Questo lavoro è stato in parte sostenuto da sovvenzioni dal Agence Nationale pour la Recherche, programma PIRIbio Dynabiofilm e dal CNRS programma di Risk interdisciplinare. Ringraziamo Philippe Thomen per la sua lettura critica del manoscritto e Christophe Beloin per fornire la E. coli ceppo utilizzato in questo lavoro.

1. Batteri, Cultura e sospensione Preparazione <ol><li> Scegliere la colonia appena cresciuta da una piastra di agar lisogenia Broth (LB), inoculare in 5 ml di terreno LB liquido contenente 100 μ g / ml ampicillina e 7,5 μ g / ml di tetraciclina e incubare per 5 a 6 ore a 37 ° C su una piattaforma di agitazione. </li><li> Poi, aggiungere 100 μ l di coltura batterica in 5 ml di terreno minimo (M63B1) supplementato con 0,4% di glucosio e le stesse concentrazioni di antibiotico. Incubare questa coltura durante la notte appena diluito a 37 ° C su una piattaforma di agitazione. </li><li> Dopo 16 ore di incubazione, aggiungere 100 microlitri della cultura durante la notte per 5 ml M63B1, 0,4% di glucosio. Mantenere il tubo a 37 ° C per la piattaforma di agitazione fino a 0,5 OD è raggiunto. La sospensione è quindi pronto per l&#39;iniezione nel canale esperimento per la formazione di biofilm. </li></ol> 2. Preparazione particelle magnetiche <ol><li> Prendere 10 particelle magnetiche microlitri -2,8 μ m di diametro - dal magazzino e lavarli 3x in 190 microlitri terreno minimo con l&#39;aiuto di un rack campioni magnetico. </li><li> Regolare la concentrazione di particelle a 5 x 10 6 perline / ml. Tipicamente 50 microlitri della soluzione di sfere lavato viene miscelato con un ulteriore 950 μ l di M63B1 con 0,4% di glucosio. </li></ol> Preparazione Canale 3. Biofilm e crescita <ol><li> Montaggio del canale <ol><li> Tagliate due quadrati (800 μ m di lunghezza per lato) capillari in vetro borosilicato lunghi 10 centimetri avere due lunghi otto centimetri pezzi. </li><li> Incollate i due pezzi capillari su due vetrini - tagliate a metà prima - 2 cm di distanza con 1 centimetro sbalzo su entrambe le estremità come in figura 1 utilizzando un collante cianoacrilato ad azione rapida (la cosiddetta super-colla). </li><li> Sterilizzare l&#39;intera configurazione e il tubo richieste per un ulteriore canale di connessione. </li><li> Raccogliere tutti i materiali sterili sottouna cappa a flusso laminare: i) il canale montato e trappola 1, ii) il tubo e connettori, iii) le due trappole per bolle - filtro bolla comunemente usato per fissare bambini-gocciolamento alimentazione (trappola 1) e la bolla trappola fatta in casa come 4 cm tubo di diametro maggiore (trap 2), iv) morsetti, v) 30 ml siringhe riempito con M63B1, 0,4% di glucosio, e vi) la bottiglia degli scarti. </li><li> Collegare l&#39;intero setup con connettori Luer Lock o giunzioni nel seguente ordine: 50 ml M63B1 siringa controllata dalla pompa a siringa, il filtro bolla pediatrica, trappola per bolle in casa, capillare (Figura 1, pannello B), e il tubo per la bottiglia degli scarti. Poi riempire il setup con M63B1 sterile, 0,4% di glucosio, accendendo la pompa a siringa ad una velocità di circa 10 ml / h, superiore ai tassi sperimentali. Monitorare con attenzione ed eliminare tutte le bolle nel circuito. </li><li> Fluire il mezzo attraverso il sistema per 10-15 minuti; mescolare contemporaneamente 1 ml di sospensione batteri a OD 0.5 dalla sezione1.3 con 1 ml di soluzione tallone lavato preparata nella sezione 2.2. </li><li> Attaccare (ma non chiudere) morsetti per il tubo in due posizioni: prima e dopo i capillari. Spegnere il flusso. </li><li> Introdurre la miscela batterico-tallone nel capillare dopo il gorgogliatore fatto in casa utilizzando una siringa da 1 ml, avendo cura di tenere il tubo finisce per impedire l&#39;entrata di aria. Ricollegare il tubo e chiudere i morsetti. </li><li> Ripetere la stessa procedura per il secondo capillare e visualizzate tutte le provette per bolle. </li><li> Trasferire l&#39;apparecchio al microscopio e lasciare riposare per 15-20 minuti per consentire ai batteri di insediarsi e attaccare alla superficie del capillare. Installare il capillare sul palco microscopio con il contenitore di rifiuti ad un livello leggermente superiore. Posizionare la pompa a siringa sul piano di lavoro accanto al microscopio. Elevare il gorgogliatore prima del capillare leggermente superiore rispetto al piano capillare per catturare bolle. </li></ol></li><li> Biofilm Growth <ol><li> Regolare la portata della pompa siringa e avviare il flusso, il biofilm ora svilupparsi sulla superficie capillare nel periodo necessario - di solito 24 o 48 ore in questi esperimenti. </li><li> Focus sul piano di base capillare e avviare la registrazione time-lapse delle immagini di esempio - di solito una frequenza di acquisizione