Il finanziamento è stato fornito da &quot;Progetto di un concorso Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico 2009-2010&quot; per MD, e Associazione Bambino Nefropatico ABN Onlus, Milano

Tutti gli esperimenti sugli animali sono stati eseguiti secondo la normativa vigente europee relative alla protezione degli animali utilizzati a fini scientifici e sono stati esaminati e approvati dal comitato etico dell&#39;Università di Milano e nazionali. 1. Isolamento di osteoblasti primari Il metodo, con lievi modifiche, segue la procedura descritta da Dodig et al 14. <ol><li> Preparare digerire medio, aggiungendo 0,1% collagenasi P e 0,05% tripsina (partendo dal 2,5% tripsina 10X, senza rosso fenolo) per mezzo HBSS (Hanks Balanced Salt Solution, senza calcio, magnesio, o rosso fenolo). </li><li> Utilizzare 3-4 giorni di età topi (il procedimento può essere applicato a appena 1 mouse). </li><li> Sacrifica per decapitazione. Spruzzare la testa con il 70% di etanolo e tenere in ghiaccio. Togliere la pelle e muscoli strati da pinzette e dissezione / forbici chirurgiche. </li><li> Rimuovere delicatamente le ossa parietali esepararli seguendo la sutura sagittale in due metà. Assicurarsi che le ossa sono liberi di suture e di eventuali tessuti aderenti e posizionare singoli pezzi ossei in piastre a pozzetti contenenti HBSS medio fino a quando la procedura è completata. </li><li> Scartare HBSS e aggiungere a ciascun pozzetto il mezzo digerire per 15 min a 37 ° C. </li><li> Scartare il surnatante. </li><li> Aggiungere nuovamente il mezzo digerire per 15 min a 37 ° C. </li><li> Questa volta salvare il surnatante e trasferirla in alfa-MEM (Medium Minimum Essential) supplementato con 10% FBS (siero fetale bovino) e l&#39;1% di streptomicina / penicillina. </li><li> Ripetere i punti 1.7 e 1.8 2x. </li><li> In comune le tre frazioni raccolte, le cellule di spin mediante centrifugazione a 425 g per 5 minuti, scartare il surnatante, aggiungere 3 ml di INTEGRAZIONI alfa-MEM per risospendere il pellet cellulare, e trasferirli in un pallone di 25 centimetri 2. </li><li> Cambia il mezzo dopo 24 ore per rimuovere i detriti e le cellule morte. </li><li> Aggiungi l&#39;acido 50 mg / ml ascorbico (AA) e 3 mm Glycerol 2-fosfato idrato sale disodico (GP) al mezzo alfa-MEM. </li><li> Successivamente, cambiare il mezzo (alfa-MEM più AA / GP) a giorni alterni. </li></ol> 2. ATRA protocollo <ol><li> Condurre tutti gli esperimenti con ATRA (acido all-trans retinoico), in una stanza buia per evitare inattivazione. </li><li> Preparare una soluzione di tripsina 1X in HBSS medio e mantenerlo a 37 ° C fino all&#39;utilizzo. </li><li> Rimuovere il supporto da cellule subconfluenti e accuratamente lavarli con HBSS. </li><li> Aggiungere 1 ml di tripsina, ruotare delicatamente il pallone per consentire tutte le celle da coprire con tripsina, e incubare per 3 min a 37 ° C. </li><li> Controllare il distacco effettivo di cellule al microscopio invertito. </li><li> Aggiungere 3 ml di alfa-MEM per inattivare la tripsina. </li><li> Recuperare le cellule e centrifugare per 15 minuti a 425 g. </li><li> Risospendere il pellet di cellule in terreno fresco. </li><li> Mettere una goccia in una camera di conteggio emocitometro, lasciare riposare per un paio di minuti e contare il cell numero. </li><li> Cellule posto a 25 centimetri 2 palloni con una densità di 10.000 cellule / cm 2 con alfa-MEM più AA / GP. Essere consapevoli del fatto che la densità cellulare è rilevante per lo sviluppo ottimale dei processi cellulari e contatti intercellulari. Una densità iniziale superiore a 10.000 cellule / cm 2 compromette il corretto sviluppo di processi cellulari, ma il numero di cellule inferiori provocare la morte prematura delle cellule, a causa dell&#39;assenza di contatti intercellulari. </li><li> Aggiungere 5 mM ATRA al mezzo ogni 24 ore. </li><li> Monitorare le cellule quotidianamente per valutare la morfologia: cambiamenti morfologici sono generalmente osservati dopo 48 ore. Se, dopo le prime 24-48 ore, le cellule sono ancora proliferano, replate alla densità sopra. Una popolazione omogenea di osteocytes matura è presente dopo 4-5 giorni. A seconda delle esigenze, utilizzare cellule in qualsiasi punto di tempo, fino a 12-15 giorni. </li><li> Quando le cellule vengono piastrate su altri supporti (come coprioggetto o piastre a pozzetti), assicurarsi che la densità sopra è mantenuta econtinuare ad aggiungere ATRA ogni 24 ore fino al momento dell&#39;uso. Lasciare cellule di aderire al nuovo supporto per almeno 24 ore prima dell&#39;esperimento. </li></ol> 3. Immunostaining <ol><li> Per immunostaining, piastra le cellule su vetrini e seguire le metodologie stabilite (si veda ad esempio Burry 15). </li><li> Ad esempio, per immunofluorescenza indiretta, fissare in paraformaldeide al 4% o acetone freddo, incubare sequenzialmente con l&#39;anticorpo primario a temperatura ambiente per 1 ora in una camera umidificata, poi con l&#39;anticorpo secondario marcato fluorescente al buio, a temperatura ambiente per 30 min, in una camera umidificata. </li><li> Utilizzare DAPI o analoghi per contrasto nucleare, e montare anti-fading medio. </li></ol> 4. Alizarina rossa colorazione e estrazione <ol><li> Piastra le cellule su vetrini. </li><li> Fissare le cellule immergendo il vetrino in etanolo al 70% per 10 min. </li><li> Coprire le cellule con alcune gocce di soluzione colorante rosso alizarina (1 mg / ml, pH 5,5)per 30 minuti. </li><li> Lavare i coprioggetti con acqua di rubinetto. Montare con una goccia di glicerolo su vetrini e prendere le immagini utilizzando un microscopio verticale a 10X e 20X di ingrandimento. </li><li> Dopo la procedura di cui sopra, recuperare i coprioggetto immergendo i vetrini in acqua di rubinetto. </li><li> Mettere ogni vetrino in una piastra ben. </li><li> Aggiungere acido perclorico al 60% (la quantità deve essere sufficiente a coprire completamente le cellule) e lasciare O / N a 4 ° C con agitazione. </li><li> Leggere la densità ottica del surnatante mediante spettrofotometria a 450 nm. </li><li> Per normalizzare i valori per numero di cellule, aggiungere Janus verde (soluzione allo 0,2% in PBS) per coprire il preparato cellulare per 10 min. </li><li> Lavare accuratamente con acqua ultrapura. </li><li> Aggiungere 0,5 N HCl (la quantità deve essere sufficiente a coprire tutte le cellule) e agitare delicatamente a mano per pochi secondi. </li><li> Leggere l&#39;assorbanza a 615 nm mediante spettrofotometria. </li></ol>

