tripsin-EDTA</td>
			<td>Invitrogen (GIBCO)</td>
			<td>25200</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>92 mm Petri dishes</td>
			<td>Nunc,Thermo scientific</td>
			<td>150350</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>35 mm poly-D-lysine coated glass bottom culture dishes</td>
			<td>MatTek Corporation, USA</td>
			<td>P35GC-0-14-C</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luminescent ATP detection assay kit</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab113849</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NDS (Normal Donkey Serum)</td>
			<td>Jackson ImmunoResearch</td>
			<td>017-000-121</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti &alpha;-tubulin antibody</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T9026</td>
			<td>1:250 dilution (IF)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti &gamma;-tubulin antibody</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T5192</td>
			<td>1:200 dilution (IF)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa Fluor 488 Goat Anti-Mouse IgG</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A-11017</td>
			<td>1:1,000 dilution (IF)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa Fluor 568 Donkey Anti-Rabbit IgG</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A-10042</td>
			<td>1:1,000 dilution (IF)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ProLong Gold antifade reagent with DAPI (mounting)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>P36935</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>JetPEI (liposomal transfection reagent )</td>
			<td>Polyplus</td>
			<td>101-10</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>EQUIPMENT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Confocal microscope</td>
			<td>Leica (Mannheim, Germany)</td>
			<td>TCS SP5II</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

cell death associated with abnormal mitosis observed by confocal imaging in live cancer cells

Derivati ​​Fenantrene che agiscono come potenti inibitori PARP1 impedito il raggruppamento bi-focale di centrosomi soprannumerari nelle celle multi-centrosomica tumorali umane in mitosi. Il fenantridina PJ-34 è stata la più potente molecola. Declustering di extra-centrosomi provoca insufficienza mitotico e la morte cellulare nelle cellule multi-centrosomica. Tumori umani più solidi hanno alta presenza di extra-centrosomi. L&#39;attività di PJ-34 è stata documentata in tempo reale da imaging confocale di cancro al seno umano vivo MDA-MB-231 cellule trasfettate con vettori codificanti per fluorescente γ-tubulina, che è altamente abbondante nei cntrosome e per fluorescente istone H2b presente in i cromosomi. Cromosomi aberranti arrangiamenti e de cluster-foci γ-tubulina che rappresentano centrosomi declustered sono stati rilevati nelle transfettate cellule MDA-MB-231 dopo il trattamento con PJ-34. Un-cluster in più-centrosomi nei due poli del fuso preceduto la loro morte cellulare. Questi risultati legati for la prima volta l&#39;attività citotossica esclusivo recentemente rilevata del PJ-34 in cellule tumorali umane con supplemento cntrosome-de-clustering in mitosi e insufficienza mitotico che porta alla morte cellulare. Secondo i risultati precedenti osservati con l&#39;imaging confocale di cellule fisse, PJ-34 cellule tumorali debellata esclusivamente con il multi-centrosomi senza danneggiare le cellule normali subiscono mitosi con due centrosomi e mandrini bi-focale. Questa attività citotossica di PJ-34 non è stata condivisa da altri potenti inibitori PARP1, ed è stata osservata in PARP1 deficienti MEF extracentrosomes ospitano, suggerendo la sua indipendenza di PARP1 inibizione. Vivere confocale offerto uno strumento utile per l&#39;individuazione di nuove molecole sradicare le cellule durante la mitosi.

PJ-34 è un acqua stabile solubile fenantridina 1 (Figura 1). I nostri risultati precedenti hanno rivelato la morte cellulare e la de-raggruppati extra-centrosomi in diversi tipi di cellule tumorali a più centrosomica fissi che sono stati trattati con PJ-34. Al contrario, le cellule proliferanti normali non hanno perso di valore 2,3. Centrosomi sono stati identificati mediante doppia marcatura con anticorpi diretti contro centrine1 e γ-tubulina nelle cellule fisse extra-centrosom...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Cell Death Associated with Abnormal Mitosis Observed by Confocal Imaging in Live Cancer Cells at JoVE.com

Cell Death Associated with Abnormal Mitosis Observed by Confocal Imaging in Live Cancer Cells

L&#39;attività citotossica della fenantridina PJ-34 in cellule tumorali in mitosi è stata documentata in tempo reale dai confocale vivo. PJ-34 sradicato cancro al seno umano MDA-MB-231 cellule che ospitano in più-centrosomi nella mitosi. A differenza della normale mitosi bi-focale, l&#39;extra-centrosomi non sono stati raggruppati in due poli del fuso in presenza di PJ-34.