di 2 immagini / min adeguatamente segnalare la crescita biofilm. Questo monitor video biofilm crescita post-controllo (vedi estratti in Video 1, 2 e 3). </li></ol></li></ol> 4. Pinzette magnetiche installazione <ol><li> Avvitare le pinzette magnetiche sulla micromanipolatori XYZ controllati manualmente e avvitare i micromanipolatori sul palco microscopio per regolare la posizione delle pinzette relativamente al capillare. Collocare le pinzette come in Figura 2 per garantire l&#39;adeguato gradiente di campo magnetico è generato nella zona di osservazione. </li><li> Collegare le pinzette to il generatore di funzioni tramite l&#39;amplificatore di potenza per generare un periodo di 40 secondi di tempo in 24 sec segnale zero e 16 sec di 4 A corrente continua con un trigger inviato al campo luminoso luce otturatore dopo 20 sec per la sincronizzazione del segnale fornire una sequenza di eventi come in Figura 3. Nota: Queste due operazioni possono essere realizzati in qualsiasi momento tra installazione capillare e misurazione inizio. Vedere esperimento schizzo panoramica nella Figura 4. </li></ol> 5. Creep Curve di acquisizione <ol><li> Utilizzare il controllo del movimento xy al palco microscopio a portare il bordo del polo magnetico sinistro e il bordo sinistro del capillare nello stesso campo di osservazione. Prendere l&#39;origine del referenziale analisi all&#39;incrocio tra xey assi definiti dal bordo del capillare e il bordo del polo, rispettivamente (vedere la Figura 2). </li><li> Regolare la posizione verticale del capillare con messa a fuoco fine cmanopola ontrol della posizione microscopio. Aereo genere il primo esame si trova tra 4 a 7 μ m sopra il fondo capillare. Video 1 corrisponde al campo xy che ha il suo angolo superiore sinistro all&#39;origine della referenziale spaziale. </li><li> Innescare la sequenza 40 sec di eventi descritti nel paragrafo 4.2 e Figura 3 accendendo il generatore di corrente e, allo stesso tempo, attivare manualmente l&#39;immagine sequenza di acquisizione video 1. </li><li> Spostare il capillare nel campo destro vicino da un μ m traduzione 250 del palco microscopio a fianco e operare come al punto 5.3 per generare Video 2 di fetta 2 e così via per ottenere i video richiesti. Tipicamente 3 a 4 campi di 250 x 250 μ m 2 sono raccolti lungo l&#39;asse x prima del cambio di aereo e ripetendo le stesse operazioni per il nuovo piano. </li></ol> 6. Calibrazione Forza <ol><li> Preparare una soluzione di glicerolo mescolando 39,8 g di glicerolo con 190 μ l di acqua bi-distillata e 10 ml di particelle magnetiche in un 2 x 10 9 particelle / ml e riempire un canale sperimentale con questo composto e mettetelo sul palco microscopio come descritto per il campione biofilm. </li><li> Dopo aver installato le pinzette magnetiche come indicato al punto 4, applicare la forza magnetica come indicato nella sezione 5.4 e creare immagini time-lapse per estrarre ogni velocità della particella singola (v) e la sua posizione nel capillare per ricavare il file di calibrazione. Questo file deve contenere la forza applicata in funzione della sua posizione nella zona di analisi del capillare secondo la legge di Stokes, F = 6πRηv (R: raggio della particella). </li></ol> 7. Analisi <ol><li> Utilizzare un software &quot;particella tracker&quot; per ottenere i file di testo con le posizioni delle particelle in ogni fotogramma per tutte le pile di immagini acquisite, come indicato al punto 5. Uso dig dell&#39;immagine frequenza di acquisizione pila, calcolare lo spostamento delle particelle in funzione del tempo (ad esempio la figura 5 e Video 4). </li><li> Utilizzo del file di calibrazione forza, convertire le curve spostamento a curve compliance (conformità totale del materiale - J (t) - in funzione del tempo) secondo la formula conformità: <img alt="" fo:content-width="1in" src="/files/ftp_upload/50857/50857eq1.jpg" width="106" /> che dà il rapporto tra deformazione del materiale e lo stress applicare una particella sonda di raggio R incorporato in un, mezzo viscoelastico omogeneo incomprimibile come precedentemente stabilito dal Schnurr e collaboratori 19. </li><li> Regolare le curve di conformità scorrimento al Burgers modello generale per i materiali viscoelastici e ricavare i parametri viscoelastici, J 0, J 1, η 0, η 1 per ogni particella ( <strong&gt; Figura 6) secondo la formula dei Burgers: <img alt="" fo:content-width="2in" src="/files/ftp_upload/50857/50857eq2.jpg" width="169" /> Nota: Questa analisi fenomenologica è già stato impiegato per una vasta gamma di materiali, tra cui materiali biologici come il biofilm per interpretare i dati reologici macroscopici 20-22. </li></ol>

<ol>
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Non abbiamo nulla da rivelare.