<ol>
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L., Bonewald, L. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamics+of+the+transition+from+osteoblast+to+osteocyte.">Dynamics of the transition from osteoblast to osteocyte.</a> Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1192, 437-443 (2010).</li><li>van der Plas, A., Nijweide, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+and+purification+of+osteocytes.">Isolation and purification of osteocytes.</a> J Bone Miner Res. 7 (4), 389-396 (1992).</li><li>Nijweide, P. J., van der Plas, A., Alblas, M. J., Klein-Nulend, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Osteocyte+isolation+and+culture.">Osteocyte isolation and culture.</a> Methods Mol Med. 80, 41-50 (2003).</li><li>Stern, A. R., Stern, M. M., Van Dyke, M. 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R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ATRA+induces+podocyte+differentiation+and+alters+nephrin+and+podocin+expression+in+vitro+and+in+vivo.">ATRA induces podocyte differentiation and alters nephrin and podocin expression in vitro and in vivo.</a> Kidney Int. 68 (1), 133-144 (2005).</li><li>Dodig, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+a+TAAT-containing+motif+required+for+high+level+expression+of+the+COL1A1+promoter+in+differentiated+osteoblasts+of+transgenic+mice.">Identification of a TAAT-containing motif required for high level expression of the COL1A1 promoter in differentiated osteoblasts of transgenic mice.</a> J Biol Chem. 271 (27), 16422-16429 (1996).</li><li>Burry, R. 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Negli ultimi anni il osteociti è emerso come la cella più centrale nell&#39;osso. Progressi della ricerca stanno progressivamente rivelando un certo numero di proprietà osteociti insospettabili o non provati, che sono di enorme valore per la progettazione di nuovi e migliore trattamento per una varietà di malattie delle ossa. Tuttavia, indagini di biologia osteociti è stato colpito dalla limitata disponibilità di modelli in vitro a tal punto che osteoblasti sono state usate come cellule surrogati per un l...

