PA è un destinatario di una borsa di studio &quot;Pierre Durand&quot; presso la Facoltà di medicina di Laval University. Questo lavoro è stato supportato dalle scienze naturali e ingegneria Research Council del Canada (MOP-CG095386) a RM La colonna di frazionamento polisoma è stato acquisito attraverso una Fondazione canadese per l&#39;innovazione concessione (MOP-GF091050) per RMR M in possesso di un nuovo premio di stipendio investigatore CIHR. Siamo grati a Drs. E. Khandjian, I. Gallouzi, S. Di Marco e A. Cammas per consigli utili.

Il protocollo segue le linee guida approvato dal Ethical Review Board di Laval. 1. Preparazione di colture cellulari e Brain manipolazione <ol><li> Cellule di mammiferi e Drosophila <ol><li> Crescere HeLa cellule tumorali del collo dell&#39;utero e le cellule embrionali Schneider Drosophila come raccomandato dalla American Type Culture Collection. Lavora con cellule a un passaggio basso. </li><li> Cellule piastra in modo da raggiungere l&#39;80% di confluenza il giorno dell&#39;esperimento. Per ottenere i migliori risultati, utilizzare ~ 12 x 10 6 cellule per ogni condizione sperimentale. Prima di effettuare estratti per l&#39;analisi polisoma, stimolare traduzione aggiungendo mezzo fresco completa per almeno 90 min. </li></ol></li><li> Isolamento Cervello: Isolare cervelli di topi di età compresa tra 9 e 16 giorni dopo il parto. Eutanasia coinvolge CO 2 inalazione dopo l&#39;anestesia e dislocazione cervicale. Dopo il sacrificio, isolare l&#39;intero cervello e sia posto it a -80 ° C o trasferire direttamente in PBS 1X per l&#39;uso immediato. </li></ol> 2. Preparazione del gradiente di densità Frazionamento del sistema <ol><li> Lavare il sistema di tubi con 0.1% SDS per 5 min. </li><li> Lavare il sistema di tubi con etanolo al 70% per 5 minuti, poi con RNaseZAP soluzione per 5 minuti prima di lavare con acqua DEPC. </li><li> Pompare aria per asciugare il sistema di tubi dell&#39;apparato. </li></ol> 3. Preparazione dei gradienti di saccarosio <ol><li> Rendere soluzioni di saccarosio del 15% e 55% in 20 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.4, 1.25 mM MgCl 2, 150 mM NaCl, e 1 mM DTT. </li><li> Generare il 15-55% gradiente di saccarosio lineare utilizzando un Isco Modello 160 gradiente ex, come descritto dalle istruzioni del produttore. Tuttavia, è importante controllare bene la velocità della pompa peristaltica TRIS per evitare la creazione di bolle o turbolenze nei gradienti. Mantenere i gradienti a 4 ° C fino all&#39;utilizzo. </li><li> Durante il tempo in cui il programma gradiente caffè è in esecuzione, raffreddare ultracentrifuga a 4 ° C. </li></ol> 4. Preparazione di Cell and Brain Estratti mouse <ol><li> Preparazione di estratti cellulari <ol><li> Luogo piastra (s) su cellule di ghiaccio e lavare 3 volte con PBS freddo 1X. </li><li> Celle di raccolta (~ 12 x 10 6) in 1 ml di tampone di lisi (20 mM Tris-HCl a pH 7,4, 1,25 mM MgCl 2, 150 mM NaCl, 1 mM DTT, 1% Nonidet P40, 5 inibitore U / ml RNasi, integrato con completi mini-free EDTA inibitore della proteasi cocktail compresse), trasferirli in una provetta Eppendorf, e mescolare bene passando loro 15x attraverso una siringa 1cc insulina U100 28 G 1/2. Sia il lisato cellulare riposare su ghiaccio per 15 min. </li><li> Mettere alcune gocce di lisato cellulare su un vetrino per valutare lisi cellulare osservando in un microscopio a contrasto di fase usando un obiettivo 10X. Solo i nuclei devono essere visibili e senza membrane cellulari dovrebbero attestare visibili lisi cellulare. Come controllo, osservarele cellule non lisati. </li><li> Chiarire il lisato cellulare mediante centrifugazione a 11.000 xg per 20 min a 4 ° C e mantenere il lisato solubile contenente le poliribosomi. </li></ol></li><li> Preparazione del cervello Estratti mouse <ol><li> Omogeneizzare l&#39;intero cervello isolato (~ 500 mg) da 10 colpi in un omogeneizzatore Dounce ghiacciata con 2 ml di tampone di lisi e chiarire l&#39;omogeneizzato mediante centrifugazione a 11.000 xg per 15 min a 4 ° C. </li><li> Caricare il supernatante risultante su un cuscino di 50% di saccarosio e procedere con sedimentazione per 2 ore a 200.000 xg usando un rotore ultracentrifuga TH-641 a 4 ° C. </li><li> Risospendere il pellet traslucido contenente le poliribosomi in 1 ml di tampone di lisi e mescolare bene pipettando su e giù. Lasciare riposare sospensione sul ghiaccio per 30 minuti prima di caricare su gradienti. </li></ol></li></ol> 5. Caricamento dei Estratti sui gradienti di saccarosio e ultracentrifugazione <ol><li> Misurare la concentrazionedi RNA presenti nell&#39;estratto citoplasmatico utilizzando uno spettrofotometro. Caricare con attenzione e lentamente ~ 20 OD 260 unità dell&#39;estratto sul gradiente di saccarosio 15% al 55%. Assicurarsi che ci sia 2-3 mm di spazio disponibile sulla superficie del tubo per evitare traboccante le provette durante la centrifugazione. </li><li> Centrifugare i gradienti utilizzando un ultra-centrifuga per 2 h 30 min a 230.000 xg usando un rotore ultracentrifuga TH-641 a 4 ° C. Quando termina la centrifugazione, rimuovere i tubi e disporli sul ghiaccio con attenzione per non disturbare i gradienti. </li></ol> 6. Frazionamento di estratti citoplasmatici di polisomi Profiling <ol><li> Posizionare gradienti di saccarosio in Automated Densità Frazionamento sistema e procedere con frazionamento automatizzata e raccolta di frazioni (0,5 ml ciascuna), come descritto dal produttore. </li><li> Raccogliere ogni frazione (~ 500 microlitri) in singoli tubi Eppendorf con monitoraggio