Questa particella magnetica semina e tirando attivato in situ mappatura 3D dei parametri viscoelastici di un biofilm cresce nel suo stato originale esperimento. Questo approccio ha rivelato l&#39;eterogeneità meccanica del E. coli biofilm cresciuto qui e ha dato indizi per precisare le componenti del biofilm che sostengono i biofilm proprietà fisiche, suggerendo fortemente una implicazione fondamentale della matrice extracellulare e più precisamente il grado di reticolazione. <p class="jove_cont...

Biofilm batterici sono comunità di batteri associati con superfici biologiche o artificiali 1-3. Essi formano da un meccanismo di adesione crescita accoppiato con la produzione di matrice extracellulare ricca di polisaccaride che protegge e stabilizza l&#39;edificio 4,5. Questi biofilm non sono assemblaggi semplicemente passivi di cellule attaccati alle superfici, ma organizzati e complessi sistemi biologici dinamici. Quando i batteri passano da planctoniche allo stile di vita biofilm, cambiamenti nell&#39;espressione genica e fisiologia cellulare sono stati osservati, nonché una maggiore resistenza agli antimicrobici e ospitare le difese immunitarie essere all&#39;origine di molte infezioni persistenti e croniche 6. Tuttavia, lo sviluppo controllato di queste strutture viventi offrono anche opportunità per applicazioni industriali e ambientali, come biorisanamento dei siti di rifiuti pericolosi, bio-filtrazione di acqua industriale o formazione di bio-barriere per la protezione del suolo e delle acque sotterranee da Contaminzione. Mentre caratteristiche molecolari specifiche per modo biofilm della vita sono sempre descritti, i meccanismi che guidano lo sviluppo della comunità e la persistenza rimangono poco chiari. Usando i recenti progressi sulle misurazioni microscala utilizzando elettrochimica scansione o microscopia a fluorescenza, questi organismi viventi hanno dimostrato di presentare una notevole strutturale, chimica e biologica eterogeneità 7. Tuttavia, fino ad ora, meccanica biofilm sono state principalmente esaminati macroscopicamente. Ad esempio, l&#39;osservazione di stelle filanti biofilm deformazioni dovute a variazioni dei tassi di flusso del fluido 8,9, compressione monoassiale di pezzi biofilm risalita dal terreno di agar o coltivate sul coperchio scorre 10,11, taglio del biofilm raccolti dall&#39;ambiente e poi trasferito in un parallelo Piastra reometro 12,13, spettroscopia a forza atomica con una perla di vetro e rivestito con un biofilm batterico collegato a un cantilever AFM 14 o MICR dedicatoocantilever metodo per misurare la resistenza alla trazione di frammenti biofilm staccati 15,16 sono state attuate negli ultimi dieci anni, fornendo informazioni utili sulla natura viscoelastica del materiale 17. Tuttavia, sembra probabile che le informazioni sul biofilm in situ proprietà meccaniche è perso quando il materiale viene rimosso dal suo ambiente nativo, che è spesso il caso in questi approcci. Inoltre, il trattamento del biofilm come materiale omogeneo trova la informazioni sulla possibile eterogeneità delle proprietà fisiche all&#39;interno della comunità. Pertanto, le esatte implicazioni della meccanica della struttura nella formazione di biofilm e le caratteristiche biologiche come l&#39;espressione genica patterning o gradienti chimici possono difficilmente essere riconosciuti. Per progredire verso una descrizione microscala dei biofilm proprietà fisiche, sono necessari nuovi strumenti dedicati. Dettagli Questo documento un approccio originale concepito per raggiungeremisurazione dei parametri meccanici locali in situ, senza disturbare il biofilm e consentendo disegno della distribuzione spaziale delle proprietà del materiale microscala e poi l&#39;eterogeneità meccanica. Il principio dell&#39;esperimento poggia sul drogaggio di un biofilm cresce con microparticelle magnetiche seguita dalla loro carico a distanza usando pinzette magnetiche nel biofilm maturo. Spostamento delle particelle in applicazione della forza magnetica controllata ripreso sotto il microscopio permette locale derivazione parametro viscoelastico, ogni particella di reporting proprio ambiente locale. Da questi dati, il profilo meccanica 3D del biofilm può essere disegnato, rivelando territoriali e ambientali condizione dipendenze. L&#39;intero esperimento verrà mostrato qui su E. biofilm coli fatta da un ceppo geneticamente modificato che trasporta una derepressi plasmide F-like. I risultati dettagliati in un recente articolo 18 forniscono una visione unica degli interni della meccanica biofilm intatti.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1258">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td colspan="5" height="21" style="height:21px;width:1257px;">Table 1: Reagents and cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="18">
			<td height="20" rowspan="2" style="height:22px;width:216px;">Magnetic particles</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:323px;">Life technologies</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:224px;">14307D</td>
			<td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="width:496px;">Micrometric magnetic particle, 2.8 &#181;m diameter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="2">
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:216px;">Ampicillin (Antibiotic)</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:224px;">A9518</td>
			<td colspan="2" style="width:496px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Tetracycline (Antibiotic)</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:224px;">87128</td>
			<td colspan="2" style="width:496px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Bacterial strain MG1655gfpF</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">UGB, Institut Pasteur, France</td>
			<td style="width:224px;"></td>
			<td colspan="2" style="width:496px;">produces F pili at its surface, resistant to Ampicilllin and tetracycline</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td colspan="5" height="21" style="height:21px;width:1257px;">Table 2:&#160; Capillaries and tubing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:23px;width:216px;">Filters for pediatric perfusion</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Prodimed-Plastimed</td>
			<td style="width:224px;">6932002</td>
			<td colspan="2" style="width:496px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">Hollow Square Capillaries</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Composite Metal Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:224px;">8280-100</td>
			<td colspan="2" style="width:496px;">Manufactured in Borosilicate glass. Square 0.8mm x0.8mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Tubing silicone peroxyde</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">VWR international</td>
			<td style="width:224px;">228-0512</td>
			<td colspan="2" style="width:496px;">Diameter 1mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Tubing silicone peroxyde</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">VWR international</td>
			<td style="width:224px;">228-0700</td>
			<td colspan="2" style="width:496px;">Diameter 3mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Table 3: Biofilm growth</td>
			<td style="width:323px;"></td>
			<td style="width:224px;"></td>
			<td style="width:495px;"></td>
			<td style="width:1px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Lysogeny Broth (LB) solution</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Amresco-VWR</td>
			<td style="width:224px;">J106-10PK</td>
			<td colspan="2" style="width:496px;">standard medium used to grow bacteria</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">M63B1 solution</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Home-made</td>
			<td style="width:224px;"></td>
			<td colspan="2" style="width:496px;">Standard minimum&#160; medium used to grow bacteria</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Glucose</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:224px;">G8270</td>
			<td colspan="2" style="width:496px;">Used to make M63B1 medium with 0.4% glucose</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td colspan="5" height="21" style="height:21px;width:1257px;">Table 4: Electronics</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Camera EMCCD&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Hamamatsu</td>
			<td style="width:224px;">C9100-02</td>
			<td colspan="2" style="width:496px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:216px;">Heater controller</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">World precision instruments</td>
			<td style="width:224px;">300354</td>
			<td colspan="2" style="width:496px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Function generator</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Agilent technologies</td>
			<td style="width:224px;">33210A</td>
			<td colspan="2" style="width:496px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Power amplifier</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Home-made</td>
			<td style="width:224px;"></td>
			<td colspan="2" style="width:496px;">It gives a current signal with amplitudes up to 4 A.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Syringe pumps</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Kd Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:224px;">KDS-220</td>
			<td colspan="2" style="width:496px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Shutter</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Vincent Associates</td>
			<td style="width:224px;">Uniblitz T132</td>
			<td colspan="2" style="width:496px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="125">
			<td height="125" style="height:125px;width:216px;">Magnetic tweezers</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Home-made</td>
			<td style="width:224px;"></td>
			<td colspan="2" style="width:496px;">Two electromagnetic poles, each made of a copper coil with 2,120 turns of 0.56 mm in diameter copper wire and soft magnetic alloy cores (Supra50-Arcelor Mittal, France) square shaped according to the blueprint shown in Fig. 10. The two cores are mounted north pole facing south pole, in order to generate a magnetic force in one direction along the length of the capillary. See coil wiring details in Figure 11.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td colspan="5" height="21" style="height:21px;width:1257px;">Table 5: Optics</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Inverted microscope&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Nikon</td>
			<td style="width:224px;">TE-300</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">S Fluor x40 Objective (NA 0.9, WD0.3)</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td style="width:224px;"></td>
			<td>This a long working distance ojective enabling observation of the biofilm in the depth</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="105">
			<td height="105" style="height:105px;width:216px;">Epifluorescence filters: 1) for green fluorescence: Exc 480/20 nm; DM 495; Em 510/20&#160; 2) for Red fluorescence: Exc 540/25 nm; DM 565; Em 605/55</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Chroma</td>
			<td style="width:224px;">1)#49020 2)#31002</td>
			<td>Particle displacement upon force application is recorded using the red fluoresecnce filter block.</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td colspan="5" height="21" style="height:21px;width:1257px;">Table 6: Image analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">ImageJ</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">NIH - particle tracker plugin</td>
			<td style="width:224px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

