La ricerca nel mio laboratorio è sostenuto dal Dipartimento WKU dei fondi di avvio Biologia, WKU Research Foundation RCAP-I concedere # 11-8032 e da una sovvenzione KBRIN-AREA finanziata attraverso una sovvenzione genitore dall&#39;Istituto Nazionale delle Scienze Mediche Generali degli Istituti Nazionali della Salute con il numero award 5P20GM103436-13. Vorrei inoltre ringraziare il dottor Tian Xu nel cui laboratorio sono stato presentato a questa tecnica e il dottor Raymond Pagliarini che per primo ha stabilito questa tecnica in laboratorio Xu.

1. L&#39;induzione di tumori benigni non invasivi <ol><li> Utilizzare titoli elencati nella tabella 2 per l&#39;induzione di tumori benigni. </li><li> Preparare una coltura starter per lo stock &quot;tester&quot; del seguente genotipo: y, w, ey-FLP1; Tub-Gal80, FRT40A; Act5C&gt; y +&gt; GAL4, UAS-GFP </li><li> Preparare una coltura starter per lo stock &quot;testata&quot; del seguente genotipo: w; FRT40A, UAS-Ras V12 / CYO </li><li> Raccogliere dieci vergini femminile dal titolo &quot;tester&quot; e dieci maschi dalla &quot;testata&quot; magazzino. </li><li> Attraversare i maschi e le femmine del &quot;tester&quot; e &quot;controllati&quot; magazzino inserendoli entrambi in un flaconcino con la mosca cibo. </li><li> Mettere la croce in un incubatore a 25 ° C e permettono ai maschi e femmine si accoppiano e depongono le uova per 24-48 ore. </li><li> Controllare le fiale per sufficiente la deposizione delle uova e per la presenza di larve di prima instar fare in modo che la cultura non si asciuga fuori. <ol><li> Aggiungere qualche goccia di autoclaveacqua distillata alla cultura per mantenerlo umido (se la cultura sta asciugando out). </li><li> Continuare a monitorare la cultura e ripetere il punto 1.7.1, se necessario. </li></ol></li><li> Osservare errante terzo instar larve allo stereomicroscopio a fluorescenza, come indicato nella sezione 3. </li></ol> 2. L&#39;induzione di tumori invasivi <ol><li> Utilizzare titoli elencati nella tabella 2 per l&#39;induzione di tumori invasivi. </li><li> Utilizzare la coltura starter dal punto 1.2 del seguente genotipo: y, w, ey-FLP1; Tub-Gal80, FRT40A; Act5C&gt; y +&gt; GAL4, UAS-GFP </li><li> Preparare una coltura starter per lo stock &quot;testata&quot; del seguente genotipo: w; LGL 4, FRT40A, UAS-Ras V12 / CYO </li><li> Raccogliere dieci vergini femminile dal titolo &quot;tester&quot; e dieci maschi dalla &quot;testata&quot; magazzino. </li><li> Attraversare i maschi e le femmine del &quot;tester&quot; e &quot;controllati&quot; magazzino inserendoli entrambi in un flaconcino con la mosca food. </li><li> Mettere la croce in un incubatore a 25 ° C e permettono ai maschi e femmine si accoppiano e depongono le uova per 24-48 ore. </li><li> Controllare le fiale per sufficiente la deposizione delle uova e per la presenza di larve di prima instar fare in modo che la cultura non si asciuga fuori. <ol><li> Aggiungere qualche goccia di acqua distillata autoclavato alla cultura per mantenerlo umido (se la cultura sta asciugando out). </li><li> Continuare a monitorare la cultura per la secchezza e ripetere il punto 2.7.1, se necessario. </li></ol></li><li> Osservare terzo instar larve allo stereomicroscopio a fluorescenza, come indicato nella sezione 3. </li></ol> 3. L&#39;osservazione di tumori benigni e invasive <ol><li> Utilizzare terzo instar larve per l&#39;isolamento tumore benigno e visualizzazione. <ol><li> Bagnare un pennello in acqua distillata, e utilizzando questo pennello raschiare alcune larve al terzo stadio dalla parete del flaconcino cultura. </li><li> Mettere larve in una diapositiva depressione con PBS 1X e poi con un pennello bagnato rottamiposta fuori qualsiasi materiale alimentare dall&#39;epidermide larvali. </li><li> Porre le larve in una piastra Petri e lasciare a -20 ° C per 30 min freezer per immobilizzare la larva. <ol><li> Metodo alternativo per immobilizzare le larve utilizzando FLYNAP. </li><li> Posizionare una bacchetta FLYNAP immersa nel FLYNAP al flaconcino da 3.1.3.2 e dopo aver collegato il let flaconcino flaconcino collegato con larve riposare per 30-40 minuti. </li></ol></li><li> Posizionare la larva immobilizzato su un vetrino, aggiungere una goccia di olio halocarbon luce, coprire con un vetro di copertura e osservare allo stereomicroscopio a fluorescenza con la capacità di visualizzare Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP). </li><li> Il tumore benigno cuscinetto larve fluorescenza verde nella