continuo di assorbanza a 254 nm. In parallel dell&#39;operazione di frazionamento gradiente, il profilo polyribosomal sarà la modifica sulla carta grafico. In alternativa, utilizzare una unità di acquisizione dati collegato al registratore grafico per avere un&#39;acquisizione elettronico del profilo polisoma. </li><li> Al termine di ogni corsa, trasferire eppendorfs raccolti su ghiaccio secco. A questo punto, sia negozio frazioni raccolte a -80 ° C o precipitare direttamente complessi proteina-RNA come segue. </li></ol> 7. Estrazione di proteine ​​e analisi <ol><li> Per ogni frazione raccolta del gradiente di saccarosio, aggiungere 2 volumi di etanolo 100% freddo e lasciate complessi RNA-proteina precipitano a -20 ° C per una notte. </li><li> Centrifugare ogni precipitato RNA-proteina a 11.000 xg per 20 min a 4 ° C e poi lavare con etanolo al 70%. Lavaggio e risospendere il precipitato in tampone campione SDS-PAGE prima di procedere con Western blot utilizzando anticorpi specifici (vedi Figura 2). </li></ol> 8. RNA Estrazione e AANALISI <ol><li> Precipitare complessi RNA-proteina, come nella sezione 7.1. Risospendere ogni precipitato RNA-proteina in tampone di lisi contenente 0,1% SDS. Digerire la componente proteica del precipitato con 2 mg / ml proteinasi K per 30 minuti in un bagno d&#39;acqua a 55 °. </li><li> Estrarre componenti RNA precipitato per aggiunta di 1 volume di &quot;fenolo: cloroformio&quot;, 2 volumi di cloroformio e 0,1 volume di 2 M NaOAc pH 4 e centrifugazione a 10.000 xg a 4 ° C per 20 min. RNA precipitato dalla fase acquosa risultante di ciascun campione per una notte a -20 ° C con l&#39;aggiunta di 1 volume di isopropanolo e 0,2 mg / mL di glicogeno. Spin il precipitato per 1 ora a 10.000 xga 4 ° C. Lavare il pellet di RNA con il 70% di etanolo freddo. </li><li> Risospendere il pellet di RNA in un piccolo volume di acqua RNasi libero. Valutare la quantità e qualità di RNA con uno spettrofotometro. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Gebauer, F., Hentze, M. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+mechanisms+of+translational+control.">Molecular mechanisms of translational control.</a> Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology. 5 (10), 827-835 (2004).</li><li>Jackson, R. J., Hellen, C. U. T., Pestova, T. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+mechanism+of+eukaryotic+translation+initiation+and+principles+of+its+regulation.">The mechanism of eukaryotic translation initiation and principles of its regulation.</a> Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology. 11 (2), 113-127 (2010).</li><li>Fournier, M. -. J., Gareau, C., Mazroui, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+chemotherapeutic+agent+bortezomib+induces+the+formation+of+stress+granules.">The chemotherapeutic agent bortezomib induces the formation of stress granules.</a> Cancer Cell International. 10 (12), (2010).</li><li>Holcik, M., Sonenberg, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Translational+control+in+stress+and+apoptosis.">Translational control in stress and apoptosis.</a> Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology. 6 (4), 318-327 (2005).</li><li>Mazroui, R., Huot, M. -. E., Tremblay, S., Filion, C., Labelle, Y., Khandjian, E. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Trapping+of+messenger+RNA+by+Fragile+X+Mental+Retardation+protein+into+cytoplasmic+granules+induces+translation+repression.">Trapping of messenger RNA by Fragile X Mental Retardation protein into cytoplasmic granules induces translation repression.</a> Human Molecular Genetics. 11 (24), 3007-3017 (2002).</li><li>Mazroui, R., Huot, M. -. E., Tremblay, S., Boilard, N., Labelle, Y., Khandjian, E. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fragile+X+Mental+Retardation+protein+determinants+required+for+its+association+with+polyribosomal+mRNPs.">Fragile X Mental Retardation protein determinants required for its association with polyribosomal mRNPs.</a> Human Molecular Genetics. 12 (23), 3087-3096 (2003).</li><li>Farny, N. G., Kedersha, N. L., Silver, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=a+Metazoan+stress+granule+assembly+is+mediated+by+P-eIF2alpha-dependent+and+-independent+mechanisms.">a Metazoan stress granule assembly is mediated by P-eIF2alpha-dependent and -independent mechanisms.</a> RNA. 15 (10), 1814-1821 (2009).</li><li>Gareau, C., Houssin, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+fragile+x+mental+retardation+protein+recruitment+and+dynamics+in+Drosophila+stress+granules.">Characterization of fragile x mental retardation protein recruitment and dynamics in Drosophila stress granules.</a> PLoS ONE. 8 (2), (2013).</li><li>Brackett, D. M., Qing, F., Amieux, P. S., Sellers, D. L., Horner, P. J., Morris, D. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=FMR1+transcript+isoforms:+association+with+polyribosomes;+regional+and+developmental+expression+in+mouse+brain.">FMR1 transcript isoforms: association with polyribosomes; regional and developmental expression in mouse brain.</a> PLoS ONE. 8 (3), (2013).</li><li>Khandjian, E. W., Huot, M. -. E., Tremblay, S., Davidovic, L., Mazroui, R., Bardoni, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biochemical+evidence+for+the+association+of+fragile+X+mental+retardation+protein+with+brain+polyribosomal+ribonucleoparticles.">Biochemical evidence for the association of fragile X mental retardation protein with brain polyribosomal ribonucleoparticles.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 101 (36), 13357-13362 (2004).