Osteociti, il più abbondante tipo cellule ossee, sono terminalmente differenziate, cellule altamente ramificati localizzati in profondità all&#39;interno dello scheletro. Il corpo cellulare dei osteocytes mature sono contenute nelle lacune di osso e hanno forme diverse; osteociti con corpi cellulari allungati si trovano nell&#39;osso corticale, osteociti arrotondati che sono più frequenti nell&#39;osso trabecolare 1. Dendriti ramificati estendono dal corpo cellulare e risiedono in piccoli canali chiamati canalicoli, formando una rete complessa che rende più contatti non solo con altri osteociti, ma anche con altri tipi di cellule di midollo, midollo osseo, vasi sanguigni e periciti associati. Attraverso il fluido interstiziale contenuta in lacune e canalicoli, osteociti sono anche definitiva collegato al sistema di circolazione, quindi possono influenzare non solo locale ma anche eventi sistemici, e viceversa il loro comportamento può essere regolata da variazioni sia locali che sistemici 2. Ilstudio di osteociti ha recentemente acquisito slancio, grazie a diversi miglioramenti tecnici, quali la generazione di tessuti e animali transgenici cellula-specifici, l&#39;uso di potenti tecniche di microscopia e di high throughput screening molecolare 3,4. Tuttavia, la conoscenza di queste cellule è ancora incompleta, principalmente a causa della relativa scarsità di adeguati modelli in vitro. In realtà, osteociti sono stati sempre difficili da ottenere e mantenere in coltura a causa della posizione profonda, e il basso livello di proliferazione che caratterizza tale tipo di cellula differenziata. Nel corso degli anni, un certo numero di metodi sono stati sviluppati per isolare osteociti primario 5-7, se generalmente producono produzioni di cellule basse e comportano il rischio che anche alcuni fibroblasti contaminanti saranno rapidamente invadere il osteociti 8. Per questo motivo, più sperimentale in opera vitro è stato condotto finora sulla cella osteociti consolidata line MLO-Y4 9. Metodologie aggiuntive in vitro potrebbero aumentare la possibilità di studiare queste cellule e potrebbero migliorare l&#39;analisi della osteociti biologia e fisiopatologia. Per essere ampiamente adottati, tali metodi dovrebbero essere facili da riprodurre, e non richiederebbero particolari strumentazioni o tempi molto lunghi per raggiungere la maturazione delle cellule. Importante, se applicabile a cellule primarie, che consentirebbero di sfruttare animali transgenici. Recentemente abbiamo descritto che il trattamento della linea cellulare osteoblastica MC3T3-E1 e di osteoblasti primari con acido retinoico induce un cambiamento fenotipo rapido portando allo sviluppo di una popolazione omogenea di cellule ramificate recanti caratteristiche morfologiche e molecolari di osteociti 10. All-trans retinoico (ATRA) è un prodotto del metabolismo attivo della vitamina A che regola la trascrizione genica legandosi ai recettori dell&#39;acido retinoico nucleari (ARSA). RARslegarsi al DNA come eterodimeri con i retinoidi X recettori (RXRs), portando in definitiva a modulazione di acido retinoico (RA)-reattiva geni bersaglio 11. ATRA è stato dimostrato che modulano la differenziazione e la maturazione dei diversi tipi di cellule, tra i quali altre cellule ramificate come le cellule neuronali 12 e podociti 13. Il metodo qui descritto è basato sulla aggiunta di ATRA di osteoblasti primari. Per essere efficace, ATRA deve essere aggiunto in una fase di maturazione preciso su cellule piastrate ad una densità definita; nella nostra esperienza queste condizioni sono fondamentali per ottenere l&#39;interruttore fenotipo di osteoblasti a osteocytes.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:923px;" width="923">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:283px;">Name</td>
			<td style="width:239px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Cat #</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Collagenase P</td>
			<td>Roche Applied Science</td>
			<td>11213857001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Trypsin</td>
			<td>Gibco, Life Technologies</td>
			<td>15400054</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">HBSS</td>
			<td>Gibco, Life Technologies</td>
			<td>14175129</td>
			<td>Pre-warm at 37&#176;C before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Alpha-MEM</td>
			<td>Invitrogen, Life Technologies</td>
			<td>22571038</td>
			<td>Pre-warm at 37&#176;C before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">FBS</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>F4135</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Streptomycin/Penicillin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P4333</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Ascorbic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A4403</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">glycerol 2-phosphate disodium salt hydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G9422</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">ATRA</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>R2625</td>
			<td>Protect ATRA from light</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P6148</td>
			<td>Dissolve in PBS and filter before use. Work always under a chemical hood.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">DAPI</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>32670</td>
			<td>Can be added to the secondary antibody</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Alizarin red</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A5533</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Janus Green</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>201677</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Perchloric acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>176745</td>
			<td>Use with caution (skin and eye protection are recommended)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">HCl</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>320331</td>
			<td>Use with caution (skin and eye protection are recommended)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">glycerol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G5516</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">fluorsave</td>
			<td>Calbiochem - Merck</td>
			<td>345789</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Economy Tweezers #7, 0.40 x 0.5mm tips</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>501981</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Economy Tweezers #4, 0.40 x 0.45mm tips</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>501978</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Dissecting Scissors, straight,10cm curved</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>14394</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Surgical Scissors, 14 cm, straight, S/S</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>501218</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Culture flasks</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>430168</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Well-plates</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>3335</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Thermanox coverslips</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific Nunc</td>
			<td>12-565-27</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">microscope</td>
			<td>Zeiss Apotome</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">spectrometer</td>
			<td>Safas Xenius</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