regione anteriore dove il complesso cefalica è presente. </li></ol></li><li> Selezionare il giorno 10 larve (dopo induzione), dalla cultura impostato al punto # 2 per l&#39;osservazione dei tumori invasivi. Giorno 10 larve sono selezionati perché le larve cuscinetto tumore invasivo hanno un l prolungatofase Arval e generalmente non riescono a pupariate. </li><li> Seguire i passaggi da 3.1.1 a 3.1.4 tranne che invece di terzo instar uso larve giorno 10 larve. <ol><li> Il giorno 10 cuscinetto tumore invasivo larve fluorescenza verde nella regione anteriore dove il complesso cefalica è presente. </li></ol></li><li> Se il microscopio fluorescente è dotato di una fotocamera digitale poi fotografare la fluorescenza larve benigno e tumore invasivo cuscinetto. </li></ol> 4. La dissezione della osservazione cefalico Complex e ulteriore di tumori benigni e invasive L&#39;epidermide traslucide del larva rende difficile osservare il grado di invasione di tumori. Così l&#39;estensione dell&#39;invasione è meglio visualizzata sezionando il complesso cefalica fuori della larva. I seguenti passaggi devono essere utilizzati per sezionare il complesso cefalica. <ol><li> Utilizzando un pennello bagnato per selezionare le larve terzo instar (per i tumori benigni) e il giorno 10 larve (per i tumori invasivi) fROM rispettivi flaconi di coltura. </li><li> Mettere larve in un pozzo di un piatto contenente dissezione a freddo PBS 1X. Usa il pennello per togliere eventuali residui di cibo dai epidermide larvali. <ol><li> Trasferimento larve pulito per un nuovo bene del piatto dissezione contenente freddo PBS 1X. </li><li> Verificare la presenza di GFP fluorescenza utilizzando uno stereomicroscopio in grado di rilevare la fluorescenza. Scartare non-GFP larve cuscinetto. </li></ol></li><li> Aggiungere 1,0 ml di PBS 1X freddo per un pozzo fresco sul piatto dissezione e utilizzando un paio di pinze trasferire una larva cuscinetto sia i tumori benigni o invasivi (il protocollo dissezione rimane la stessa per i due tipi di tumori). </li><li> Tenere la larva verso il basso con un paio di pinze circa 2/3rds dalla fine anteriore. <ol><li> Utilizzare l&#39;altra coppia di pinze ed elegantemente separare il 1/3rd posteriore della larva e scartarla. </li><li> Lasciate andare anteriore 2/3rds della larva. Quando la pressione all&#39;interno della larva viene rilasciato il contenuto dellarva permette la fuoriuscita della cavità del corpo. </li><li> Utilizzare un paio di pinze per rimuovere l&#39;intestino, grasso corporeo e altri contenuti interni della larva che hanno colava fuori della cavità del corpo. </li><li> Utilizzare un paio di pinze per tenere il gancio bocca del larva e spingerlo nell&#39;epidermide larvali e con l&#39;altra coppia di pinze invertire completamente la larva. </li><li> Utilizzare le pinze per rimuovere delicatamente e accuratamente il corpo grasso, ghiandole salivari, intestino, il complesso disco ala ed eventuali tubi tracheali. Il complesso cefalica dovrebbe essere visibile attaccato al gancio bocca della larva invertita. Gli emisferi cerebrali e il cordone nervoso ventrale (VNC) sarebbe ancora essere collegati l&#39;epidermide larvali attraverso i nervi provenienti dalla VNC. </li><li> Utilizzare un paio di pinze per rompere delicatamente le connessioni tra i nervi cefaliche e l&#39;epidermide larvali. </li><li> Poiché le connessioni nervose tra il VNC e l&#39;epidermide larvali sono rotti e grasso corporeo in eccesso e altri tessuti rimossi, il co cefalicamplex diventerebbe chiaramente visibili e saranno allegate alla epidermide larvali solo presso i ganci bocca. </li><li> Il complesso cefalica può essere lasciato collegato alla epidermide larvali se il complesso deve essere fissato per applicazioni a valle come colorazione anticorpale o per la visualizzazione successiva. </li><li> Se non altre applicazioni a valle verrebbe eseguita allora il complesso cefalica può essere staccato dall&#39;epidermide larvali e posta in una goccia di un mezzo di montaggio glicerolo base per ulteriore osservazione e di analisi. Utilizzare Vectashield come il mezzo di montaggio. </li></ol></li></ol>

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C., Xu, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interaction+between+Ras(V12)+and+scribbled+clones+induces+tumour+growth+and+invasion.">Interaction between Ras(V12) and scribbled clones induces tumour growth and invasion.</a> Nature. 463, 545-548 (2010).</li></ol>

Non ho nulla da rivelare.