</li><li>Erikson, A., Winblad, B., Wallace, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Translational+control+of+gene+expression+in+the+human+brain.">Translational control of gene expression in the human brain.</a> Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 13 (3-4), 469-479 (1989).</li><li>Stephens, S. B., Nicchitta, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=V+In+vitro+and+tissue+culture+methods+for+analysis+of+translation+initiation+on+the+endoplasmic+reticulum.">V In vitro and tissue culture methods for analysis of translation initiation on the endoplasmic reticulum.</a> Methods in Enzymology. 431, 47-60 (2007).</li><li>Koritzinsky, M., Wouters, B. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hypoxia+and+regulation+of+messenger+RNA+translation.">Hypoxia and regulation of messenger RNA translation.</a> Methods in Enzymology. 435, 247-273 (2007).</li><li>Khandjian, E. W., Corbin, F., Woerly, S., Rousseau, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+fragile+X+mental+retardation+protein+is+associated+with+ribosomes.">The fragile X mental retardation protein is associated with ribosomes.</a> Nature Genetics. 12, 91-93 (1996).</li><li>Sivan, G., Kedersha, N., Elroy-Stein, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ribosomal+slowdown+mediates+translational+arrest+during+cellular+division.">Ribosomal slowdown mediates translational arrest during cellular division.</a> Molecular and Cellular Biology. 27 (19), 6639-6646 (2007).</li><li>Thomas, J. D., Johannes, G. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+mRNAs+that+continue+to+associate+with+polysomes+during+hypoxia.">Identification of mRNAs that continue to associate with polysomes during hypoxia.</a> RNA. 13, 1116-1131 (2007).</li><li>Kumaraswamy, S., Chinnaiyan, P., Shankavaram, U. T., L&#252;, X., Camphausen, K., Tofilon, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Radiation-induced+gene+translation+profiles+reveal+tumor+type+and+cancer-specific+components.">Radiation-induced gene translation profiles reveal tumor type and cancer-specific components.</a> Cancer Research. 68 (10), 3819-3826 (2008).</li><li>Fournier, M. -. J., Coudert, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inactivation+of+the+mTORC1-eIF4E+Pathway+alters+Stress+Granules+Formation.">Inactivation of the mTORC1-eIF4E Pathway alters Stress Granules Formation.</a> Molecular and Cellular Biology. 33 (11), 2285-2301 (2013).</li><li>Sanchez, G., Dury, A. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+function+for+the+survival+motoneuron+protein+as+a+translational+regulator.">A novel function for the survival motoneuron protein as a translational regulator.</a> Human Molecular Genetics. 22 (4), 668-684 (2013).</li><li>B&#233;chade, C., Rostaing, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Subcellular+distribution+of+survival+motor+neuron+(SMN)+protein:+possible+involvement+in+nucleocytoplasmic+and+dendritic+transport.">Subcellular distribution of survival motor neuron (SMN) protein: possible involvement in nucleocytoplasmic and dendritic transport.</a> The European Journal of Neuroscience. 11 (1), 293-304 (1999).</li><li>Goulet, I., Boisvenue, S., Mokas, S., Mazroui, R., C&#244;t&#233;, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=TDRD3,+a+novel+Tudor+domain-containing+protein,+localizes+to+cytoplasmic+stress+granules.">TDRD3, a novel Tudor domain-containing protein, localizes to cytoplasmic stress granules.</a> Human Molecular Genetics. 17 (19), 3055-3074 (2008).</li><li>Nottrott, S., Simard, M. J., Richter, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+let-7a+miRNA+blocks+protein+production+on+actively+translating+polyribosomes.">Human let-7a miRNA blocks protein production on actively translating polyribosomes.</a> Nature Structural &amp; Molecular Biology. 13 (12), 1108-1114 (2006).</li><li>Genolet, R., Araud, T., Maillard, L., Jaquier-Gubler, P., Curran, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+approach+to+analyse+the+specific+impact+of+rapamycin+on+mRNA-ribosome+association.">An approach to analyse the specific impact of rapamycin on mRNA-ribosome association.</a> BMC Medical Genomics. 1 (33), (2008).</li><li>Del Prete, M. J., Vernal, R., Dolznig, H., M&#252;llner, E. W., Garcia-Sanz, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=a+Isolation+of+polysome-bound+mRNA+from+solid+tissues+amenable+for+RT-PCR+and+profiling+experiments.">a Isolation of polysome-bound mRNA from solid tissues amenable for RT-PCR and profiling experiments.</a> RNA. 13 (3), 414-421 (2007).</li><li>Thoreen, C. C., Chantranupong, L., Keys, H. R., Wang, T., Gray, N. S., Sabatini, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+unifying+model+for+mTORC1-mediated+regulation+of+mRNA+translation.">A unifying model for mTORC1-mediated regulation of mRNA translation.</a> Nature. 485 (7396), 109-113 (2012).</li><li>Ingolia, N. T., Brar, G. A., Rouskin, S., Mcgeachy, A. M., Weissman, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+ribosome+profiling+strategy+for+monitoring+translation+in+vivo+by+deep+sequencing+of+ribosome-protected+mRNA+fragments.">The ribosome profiling strategy for monitoring translation in vivo by deep sequencing of ribosome-protected mRNA fragments.</a> Nature Protocols. 7 (8), 1534-1550 (2012).</li><li>Morris, D. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ribosomal+footprints+on+a+transcriptome+landscape.">Ribosomal footprints on a transcriptome landscape.</a> Genome Biology. 10 (4), (2009).</li></ol>