Cella della morte associata a mitosi anomalo osservato da Imaging confocale in cellule vive di cancro

Phenanthrene derivatives acting as potent PARP1 inhibitors prevented the bi-focal clustering of supernumerary centrosomes in multi-centrosomal human ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

14.9K Views.  Sheba Medical Center. L'attività citotossica della fenantridina PJ-34 in cellule tumorali in mitosi è stata documentata in tempo reale dai confocale vivo. PJ-34 sradicato cancro al seno umano MDA-MB-231 cellule che ospitano in più-centrosomi nella mitosi. A differenza della normale mitosi bi-focale, l'extra-centrosomi non sono stati raggruppati in due poli del fuso in presenza di PJ-34.

Video: Cell Death Associated with Abnormal Mitosis Observed by Confocal Imaging in Live Cancer Cells

High-Efficiency Transduction of Liver Cancer Cells by Recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus Serotype 3 Vectors

Recombinant vectors based on a non-pathogenic human parvovirus, the adeno-associated virus 2 (AAV2) have been developed, and are currently in use in a number of gene therapy clinical trials. More recently, a number of additional AAV serotypes have also been isolated, which have been shown to exhibit selective tissue-tropism in various small and large animal models1. Of the 10 most commonly used AAV serotypes, AAV3 is by far the least efficient in transducing cells and tissues in vitro as well as in vivo.
However, in our recently published studies, we have documented that AAV3 vectors transduce human liver cancer - hepatoblastoma (HB) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) - cell lines extremely efficiently because AAV3 utilizes human hepatocyte growth factor receptor as a cellular co-receptor for binding and entry in these cells2,3.
In this article, we describe the steps required to achieve high-efficiency transduction of human liver cancer cells by recombinant AAV3 vectors carrying a reporter gene. The use of recombinant AAV3 vectors carrying a therapeutic gene may eventually lead to the potential gene therapy of liver cancers in humans.

In this article, we describe the identification of the adeno-associated virus serotype 3 (AAV3) as the most efficient vector for targeting human liver cancer cells.

Ad alta efficienza di trasduzione delle cellule tumorali del fegato da adeno-associato ricombinante sierotipo Virus 3 Vettori

Recombinant vectors based on a non-pathogenic human parvovirus, the adeno-associated virus 2 (AAV2) have been developed, and are currently in use in a ...

Ricerca

Medicina

Multi-photon Imaging of Tumor Cell Invasion in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Loco-regional invasion of head and neck cancer is linked to metastatic risk and presents a difficult challenge in designing and implementing patient management strategies. Orthotopic mouse models of oral cancer have been developed to facilitate the study of factors that impact invasion and serve as model system for evaluating anti-tumor therapeutics. In these systems, visualization of disseminated tumor cells within oral cavity tissues has typically been conducted by either conventional histology or with in vivo bioluminescent methods. A primary drawback of these techniques is the inherent inability to accurately visualize and quantify early tumor cell invasion arising from the primary site in three dimensions. Here we describe a protocol that combines an established model for squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue (SCOT) with two-photon imaging to allow multi-vectorial visualization of lingual tumor spread. The OSC-19 head and neck tumor cell line was stably engineered to express the F-actin binding peptide LifeAct fused to the mCherry fluorescent protein (LifeAct-mCherry). Fox1nu/nu mice injected with these cells reliably form tumors that allow the tongue to be visualized by ex-vivo application of two-photon microscopy. This technique allows for the orthotopic visualization of the tumor mass and locally invading cells in excised tongues without disruption of the regional tumor microenvironment. In addition, this system allows for the quantification of tumor cell invasion by calculating distances that invaded cells move from the primary tumor site. Overall this procedure provides an enhanced model system for analyzing factors that contribute to SCOT invasion and therapeutic treatments tailored to prevent local invasion and distant metastatic spread. This method also has the potential to be ultimately combined with other imaging modalities in an in vivo setting.

A comprehensive overview of the techniques involved in generating a mouse model of oral cancer and quantitative monitoring of tumor invasion within the tongue through multi-photon microscopy of labeled cells is presented. This system can serve as a useful platform for the molecular assessment and drug efficacy of anti-invasive compounds.