Il cancro è una malattia complessa con una comprensione molto migliore oggi rispetto al passato. Tuttavia, resta ancora molto da imparare e spiegato prima abbiamo un quadro completo dei meccanismi alla base. Il semplice protocollo qui presentato permette di indurre geneticamente tumori benigni e invasivi in ​​un intero organismo e poi studiare la biologia associata alla progressione dei tumori in questo modello. La maggior parte delle tecniche esistenti in Drosophila e altri organismi o utilizzano un siste...

Progressione dei tumori da un benigno ad uno stato metastatico è un processo passo saggio che si caratterizza per l&#39;evasione di meccanismi protettivi presenti nel corpo 8. Per esempio le cellule tumorali nel corpo deve essere in grado di eludere l&#39;apoptosi e il sistema immunitario, sfondamento della matrice extracellulare specializzata (ECM) chiamato membrana basale, e superare eventuali controlli sociali imposti dalle cellule circostanti 8. E &#39;attraverso un saggio passo progressione che le cellule tumorali acquisiscono la capacità di migrare e colonizzare siti distanti in un processo chiamato metastasi. La nostra comprensione di come la cellula tumorale supera le barriere imposte dal corpo è ancora nella sua infanzia, tuttavia, il quadro che emerge dalla ricerca effettuata punti sinora per un uso ripetuto di processi di sviluppo normali e vie di segnalazione da parte delle cellule tumorali 11-13. La mosca della frutta Drosophila melanogaster ha contribuito enormemente alla nostra understanding del normale sviluppo e della malattia attraverso l&#39;uso di sofisticate tecniche genetiche sviluppate nel corso degli ultimi decenni 14-17. Utilizzo di mutagenesi e gli strumenti iperespressione siamo arrivati ​​ad una migliore comprensione dei diversi oncogeni e geni oncosoppressori 18-22. Tuttavia, la metastasi del tumore è il risultato della cooperazione tra diverse lesioni genetiche che è stato studiato principalmente in modelli di coltura cellulare 23,24 così come i vari modelli di xenotrapianto 25-27. Questi modelli però potente presentano dei limiti per quanto non simulare perfettamente le condizioni trovate in un organismo vivente. Inoltre, i modelli transgenici disponibili nei topi sono ingombranti e non favorevole alla analisi genetica del comportamento invasivo 28,29. Diversi studi hanno cercato di capire invasione delle cellule tumorali in Drosophila 30,31. Queste tecniche utilizzano principalmente trapianto di tumori primari agli host e poi si basano sul monitoraggio del TRAI tumori nsplanted per l&#39;invasione dei tessuti circostanti 32,33. Una tecnica potente chiamato marcm 10 è stato adattato da Pagliarini e Xu modellare l&#39;invasione del tumore in Drosophila 9. Questa elegante modellazione genetica di invasione tumorale sfruttata la cooperazione tra un oncogene attivato e la perdita della polarità cellulare. La potenza di questa modellazione sta nel fatto che i tumori invasivi sono creati in un organismo intatto eludendo così la necessità di trapianti di tessuti. Per realizzare la cooperazione oncogeno, un oncogene attivato come Ras V12 è espresso in cloni di cellule nel disco occhio-antenne larvale. Come risultato della tecnica marcm questi cloni sono contrassegnati con proteina fluorescente verde (GFP) per una facile visualizzazione e sono fatti mutanti omozigoti per polarità cellulare come letale larve gigante, intima, e dischi grandi. Il risultato è GFP etichettato tumori invasivi nella complesso cefalica. In questa relazione hodimostrare come indurre, e visualizzare questi tumori invasivi sia nel contesto di un larve intatta e sezionato fuori complesso cefalica. L&#39;induzione del tumore qui presentato utilizza reagenti sul secondo cromosoma di Drosophila. Nella Tabella 2, fornisco una lista di titoli su X e 3 ° cromosomi che possono essere utilizzati per lo stesso scopo. Credo che questo protocollo semplificato renderà questa tecnica facilmente accessibile ai ricercatori interessati a comprendere le basi molecolari della progressione tumorale.