application of retinoic acid to obtain osteocytes cultures from primary mouse osteoblasts

<html> La necessità di culture osteociti è ben noto alla comunità dei ricercatori ossee; isolamento di osteociti primario è difficile e produce il numero di cellule bassi. Pertanto, il sistema cellulare più usato è la linea cellulare MLO-Y4 osteociti-like. Il metodo qui descritto si riferisce all&#39;uso di acido retinoico per generare una popolazione omogenea di cellule ramificate con caratteristiche osteociti morfologici e molecolari. Dopo l&#39;isolamento degli osteoblasti da calvaria topo, acido all-trans retinoico (ATRA) viene aggiunto a un terreno cella, e di monitoraggio delle cellule viene effettuato giornalmente al microscopio invertito. I primi cambiamenti morfologici sono rilevabili dopo 2 giorni di trattamento e differenziazione, è completa in 5 giorni, con progressivo sviluppo dei dendriti, perdita della capacità di produrre matrice extracellulare, down-regulation dei marcatori osteoblasti e up-regolazione di molecole specifiche per osteociti. contenuto &quot;&gt; monitoraggio delle cellule giornaliero è necessaria a causa della variabilità intrinseca delle cellule primarie, e il protocollo può essere adattato con minime variazioni di cellule ottenute da diversi ceppi di topi e applicate ai modelli transgenici. Il metodo è di facile esecuzione e non richiede strumenti speciali, è altamente riproducibile, e genera rapidamente una popolazione osteociti maturo in completa assenza di matrice extracellulare, permettendo l&#39;uso di queste cellule per applicazioni biologiche illimitati.

Risultati sono stati ottenuti da 5 a 10 esperimenti indipendenti. Morfologia cellulare AA / GP trattati con cellule primarie hanno caratteristiche prevalentemente di ciottoli simili, caratteristici degli osteoblasti maturi. Cellule ramificate intervallati (come indicato dalle frecce rosse in figura 1A) possono essere trovati, che probabilmente rappresentano alcuni osteocytes. Con il trattamento ATRA, le cellule in rapida in...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Application of Retinoic Acid to Obtain Osteocytes Cultures from Primary Mouse Osteoblasts at JoVE.com

Application of Retinoic Acid to Obtain Osteocytes Cultures from Primary Mouse Osteoblasts

Trattamento di osteoblasti di topo primari con acido retinoico produce una popolazione omogenea di cellule ramificate recanti caratteristiche morfologiche e molecolari di osteociti. Il metodo supera la difficoltà di ottenere e mantenere osteociti primari in coltura, e può essere vantaggioso per studiare cellule derivate da modelli transgenici.

