Gli autori desiderano ringraziare l&#39;avvio del fondo e il reparto di chirurgia assegno di ricerca presso la Southern Illinois University, School of Medicine; e la concessione Memorial Medical Foundation.

1. Recupero chirurgico Nota: L&#39;approvazione IRB è stata ottenuta per raccogliere il moncone del LCA durante l&#39;intervento chirurgico di ricostruzione del LCA. Esenzione IRB è stato dato come il moncone ACL utilizzato erano generalmente scartati come rifiuti chirurgico. 20 pazienti sono stati usati per raccogliere il moncone ACL. <ol><li> Somministrare anestesia generale e antibiotici pre-operatorie come da protocollo dell&#39;ente per il paziente. </li><li> Applicare il laccio emostatico e gonfiare 100 mg di sopra della pressione arteriosa sistolica. </li><li> Collocare il paziente in posizione supina. Effettuare una incisione antero-laterale orizzontale con il ginocchio in 30-45 ° di flessione per un portale 5 mm e inserire il trocar artroscopica e la macchina fotografica nella borsa sovrarotuleo a 30 °. </li><li> Eseguire una artroscopia diagnostica di routine. </li><li> Inserisci una tacca e debride sinovia membranosa sul strappato ACL. </li><li> Utilizzare un rasoio 4,5 millimetri e ablator per identificare il ceppo ACL. </li><li> Utilizzare un ornitorinco dritto amaro per raccogliere spe multiplacimens dei restanti ceppo ACL. </li><li> Mantenere il campione in soluzione salina in un contenitore sterile. </li><li> Inviare i campioni alla patologia per la decodifica e la consegna finale alla struttura di laboratorio. </li><li> Recuperare paziente ed eseguire cure post-operatorie come da protocollo dell&#39;ente. </li></ol> 2. Digestione tessuti e isolamento HACL <ol><li> Trasferire il tessuto umano ACL ricevuto da patologia a una piastra di Petri con soluzione salina sterile / PBS (tampone fosfato salino). </li><li> Tritare il tessuto con le forbici sterili in 1-2 mm 3 pezzi e lavare il tessuto tritato con soluzione fisiologica almeno 3 volte. </li><li> Digerire il tessuto tritato con 0,4% collagenasi in DMEM/F-12 (50/50, 1x) medium supplementato con 10% di siero bovino fetale (FBS) e 1% di penicillina / streptomicina per 4-6 ore a 37 ° C. </li><li> Centrifugare le cellule a 1000 xg per 5 minuti e poi risospendere le cellule in medium. </li><li> Lavare le cellule con il mezzo per 2-3 volte e poi seed / cultura in T-25 palloni per 2-3 giorni. </li></ol> 3. Espansione cellulare, congelamento e di scongelamento <ol><li> Utilizzare un microscopio ottico per visualizzare le cellule in coltura per 2-3 giorni in un pallone T-25. </li><li> Mantenere le cellule a 37 ° C in DMEM/F-12 (50/50, 1x) medie supplementato con 10% di siero bovino fetale (FBS) e 1% di penicillina / streptomicina (P / S). Nota: Cambiare i media quando le cellule mostrano l&#39;aderenza e la morfologia standard. Utilizzare un microscopio ottico per osservare le cellule. </li><li> Lavare le cellule confluenti con PBS al giorno 7 (~ 1,3 x 10 6 cellule / boccetta). Aggiungere tripsina (0,5 g / L) e incubare le cellule a 37 ° C per 5 min. Aggiungere supporti per cellule sospese per neutralizzare la tripsina. Dividere il composto media-cellulare tra tre T-25 palloni. </li><li> Lavare le cellule confluenti con PBS, aggiungere tripsina (0,5 g / L), e risospendere in congelamento terreno contenente DMSO, FBS e il mezzo completo (DMEM/F-12 Piano + 10% FBS + 1% P / S) nella rapporto 01:02:07. </li><li> Negoziole fiale criogeniche a -80 ° C se verranno utilizzati le cellule entro un mese, e in azoto liquido se saranno conservati cellule per periodi più lunghi. </li><li> Scongelare le provette