remote magnetic actuation of micrometric probes for in situ 3d mapping of bacterial biofilm physical properties

Adesione batterica e crescita su interfacce portano alla formazione di strutture tridimensionali eterogenei cosiddetti biofilm. Le cellule vive in queste strutture sono tenute insieme da interazioni fisiche mediate da una rete di sostanze polimeriche extracellulari. Biofilm batterici impatto molte attività umane e la comprensione delle loro proprietà è fondamentale per un migliore controllo del loro sviluppo - mantenimento o l&#39;eradicazione - a seconda del loro esito avverso o benefico. Questo documento descrive una nuova metodologia che mira a misurare in situ le proprietà fisiche locali del biofilm che era stato finora esaminato solo dal punto di vista macroscopico e materiale omogeneo. L&#39;esperimento qui descritto comporta l&#39;introduzione di particelle magnetiche in un biofilm cresce a seme sonde locali che possono essere azionati a distanza senza disturbare le proprietà strutturali del biofilm. Pinzette magnetiche dedicati sono stati svipato per esercitare una forza definita su ciascuna particella incorporato nel biofilm. La configurazione è montato sulla scena di un microscopio per consentire la registrazione di immagini intervallati di periodo particella tirando. Le traiettorie delle particelle vengono estratti dalla sequenza e tirando i parametri viscoelastici locali sono derivati ​​da ciascuna curva spostamento particella, fornendo così la distribuzione 3D-spaziale dei parametri. Acquisendo informazioni sul profilo meccanico biofilm è essenziale dal punto di vista di un ingegnere per scopi di controllo biofilm ma anche dal punto di vista fondamentale per chiarire la relazione tra le proprietà architettoniche e la biologia specifica di queste strutture.