Applicazione di acido retinoico per ottenere colture osteocytes da principale del mouse osteoblasti

The need for osteocyte cultures is well known to the community of bone researchers; isolation of primary osteocytes is difficult and produces low cell ...

application-retinoic-acid-to-obtain-osteocytes-cultures-from-primary

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

13.3K Views.  Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico.  Trattamento di osteoblasti di topo primari con acido retinoico produce una popolazione omogenea di cellule ramificate recanti caratteristiche morfologiche e molecolari di osteociti. Il metodo supera la difficoltà di ottenere e mantenere osteociti primari in coltura, e può essere vantaggioso per studiare cellule derivate da modelli transgenici. 

Video: Application of Retinoic Acid to Obtain Osteocytes Cultures from Primary Mouse Osteoblasts

Primary Neuronal Cultures from the Brains of Late Stage Drosophila Pupae

In this video, we demonstrate the preparation of primary neuronal cultures from the brains of late stage Drosophila pupae. The procedure begins with the removal of brains from animals at 70-78 hrs after puparium formation. The isolated brains are shown after brief incubation in papain followed by several washes in serum-free growth medium. The process of mechanical dissociation of each brain in a 5 ul drop of media on a coverslip is illustrated. The axons and dendrites of the post-mitotic neurons are sheered off near the soma during dissociation but the neurons begin to regenerate processes within a few hours of plating. Images show live cultures at 2 days. Neurons continue to elaborate processes during the first week in culture. Specific neuronal populations can be identified in culture using GAL4 lines to drive tissue specific expression of fluorescent markers such as  GFP or RFP. Whole cell recordings have demonstrated the cultured neurons form functional, spontaneously active cholinergic and GABAergic synapses. A short video segment illustrates calcium dynamics in the cultured neurons using Fura-2 as a calcium indicator dye to monitor spontaneous calcium transients and nicotine evoked calcium responses in a dish of cultured neurons. These pupal brain cultures are a useful model system in which genetic and pharmacological tools can be used to identify intrinsic and extrinsic factors that influence formation and function of central synapses.

This video demonstrates the preparation of primary neuronal cultures from the brains of late stage Drosophila pupae. Views of live cultures show neurite outgrowth and imaging of calcium levels using Fura-2.

Culture primarie neuronale dal cervello di tardo fase Drosophila Pupae

In this video, we demonstrate the preparation of primary neuronal cultures from the brains of late stage Drosophila pupae. The procedure begins with the ...

Ricerca

Biologia

Primary Dissociated Midbrain Dopamine Cell Cultures from Rodent Neonates

The ability to create primary cell cultures of dopamine neurons allows for the study of the presynaptic characteristics of dopamine neurons in isolation from systemic input from elsewhere in the brain. In our lab, we use these neurons to assess dopamine release kinetics using carbon fiber amperometry, as well as expression levels of dopamine related genes and proteins using quantitative PCR and immunocytochemistry. In this video, we show you how we generate these cultures from rodent neonates.
The process involves several steps, including the plating of cortical glial astrocytes, the conditioning of neuronal cell culture media by the glial substrate, the dissection of the midbrain in neonates, the digestion, extraction and plating of dopamine neurons and the addition of neurotrophic factors to ensure cell survival.
The applications suitable for such a preparation include electrophysiology, immunocytochemistry, quantitative PCR, video microscopy (i.e., of real-time vesicular fusion with the plasma membrane), cell viability assays and other toxicological screens.

Primary dissociated midbrain dopamine cell cultures allow for the study of presynaptic characteristics of dopamine neurons. They can be used to monitor real-time dopamine release kinetics and protein/mRNA levels of regulators of dopamine exocytosis. Here, we show you how to generate these cultures from rodent neonates.

Primaria dissociato mesencefalo colture cellulari dopamina da roditori neonati

The ability to create primary cell cultures of dopamine neurons allows for the study of the presynaptic characteristics of dopamine neurons in isolation ...