in un bagno d&#39;acqua a 37 ° per il riutilizzo. Nota: in genere le cellule 90-95% sopravvivono. </li></ol> 4. Fabbricazione di Tissue Engineered 2-D Poly lattico-co-glicolico acido (plaga) Scaffold <ol><li> Sciogliere 1 g di plaga in 12 ml di diclorometano in 20 ml di scintillazione flaconcino e agitare la soluzione per 8 ore a velocità costante (800 rpm). Nota: Descrizione dettagliata in Gupta et al 15. </li><li> Trasferire la soluzione disciolta in un piatto di vetro Petri foderata con carta di protezione fluorurato. </li><li> Porre la capsula Petri sotto una cappa di aspirazione per 30 min. Lasciare la piastra di Petri a -20 ° C per una notte e poi a temperatura ambiente. Porre le capsule di Petri in liofilizzatore per garantire la completa evaporazione del solvente per ottenere film sottili di polimero. </li><li> Posizionare il fi polimeroLMS in un essiccatore per 24 ore. </li><li> Tagliare le pellicole polimeriche in 12 mm di diametro dischi circolari e memorizzarli in un essiccatore fino a quando necessario. </li></ol> 5. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) <ol><li> Lavare le cellule (50.000 cellule / disk) seminati sul TCPS controllo e il scaffold plaga con PBS 7 giorni successivi semina. </li><li> Utilizzare 1,5% glutaraldeide in tampone 0,1 M cacodilato per fissare le cellule e il 2,5% OsO 4 in 0.1 M tampone cacodilato per la post-fissazione. </li><li> Lavare le cellule fissate con 0.1 M tampone cacodilato. Essiccare le cellule fissate mediante disidratazione seriale etanolo (50%, 70%, 80%, 90% e 100%) per 15 minuti ciascuno, e in seguito secco in Esametildisilazane (HMDS) durante la notte. </li><li> Ventilare la camera di SEM sistema di rivestimento a polverizzazione con valvola a pulsante e sollevare la piastra superiore. </li><li> Posizionare i campioni essiccati in camera. Abbassare la piastra superiore. </li><li> Accendere la manopola di controllo per pompare per iniziare l&#39;evacuazione della camera. </li><li> Valvola di fuga aperta argon. Aspettiper il vuoto scenda a 0,05 mbar. </li><li> Cappotto campioni essiccati con uno strato sottile (0,13 nm) di oro / palladio. </li><li> Riportare la valvola perdita argon alla sua posizione chiusa. </li><li> Accendere la manopola off. </li><li> Ventilare la camera con valvola tasto e sollevare la piastra superiore. </li><li> Rimuovere i campioni e conservarli in un essiccatore per 24 ore. </li><li> Osservare i campioni al microscopio elettronico a scansione. </li></ol> 6. Immunofluorescenza <ol><li> Lavare le cellule (50.000 cellule / disk) seminati sul TCPS controllo e il scaffold plaga con PBS 7 giorni successivi semina. </li><li> Fissare le cellule con 70% di etanolo (freddo) per 10 min. </li><li> Incubare le cellule fissate a temperatura ambiente con 1% di sieroalbumina bovina (BSA) in PBS con 0,05% Triton X-100 per 20 min. </li><li> Immergere i campioni in 1% Tween a temperatura ambiente per 20 min. </li><li> Aggiungi monoclonale anti-β-actina anticorpi (1:400) e incubare le cellule overnight a 4 ° C. </li><li> Lavare le cellule con il 0,05% di Tween. Aggiungere anticorpo secondario (capra anti-topo F (ab &#39;) 2 frammento di IgG coniugato con una sonda a fluorescenza, 1:400) alle cellule e incubare per 1 ora a temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Lavare le cellule con PBS. Colorare le cellule con colorazione nucleare e montare con l&#39;80% di glicerina. </li><li> Osservare le cellule al microscopio confocale. </li></ol>

<ol>
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Gli autori dichiarano di non avere interessi finanziari in competizione.