Multi-fotone Imaging di invasione delle cellule tumorali in un modello di mouse ortotopico di carcinoma orale a cellule squamose

Loco-regional invasion of head and neck cancer is linked to metastatic risk and presents a difficult challenge in designing and implementing patient ...

Evaluation of Cancer Stem Cell Migration Using Compartmentalizing Microfluidic Devices and Live Cell Imaging

In the last 40 years, the United States invested over 200 billion dollars on cancer research, resulting in only a 5% decrease in death rate. A major obstacle for improving patient outcomes is the poor understanding of mechanisms underlying cellular migration associated with aggressive cancer cell invasion, metastasis and therapeutic resistance1. Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM), the most prevalent primary malignant adult brain tumor2, exemplifies this difficulty. Despite standard surgery, radiation and chemotherapies, patient median survival is only fifteen months, due to aggressive GBM infiltration into adjacent brain and rapid cancer recurrence2. The interactions of aberrant cell migratory mechanisms and the tumor microenvironment likely differentiate cancer from normal cells3. Therefore, improving therapeutic approaches for GBM require a better understanding of cancer cell migration mechanisms. Recent work suggests that a small subpopulation of cells within GBM, the brain tumor stem cell (BTSC), may be responsible for therapeutic resistance and recurrence. Mechanisms underlying BTSC migratory capacity are only starting to be characterized1,4.
Due to a limitation in visual inspection and geometrical manipulation, conventional migration assays5 are restricted to quantifying overall cell populations. In contrast, microfluidic devices permit single cell analysis because of compatibility with modern microscopy and control over micro-environment6-9.
We present a method for detailed characterization of BTSC migration using compartmentalizing microfluidic devices. These PDMS-made devices cast the tissue culture environment into three connected compartments: seeding chamber, receiving chamber and bridging microchannels. We tailored the device such that both chambers hold sufficient media to support viable BTSC for 4-5 days without media exchange. Highly mobile BTSCs initially introduced into the seeding chamber are isolated after migration though bridging microchannels to the parallel receiving chamber. This migration simulates cancer cellular spread through the interstitial spaces of the brain. The phase live images of cell morphology during migration are recorded over several days. Highly migratory BTSC can therefore be isolated, recultured, and analyzed further. 
Compartmentalizing microfluidics can be a versatile platform to study the migratory behavior of BTSCs and other cancer stem cells. By combining gradient generators, fluid handling, micro-electrodes and other microfluidic modules, these devices can also be used for drug screening and disease diagnosis6. Isolation of an aggressive subpopulation of migratory cells will enable studies of underlying molecular mechanisms.

A compartmentalizing microfluidic device for investigating cancer stem cell migration is described. This novel platform creates a viable cellular microenvironment and enables microscopic visualization of live cell locomotion. Highly motile cancer cells are isolated to study molecular mechanisms of aggressive infiltration, potentially leading to more effective future therapies.

Valutazione della migrazione delle cellule staminali del cancro mediante compartimentazione dispositivi microfluidici e Live Cell Imaging

In the last 40 years, the United States invested over 200 billion dollars on cancer research, resulting in only a 5% decrease in death rate. A major ...

MAME Models for 4D Live-cell Imaging of Tumor: Microenvironment Interactions that Impact Malignant Progression

We have developed 3D coculture models, which we term MAME (mammary architecture and microenvironment engineering), and used them for live-cell imaging in real-time of cell:cell interactions. Our overall goal was to develop models that recapitulate the architecture of preinvasive breast lesions to study their progression to an invasive phenotype. Specifically, we developed models to analyze interactions among pre-malignant breast epithelial cell variants and other cell types of the tumor microenvironment that have been implicated in enhancing or reducing the progression of preinvasive breast epithelial cells to invasive ductal carcinomas. Other cell types studied to date are myoepithelial cells, fibroblasts, macrophages and blood and lymphatic microvascular endothelial cells. In addition to the MAME models, which are designed to recapitulate the cellular interactions within the breast during cancer progression, we have developed comparable models for the progression of prostate cancers. 
Here we illustrate the procedures for establishing the 3D cocultures along with the use of live-cell imaging and a functional proteolysis assay to follow the transition of cocultures of breast ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) cells and fibroblasts to an invasive phenotype over time, in this case over twenty-three days in culture. The MAME cocultures consist of multiple layers. Fibroblasts are embedded in the bottom layer of type I collagen. On that is placed a layer of reconstituted basement membrane (rBM) on which DCIS cells are seeded. A final top layer of 2% rBM is included and replenished with every change of media. To image proteolysis associated with the progression to an invasive phenotype, we use dye-quenched (DQ) fluorescent matrix proteins (DQ-collagen I mixed with the layer of collagen I and DQ-collagen IV mixed with the middle layer of rBM) and observe live cultures using confocal microscopy. Optical sections are captured, processed and reconstructed in 3D with Volocity visualization software. Over the course of 23 days in MAME cocultures, the DCIS cells proliferate and coalesce into large invasive structures. Fibroblasts migrate and become incorporated into these invasive structures. Fluorescent proteolytic fragments of the collagens are found in association with the surface of DCIS structures, intracellularly, and also dispersed throughout the surrounding matrix. Drugs that target proteolytic, chemokine/cytokine and kinase pathways or modifications in the cellular composition of the cocultures can reduce the invasiveness, suggesting that MAME models can be used as preclinical screens for novel therapeutic approaches.