Gli autori non hanno nulla da rivelare.

L&#39;analisi del profilo polisoma su gradienti di saccarosio consente la misurazione di inizio della traduzione analizzando la densità di polisomi isolati da cellule o tessuti 9,11-14. Questa tecnica è la migliore (se non l&#39;unico) metodo per misurare inizio della traduzione in vivo. E &#39;utilizzato per monitorare lo stato traduzionale di crescita delle cellule durante il ciclo cellulare 15, e per valutare gli effetti di vari tipi di stress comprese le infezioni virali, ipossia <su...

Le cellule eucariotiche incontrano costantemente una serie di condizioni nocive di stress fisiologici e ambientali che richiedono una rapida risposta cellulare adattiva. Risposta allo stress cellulare comporta un preciso equilibrio tra anti-sopravvivenza e pro-sopravvivenza fattori che agiscono. Perturbare questo equilibrio può avere conseguenze irreversibili che portano allo sviluppo di patologie umane come il cancro e le malattie neurodegenerative. Durante la prima fase della risposta allo stress, cellule attivano percorsi pro-sopravvivenza che coinvolgono il controllo coordinato di cambiamenti nell&#39;espressione genica a livello della traduzione dell&#39;mRNA. Traduzione mRNA negli eucarioti è un processo cellulare complesso che coinvolge le interazioni coordinate tra i fattori di inizio della traduzione (EIF), proteine ​​leganti RNA specifico (RBDS) e molecole di RNA 1. Traduzione mRNA è diviso in tre distinte fasi: inizio, allungamento e terminazione. Anche se tutte e tre le fasi sono soggette a regoMeccanismi lamentazione, meccanismi di controllo traslazionale colpiscono soprattutto la fase di inizio della traduzione, che costituisce quindi il fattore limitante della sintesi proteica 2. Inizio della traduzione è un processo altamente ordinato che inizia con la formazione della eIF2a.GTP.Met-tRNA I Met complesso ternario e il suo successivo legame alla subunità 40S ribosoma, che porta alla formazione del complesso di pre-apertura. Il passo successivo è l&#39;assunzione del complesso preinitiation di mRNA, che comporta l&#39;attività dei fattori di inizio della traduzione come eIF4F e eIF3. Il complesso preinitiation 48S così formato sottoposto a specifici cambiamenti conformazionali che consentono tale macchinari per avviare la scansione della regione 5&#39;-non tradotta dell&#39;mRNA fino a quando non riconosce il codone di inizio agosto La maggior parte dei fattori di inizio della traduzione vengono poi rilasciati e 60S subunità sono reclutati per formare un complesso 80S ribosoma competente per la traduzione, unt che proteina punto inizia sintesi (Figura 1). Più di un 80S monosome può essere traducendo lo stesso mRNA in un momento produrre cosiddetti polisomi (o poliribosomi). La densità di polisomi su un mRNA riflette l&#39;inizio, allungamento e tariffe di terminazione e quindi è una misura della traducibilità di un particolare trascrizione. Tuttavia, polisoma profilo viene utilizzato principalmente per valutare i cambiamenti nella traduzione dell&#39;mRNA nella fase di iniziazione. Qui abbiamo usato un inibitore del proteasoma, come inibitore di inizio della traduzione. Il trattamento delle cellule tumorali con questo farmaco induce una risposta allo stress caratterizzato dall&#39;attivazione della chinasi sollecitazione denominato HRI che fosforila il fattore di inizio della traduzione eIF2a 3. La fosforilazione di eIF2a è uno dei maggiori eventi che portano alla inibizione di inizio della traduzione in cellule di mammifero 4.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="875">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td style="width:311px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:279px;">Cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:279px;">HeLa cervical cancer cells</td>
			<td style="width:311px;">American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA; ATCC)</td>
			<td>CCL-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:279px;">Schneider Drosophila embryonic cells</td>
			<td style="width:311px;">American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA; ATCC)</td>
			<td>CRL-1963</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td style="width:311px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:279px;">Culture medium and Supplements</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:279px;">Schneider&#8217;s Drosophila Medium</td>
			<td style="width:311px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>SO146-500ml</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:279px;">DMEM</td>
			<td>Life technologies</td>
			<td>11995-073</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:279px;">FBS</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientist Scientist</td>
			<td>SH30396-03</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:279px;">penicillin/streptomycin</td>
			<td>Life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15140122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td style="width:311px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:279px;">Sucrose solutions</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:279px;">D-Sucrose</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientist</td>
			<td>BP220-212</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:279px;">Glycerol</td>
			<td style="width:311px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>49767</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:279px;">Blue Bromophenol</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientist</td>
			<td>B3925</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td style="width:311px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:279px;">Lysis buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:279px;">Tris Hydrochloride</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientist</td>
			<td>BP153-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:279px;">MgCl2 </td>
			<td style="width:311px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">M2670-100G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:279px;">NaCl</td>
			<td>Tekniscience</td>
			<td>3624-05</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:279px;">DTT</td>
			<td style="width:311px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D 9779</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:279px;">Nonidet P40 (Igepal CA-630 )</td>
			<td>MJS Biolynx</td>
			<td>19628</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:279px;">SDS</td>
			<td>Tekniscience</td>
			<td>4095-02</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:279px;">RNase inhibitor (RnaseOUT Recombinant Ribonuclease Inhibitor)</td>
			<td>Life technologies</td>
			<td>10777-019</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:279px;">Antiproteases (complete, mini, EDTA free)</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>11,836,170,001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td style="width:311px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:279px;">RNA Extraction</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:279px;">Proteinase K</td>
			<td>Life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">AM2542</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:279px;">Phenol: Chloroforme</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientist</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BP1754I-400</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:279px;">Chloroforme</td>
			<td style="width:311px;">Fisher Scientist</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C298-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:279px;">Glycogen</td>
			<td>Life technologies</td>
			<td>10814-010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:279px;">Isopropanol</td>
			<td style="width:311px;">Acros organics</td>
			<td>327270010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td style="width:311px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:279px;">Antibodies</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:279px;">anti-FMRP antibody</td>
			<td colspan="2" style="width:429px;">Fournier et al., Cancer Cell International, 2010</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:279px;">anti-Ribosomal Protein L28 antibody</td>
			<td style="width:311px;">Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SC-50362</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td style="width:311px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:279px;">Others</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:279px;">Proteasome inhibitor : Bortezomib</td>
			<td style="width:311px;">LC Laboratories</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">B-1408</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:279px;">DEPC (Diethylpyrocarbonate)</td>
			<td style="width:311px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D5758-25ml</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:279px;">RNaseZAP Solution</td>
			<td>Life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">AM9780</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td style="width:311px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:279px;">Materials</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:279px;">T25 cell culture flask</td>
			<td style="width:311px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">430639</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:279px;">1cc U100 Insulin Syringe 28 G1/2</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientist</td>
			<td>148291B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:279px;">Tube ultra-centrifugation, PA, 12ml</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientist</td>
			<td>FSSP9763205</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:279px;">Isco Model 160 gradient former</td>
			<td style="width:311px;">Teledyne Isco, Lincoln, NE, USA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ultracentrifuge Sorvall OTD Combi</td>
			<td style="width:311px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:279px;">Thermo Scientific Sorvall Rotor TH-641</td>
			<td style="width:311px;">Thermo scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">54295</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:279px;">Automated Density Fractionation System</td>
			<td style="width:311px;">Teledyne Isco, Lincoln, NE, USA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">67-9000-177</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:279px;">Isco UA-6 UV-vis detector</td>
			<td style="width:311px;">Teledyne Isco, Lincoln, NE, USA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:279px;">NanoDrop 2000 UV-Vis Spectrophotometer</td>
			<td style="width:311px;">Thermo scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:279px;">Ultracentrifuge C 5415</td>
			<td style="width:311px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:279px;">Optical Microscope</td>
			<td style="width:311px;">Olympus CK2</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