L&#39;obiettivo primario di questo studio impalcatura hACL/2D stato quello di utilizzare le cellule ottenute in una patch per aumentare la riparazione primaria di lacrime ACL parziali. Gestione incruento di lacrime ACL parziali possono includere un breve periodo di immobilizzazione, tonificante, un programma di riabilitazione progressiva e regolari valutazioni di follow-up 13,16,17. Tuttavia, molti studi dimostrano che il trattamento conservativo negli atleti è stata associata con scarsi risultati e fallimen...

Il legamento crociato anteriore (LCA) è un legamento intra-articolare comunemente feriti del ginocchio. Circa 200.000 (ACL) lesioni sono segnalati ogni anno negli Stati Uniti. Oltre il 75% dei pazienti con lesioni ACL optare per la chirurgia ricostruttiva ortopedica 1,2,3,4. L&#39;intervento chirurgico è spesso indicato a causa di un potenziale di guarigione per sé mediocre 3. Ricostruzione del LCA in genere viene eseguita per mezzo di un innesto di osso autologo o allogenico tendine. Autologo e allogenico rappresentano il gold standard per la ricostruzione come si vantano tassi di successo elevati, e la riparazione sutura primaria, l&#39;altra opzione di trattamento, ha mostrato tassi di fallimento fino al 94% 5,6,7. Rotture parziali della ACL rappresentano il 10% al 28% di tutte le lacrime ACL 8. In uno studio prospettico, Noyes et al. Stima che il 50% dei pazienti con rotture parziali che interessano più della metà del LCA progredito per completare ACL insufficienza dopo la non-trattamento chirurgico 9. Altri studi riportano persistente instabilità e la funzione diminuiti con meno del 30% dei pazienti in grado di tornare alle loro pre-infortunio livello di attività 9,10,11,12,13. Le opzioni di trattamento sono limitate e comprendono le modalità conservative, ritiro termico di rimanere ACL, o ricostruzione del LCA. Recentemente, c&#39;è stato un crescente interesse per la riparazione primaria aumentata. Queste tecniche utilizzano farmaci biologici per migliorare la riparazione di sutura primaria 14. Recenti ricerche hanno tentato di raccogliere mesenchimali come HACL derivato cellule staminali per aggirare le limitazioni innesto, 31,32 ma la validità e l&#39;efficacia di queste cellule è ancora sconosciuta. La fonte cellulare ideale per applicazioni di ingegneria tissutale sembra essere non mesechymal HACL derivato cellule di fibroblasti. La ricerca attuale si concentra sull&#39;identificazione un materiale di matrice adatto e fonte di cellule per il scaffold ingegnerizzati. Si tratta di una procedura standard per un ACL strappato da scartare come surifiuti rgical durante l&#39;intervento chirurgico di ricostruzione, tuttavia, questo legamento danneggiato può essere una fonte di qualità per l&#39;acquisizione di cellule necessarie per sviluppare e valorizzare un tessuto ideale ingegnerizzato sostituzione ACL. Il nostro laboratorio ha sviluppato un protocollo per l&#39;espansione in vitro di queste cellule derivate HACL raccolte. Utilizzando una matrice 2D di ingegneria infuso con celle HACL derivate, abbiamo progettato una patch che potrebbe potenzialmente aumentare la riparazione ACL parziale e rafforzare legamenti strappati.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:1004px;" width="1003">
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:507px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Petri-dish</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">08-757-103C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="height:23px;width:216px;">Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS)</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">BP3994</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:216px;">Collagenase</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">17018-029</td>
			<td>Store at 40C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:216px;">DMEM/F-12</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Cellgro</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">10-092-CV</td>
			<td>Store at 40C. Warm in 370C water bath before use.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:216px;">Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS)</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">10082</td>
			<td>Store at -800C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:216px;">Penicillin/Streptomycin</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Lonza</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">17-602E</td>
			<td>Store at 40C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Centrifuge Tubes- 15 ml</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">430790</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">T-25 flasks</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">BD Falcon</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">3013</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:216px;">Trypsin-Versene mixture</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Lonza</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">17-161E</td>
			<td>Store at 40C. Warm in 370C water bath before use.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">DMSO</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">BP231-100</td>
			<td>Combustible liquid. Can cause skin, eye and respiratory tract irritation.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Cryogenic vials</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">430489</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:216px;">PLAGA</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Purac Biomaterials</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Purasorb PLG8523</td>