Un&#39;analisi tipica fornirà la distribuzione spaziale dei parametri viscoelastici in scala micron su un biofilm vivere senza disturbare l&#39;arrangiamento originale. I risultati tipici sono mostrati in figura 7 dove i valori di J 0 - la cedevolezza elastica - sono date in funzione del l&#39;asse z lungo la profondità e l&#39;asse y lungo una dimensione laterale del biofilm. Ogni punto corrisponde a una sfera che l&#39;analisi della curva di creep ha fornito un valore di J 0. I...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Remote Magnetic Actuation of Micrometric Probes for in situ 3D Mapping of Bacterial Biofilm Physical Properties at JoVE.com

Remote Magnetic Actuation of Micrometric Probes for in situ 3D Mapping of Bacterial Biofilm Physical Properties

Questo documento mostra un metodo originale basato sul comando a distanza di particelle magnetiche seminate in un biofilm batterico e lo sviluppo di pinzette magnetiche dedicate per misurare in situ le proprietà meccaniche locali del materiale vivente complesso costruito dai microrganismi alle interfacce.

Azionamento a distanza magnetica micrometrici Sonde per<em&gt; In situ</em&gt; Mappatura 3D di biofilm batterici Proprietà fisiche

Bacterial adhesion and growth on interfaces lead to the formation of three-dimensional heterogeneous structures so-called biofilms. The cells dwelling in ...

remote-magnetic-actuation-micrometric-probes-for-situ-3d-mapping

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

Remote Magnetic Actuation of Micrometric Probes for in situ 3D Mapping of Bacterial Biofilm Physical Properties

9.1K Views.  Sorbonne Universités, UPMC.  Questo documento mostra un metodo originale basato sul comando a distanza di particelle magnetiche seminate in un biofilm batterico e lo sviluppo di pinzette magnetiche dedicate per misurare in situ le proprietà meccaniche locali del materiale vivente complesso costruito dai microrganismi alle interfacce. 

Video: Remote Magnetic Actuation of Micrometric Probes for in situ 3D Mapping of Bacterial Biofilm Physical Properties

Multiparametric Optical Mapping of the Langendorff-perfused Rabbit Heart

Optical imaging and fluorescent probes have significantly advanced research methodology in the field of cardiac electrophysiology in ways that could not have been accomplished by other approaches1. With the use of the calcium- and voltage-sensitive dyes, optical mapping allows measurement of transmembrane action potentials and calcium transients with high spatial resolution without the physical contact with the tissue. This makes measurements of the cardiac electrical activity possible under many conditions where the use of electrodes is inconvenient or impossible1. For example, optical recordings provide accurate morphological changes of membrane potential during and immediately after stimulation and defibrillation, while conventional electrode techniques suffer from stimulus-induced artifacts during and after stimuli due to electrode polarization1. 
The Langendorff-perfused rabbit heart is one of the most studied models of human heart physiology and pathophysiology. Many types of arrhythmias observed clinically could be recapitulated in the rabbit heart model. It was shown that wave patterns in the rabbit heart during ventricular arrhythmias, determined by effective size of the heart and the wavelength of reentry, are very similar to that in the human heart2. It was also shown that critical aspects of excitation-contraction (EC) coupling in rabbit myocardium, such as the relative contribution of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), is very similar to human EC coupling3. Here we present the basic procedures of optical mapping experiments in Langendorff-perfused rabbit hearts, including the Langendorff perfusion system setup, the optical mapping systems setup, the isolation and cannulation of the heart, perfusion and dye-staining of the heart, excitation-contraction uncoupling, and collection of optical signals. These methods could be also applied to the heart from species other than rabbit with adjustments to flow rates, optics, solutions, etc.
Two optical mapping systems are described. The panoramic mapping system is used to map the entire epicardium of the rabbit heart4-7. This system provides a global view of the evolution of reentrant circuits during arrhythmogenesis and defibrillation, and has been used to study the mechanisms of arrhythmias and antiarrhythmia therapy8,9. The dual mapping system is used to map the action potential (AP) and calcium transient (CaT) simultaneously from the same field of view10-13. This approach has enhanced our understanding of the important role of calcium in the electrical alternans and the induction of arrhythmia14-16.

This article describes the basic procedures for conducting optical mapping experiments in the Langendorff-perfused rabbit heart using the panoramic imaging system, and the dual (voltage and calcium) imaging modality.

Multiparametrica mappatura ottica del Langendorff-perfuso Rabbit Heart

Optical imaging and fluorescent probes have significantly advanced research methodology in the field of cardiac electrophysiology in ways that could not ...