analysis of translation initiation during stress conditions by polysome profiling

Controllo preciso della traduzione dell&#39;mRNA è fondamentale per l&#39;omeostasi cellula eucariotica, in particolare in risposta allo stress fisiologico e patologico. Alterazioni di questo programma può portare alla crescita di cellule danneggiate, una caratteristica di sviluppo del cancro, o morte cellulare prematura come visto nelle malattie neurodegenerative. Molto di ciò che è noto riguardante la base molecolare per controllo traduzionale è stato ottenuto dall&#39;analisi polisoma utilizzando un sistema di frazionamento gradiente di densità. Questa tecnica si basa sulla ultracentrifugazione di estratti citoplasmatici su un gradiente lineare di saccarosio. Una volta che lo spin è completato, il sistema consente di frazionamento e la quantificazione delle zone centrifugati corrispondenti a diverse popolazioni traduzione ribosomi, risultando così in un profilo polisoma. Cambiamenti nel profilo polisoma sono indicativi di modifiche o difetti di inizio della traduzione che si verificano in risposta a vari tipi di stress. Questa tecnica permette anche di valutare the ruolo di specifiche proteine ​​sulla traduzione iniziazione, e per misurare l&#39;attività traduzionale di specifici mRNA. Qui si descrive il protocollo di eseguire profili polisoma per valutare inizio della traduzione di cellule e tessuti eucariotiche in condizioni di crescita sia normali o di stress.

Come suddetto, polisoma profilo consente l&#39;analisi delle variazioni di inizio della traduzione in condizioni di stress. Figura 1 è una vista semplificata di inizio della traduzione che, come descritto in precedenza è un processo multifasico che coinvolge un insieme ordinato di complessi di inizio della traduzione. In condizioni normali di crescita, complessi di inizio della traduzione sono convertiti in poliribosomi cui il rilevamento da profilo polisoma attestare per un&#39;iniziazione traduzione...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Analysis of Translation Initiation During Stress Conditions by Polysome Profiling at JoVE.com

Analysis of Translation Initiation During Stress Conditions by Polysome Profiling

Qui, descriviamo un metodo per analizzare le modifiche l&#39;apertura di traduzione dell&#39;mRNA di cellule eucariotiche in risposta alle condizioni di stress. Questo metodo si basa sulla separazione velocità su gradienti di saccarosio di traduzione ribosomi da ribosomi non traslanti.