The Preparation of Primary Hematopoietic Cell Cultures From Murine Bone Marrow for Electroporation

It is becoming increasingly apparent that electroporation is the most effective way to introduce plasmid DNA or siRNA into primary cells. The Gene Pulser MXcell  electroporation system and Gene Pulser  electroporation buffer were specifically developed to transfect nucleic acids into mammalian cells and difficult-to-transfect cells, such as primary and stem cells.This video demonstrates how to establish primary hematopoietic cell cultures from murine bone marrow, and then prepare them for electroporation in the MXcell system. We begin by isolating femur and tibia. Bone marrow from both femur and tibia are then harvested and cultures are established. Cultured bone marrow cells are then transfected and analyzed.

This procedure describes how to establish primary hematopoietic cell cultures from murine bone marrow and is followed by transfection using the Gene Pulser MXCell electroporation system.

La preparazione di colture primarie di cellule emopoietiche dal midollo osseo murino per elettroporazione

It is becoming increasingly apparent that electroporation is the most effective way to introduce plasmid DNA or siRNA into primary cells. The Gene Pulser ...

Establishing Primary Adult Fibroblast Cultures From Rodents

The importance of using primary cells, rather than cancer cell lines, for biological studies is becoming widely recognized. Primary cells are preferred in studies of cell cycle control, apoptosis, and DNA repair, as cancer cells carry mutations in genes involved in these processes. Primary cells cannot be cultured indefinitely due to the onset of replicative senescence or aneuploidization. Hence, new cultures need to be established regularly. The procedure for isolation of rodent embryonic fibroblasts is well established, but isolating adult fibroblast cultures often presents a challenge. Adult rodent fibroblasts isolated from mouse models of human disease may be a preferred control when comparing them to fibroblasts from human patients. Furthermore, adult fibroblasts are the only available material when working with wild rodents where pregnant females cannot be easily obtained. Here we provide a protocol for isolation and culture of adult fibroblasts from rodent skin and lungs. We used this procedure successfully to isolate fibroblasts from over twenty rodent species from laboratory mice and rats to wild rodents such as beaver, porcupine, and squirrel.

This article describes a protocol for isolation and maintenance of primary fibroblast cultures from skin and lung tissue of wild rodents.

Stabilire colture primarie di fibroblasti adulti dai roditori

The importance of using primary cells, rather than cancer cell lines, for biological studies is becoming widely recognized.  Primary cells are preferred ...

Primary Cell Cultures from Drosophila Gastrula Embryos

Here we describe a method for preparing and culturing primary cells dissociated from Drosophila gastrula embryos. In brief, a large amount of staged embryos from young and healthy flies are collected, sterilized, and then physically dissociated into a single cell suspension using a glass homogenizer. After being plated on culture plates or chamber slides at an appropriate density in culture medium, these cells can further differentiate into several morphologically-distinct cell types, which can be identified by their specific cell markers. Furthermore, we present conditions for treating these cells with double stranded (ds) RNAs to elicit gene knockdown. Efficient RNAi in Drosophila primary cells is accomplished by simply bathing the cells in dsRNA-containing culture medium. The ability to carry out effective RNAi perturbation, together with other molecular, biochemical, cell imaging analyses, will allow a variety of questions to be answered in Drosophila primary cells, especially those related to differentiated muscle and neuronal cells.

Primary Cell Cultures from Drosophila Gastrula Embryos

We provide a detailed protocol for preparing primary cells dissociated from Drosophila embryos. The ability to carry out the effective RNAi perturbation, together with other molecular, biochemical and cell imaging methods will allow a variety of questions to be addressed in Drosophila primary cells.

Colture cellulari primarie da Drosophila Gastrula embrioni

Here we describe a method for preparing and culturing primary cells dissociated from Drosophila gastrula embryos.   In brief, a large amount of staged ...

Isolating Primary Melanocyte-like Cells from the Mouse Heart

We identified a novel population of melanocyte-like cells (also known as cardiac melanocytes) in the hearts of mice and humans that contribute to atrial arrhythmia triggers in mice. To investigate the electrical and biological properties of cardiac melanocytes we developed a procedure to isolate them from mouse hearts that we derived from those designed to isolate neonatal murine cardiomyocytes. In order to obtain healthier cardiac melanocytes suitable for more extensive patch clamp or biochemical studies, we developed a refined procedure for isolating and plating cardiac melanocytes based on those originally designed to isolate cutaneous melanocytes. The refined procedure is demonstrated in this review and produces larger numbers of healthy melanocyte-like cells that can be plated as a pure population or with cardiomyocytes.