Ricerca

Bioingegneria

Optical Mapping of Action Potentials and Calcium Transients in the Mouse Heart

The mouse heart is a popular model for cardiovascular studies due to the existence of low cost technology for genetic engineering in this species. Cardiovascular physiological phenotyping of the mouse heart can be easily done using fluorescence imaging employing various probes for transmembrane potential (Vm), calcium transients (CaT), and other parameters. Excitation-contraction coupling is characterized by action potential and intracellular calcium dynamics; therefore, it is critically important to map both Vm and CaT simultaneously from the same location on the heart1-4. Simultaneous optical mapping from Langendorff perfused mouse hearts has the potential to elucidate mechanisms underlying heart failure, arrhythmias, metabolic disease, and other heart diseases. Visualization of activation, conduction velocity, action potential duration, and other parameters at a myriad of sites cannot be achieved from cellular level investigation but is well solved by optical mapping1,5,6. In this paper we present the instrumentation setup and experimental conditions for simultaneous optical mapping of Vm and CaT in mouse hearts with high spatio-temporal resolution using state-of-the-art CMOS imaging technology. Consistent optical recordings obtained with this method illustrate that simultaneous optical mapping of Langendorff perfused mouse hearts is both feasible and reliable.

This paper details the dissection procedure, instrumental setup, and experimental conditions during optical mapping of transmembrane potential (Vm) and intracellular calcium transient (CaT) in intact isolated Langendorff perfused mouse hearts.

Mappatura ottico dei potenziali d&#39;azione e transitori Calcio nel Cuore mouse

The mouse heart is a popular model for cardiovascular studies due to the existence of low cost technology for genetic engineering in this species. ...

Magnetically-Assisted Remote Controlled Microcatheter Tip Deflection under Magnetic Resonance Imaging

X-ray fluoroscopy-guided endovascular procedures have several significant limitations, including difficult catheter navigation and use of ionizing radiation, which can potentially be overcome using a magnetically steerable catheter under MR guidance.
	The main goal of this work is to develop a microcatheter whose tip can be remotely controlled using the magnetic field of the MR scanner. This protocol aims to describe the procedures for applying current to the microcoil-tipped microcatheter to produce consistent and controllable deflections.
	A microcoil was fabricated using laser lathe lithography onto a polyimide-tipped endovascular catheter. In vitro testing was performed in a waterbath and vessel phantom under the guidance of a 1.5-T MR system using steady-state free precession (SSFP) sequencing. Various amounts of current were applied to the coils of the microcatheter to produce measureable tip deflections and navigate in vascular phantoms.
	The development of this device provides a platform for future testing and opportunity to revolutionize the endovascular interventional MRI environment.

Current applied to an endovascular microcatheter with microcoil tip made by laser lathe lithography can achieve controllable deflections under magnetic resonance (MR) guidance, which may improve speed and efficacy of navigation of vasculature during various endovascular procedures.

Magneticamente-Assisted Remote Controlled Suggerimento Flessione Microcatetere in Risonanza Magnetica

X-ray fluoroscopy-guided  endovascular procedures have several significant limitations, including  difficult catheter navigation and use of ionizing ...

Fabrication of a Functionalized Magnetic Bacterial Nanocellulose with Iron Oxide Nanoparticles

In this study, bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) produced by the bacteria Gluconacetobacter xylinus is synthesized and impregnated in situ with iron oxide nanoparticles (IONP) (Fe3O4) to yield a magnetic bacterial nanocellulose (MBNC). The synthesis of MBNC is a precise and specifically designed multi-step process. Briefly, bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) pellicles are formed from preserved G. xylinus strain according to our experimental requirements of size and morphology. A solution of iron(III) chloride hexahydrate (FeCl3&#183;6H2O) and iron(II) chloride tetrahydrate (FeCl2&#183;4H2O) with a 2:1 molar ratio is prepared and diluted in deoxygenated high purity water. A BNC pellicle is then introduced in the vessel with the reactants. This mixture is stirred and heated at 80 &#176;C in a silicon oil bath and ammonium hydroxide (14%) is then added by dropping to precipitate the ferrous ions into the BNC mesh. This last step allows forming in situ magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4) inside the bacterial nanocellulose mesh to confer magnetic properties to BNC pellicle. A toxicological assay was used to evaluate the biocompatibility of the BNC-IONP pellicle. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) was used to cover the IONPs in order to improve their biocompatibility. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed that the IONP were located preferentially in the fibril interlacing spaces of the BNC matrix, but some of them were also found along the BNC ribbons. Magnetic force microscope measurements performed on the MBNC detected the presence magnetic domains with high and weak intensity magnetic field, confirming the magnetic nature of the MBNC pellicle. Young&#39;s modulus values obtained in this work are also in a reasonable agreement with those reported for several blood vessels in previous studies.

Here, we present a protocol to make a bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) magnetic for applications in damaged blood vessel reconstruction. The BNC was synthesized by G. xylinus strain. On the other hand, magnetization of the BNC was realized through in situ precipitation of Fe2+ and Fe3+ ferrous ions inside the BNC mesh.

Realizzazione di un funzionalizzato magnetico batterica Nanocellulose con nanoparticelle di Ossido di Ferro

In this study, bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) produced by the bacteria Gluconacetobacter xylinus is synthesized and impregnated in situ with iron oxide ...