Analisi della traduzione innesco durante condizioni di stress da polisoma Profiling

Precise control of mRNA translation is fundamental for eukaryotic cell homeostasis, particularly in response to physiological and pathological stress. ...

analysis-translation-initiation-during-stress-conditions-polysome

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

18.2K Views.  Laval University.  Qui, descriviamo un metodo per analizzare le modifiche l'apertura di traduzione dell'mRNA di cellule eucariotiche in risposta alle condizioni di stress. Questo metodo si basa sulla separazione velocità su gradienti di saccarosio di traduzione ribosomi da ribosomi non traslanti. 

Video: Analysis of Translation Initiation During Stress Conditions by Polysome Profiling

Monitoring Plant Hormones During Stress Responses

Plant hormones and related signaling compounds play an important role in the regulation of plant responses to various environmental stimuli and stresses. Among the most severe stresses are insect herbivory, pathogen infection, and drought stress. For each of these stresses a specific set of hormones and/or combinations thereof are known to fine-tune the responses, thereby ensuring the plant's survival. The major hormones involved in the regulation of these responses are jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), and abscisic acid (ABA). To better understand the role of individual hormones as well as their potential interaction during these responses it is necessary to monitor changes in their abundance in a temporal as well as in a spatial fashion. For the easy, sensitive, and reproducible quantification of these and other signaling compounds we developed a method based on vapor phase extraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis (1, 2, 3, 4). After extracting these compounds from the plant tissue by acidic aqueous 1-propanol mixed with dichloromethane the carboxylic acid-containing compounds are methylated, volatilized under heat, and collected on a polymeric absorbent. After elution into a sample vial the analytes are separated by gas chromatography and detected by chemical ionization mass spectrometry. The use of appropriate internal standards then allows for the simple quantification by relating the peak areas of analyte and internal standard.

A simple method is provided that allows for the rapid extraction and analysis of multiple plant hormones from small tissue samples. The procedure uses vapor phase extraction as the solemn purification step. Samples are analyzed by GC/MS with chemical ionization that produces mainly (M+1)+ ions.

Monitoraggio ormoni vegetali Durante risposte allo stress

Plant hormones and related signaling compounds play an important role in the regulation of plant responses to various environmental stimuli and stresses. ...

Ricerca

Biologia

Antibody Profiling by Luciferase Immunoprecipitation Systems (LIPS)

Technologies for comprehensively understanding and quantifying antibody profiles to autoantigens and infectious agents may yield new insights into disease mechanisms and may elucidate new markers to substratify disease with different clinical features and better understand pathogenesis. We have developed a highly quantitative method called Luciferase Immunoprecipitation Systems (LIPS) for profiling patient sera antibody responses to autoantigens and pathogen antigens associated with infection. Unlike ELISAs, the highly sensitive LIPS is easily implemented to survey humoral serological response profiles to different antigens in a universal format and produces dynamic antibody titer ranges up to 6 log10 for some antigens. In these studies, quantitative profiling by LIPS of patient humoral responses against panels of antigens or even the entire proteome of some pathogens (i.e. HIV), is typically more informative than testing a single antigen by ELISA. In addition, LIPS also eliminates time and effort needed to produce highly purified antigens as well as the labor-intensive assay optimization steps needed for standard ELISAs. Here we provide a detailed protocol describing the technical aspects of performing LIPS assays for readily profiling antibody responses to single or multiple antigens.

Antibody Profiling by Luciferase Immunoprecipitation Systems LIPS

The technical aspects of performing LIPS (Luciferase Immunoprecipitation Systems) are described. The overall approach involves expressing chimeric genes encoding antigens fused to Renilla luciferase (Ruc) in mammalian cells. Crude Ruc-antigen extracts are then prepared and, without purification, employed in immunoprecipitation assays to quantify antibodies.

Profiling anticorpi Systems Immunoprecipitazione luciferasi (LIPS)

Technologies for comprehensively understanding and quantifying antibody profiles to autoantigens and infectious agents may yield new insights into disease ...

Analysis of Oxidative Stress in Zebrafish Embryos

High levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) may cause a change of cellular redox state towards oxidative stress condition. This situation causes oxidation of molecules (lipid, DNA, protein) and leads to cell death. Oxidative stress also impacts the progression of several pathological conditions such as diabetes, retinopathies, neurodegeneration, and cancer. Thus, it is important to define tools to investigate oxidative stress conditions not only at the level of single cells but also in the context of whole organisms. Here, we consider the zebrafish embryo as a useful in vivo system to perform such studies and present a protocol to measure in vivo oxidative stress. Taking advantage of fluorescent ROS probes and zebrafish transgenic fluorescent lines, we develop two different methods to measure oxidative stress in vivo: i) a &#8220;whole embryo ROS-detection method&#8221; for qualitative measurement of oxidative stress and ii) a &#8220;single-cell&#160;ROS detection method&#8221; for quantitative measurements of oxidative stress. Herein, we demonstrate the efficacy of these procedures by increasing oxidative stress in tissues by oxidant agents and physiological or genetic methods. This protocol is amenable for forward genetic screens and it will help address cause-effect relationships of ROS in animal models of oxidative stress-related pathologies such as neurological disorders and cancer.