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
 <tr>
 <td>10X PBS (phosphate buffered saline) pH 7.2 stock solution</td>
 <td>Invitrogen, Sigma Aldrich</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Chilled 1X PBS pH7.2 working solution</td>
 <td>Invitrogen, Sigma Aldrich</td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Make fresh and refrigerate, can be used up to a week</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Flynap</td>
 <td>Carolina Biologicals</td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Fly anesthesia needed to anesthetize larvae</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Fixative</td>
 <td>0.1M PIPES, pH 7.2, 4% Paraformaldehyde</td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Needed to fix the dissected cephalic complex</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Ice Bucket</td>
 <td>Several</td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Maintain solutions on ice. Also, dissect cephalic complex in chilled 1X PBS and then place on ice in an Eppendorf tube</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>1.7ml Eppendorf tube</td>
 <td>Various</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Glass slides, cover glass</td>
 <td>Fisher Scientific</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Vectashield Mounting Media or any other mounting media</td>
 <td>Vector Laboratories</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Halocarbon 200 or 700 Oil</td>
 <td>Polysciences Inc. or Halocarbon.com</td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Halocarbon 200 is used to mount the larvae for visualization on a fluorescence stereoscope</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Sally Hansen "Hard as Nails" nail polish</td>
 <td>Can be found at any general merchandise store</td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Needed to seal the edges of Coverslip</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>A Leica MZ16.5 fluorescence stereomicroscope or any other fluorescence stereomicroscope</td>
 <td>Leica and others</td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Needed to observe the GFP fluorescence in larvae</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Dumont #5 forceps</td>
 <td>Fine Science Tools</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Pyrex 9 well spot plate or any other dissection dish</td>
 <td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Paint Brush</td>
 <td>Can be found at any general merchandise store</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Table 1. Materials needed to perform the experimental protocol presented in this article.</td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>

a protocol for genetic induction and visualization of benign and invasive tumors in cephalic complexes of drosophila melanogaster

Drosophila ha illuminato la nostra comprensione della base genetica dello sviluppo normale e malattia negli ultimi decenni e oggi si continua a contribuire enormemente alla nostra comprensione di malattie complesse 1-7. Progressione dei tumori da un benigno ad uno stato metastatico è un evento complesso 8 ed è stato modellato in Drosophila per aiutarci a capire meglio la base genetica di questa malattia 9. Qui vi presento un semplice protocollo per indurre geneticamente, osservare e quindi analizzare la progressione dei tumori in Drosophila larve. La tecnica di induzione tumorale si basa sul sistema marcm 10 e sfrutta la cooperazione tra un oncogene attivato, Ras V12 e perdita di geni polarità cellulare (intima, dischi grandi e letale larve gigante) per generare tumori invasivi 9. I dimostrare come questi tumori possono essere visualizzati nelle larve intatto epoi come queste possono essere sezionati per ulteriori analisi. Il protocollo semplificato qui presentato dovrebbe consentire di questa tecnica per essere utilizzato da ricercatori interessati a comprendere il ruolo di un gene in invasione tumorale.

Come risultato del protocollo presentato qui l&#39;utente sarà in grado di indurre tumori benigni sovraesprimendo un oncogene attivato nel larvale occhio antennal disco immaginale. L&#39;utente sarà anche in grado di indurre tumori invasivi nel disco antennal occhio sovraesprimendo un oncogene attivato al cloni di cellule mutanti anche per un gene polarità cellulare. I tumori possono essere facilmente visualizzati con l&#39;aiuto di uno stereomicroscopio a fluorescenza come tessuto &quot;fluorescente verde&quot; in t...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Protocol for Genetic Induction and Visualization of Benign and Invasive Tumors in Cephalic Complexes of Drosophila melanogaster at JoVE.com

A Protocol for Genetic Induction and Visualization of Benign and Invasive Tumors in Cephalic Complexes of Drosophila melanogaster

La cooperazione tra l&#39;oncogene attivato, come RAS V12 e le mutazioni nei geni della polarità cellulare come scarabocchiato, causare la crescita del tumore in Drosophila in cui le cellule tumorali mostrano anche comportamenti invasivi. Qui un semplice protocollo per l&#39;induzione e l&#39;osservazione dei tumori benigni e invasivi è presentato.

Un protocollo per induzione genetica e la visualizzazione dei tumori benigni e invasive in cefalico Complessi di<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em

Drosophila has illuminated our  understanding of the genetic basis of normal development and disease for the  past several decades and today it continues ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

A Protocol for Genetic Induction and Visualization of Benign and Invasive Tumors in Cephalic Complexes of Drosophila melanogaster

9.4K Views.  Western Kentucky University.  La cooperazione tra l'oncogene attivato, come RAS V12 e le mutazioni nei geni della polarità cellulare come scarabocchiato, causare la crescita del tumore in Drosophila in cui le cellule tumorali mostrano anche comportamenti invasivi. Qui un semplice protocollo per l'induzione e l'osservazione dei tumori benigni e invasivi è presentato. 