			<td>Store at -800C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">TCPS disks</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">12-545-82</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="height:23px;width:216px;">Dichloromethane</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">AC36423-0010</td>
			<td>Possible cancer hazard. Store in a dry, cool place.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">Bytac paper</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Saint gobin performance plastics</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">1420652</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Scintillation vial</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>03-339-21G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:216px;">Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA)</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">A7906</td>
			<td>Store at 40C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Tween</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">BP337-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="46">
			<td height="46" style="height:46px;width:216px;">mouse Anti-&#946;-actin antibody (10 Ab)</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">A5441</td>
			<td>Store at -200C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="46">
			<td height="46" style="height:46px;width:216px;">goat-anti-mouse antibody (20 Ab)</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Cell Signaling</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">4408</td>
			<td>Store at -200C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:216px;">Hoechst dye</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">14530</td>
			<td>Store at -200C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Glycerol</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">BP229-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Glutaraldehyde</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">BP2547-1</td>
			<td>Toxic by inhalation and if swallowed. Causes burns by all exposure routes.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Hexamethyldisilazane</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">AC43085-1000</td>
			<td>Flammable liquid and vapor. Causes burns by all exposure routes.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Sterile Scissors</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">McKesson</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">25-716</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">5804R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Light Microscope</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Olympus</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">CK40</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Water Bath</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Thermo scientific</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">2845</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Vortex</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Labnet&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">VX-200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Glass Petri plates</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">S31473</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Acu-Punch</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Acuderm Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">P1225</td>
			<td>Acu-Punch was used to cut 12mm disks</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Cacodylate buffer</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">97068</td>
			<td>Flammable liquid, carcinogen and irritant.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Osmium tetraoxide</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">201030</td>
			<td>Highly toxic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Triton X-100</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">T8787</td>
			<td>Harmful if swallowed</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Ethanol</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Decon Labs</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">2705</td>
			<td>Keep away from heat, sparks, flame and other form of ignition.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">General/regional Anesthesia</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Amphastar pharmaceuticals</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td>1% Lidocaine, 0.25% Bupivacaine,Anesthetic agents for induction and maintenance</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Antibiotics</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Hospira</td>
			<td>0409-0805-01</td>
			<td>Ancef 1g i.v.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Arthroscopy trocar</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Smith and Nephew</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Arthroscopy Camera</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Smith and Nephew</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Arthroscopic grasper and bitter</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Arthrex&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">4.5mm shaver</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Arthrex&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Interference Screws</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Arthrex&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td>stainless steel screws</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Sputter Coater</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Polaron</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">E5400</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