In this protocol, we identified a novel population of melanocyte-like cells (also known as cardiac melanocytes) in the hearts of mice and humans that contribute to atrial arrhythmia triggers in mice.&#160;

Isolamento di cellule melanociti-come primario dal Cuore del mouse

We identified a novel population of melanocyte-like cells (also known as cardiac melanocytes) in the hearts of mice and humans that contribute to atrial ...

Na&iuml;ve Adult Stem Cells Isolation from Primary Human Fibroblast Cultures

Over the last decade, several adult stem cell populations have been identified in human skin 1-4. The isolation of multipotent adult dermal precursors was first reported by Miller F. D laboratory 5, 6. These early studies described a multipotent precursor cell population from adult mammalian dermis 5. These cells--termed SKPs, for skin-derived precursors-- were isolated and expanded from rodent and human skin and differentiated into both neural and mesodermal progeny, including cell types never found in skin, such as neurons 5. Immunocytochemical studies on cultured SKPs revealed that cells expressed vimentin and nestin, an intermediate filament protein expressed in neural and skeletal muscle precursors, in addition to fibronectin and multipotent stem cell markers 6. Until now, the adult stem cells population SKPs have been isolated from freshly collected mammalian skin biopsies.
Recently, we have established and reported that a population of skin derived precursor cells could remain present in primary fibroblast cultures established from skin biopsies 7. The assumption that a few somatic stem cells might reside in primary fibroblast cultures at early population doublings was based upon the following observations: (1) SKPs and primary fibroblast cultures are derived from the dermis, and therefore a small number of SKP cells could remain present in primary dermal fibroblast cultures and (2) primary fibroblast cultures grown from frozen aliquots that have been subjected to unfavorable temperature during storage or transfer contained a small number of cells that remained viable 7. These rare cells were able to expand and could be passaged several times. This observation suggested that a small number of cells with high proliferation potency and resistance to stress were present in human fibroblast cultures 7.
We took advantage of these findings to establish a protocol for rapid isolation of adult stem cells from primary fibroblast cultures that are readily available from tissue banks around the world (Figure 1). This method has important significance as it allows the isolation of precursor cells when skin samples are not accessible while fibroblast cultures may be available from tissue banks, thus, opening new opportunities to dissect the molecular mechanisms underlying rare genetic diseases as well as modeling diseases in a dish.

Na&amp;#239;ve Adult Stem Cells Isolation from Primary Human Fibroblast Cultures

We report a method to isolate na&#239;ve multipotent skin-derived precursor (SKP) cells from primary human fibroblast cultures. We show that these SKPs derived from fibroblast cultures share similar stem cell properties to the ones derived directly from human skin biopsies. These cells express the neural crest marker, nestin, in addition to the multipotent markers such as OCT4 and Nanog.

Naïve Adult Stem Cells isolamento da colture primarie di fibroblasti umani

Over the last decade, several adult stem cell  populations have been identified in human skin 1-4.  The isolation of multipotent adult dermal precursors ...

Isolation of Primary Myofibroblasts from Mouse and Human Colon Tissue

The myofibroblast is a stromal cell of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract that has been gaining considerable attention for its critical role in many GI functions. While several myofibroblast cell lines are commercially available to study these cells in vitro, research results from a cell line exposed to experimental cell culture conditions have inherent limitations due to the overly reductionist nature of the work. Use of primary myofibroblasts offers a great advantage in terms of confirming experimental findings identified in a cell line. Isolation of primary myofibroblasts from an animal model allows for the study of myofibroblasts under conditions that more closely mimic the disease state being studied. Isolation of primary myofibroblasts from human colon tissue provides arguably the most relevant experimental data, since the cells come directly from patients with the underlying disease. We describe a well-established technique that can be utilized to isolate primary myofibroblasts from both mouse and human colon tissue. These isolated cells have been characterized to be alpha-smooth muscle actin and vimentin-positive, and desmin-negative, consistent with subepithelial intestinal myofibroblasts. Primary myofibroblast cells can be grown in cell culture and used for experimental purposes over a limited number of passages.