Video: A Protocol for Genetic Induction and Visualization of Benign and Invasive Tumors in Cephalic Complexes of Drosophila melanogaster

Establishment and Propagation of Human Retinoblastoma Tumors in Immune Deficient Mice

Culturing retinoblastoma tumor cells in defined stem cell media gives rise to primary tumorspheres that can be grown and maintained for only a limited time. These cultured tumorspheres may exhibit markedly different cellular phenotypes when compared to the original tumors. Demonstration that cultured cells have the capability of forming new tumors is important to ensure that cultured cells model the biology of the original tumor. 
Here we present a protocol for propagating human retinoblastoma tumors in vivo using Rag2-/- immune deficient mice. Cultured human retinoblastoma tumorspheres of low passage or cells obtained from freshly harvested human retinoblastoma tumors injected directly into the vitreous cavity of murine eyes form tumors within 2-4 weeks. These tumors can be harvested and either further passaged into murine eyes in vivo or grown as tumorspheres in vitro. Propagation has been successfully carried out for at least three passages thus establishing a continuing source of human retinoblastoma tissue for further experimentation. 
Wesley S. Bond and Lalita Wadhwa are co-first authors.

A method is described to propagate human retinoblastoma tumors in mice. Tumor cells are directly injected into the eyes of immune deficient mice. Secondary tumors have been successfully established using both cells directly harvested from human tumors and cultured tumorspheres.

Istituzione e Propagazione dei Tumori retinoblastoma umani in topi privi di sistema immunitario

Culturing retinoblastoma tumor cells in defined stem cell media gives rise to primary tumorspheres that can be grown and maintained for only a limited ...

Ricerca

Medicina

Non-invasive Optical Measurement of Cerebral Metabolism and Hemodynamics in Infants

Perinatal brain injury remains a significant cause of infant mortality and morbidity, but there is not yet an effective bedside tool that can accurately screen for brain injury, monitor injury evolution, or assess response to therapy. The energy used by neurons is derived largely from tissue oxidative metabolism, and neural hyperactivity and cell death are reflected by corresponding changes in cerebral oxygen metabolism (CMRO2). Thus, measures of CMRO2 are reflective of neuronal viability and provide critical diagnostic information, making CMRO2 an ideal target for bedside measurement of brain health.
Brain-imaging techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) yield measures of cerebral glucose and oxygen metabolism, but these techniques require the administration of radionucleotides, so they are used in only the most acute cases.
Continuous-wave near-infrared spectroscopy (CWNIRS) provides non-invasive and non-ionizing radiation measures of hemoglobin oxygen saturation (SO2) as a surrogate for cerebral oxygen consumption. However, SO2 is less than ideal as a surrogate for cerebral oxygen metabolism as it is influenced by both oxygen delivery and consumption. Furthermore, measurements of SO2 are not sensitive enough to detect brain injury hours after the insult 1,2, because oxygen consumption and delivery reach equilibrium after acute transients 3. We investigated the possibility of using more sophisticated NIRS optical methods to quantify cerebral oxygen metabolism at the bedside in healthy and brain-injured newborns. More specifically, we combined the frequency-domain NIRS (FDNIRS) measure of SO2 with the diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) measure of blood flow index (CBFi) to yield an index of CMRO2 (CMRO2i) 4,5.
With the combined FDNIRS/DCS system we are able to quantify cerebral metabolism and hemodynamics. This represents an improvement over CWNIRS for detecting brain health, brain development, and response to therapy in neonates. Moreover, this method adheres to all neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) policies on infection control and institutional policies on laser safety. Future work will seek to integrate the two instruments to reduce acquisition time at the bedside and to implement real-time feedback on data quality to reduce the rate of data rejection.

We combined frequency-domain near-infrared spectroscopy measures of cerebral hemoglobin oxygenation with diffuse correlation spectroscopy measures of cerebral blood flow index to estimate an index of oxygen metabolism. We tested the utility of this measure as a bedside screening tool to evaluate the health and development of the newborn brain.

Non invasiva di misurazione ottica del metabolismo cerebrale ed emodinamica nei neonati

Perinatal brain injury remains a significant cause of infant mortality  and morbidity, but there is not yet an effective bedside tool that can  accurately ...