In Situ Mapping of the Mechanical Properties of Biofilms by Particle-tracking Microrheology

Bacterial cells are able to form surface-attached biofilm communities known as biofilms by encasing themselves in extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). The EPS serves as a physical and protective scaffold that houses the bacterial cells and consists of a variety of materials that includes proteins, exopolysaccharides and DNA. The composition of the EPS may change, which remodels the mechanic properties of the biofilm to further develop or support alternative biofilm structures, such as streamers, as a response to environmental cues. Despite this, there are little quantitative descriptions on how EPS components contribute to the mechanical properties and function of biofilms. Rheology, the study of the flow of matter, is of particular relevance to biofilms as many biofilms grow in flow conditions and are constantly exposed to shear stress. It also provides measurement and insight on the spreading of the biofilm on a surface. Here, particle-tracking microrheology is used to examine the viscoelasticity and effective crosslinking roles of different matrix components in various parts of the biofilm during development. This approach allows researchers to measure mechanic properties of biofilms at the micro-scale, which might provide useful information for controlling and engineering biofilms.

In Situ Mapping of the Mechanical Properties of Biofilms by Particle-tracking Microrheology

Particle-tracking microrheology investigates the viscoelasticity of materials. Here, the technique is used to determine the viscoelasticity, creep compliance and effective crosslinking roles of different matrix components of a bacterial biofilm. The matrix consists of polymeric substances secreted by the bacteria and its components determine biofilm structure and mechanical properties.

In Situ mappatura delle proprietà meccaniche del biofilm da-Particle tracciamento Microrheology

Bacterial cells are able to form surface-attached biofilm communities known as biofilms by encasing themselves in extracellular polymeric substances ...

Rapid Scan Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Opens New Avenues for Imaging Physiologically Important Parameters In Vivo

We demonstrate a superior method of 2D spectral-spatial imaging of stable radical reporter molecules at 250 MHz using rapid-scan electron-paramagnetic-resonance (RS-EPR), which can provide quantitative information under in vivo conditions on oxygen concentration, pH, redox status and concentration of signaling molecules (i.e., OH&#8226;, NO&#8226;). The RS-EPR technique has a higher sensitivity, improved spatial resolution (1 mm), and shorter acquisition time in comparison to the standard continuous wave (CW) technique. A variety of phantom configurations have been tested, with spatial resolution varying from 1 to 6 mm, and spectral width of the reporter molecules ranging from 16 &#181;T (160 mG) to 5 mT (50 G). A cross-loop bimodal resonator decouples excitation and detection, reducing the noise, while the rapid scan effect allows more power to be input to the spin system before saturation, increasing the EPR signal. This leads to a substantially higher signal-to-noise ratio than in conventional CW EPR experiments.

Rapid Scan Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Opens New Avenues for Imaging Physiologically Important Parameters In Vivo

A new electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) method, rapid scan EPR (RS-EPR), is demonstrated for 2D spectral spatial imaging which is superior to the traditional continuous wave (CW) technique and opens new venues for in vivo imaging. Results are demonstrated at 250 MHz, but the technique is applicable at any frequency.

Rapid Scan paramagnetica elettronica Risonanza apre nuove strade per l&#39;imaging Fisiologicamente parametri importanti<em&gt; In Vivo</em

We demonstrate a superior method of 2D spectral-spatial imaging of stable radical reporter molecules at 250 MHz using rapid-scan ...

3D Magnetic Stem Cell Aggregation and Bioreactor Maturation for Cartilage Regeneration

Cartilage engineering remains a challenge due to the difficulties in creating an in vitro functional implant similar to the native tissue. An approach recently explored for the development of autologous replacements involves the differentiation of stem cells into chondrocytes. To initiate this chondrogenesis, a degree of compaction of the stem cells is required; hence, we demonstrated the feasibility of magnetically condensing cells, both within thick scaffolds and scaffold-free, using miniaturized magnetic field sources as cell attractors. This magnetic approach was also used to guide aggregate fusion and to build scaffold-free, organized, three-dimensional (3D) tissues several millimeters in size. In addition to having an enhanced size, the tissue formed by magnetic-driven fusion presented a significant increase in the expression of collagen II, and a similar trend was observed for aggrecan expression. As the native cartilage was subjected to forces that influenced its 3D structure, dynamic maturation was also performed. A bioreactor that provides mechanical stimuli was used to culture the magnetically seeded scaffolds over a 21-day period. Bioreactor maturation largely improved chondrogenesis into the cellularized scaffolds; the extracellular matrix obtained under these conditions was rich in collagen II and aggrecan. This work outlines the innovative potential of magnetic condensation of labeled stem cells and dynamic maturation in a bioreactor for improved chondrogenic differentiation, both scaffold-free and within polysaccharide scaffolds.

Chondrogenesis from stem cells requires fine tuning the culture conditions. Here, we present a magnetic approach for condensing cells, an essential step to initiate chondrogenesis. In addition, we show that dynamic maturation in a bioreactor applies mechanical stimulation to the cellular constructs and enhances cartilaginous extracellular matrix production.

3D Stem magnetica cellulare Aggregazione e bioreattore maturazione per la cartilagine Regeneration

Cartilage engineering remains a challenge due to the difficulties in creating an in vitro functional implant similar to the native tissue. An approach ...