surgical retrieval, isolation and in vitro expansion of human anterior cruciate ligament-derived cells for tissue engineering applications

Lesioni al LCA è un problema comunemente riscontrato nei soggetti attivi. Anche le lacrime parziali di questa intra-articolare del legamento del ginocchio portare a carenze biomeccanici che compromettono la funzione e la stabilità. Le opzioni correnti per il trattamento delle lacrime ACL parziali vanno da incruento, gestione conservativa a molteplici opzioni chirurgiche, come ad esempio: modifica termica, riparazione singolo fascio, ricostruzione completa, e la ricostruzione della parte danneggiata del legamento nativo. Pochi studi, se del caso, hanno dimostrato un metodo unico per la gestione sia costantemente superiore, e in molti casi i pazienti continuano a dimostrare persistente instabilità e di altre comorbidità. L&#39;obiettivo di questo studio è quello di individuare una fonte cellulare potrebbe ricorrere allo sviluppo di una patch tessutale che potrebbe essere implementata nella riparazione di un ACL parzialmente strappata. Un nuovo protocollo è stato sviluppato per l&#39;espansione di cellule derivate da patienti sottoposti a ricostruzione del LCA. Per isolare le cellule, tessuti HACL macinate ottenute durante la ricostruzione del LCA è stato digerito in una soluzione di collagenasi. Espansione è stata effettuata utilizzando mezzo DMEM/F12 supplementato con 10% di siero bovino fetale (FBS) e 1% di penicillina / streptomicina (P / S). Le cellule sono state poi conservati a -80 ° C o in azoto liquido in un mezzo costituito da congelamento DMSO, FBS e il mezzo di espansione. Dopo lo scongelamento, le cellule derivate HACL sono state poi seminate su un ponteggio ingegneria tessutale, plaga (acido lattico-co-glicolico Poly) e il controllo del tessuto della cultura polistirene (TCPS). Dopo 7 giorni, SEM è stata eseguita per confrontare adesione cellulare alla plaga contro il TCPS controllo. Morfologia cellulare è stata valutata mediante immunofluorescenza. SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) microscopio hanno dimostrato che le cellule crescevano e rispettati su entrambe le superfici plaga e TCP ed erano confluenti su tutta la superficie di giorno 7. Immunofluorescenza mostrava normale, morfologiche non-ha sottolineatoAL modelli su entrambe le superfici. Questa tecnica è promettente per applicazioni nella rigenerazione e ricostruzione del LCA.

Il modello di lavoro per il recupero chirurgico, la digestione del tessuto e l&#39;isolamento della persona umana legamento crociato anteriore (HACL) cellule derivate è mostrato in Figura 1. Le cellule migrate dai espianti e aderito alle T-25 palloni. Queste cellule sono state coltivate per 3 giorni e poi sono stati visualizzati sotto un microscopio ottico (Figura 2). Un monostrato confluente stato ottenuto giorno 7. La presenza di cellule vitali, sani ha indicato l&#39;operazione rius...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Surgical Retrieval, Isolation and In vitro Expansion of Human Anterior Cruciate Ligament-derived Cells for Tissue Engineering Applications at JoVE.com

Surgical Retrieval, Isolation and In vitro Expansion of Human Anterior Cruciate Ligament-derived Cells for Tissue Engineering Applications

Per le future applicazioni come una patch per riparare rotture parziali del legamento crociato anteriore (LCA), le cellule derivate ACL umane sono state isolate da tessuti ottenuti durante le procedure ricostruttive, espanse in vitro e coltivati ​​in ingegneria tessutale ponteggi. Adesione cellulare e la morfologia è stata poi eseguita per confermare biocompatibilità sulla superficie patibolo.

Recupero chirurgico, Isolamento e<em&gt; In vitro</em&gt; Ampliamento anteriore umana crociati Cells Legamento di derivazione per applicazioni di ingegneria tissutale

Injury to the ACL is a commonly encountered problem in active individuals. Even partial tears of this intra-articular knee ligament lead to biomechanical ...

surgical-retrieval-isolation-vitro-expansion-human-anterior-cruciate

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

Surgical Retrieval, Isolation and In vitro Expansion of Human Anterior Cruciate Ligament-derived Cells for Tissue Engineering Applications

11.4K Views.  Southern Illinois University School of Medicine.  Per le future applicazioni come una patch per riparare rotture parziali del legamento crociato anteriore (LCA), le cellule derivate ACL umane sono state isolate da tessuti ottenuti durante le procedure ricostruttive, espanse in vitro e coltivati ​​in ingegneria tessutale ponteggi. Adesione cellulare e la morfologia è stata poi eseguita per confermare biocompatibilità sulla superficie patibolo. 