We have developed 3D coculture models for live-cell imaging in real-time of interactions among breast tumor cells and other cells in their microenvironment that impact progression to an invasive phenotype. These models can serve as preclinical screens for drugs to target paracrine-induced proteolytic, chemokine/cytokine and kinase pathways implicated in invasiveness.

Modelli per MAME 4D Live-Imaging cellule di tumore: Interazioni microambiente che Impact progressione maligna

We have developed 3D coculture models, which we term MAME (mammary architecture and microenvironment engineering), and used them for live-cell imaging in ...

Modeling Colitis-Associated Cancer with Azoxymethane (AOM) and Dextran Sulfate Sodium (DSS)

Individuals with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), such as Crohn's disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC) are at increased risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC) over healthy individuals. This risk is proportional to the duration and extent of disease, with a cumulative incidence as high as 30% in individuals with longstanding UC with widespread colonic involvement.1 Colonic dysplasia in IBD and colitis associated cancer (CAC) are believed to develop as a result of repeated cycles of epithelial cell injury and repair while these cells are bathed in a chronic inflammatory cytokine milieu.2 While spontaneous and colitis-associated cancers share the quality of being adenocarcinomas, the sequence of underlying molecular events is believed to be different.3 This distinction argues the need for specific animal models of CAC.
Several mouse models currently exist for the study of CAC. Dextran sulfate sodium (DSS), an agent with direct toxic effects on the colonic epithelium, can be administered in drinking water to mice in multiple cycles to create a chronic inflammatory state. With sufficient duration, some of these mice will develop tumors.4 Tumor development is hastened in this model if administered in a pro-carcinogenic setting. These include mice with genetic mutations in tumorigenesis pathways (APC, p53, Msh2), as well as mice pre-treated with genotoxic agents (azoxymethane [AOM], 1,2-dimethylhydrazine [DMH]).5 
The combination of DSS with AOM as a model for colitis associated cancer has gained popularity for its reproducibility, potency, low price, and ease of use. Though they have a shared mechanism, AOM has been found to be more potent and stable in solution than DMH. While tumor development in other models generally requires several months, mice injected with AOM and subsequently treated with DSS develop adequate tumors in as little as 7-10 weeks.6, 7 Finally, AOM and DSS can be administered to mice of any genetic background (knock out, transgenic, etc.) without cross-breeding to a specific tumorigenic strain. Here, we demonstrate a protocol for inflammation-driven colonic tumorigenesis in mice utilizing a single injection of AOM followed by three seven-day cycles of DSS over a 10 week period. This model induces tumors with histological and molecular changes closely resembling those occurring in human CAC and provides a highly valuable model for the study of oncogenesis and chemoprevention in this disease.8

Modeling Colitis-Associated Cancer with Azoxymethane AOM and Dextran Sulfate Sodium DSS

We demonstrate a protocol in which administration of the genotoxic agent azoxymethane (AOM) followed by three cycles of the pro-inflammatory agent dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) rapidly and consistently generates colon tumors in mice with morphologic and molecular similarities to those seen in human colitis-associated cancer.

Modellazione Colite-Associated Cancro con azoxymethane (OMA) e sodio solfato destrano (DSS)

Individuals with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), such as Crohn's disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC) are at increased risk of developing colorectal ...