Here we report a protocol to measure oxidative stress in living zebrafish embryos. This procedure allows reactive oxygen species (ROS) detection in both whole embryo tissues and single-cell populations. This protocol will accomplish both qualitative and quantitative analyses.

Analisi dello Stress Ossidativo in embrioni di zebrafish

High levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) may cause a change of cellular redox state towards oxidative stress condition. This situation causes ...

Profiling Individual Human Embryonic Stem Cells by Quantitative RT-PCR

Heterogeneity of stem cell population hampers detailed understanding of stem cell biology, such as their differentiation propensity toward different lineages. A single cell transcriptome assay can be a new approach for dissecting individual variation. We have developed the single cell qRT-PCR method, and confirmed that this method works well in several gene expression profiles. In single cell level, each human embryonic stem cell, sorted by OCT4::EGFP positive cells, has high expression in OCT4, but a different level of NANOG expression. Our single cell gene expression assay should be useful to interrogate population heterogeneities.

Single cell gene expression assay is needed for understanding stem cell heterogeneities.

Profiling cellule staminali embrionali umane individuale mediante RT-PCR

Heterogeneity of stem cell population hampers detailed understanding of stem cell biology, such as their differentiation propensity toward different ...

Polysome Fractionation and Analysis of Mammalian Translatomes on a Genome-wide Scale

mRNA translation plays a central role in the regulation of gene expression and represents the most energy consuming process in mammalian cells. Accordingly, dysregulation of mRNA translation is considered to play a major role in a variety of pathological states including cancer. Ribosomes also host chaperones, which facilitate folding of nascent polypeptides, thereby modulating function and stability of newly synthesized polypeptides. In addition, emerging data indicate that ribosomes serve as a platform for a repertoire of signaling molecules, which are implicated in a variety of post-translational modifications of newly synthesized polypeptides as they emerge from the ribosome, and/or components of translational machinery. Herein, a well-established method of ribosome fractionation using sucrose density gradient centrifugation is described. In conjunction with the in-house developed &#8220;anota&#8221; algorithm this method allows direct determination of differential translation of individual mRNAs on a genome-wide scale. Moreover, this versatile protocol can be used for a variety of biochemical studies aiming to dissect the function of ribosome-associated protein complexes, including those that play a central role in folding and degradation of newly synthesized polypeptides.

Ribosomes play a central role in protein synthesis. Polyribosome (polysome) fractionation by sucrose density gradient centrifugation allows direct determination of translation efficiencies of individual mRNAs on a genome-wide scale. In addition, this method can be used for biochemical analysis of ribosome- and polysome-associated factors such as chaperones and signaling molecules.

Polisoma Frazionamento e analisi dei mammiferi Translatomes su scala Genome-wide

mRNA translation plays a central role in the regulation of gene expression and represents the most energy consuming process in mammalian cells. ...

Assessment of Selective mRNA Translation in Mammalian Cells by Polysome Profiling

Regulation of protein synthesis represents a key control point in cellular response to stress. In particular, discreet RNA regulatory elements were shown to allow to selective translation of specific mRNAs, which typically encode for proteins required for a particular stress response. Identification of these mRNAs, as well as the characterization of regulatory mechanisms responsible for selective translation has been at the forefront of molecular biology for some time. Polysome profiling is a cornerstone method in these studies. The goal of polysome profiling is to capture mRNA translation by immobilizing actively translating ribosomes on different transcripts and separate the resulting polyribosomes by ultracentrifugation on a sucrose gradient, thus allowing for a distinction between highly translated transcripts and poorly translated ones. These can then be further characterized by traditional biochemical and molecular biology methods. Importantly, combining polysome profiling with high throughput genomic approaches allows for a large scale analysis of translational regulation.

The ability of cells to adapt to stress is crucial for their survival. Regulation of mRNA translation is one such adaptation strategy, providing for rapid regulation of the proteome. Here, we provide a standardized polysome profiling protocol to identify specific mRNAs that are selectively translated under stress conditions.

Valutazione della Selective mRNA Traduzione in cellule di mammifero per polisoma Profiling

Regulation of protein synthesis represents a key control point in cellular response to stress. In particular, discreet RNA regulatory elements were shown ...

Fecal Glucocorticoid Analysis: Non-invasive Adrenal Monitoring in Equids

Adrenal activity can be assessed in the equine species by analysis of feces for corticosterone metabolites. During a potentially aversive situation, corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH) is released from the hypothalamus in the brain. This stimulates the release of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) from the pituitary gland, which in turn stimulates release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal gland. In horses the glucocorticoid corticosterone is responsible for several adaptations needed to support equine flight behaviour and subsequent removal from the aversive situation. Corticosterone metabolites can be detected in the feces of horses and assessment offers a non-invasive option to evaluate long term patterns of adrenal activity. Fecal assessment offers advantages over other techniques that monitor adrenal activity including blood plasma and saliva analysis. The non-invasive nature of the method avoids sampling stress which can confound results. It also allows the opportunity for repeated sampling over time and is ideal for studies in free ranging horses. This protocol describes the enzyme linked immunoassay (EIA) used to assess feces for corticosterone, in addition to the associated biochemical validation.

Adrenal activity can be assessed in the equine species by analysis of feces for corticosterone metabolites. The method offers a non-invasive option to assess long term patterns in both domestic and free ranging horses. This protocol describes the enzyme linked immunoassay involved and the associated biochemical validation.