Renal Capsule Xenografting and Subcutaneous Pellet Implantation for the Evaluation of Prostate Carcinogenesis and Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

New therapies for two common prostate diseases, prostate cancer (PrCa) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), depend critically on experiments evaluating their hormonal regulation. Sex steroid hormones (notably androgens and estrogens) are important in PrCa and BPH; we probe their respective roles in inducing prostate growth and carcinogenesis in mice with experiments using compressed hormone pellets. Hormone and/or drug pellets are easily manufactured with a pellet press, and surgically implanted into the subcutaneous tissue of the male mouse host. We also describe a protocol for the evaluation of hormonal carcinogenesis by combining subcutaneous hormone pellet implantation with xenografting of prostate cell recombinants under the renal capsule of immunocompromised mice. Moreover, subcutaneous hormone pellet implantation, in combination with renal capsule xenografting of BPH tissue, is useful to better understand hormonal regulation of benign prostate growth, and to test new therapies targeting sex steroid hormone pathways.

We describe the manufacture of compressed hormone pellets, as well as subcutaneous surgical implantation into mice. This strategy can be combined with the growth of cell and tissue xenografts under the renal capsule of athymic nude mice to evaluate hormonal carcinogenesis and regulation of benign prostate growth.

Renale Capsule xenotrapianto e sottocutanea Pellet impianto per la valutazione di carcinogenesi della prostata e dell&#39;iperplasia prostatica benigna

New therapies for two common prostate diseases,  prostate cancer (PrCa) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), depend  critically on experiments ...

Induction of Invasive Transitional Cell Bladder Carcinoma in Immune Intact Human MUC1 Transgenic Mice:  A Model for Immunotherapy Development

A preclinical model of invasive bladder cancer was developed in human mucin 1 (MUC1) transgenic (MUC1.Tg) mice for the purpose of evaluating immunotherapy and/or cytotoxic chemotherapy. To induce bladder cancer, C57BL/6 mice (MUC1.Tg and wild type) were treated orally with the carcinogen N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (OH-BBN) at 3.0 mg/day, 5 days/week for 12 weeks. To assess the effects of OH-BBN on serum cytokine profile during tumor development, whole blood was collected via submandibular bleeds prior to treatment and every four weeks. In addition, a MUC1-targeted peptide vaccine and placebo were administered to groups of mice weekly for eight weeks. Multiplex fluorometric microbead immunoanalyses of serum cytokines during tumor development and following vaccination were performed. At termination, interferon gamma (IFN-&#947;)/interleukin-4 (IL-4) ELISpot analysis for MUC1 specific T-cell immune response and histopathological evaluations of tumor type and grade were performed. The results showed that: (1) the incidence of bladder cancer in both MUC1.Tg and wild type mice was 67%; (2) transitional cell carcinomas (TCC) developed at a 2:1 ratio compared to squamous cell carcinomas (SCC); (3) inflammatory cytokines increased with time during tumor development; and (4) administration of the peptide vaccine induces a Th1-polarized serum cytokine profile and a MUC1 specific T-cell response. All tumors in MUC1.Tg mice were positive for MUC1 expression, and half of all tumors in MUC1.Tg and wild type mice were invasive. In conclusion, using a team approach through the coordination of the efforts of pharmacologists, immunologists, pathologists and molecular biologists, we have developed an immune intact transgenic mouse model of bladder cancer that expresses hMUC1.

An N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine-induced bladder cancer model was developed in human mucin 1 (MUC1) transgenic mice for the purpose of testing MUC1-directed immunotherapy. After administering a MUC1-targeted peptide vaccine, a cytotoxic T lymphocyte response to MUC1 was confirmed by measuring serum cytokine levels and T-cell specific activity.

Induzione di Invasive Transitional cellulare Bladder Carcinoma in immunitario intatto umani MUC1 topi transgenici: un modello di sviluppo Immunoterapia

A preclinical model of invasive bladder cancer was developed in human mucin 1 (MUC1) transgenic (MUC1.Tg) mice for the purpose of evaluating immunotherapy ...

Induction of Accelerated Atherosclerosis in Mice: The "Wire-Injury" Model

Atherosclerosis is a proliferative fibro-inflammatory disease developing in the arterial wall, inducing a deficient blood flow or a lack of blood flow. Moreover, by rupture of the defective vascular wall, atherosclerosis induces occlusive thrombus formation, which represents the main cause of myocardial infarction or stroke and the most frequent cause of death. Despite the advances in the cardiovascular field, many questions remain unanswered, and additional basic research is essential to improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms during atherosclerosis and its effects. Due to limited clinical studies, there is a need for representative animal models recreating atherosclerotic conditions such as neointima formation after stent implantation, balloon angioplasty, or endarterectomy. Since the mouse presents many advantages and is the most frequently used model for studying molecular processes, the current study proposes an invasive procedure of endothelial denudation, also known as the wire-injury model, which is representative of the human condition of neointima formation in arteries after revascularization procedures.