Isolation, Characterization and Comparative Differentiation of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells Derived from Permanent Teeth by Using Two Different Methods

Developing wisdom teeth are easy-accessible source of stem cells during the adulthood which could be obtained by routine orthodontic treatments. Human pulp-derived stem cells (hDPSCs) possess high proliferation potential with multi-lineage differentiation capacity compare to the ordinary source of adult stem cells1-8; therefore, hDPSCs could be the good candidates for autologous transplantation in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Along with these benefits, possessing the mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) features, such as immunolodulatory effect, make hDPSCs more valuable, even in the case of allograft transplantation6,9,10. Therefore, the primary step for using this source of stem cells is to select the best protocol for isolating hDPSCs from pulp tissue. In order to achieve this goal, it is crucial to investigate the effect of various isolation conditions on different cellular behaviors, such as their common surface markers &amp; also their differentiation capacity.
Thus, here we separate human pulp tissue from impacted third molar teeth, and then used both existing protocols based on literature, for isolating hDPSCs,11-13 i.e. enzymatic dissociation of pulp tissue (DPSC-ED) or outgrowth from tissue explants (DPSC-OG). In this regards, we tried to facilitate the isolation methods by using dental diamond disk. Then, these cells characterized in terms of stromal-associated Markers (CD73, CD90, CD105 &amp; CD44), hematopoietic/endothelial Markers (CD34, CD45 &amp; CD11b), perivascular marker, like CD146 and also STRO-1. Afterwards, these two protocols were compared based on the differentiation potency into odontoblasts by both quantitative polymerase chain reaction (QPCR) &amp; Alizarin Red Staining. QPCR were used for the assessment of the expression of the mineralization-related genes (alkaline phosphatase; ALP, matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein; MEPE &amp; dentin sialophosphoprotein; DSPP).14

The method described isolation and characterization of human Dental Pulp Stem Cells (hDPSCs) by using either enzymatic dissociation of pulp (DPSC-ED) or direct outgrowth of stem cells from pulp tissue explants (DPSC-OG). Then followed by in vitro comparative differentiation of both types of hDPSCs into odontoblasts.

Differenziazione Isolamento, caratterizzazione e comparata delle cellule umane Dental Pulp staminali derivate da denti permanenti mediante due diversi metodi

Developing wisdom teeth are easy-accessible source of stem cells during the adulthood which could be obtained by routine orthodontic treatments. Human ...

Live Imaging of Drug Responses in the Tumor Microenvironment in Mouse Models of Breast Cancer

The tumor microenvironment plays a pivotal role in tumor initiation, progression, metastasis, and the response to anti-cancer therapies. Three-dimensional co-culture systems are frequently used to explicate tumor-stroma interactions, including their role in drug responses. However, many of the interactions that occur in vivo in the intact microenvironment cannot be completely replicated in these in vitro settings. Thus, direct visualization of these processes in real-time has become an important tool in understanding tumor responses to therapies and identifying the interactions between cancer cells and the stroma that can influence these responses. Here we provide a method for using spinning disk confocal microscopy of live, anesthetized mice to directly observe drug distribution, cancer cell responses and changes in tumor-stroma interactions following administration of systemic therapy in breast cancer models. We describe procedures for labeling different tumor components, treatment of animals for observing therapeutic responses, and the surgical procedure for exposing tumor tissues for imaging up to 40 hours. The results obtained from this protocol are time-lapse movies, in which such processes as drug infiltration, cancer cell death and stromal cell migration can be evaluated using image analysis software.

We describe a method for imaging response to anti-cancer treatment in vivo and at single cell resolution.

Vivo Imaging di risposte droga nel microambiente tumorale in modelli murini di cancro al seno

The tumor microenvironment plays a pivotal role in tumor initiation, progression, metastasis, and the response to anti-cancer therapies. Three-dimensional ...

A Multiplexed Luciferase-based Screening Platform for Interrogating Cancer-associated Signal Transduction in Cultured Cells

Genome-scale interrogation of gene function using RNA interference (RNAi) holds tremendous promise for the rapid identification of chemically tractable cancer cell vulnerabilities. Limiting the potential of this technology is the inability to rapidly delineate the mechanistic basis of phenotypic outcomes and thus inform the development of molecularly targeted therapeutic strategies. We outline here methods to deconstruct cellular phenotypes induced by RNAi-mediated gene targeting using multiplexed reporter systems that allow monitoring of key cancer cell-associated processes. This high-content screening methodology is versatile and can be readily adapted for the screening of other types of large molecular libraries.