Fecale Analisi glucocorticoidi: non invasivo di monitoraggio surrenale in equidi

Adrenal activity can be assessed in the equine species by analysis of feces for corticosterone metabolites. During a potentially aversive situation, ...

An Easy Method for Plant Polysome Profiling

Translation of mRNA to protein is a fundamental and highly regulated biological process. Polysome profiling is considered as a gold standard for the analysis of translational regulation. The method described here is an easy and economical way for fractionating polysomes from various plant tissues. A sucrose gradient is made without the need for a gradient maker by sequentially freezing each layer. Cytosolic extracts are then prepared in a buffer containing cycloheximide and chloramphenicol to immobilize the cytosolic and chloroplastic ribosomes to mRNA and are loaded onto the sucrose gradient. After centrifugation, six fractions are directly collected from the bottom to the top of the gradient, without piercing the ultracentrifugation tube. During collection, the absorbance at 260 nm is read continuously to generate a polysome profile that gives a snapshot of global translational activity. Fractions are then pooled to prepare three different mRNA populations: the polysomes, mRNAs bound to several ribosomes; the monosomes, mRNAs bound to one ribosome; and mRNAs that are not bound to ribosomes. mRNAs are then extracted. This protocol has been validated for different plants and tissues including Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings and adult plants, Nicotiana benthamiana, Solanum lycopersicum, and Oryza sativa leaves.

This protocol describes an easy method to extract and fractionate transcripts from plant tissues on the basis of the number of bound ribosomes. It allows a global estimate of translation activity and the determination of the translational status of specific mRNAs.

Un metodo facile per piante polysome Profiling

Translation of mRNA to protein is a fundamental and highly regulated biological process. Polysome profiling is considered as a gold standard for the ...

Analysis of the Gap Junction-dependent Transfer of miRNA with 3D-FRAP Microscopy

Small antisense RNAs, like miRNA and siRNA, play an important role in cellular physiology and pathology and, moreover, can be used as therapeutic agents in the treatment of several diseases. The development of new, innovative strategies for miRNA/siRNA therapy is based on an extensive knowledge of the underlying mechanisms. Recent data suggest that small RNAs are exchanged between cells in a gap junction-dependent manner, thereby inducing gene regulatory effects in the recipient cell. Molecular biological techniques and flow cytometric analysis are commonly used to study the intercellular exchange of miRNA. However, these methods do not provide high temporal resolution, which is necessary when studying the gap junctional flux of molecules. Therefore, to investigate the impact of miRNA/siRNA as intercellular signaling molecules, novel tools are needed that will allow for the analysis of these small RNAs at the cellular level. The present protocol describes the application of three-dimensional fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (3D-FRAP) microscopy to elucidating the gap junction-dependent exchange of miRNA molecules between cardiac cells. Importantly, this straightforward and non-invasive live-cell imaging approach allows for the visualization and quantification of the gap junctional shuttling of fluorescently labeled small RNAs in real time, with high spatio-temporal resolution. The data obtained by 3D-FRAP confirm a novel pathway of intercellular gene regulation, where small RNAs act as signaling molecules within the intercellular network.

Here, we describe the application of three-dimensional fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (3D-FRAP) for the analysis of the gap junction-dependent shuttling of miRNA. In contrast to commonly applied methods, 3D-FRAP allows for the quantification of the intercellular transfer of small RNAs in real time, with high spatio-temporal resolution.

Analisi del trasferimento di gig Junction-dependent di miRNA con la microscopia 3D-FRAP

Small antisense RNAs, like miRNA and siRNA, play an important role in cellular physiology and pathology and, moreover, can be used as therapeutic agents ...

In Vitro Analysis of E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Function

The covalent attachment of ubiquitin (Ub) to internal lysine residue(s) of a substrate protein, a process termed ubiquitylation, represents one of the most important post-translational modifications in eukaryotic organisms. Ubiquitylation is mediated by a sequential cascade of three enzyme classes including ubiquitin-activating enzymes (E1 enzymes), ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2 enzymes), and ubiquitin ligases (E3 enzymes), and sometimes, ubiquitin-chain elongation factors (E4 enzymes). Here, in vitro protocols for ubiquitylation assays are provided, which allow the assessment of E3 ubiquitin ligase activity, the cooperation between E2-E3 pairs, and substrate selection. Cooperating E2-E3 pairs can be screened by monitoring the generation of free poly-ubiquitin chains and/or auto-ubiquitylation of the E3 ligase. Substrate ubiquitylation is defined by selective binding of the E3 ligase and can be detected by western blotting of the in vitro reaction. Furthermore, an E2~Ub discharge assay is described, which is a useful tool for the direct assessment of functional E2-E3 cooperation. Here, the E3-dependent transfer of ubiquitin is followed from the corresponding E2 enzyme onto free lysine amino acids (mimicking substrate ubiquitylation) or internal lysines of the E3 ligase itself (auto-ubiquitylation). In conclusion, three different in vitro protocols are provided that are fast and easy to perform to address E3 ligase catalytic functionality.

In Vitro Analysis of E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Function

The present study provides detailed in vitro ubiquitylation assay protocols for the analysis of E3 ubiquitin ligase catalytic activity. Recombinant proteins were expressed using prokaryotic systems such as Escherichia coli culture.

In vitro Analisi della funzione E3 Ubiquitina ligasi

The covalent attachment of ubiquitin (Ub) to internal lysine residue(s) of a substrate protein, a process termed ubiquitylation, represents one of the ...