Video: Surgical Retrieval, Isolation and In vitro Expansion of Human Anterior Cruciate Ligament-derived Cells for Tissue Engineering Applications

Tissue Engineering of a Human 3D in vitro Tumor Test System

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Current therapeutic strategies are predominantly developed in 2D culture systems, which inadequately reflect physiological conditions in vivo. Biological 3D matrices provide cells an environment in which cells can self-organize, allowing the study of tissue organization and cell differentiation. Such scaffolds can be seeded with a mixture of different cell types to study direct 3D cell-cell-interactions. To mimic the 3D complexity of cancer tumors, our group has developed a 3D in vitro tumor test system.	
	Our 3D tissue test system models the in vivo situation of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs), which we established with our decellularized porcine jejunal segment derived biological vascularized scaffold (BioVaSc). In our model, we reseeded a modified BioVaSc matrix with primary fibroblasts, microvascular endothelial cells (mvECs) and the S462 tumor cell line. For static culture, the vascular structure of the BioVaSc is removed and the remaining scaffold is cut open on one side (Small Intestinal Submucosa SIS-Muc). The resulting matrix is then fixed between two metal rings (cell crowns).	
	Another option is to culture the cell-seeded SIS-Muc in a flow bioreactor system that exposes the cells to shear stress. Here, the bioreactor is connected to a peristaltic pump in a self-constructed incubator. A computer regulates the arterial oxygen and nutrient supply via parameters such as blood pressure, temperature, and flow rate. This setup allows for a dynamic culture with either pressure-regulated pulsatile or constant flow.	
	In this study, we could successfully establish both a static and dynamic 3D culture system for MPNSTs. The ability to model cancer tumors in a more natural 3D environment will enable the discovery, testing, and validation of future pharmaceuticals in a human-like model.

Tissue Engineering of a Human 3D in vitro Tumor Test System

Methods to create human 3D tumor tissues as test systems are described. These technologies are based on a decellularized Biological Vascularized Scaffold (BioVaSc), primary human cells and a tumor cell line, which can be cultured under static as well as under dynamic conditions in a flow bioreactor.

Ingegneria dei tessuti di un Umano 3D<em&gt; In vitro</em&gt; Sistema Tumore test

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide.  Current therapeutic strategies are predominantly developed in 2D culture  systems, which ...

Ricerca

Bioingegneria

Athymic Rat Model for Evaluation of Engineered Anterior Cruciate Ligament Grafts

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture is a common ligamentous injury that often requires surgery because the ACL does not heal well without intervention. Current treatment strategies include ligament reconstruction with either autograft or allograft, which each have their associated limitations. Thus, there is interest in designing a tissue-engineered graft for use in ACL reconstruction. We describe the fabrication of an electrospun polymer graft for use in ACL tissue engineering. This polycaprolactone graft is biocompatible, biodegradable, porous, and is comprised of aligned fibers. Because an animal model is necessary to evaluate such a graft, this paper describes an intra-articular athymic rat model of ACL reconstruction that can be used to evaluate engineered grafts, including those seeded with xenogeneic cells. Representative histology and biomechanical testing results at 16 weeks postoperatively are presented, with grafts tested immediately post-implantation and contralateral native ACLs serving as controls. The present study provides a reproducible animal model with which to evaluate tissue engineered ACL grafts, and demonstrates the potential of a regenerative medicine approach to treatment of ACL rupture.

Animal models are important tools for the evaluation of tissue-engineered grafts. This paper presents the protocol for preparing an electrospun biodegradable polymer graft for use in anterior cruciate ligament tissue engineering, as well as a surgical protocol for implantation in a rat model.

Atimico Rat modello per la valutazione di Engineered legamento crociato anteriore Innesti

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture is a common ligamentous injury that often requires surgery because the ACL does not heal well without ...

Eye Irritation Test (EIT) for Hazard Identification of Eye Irritating Chemicals using Reconstructed Human Cornea-like Epithelial (RhCE) Tissue Model