Induction of Accelerated Atherosclerosis in Mice: The &quot;Wire-Injury&quot; Model

This study describes an invasive procedure for the induction of accelerated atherosclerosis in mice. In comparison to other methods using electric- or cryo-induced injury, mechanical-induced injury mimics the human condition of restenosis after revascularization therapies and is ideal for the study of the molecular mechanisms involved.

Induzione di aterosclerosi accelerata nei topi: il modello "Wire-Injury"

Atherosclerosis is a proliferative fibro-inflammatory disease developing in the arterial wall, inducing a deficient blood flow or a lack of blood flow. ...

Intravital Microscopy and Thrombus Induction in the Earlobe of a Hairless Mouse

Thrombotic complications of vascular diseases are one leading cause of morbidity and mortality in industrial nations. Due to the complex interactions between cellular and non-cellular blood components during thrombus formation, reliable studies of the physiology and pathophysiology of thrombosis can only be performed in vivo. Therefore, this article presents an ear model in hairless mice and focuses on the in vivo analysis of microcirculation, thrombus formation, and thrombus evolution. By using intravital fluorescence microscopy and the intravenous (iv) application of the respective fluorescent dyes, a repetitive analysis of microcirculation in the auricle can easily be performed, without the need for surgical preparation. Furthermore, this model can be adapted for in vivo studies of different issues, including wound healing, reperfusion injury, or angiogenesis. In summary, the ear of hairless mice is an ideal model for the in vivo study of skin microcirculation in physiological or pathophysiological conditions and for the evaluation of its reaction to different systemic or topical treatments.

The ear model of the hairless SKH1-Hrhr mouse enables intravital fluorescence microscopy of microcirculation and phototoxic thrombus induction without prior surgical preparation in the examined microvascular bed. Therefore, the ear of the hairless mouse is an excellent in vivo model to study the complex interactions during microvascular thrombus formation, thrombus evolution, and thrombolysis.

Intravitale Microscopia e Trombo induzione nel lobo di un mouse Hairless

Thrombotic complications of vascular diseases are one leading cause of morbidity and mortality in industrial nations. Due to the complex interactions ...

Technique of Minimally Invasive Transverse Aortic Constriction in Mice for Induction of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy

Transverse aortic constriction (TAC) in mice is one of the most commonly used surgical techniques for experimental investigation of pressure overload-induced left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and its progression to heart failure. In the majority of the reported investigations, this procedure is performed with intubation and ventilation of the animal which renders it demanding and time-consuming and adds to the surgical burden to the animal. The aim of this protocol is to describe a simplified technique of minimally invasive TAC without intubation and ventilation of mice. Critical steps of the technique are emphasized in order to achieve low mortality and high efficiency in inducing LVH.
Male C57BL/6 mice (10-week-old, 25-30 g, n=60) were anesthetized with a single intraperitoneal injection of a mixture of ketamine and xylazine. In a spontaneously breathing animal following a 3-4 mm upper partial sternotomy, a segment of 6/0 silk suture threaded through the eye of a ligation aid was passed under the aortic arch and tied over a blunted 27-gauge needle. Sham-operated animals underwent the same surgical preparation but without aortic constriction. The efficacy of the procedure in inducing LVH is attested by a significant increase in the heart/body weight ratio. This ratio is obtained at days 3, 7, 14 and 28 after surgery (n = 6 - 10 in each group and each time point). Using our technique, LVH is observed in TAC compared to sham animals from day 7 through day 28. Operative and late (over 28 days) mortalities are both very low at 1.7%.
In conclusion, our cost-effective technique of minimally invasive TAC in mice carries very low operative and post-operative mortalities and is highly efficient in inducing LVH. It simplifies the operative procedure and reduces the strain put on the animal. It can be easily performed by following the critical steps described in this protocol.

The aim of this protocol is to describe step-by-step the technique of minimally invasive transverse aortic constriction (TAC) in mice. By elimination of intubation and ventilation which are mandatory for the commonly used standard procedure, minimally invasive TAC simplifies the operative procedure and reduces the strain put on the animal.

Tecnica di costrizione aortico trasversale mininvasiva in topi per induzione dell'ipertrofia ventricolare sinistra

Transverse aortic constriction (TAC) in mice is one of the most commonly used surgical techniques for experimental investigation of pressure ...