Optimized Setup and Protocol for Magnetic Domain Imaging with In Situ Hysteresis Measurement

This paper elaborates the sample preparation protocols required to obtain optimal domain patterns using the Bitter method, focusing on the extra steps compared to standard metallographic sample preparation procedures. The paper proposes a novel bespoke rig for dynamic domain imaging with in situ BH (magnetic hysteresis) measurements and elaborates the protocols for the sensor preparation and the use of the rig to ensure accurate BH measurement. The protocols for static and ordinary dynamic domain imaging (without in situ BH measurements) are also presented. The reported method takes advantage of the convenience and high sensitivity of the traditional Bitter method and enables in situ BH measurement without interrupting or interfering with the domain wall movement processes. This facilitates establishing a direct and quantitative link between the domain wall movement processes&#8211;microstructural feature interactions in ferritic steels with their BH loops. This method is anticipated to become a useful tool for the fundamental study of microstructure&#8211;magnetic property relationships in steels and to help interpret the electromagnetic sensor signals for non-destructive evaluation of steel microstructures.

Optimized Setup and Protocol for Magnetic Domain Imaging with In Situ Hysteresis Measurement

This paper elaborates the sample and sensor preparation procedures and the protocols for using the test rig particularly for dynamic domain imaging with in situ BH measurements in order to achieve optimal domain pattern quality and accurate BH measurements.

Installazione ottimizzata e protocollo per l'Imaging di dominio magnetico con In Situ isteresi misura

This paper elaborates the sample preparation protocols required to obtain optimal domain patterns using the Bitter method, focusing on the extra steps ...

Improved 3D Hydrogel Cultures of Primary Glial Cells for In Vitro Modelling of Neuroinflammation

In the central nervous system, numerous acute injuries and neurodegenerative disorders, as well as implanted devices or biomaterials engineered to enhance function result in the same outcome: excess inflammation leads to gliosis, cytotoxicity, and/or formation of a glial scar that collectively exacerbate injury or prevent healthy recovery. With the intent of creating a system to model glial scar formation and study inflammatory processes, we have generated a 3D cell scaffold capable of housing primary cultured glial cells: microglia that regulate the foreign body response and initiate the inflammatory event, astrocytes that respond to form a fibrous scar, and oligodendrocytes that are typically vulnerable to inflammatory injury. The present work provides a detailed step-by-step method for the fabrication, culture, and microscopic characterization of a hyaluronic acid-based 3D hydrogel scaffold with encapsulated rat brain-derived glial cells. Further, protocols for characterization of cell encapsulation and the hydrogel scaffold by confocal immunofluorescence and scanning electron microscopy are demonstrated, as well as the capacity to modify the scaffold with bioactive substrates, with incorporation of a commercial basal lamina mixture to improved cell integration.

Improved 3D Hydrogel Cultures of Primary Glial Cells for In Vitro Modelling of Neuroinflammation

Herein, we present a protocol for the 3D culture of rat brain-derived glia cells, including astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes. We demonstrate primary cell culture, methacrylated hyaluronic acid (HAMA) hydrogel synthesis, HAMAphoto-polymerization and cell encapsulation, and sample processing for confocal and scanning electron microscopic imaging.

Migliorata 3D idrogel culture di cellule gliali primari In Vitro modellazione del Neuroinflammation

In the central nervous system, numerous acute injuries and neurodegenerative disorders, as well as implanted devices or biomaterials engineered to enhance ...

Electric and Magnetic Field Devices for Stimulation of Biological Tissues

Electric fields (EFs) and magnetic fields (MFs) have been widely used by tissue engineering to improve cell dynamics such as proliferation, migration, differentiation, morphology, and molecular synthesis. However, variables such stimuli strength and stimulation times need to be considered when stimulating either cells, tissues or scaffolds. Given that EFs and MFs vary according to cellular response, it remains unclear how to build devices that generate adequate biophysical stimuli to stimulate biological samples. In fact, there is a lack of evidence regarding the calculation and distribution when biophysical stimuli are applied. This protocol is focused on the design and manufacture of devices to generate EFs and MFs and implementation of a computational methodology to predict biophysical stimuli distribution inside and outside of biological samples. The EF device was composed of two parallel stainless-steel electrodes located at the top and bottom of biological cultures. Electrodes were connected to an oscillator to generate voltages (50, 100, 150 and 200 Vp-p) at 60 kHz. The MF device was composed of a coil, which was energized with a transformer to generate a current (1 A) and voltage (6 V) at 60 Hz. A polymethyl methacrylate support was built to locate the biological cultures in the middle of the coil. The computational simulation elucidated the homogeneous distribution of EFs and MFs inside and outside of biological tissues. This computational model is a promising tool that can modify parameters such as voltages, frequencies, tissue morphologies, well plate types, electrodes and coil size to estimate the EFs and MFs to achieve a cellular response.

This protocol describes the step-by-step process to build both electrical and magnetic stimulators used to stimulate biological tissues. The protocol includes a guideline to simulate computationally electric and magnetic fields and manufacture of stimulator devices.

Dispositivi elettrici e a campo magnetico per la stimolazione dei tessuti biologici

Electric fields (EFs) and magnetic fields (MFs) have been widely used by tissue engineering to improve cell dynamics such as proliferation, migration, ...