Achieving a systems level understanding of cellular processes is a goal of modern-day cell biology. We describe here strategies for multiplexing luciferase reporters of various cellular function end-points to interrogate gene function using genome-scale RNAi libraries.

Una piattaforma di screening Luciferase basata multiplex per interrogare il cancro-associata trasduzione del segnale in cellule in coltura

Genome-scale interrogation of gene function using RNA interference (RNAi)  holds tremendous promise for the rapid identification of chemically tractable  ...

Assessing Phagocytic Clearance of Cell Death in Experimental Stroke by Ligatable Fluorescent Probes

We describe a new histochemical approach for visualization of phagocytic clearance in focal brain ischemia. The approach permits the study of elimination of dead cells in stroke by waste-management phagocytes of any cellular lineage. Although numerous cells of different origins that are capable of phagocytosis are present in ischemic brain, only part of them actively engulf and digest cell corpses. The selective visualization, quantification and analysis of such active phagocytic waste-management are helpful in assessing brain response to ischemia. Efficient cell death clearance is important for brain recovery from ischemic injury, as it opens the way for the subsequent regenerative processes. The failure to clean the corpses would result in a toxic reaction caused by non-degraded DNA and proteins. The described procedure uses fluorescent probes selectively ligated by a viral topoisomerase to characteristic DNA breaks produced in all phagocytes during engulfment and digestion of cells irreversibly damaged by ischemia. The method is a new tool for the investigation of brain reaction to ischemic injury.

We present a new fluorescence technique for selective in situ labeling of active phagocytic cells, which clear off cell corpses in stroke. The approach is important for assessing brain reaction to ischemia because only a small proportion of phagocytes present in ischemic brain participate in clearance of cell death.

Valutare Liquidazione fagocitaria della morte cellulare in corsa sperimentale da Ligatable Fluorescent Probes

We describe a new histochemical approach for visualization of phagocytic clearance in focal brain ischemia. The approach permits the study of elimination ...

Profiling of Estrogen-regulated MicroRNAs in Breast Cancer Cells

Estrogen plays vital roles in mammary gland development and breast cancer progression. It mediates its function by binding to and activating the estrogen receptors (ERs), ER&#945;, and ER&#946;. ER&#945; is frequently upregulated in breast cancer and drives the proliferation of breast cancer cells. The ERs function as transcription factors and regulate gene expression. Whereas ER&#945;&#39;s regulation of protein-coding genes is well established, its regulation of noncoding microRNA (miRNA) is less explored. miRNAs play a major role in the post-transcriptional regulation of genes, inhibiting their translation or degrading their mRNA. miRNAs can function as oncogenes or tumor suppressors&#160;and are also promising biomarkers. Among the miRNA assays available, microarray and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) have been extensively used to detect and quantify miRNA levels. To identify miRNAs regulated by estrogen signaling in breast cancer, their expression in ER&#945;-positive breast cancer cell lines were compared before and after estrogen-activation using both the &#181;Paraflo-microfluidic microarrays and Dual Labeled Probes-low density arrays. Results were validated using specific qPCR assays, applying both Cyanine dye-based and Dual Labeled Probes-based chemistry. Furthermore, a time-point assay was used to identify regulations over time. Advantages of the miRNA assay approach used in this study is that it enables a fast screening of mature miRNA regulations in numerous samples, even with limited sample amounts. The layout, including the specific conditions for cell culture and estrogen treatment, biological and technical replicates, and large-scale screening followed by in-depth confirmations using separate techniques, ensures a robust detection of miRNA regulations,&#160;and eliminates false positives and other artifacts. However, mutated or unknown miRNAs, or regulations at the primary and precursor transcript level, will not be detected. The method presented here represents a thorough investigation of estrogen-mediated miRNA regulation.

Molecular signaling through both estrogen and microRNAs are critical in breast cancer development and growth. Estrogen activates the estrogen receptors, which are transcription factors. Many transcription factors can regulate the expression of microRNAs, and estrogen-regulated microRNAs can be profiled using different large-scale techniques.

Profiling di microRNA regolati dagli estrogeni in cellule di carcinoma mammario

Estrogen plays vital roles in mammary gland development and breast cancer progression. It mediates its function by binding to and activating the estrogen ...