To comply with the Seventh Amendment to the EU Cosmetics Directive and EU REACH legislation, validated non-animal alternative methods for reliable and accurate assessment of ocular toxicity in man are needed. To address this need, we have developed an eye irritation test (EIT) which utilizes a three dimensional reconstructed human cornea-like epithelial (RhCE) tissue model that is based on normal human cells. The EIT is able to separate ocular&#160;irritants and corrosives (GHS Categories 1 and 2 combined) and those that do not require labeling (GHS No Category). The test utilizes two separate protocols, one designed for liquid chemicals and a second, similar protocol for solid test articles. The EIT prediction model uses a single exposure period (30 min for liquids, 6 hr for solids) and a single tissue viability cut-off (60.0% as determined by the MTT assay). Based on the results for 83 chemicals (44 liquids and 39 solids) EIT achieved 95.5/68.2/ and 81.8% sensitivity/specificity and accuracy (SS&#38;A) for liquids, 100.0/68.4/ and 84.6% SS&#38;A for solids, and 97.6/68.3/ and 83.1% for overall SS&#38;A. The EIT will contribute significantly to classifying the ocular irritation potential of a wide range of liquid and solid chemicals without the use of animals to meet regulatory testing requirements. The EpiOcular EIT method was implemented in 2015 into the OECD Test Guidelines as TG 492.

Eye Irritation Test EIT for Hazard Identification of Eye Irritating Chemicals using Reconstructed Human Cornea-like Epithelial RhCE Tissue Model

We have developed an eye irritation test which utilizes a three dimensional reconstructed human cornea-like epithelial (RhCE) tissue model. The test is able to discriminate between ocular irritant and corrosive materials (GHS Categories 1 and 2 combined) and those that do not require labeling (GHS No Category).

Oculare Test (EIT) per identificazione del pericolo di sostanze chimiche irritanti oculari utilizzando Ricostruito umana Cornea come epiteliale (RHCE) Tessuto Modello

To comply with the Seventh Amendment to the EU Cosmetics Directive and EU REACH legislation, validated non-animal alternative methods for reliable and ...

Applications of In Vivo Functional Testing of the Rat Tibialis Anterior for Evaluating Tissue Engineered Skeletal Muscle Repair

Despite the regenerative capacity of skeletal muscle, permanent functional and/or cosmetic deficits (e.g., volumetric muscle loss (VML) resulting from traumatic injury, disease and various congenital, genetic and acquired conditions are quite common. Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine technologies have enormous potential to provide a therapeutic solution. However, utilization of biologically relevant animal models in combination with longitudinal assessments of pertinent functional measures are critical to the development of improved regenerative therapeutics for treatment of VML-like injuries. In that regard, a commercial muscle lever system can be used to measure length, tension, force and velocity parameters in skeletal muscle. We used this system, in conjunction with a high power, bi-phase stimulator, to measure in vivo force production in response to activation of the anterior crural compartment of the rat hindlimb. We have previously used this equipment to assess the functional impact of VML injury on the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle, as well as the extent of functional recovery following treatment of the injured TA muscle with our tissue engineered muscle repair (TEMR) technology. For such studies, the left foot of an anaesthetized rat is securely anchored to a footplate linked to a servomotor, and the common peroneal nerve is stimulated by two percutaneous needle electrodes to elicit muscle contraction and dorsiflexion of the foot. The peroneal nerve stimulation-induced muscle contraction is measured over a range of stimulation frequencies (1-200 Hz), to ensure an eventual plateau in force production that allows for an accurate determination of peak tetanic force. In addition to evaluation of the extent of VML injury as well as the degree of functional recovery following treatment, this methodology can be easily applied to study diverse aspects of muscle physiology and pathophysiology. Such an approach should assist with the more rational development of improved therapeutics for muscle repair and regeneration.

Applications of In Vivo Functional Testing of the Rat Tibialis Anterior for Evaluating Tissue Engineered Skeletal Muscle Repair

We describe an in vivo protocol to measure dorsiflexion of the foot following stimulation of the peroneal nerve and contraction of the anterior crural compartment of the rat hindlimb. Such measurements are an indispensable translational tool for evaluating skeletal muscle pathology and tissue engineering approaches to muscle repair and regeneration.

applicazioni di<em&gt; In Vivo</em&gt; Test funzionale del Topo tibiale anteriore per la valutazione di ingegneria tessutale muscolo scheletrico di riparazione

Despite the regenerative capacity of skeletal muscle, permanent functional and/or cosmetic deficits (e.g., volumetric muscle loss (VML) resulting from ...