Non-invasive Assessment of Dorsiflexor Muscle Function in Mice

Assessment of skeletal muscle contractile function is an important measurement for both clinical and research purposes. Numerous conditions can negatively affect skeletal muscle. This can result in a loss of muscle mass (atrophy) and/or loss of muscle quality (reduced force per unit of muscle mass), both of which are prevalent in chronic disease, muscle-specific disease, immobilization, and aging (sarcopenia). Skeletal muscle function in animals can be evaluated by a range of different tests. All tests have limitations related to the physiological testing environment, and the selection of a specific test often depends on the nature of the experiments. Here, we describe an in vivo, non-invasive technique involving a helpful and easy assessment of force frequency-curve (FFC) in mice that can be performed on the same animal over time. This permits monitoring of disease progression and/or efficacy&#160;of a potential therapeutic treatment.

Measurement of rodent skeletal muscle contractile function is a useful tool that can be used to track disease progression as well as efficacy of therapeutic intervention. We describe here the non-invasive, in vivo assessment of the dorsiflexor muscles that can be repeated over time in the same mouse.

Valutazione non invasiva della funzione Dorsiflexor muscolare nei topi

Assessment of skeletal muscle contractile function is an important measurement for both clinical and research purposes. Numerous conditions can negatively ...

Visualization of Endogenous Mitophagy Complexes In Situ in Human Pancreatic Beta Cells Utilizing Proximity Ligation Assay

Mitophagy is an essential mitochondrial quality control pathway, which is crucial for pancreatic islet beta cell bioenergetics to fuel glucose-stimulated insulin release. Assessment of mitophagy is challenging and often requires genetic reporters or multiple complementary techniques not easily utilized in tissue samples, such as primary human pancreatic islets. Here we demonstrate a robust approach to visualize and quantify formation of key endogenous mitophagy complexes in primary human pancreatic islets. Utilizing the sensitive proximity ligation assay technique to detect interaction of the mitophagy regulators NRDP1 and USP8, we are able to specifically quantify formation of essential mitophagy complexes in situ. By coupling this approach to counterstaining for the transcription factor PDX1, we can quantify mitophagy complexes, and the factors that can impair mitophagy, specifically within beta cells. The methodology we describe overcomes the need for large quantities of cellular extracts required for other protein-protein interaction studies, such as immunoprecipitation (IP) or mass spectrometry, and is ideal for precious human islet&#160;samples generally not available in sufficient quantities for these approaches. Further, this methodology obviates the need for flow sorting techniques to purify beta cells from a heterogeneous islet population for downstream protein applications. Thus, we describe a valuable protocol for visualization of mitophagy highly compatible for use in heterogeneous and limited cell populations.

This protocol outlines a method for quantitative analysis of mitophagy protein complex formation specifically in beta cells from primary human islet samples. This technique thus allows analysis of mitophagy from limited biological material, which are crucial in precious human pancreatic beta cell samples.

Visualizzazione di complessi mitogeni endogeni in Situ in cellule beta pancreatiche umane utilizzando la generazione di testdi di ligazione di prossimità

Mitophagy is an essential mitochondrial quality control pathway, which is crucial for pancreatic islet beta cell bioenergetics to fuel glucose-stimulated ...

A Pre-clinical Rat Model for the Study of Ischemia-reperfusion Injury in Reconstructive Microsurgery

Ischemia-reperfusion injury is the main cause of flap failure in reconstructive microsurgery. The rat is the preferred preclinical animal model in many areas of biomedical research due to its cost-effectiveness and its translation to humans. This protocol describes a method to create a preclinical free skin flap model in rats with ischemia-reperfusion injury. The described 3 cm x 6 cm rat free skin flap model is easily obtained after the placement of several vascular ligatures and the section of the vascular pedicle. Then, 8 h after the ischemic insult and completion of the microsurgical anastomosis, the free skin flap develops the tissue damage. These ischemia-reperfusion injury-related damages can be studied in this model, making it a suitable model for evaluating therapeutic agents to address this pathophysiological process. Furthermore, two main monitoring techniques are described in the protocol for the assessment of this animal model: transit-time ultrasound technology and laser speckle contrast analysis.

Here, we describe a pre-clinical animal model for studying the pathophysiology of ischemia-reperfusion injury in reconstructive microsurgery. This free skin flap model based on the superficial caudal epigastric vessels in the rat may also allow for the evaluation of different therapies and compounds to counteract ischemia-reperfusion injury-related damage.

Un modello di ratto preclinico per lo studio delle lesioni ischemia-reperfusione in microchirurgia ricostruttiva

Ischemia-reperfusion injury is the main cause of flap failure in reconstructive microsurgery. The rat is the preferred preclinical animal model in many ...