The myofibroblast is an influential stromal cell of the gastrointestinal tract that regulates important physiologic processes in both normal and disease states. We describe a technique that allows for the isolation of primary myofibroblasts from both mouse and human colon tissue, which can be utilized for in vitro experimentation.

Isolamento di primaria miofibroblasti da mouse e Colon Tessuto umano

The myofibroblast is  a stromal cell of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract that has been gaining  considerable attention for its critical role in many GI ...

Preparation of Primary Myogenic Precursor Cell/Myoblast Cultures from Basal Vertebrate Lineages

Due to the inherent difficulty and time involved with studying the myogenic program in vivo, primary culture systems derived from the resident adult stem cells of skeletal muscle, the myogenic precursor cells (MPCs), have proven indispensible to our understanding of mammalian skeletal muscle development and growth. Particularly among the basal taxa of Vertebrata, however, data are limited describing the molecular mechanisms controlling the self-renewal, proliferation, and differentiation of MPCs. Of particular interest are potential mechanisms that underlie the ability of basal vertebrates to undergo considerable postlarval skeletal myofiber hyperplasia (i.e.&#160;teleost fish) and full regeneration following appendage loss (i.e.&#160;urodele amphibians). Additionally, the use of cultured myoblasts could aid in the understanding of regeneration and the recapitulation of the myogenic program and the differences between them. To this end, we describe in detail a robust and efficient protocol (and variations therein) for isolating and maintaining MPCs and their progeny, myoblasts and immature myotubes, in cell culture as a platform for understanding the evolution of the myogenic program, beginning with the more basal vertebrates. Capitalizing on the model organism status of the zebrafish (Danio rerio), we report on the application of this protocol to small fishes of the cyprinid clade Danioninae. In tandem, this protocol can be utilized to realize a broader comparative approach by isolating MPCs from the Mexican axolotl (Ambystomamexicanum) and even laboratory rodents. This protocol is now widely used in studying myogenesis in several fish species, including rainbow trout, salmon, and sea bream1-4.

In vitro culture systems have proven indispensible to our understanding of vertebrate myogenesis. However, much remains to be learned about nonmammalian skeletal muscle development and growth, particularly in basal taxa. An efficient and robust protocol for isolating the adult stem cells of this tissue, the myogenic precursor cells (MPCs), and maintaining their self-renewal, proliferation, and differentiation in a primary culture setting allows for the identification of conserved and divergent regulatory mechanisms throughout the vertebrate lineages.

Preparazione di primaria Miogenica precursori cellulari / Culture mioblasti dal basale vertebrati Lignaggi

Due to the inherent difficulty and time involved with studying the myogenic program in vivo, primary culture systems derived from the resident adult stem ...

Determination of Fatty Acid Oxidation and Lipogenesis in Mouse Primary Hepatocytes

Lipid metabolism in liver is complex. In addition to importing and exporting lipid via lipoproteins, hepatocytes can oxidize lipid via fatty acid oxidation, or alternatively, synthesize new lipid via de novo lipogenesis. The net sum of these pathways is dictated by a number of factors, which in certain disease states leads to fatty liver disease. Excess hepatic lipid accumulation is associated with whole body insulin resistance and coronary heart disease. Tools to study lipid metabolism in hepatocytes are useful to understand the role of hepatic lipid metabolism in certain metabolic disorders.
In the liver, hepatocytes regulate the breakdown and synthesis of fatty acids via &#946;-fatty oxidation and de novo lipogenesis, respectively. Quantifying metabolism in these pathways provides insight into hepatic lipid handling. Unlike in vitro quantification, using primary hepatocytes, making measurements in vivo is technically challenging and resource intensive. Hence, quantifying &#946;-fatty acid oxidation and de novo lipogenesis in cultured mouse hepatocytes provides a straight forward method to assess hepatocyte lipid handling. 
Here we describe a method for the isolation of primary mouse hepatocytes, and we demonstrate quantification of &#946;-fatty acid oxidation and de novo lipogenesis, using radiolabeled substrates.

De novo lipogenesis and &#946;-fatty acid oxidation constitute key metabolic pathways in hepatocyte, pathways that are perturbed in several metabolic disorders, including fatty liver disease. Here we demonstrate isolation of mouse primary hepatocytes and describe quantification of &#946;-fatty acid oxidation and lipogenesis.