Melt Electrospinning Writing of Three-dimensional Poly(&#949;-caprolactone) Scaffolds with Controllable Morphologies for Tissue Engineering Applications

This tutorial reflects on the fundamental principles and guidelines for electrospinning writing with polymer melts, an additive manufacturing technology with great potential for biomedical applications. The technique facilitates the direct deposition of biocompatible polymer fibers to fabricate well-ordered scaffolds in the sub-micron to micro scale range. The establishment of a stable, viscoelastic, polymer jet between a spinneret and a collector is achieved using an applied voltage and can be direct-written. A significant benefit of a typical porous scaffold is a high surface-to-volume ratio which provides increased effective adhesion sites for cell attachment and growth. Controlling the printing process by fine-tuning the system parameters enables high reproducibility in the quality of the printed scaffolds. It also provides a flexible manufacturing platform for users to tailor the morphological structures of the scaffolds to their specific requirements. For this purpose, we present a protocol to obtain different fiber diameters using melt electrospinning writing (MEW) with a guided amendment of the parameters, including flow rate, voltage and collection speed. Furthermore, we demonstrate how to optimize the jet, discuss often experienced technical challenges, explain troubleshooting techniques and showcase a wide range of printable scaffold architectures.

Melt Electrospinning Writing of Three-dimensional Poly(&amp;#949;-caprolactone) Scaffolds with Controllable Morphologies for Tissue Engineering Applications

This protocol serves as a comprehensive guideline to fabricate scaffolds via electrospinning with polymer melts in a direct writing mode. We systematically outline the process and define the appropriate parameter settings for achieving targeted scaffold architectures.

Sciogliere elettrofilatura scrittura di scaffold tridimensionale Poly(ε-caprolactone) con morfologie controllabile per applicazioni di ingegneria del tessuto

This tutorial reflects on the fundamental principles and guidelines for electrospinning writing with polymer melts, an additive manufacturing technology ...

Isolation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Human Alveolar Periosteum and Effects of Vitamin D on Osteogenic Activity of Periosteum-derived Cells

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are present in a variety of tissues and can be differentiated into numerous cell types, including osteoblasts. Among the dental sources of MSCs, the periosteum is an easily accessible tissue, which has been identified to contain MSCs in the cambium layer. However, this source has not yet been widely studied.
Vitamin D3 and 1,25-(OH)2D3 have been demonstrated to stimulate in vitro differentiation of MSCs into osteoblasts. In addition, vitamin C facilitates collagen formation and bone cell growth. However, no study has yet investigated the effects of Vitamin D3 and Vitamin C on MSCs.
Here, we present a method of isolating MSCs from human alveolar periosteum and examine the hypothesis that 1,25-(OH)2D3 may exert an osteoinductive effect on these cells. We also investigate the presence of MSCs in the human alveolar periosteum and assess stem cell adhesion and proliferation. To assess the ability of vitamin C (as a control) and various concentrations of 1,25-(OH)2D3 (10&#8722;10, 10&#8722;9, 10&#8722;8, and 10&#8722;7 M) to alter key mRNA biomarkers in isolated MSCs mRNA expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bone sialoprotein (BSP), core binding factor alpha-1 (CBFA1), collagen-1, and osteocalcin (OCN) are measured using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).

We present a protocol to investigate the mRNA expression biomarkers of periosteum-derived cells (PDCs) induced by vitamin C (vitamin C) and 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D [1,25-(OH)2D3]. In addition, we evaluate the ability of PDCs to differentiate into osteocytes, chondrocytes, and adipocytes.

Isolamento di cellule staminali mesenchimali da periostio alveolare umano e gli effetti della vitamina D su attività osteogenica delle cellule derivate dal periostio

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are present in a variety of tissues and can be differentiated into numerous cell types, including osteoblasts. Among the ...

Two Methods for Decellularization of Plant Tissues for Tissue Engineering Applications

The autologous, synthetic, and animal-derived grafts currently used as scaffolds for tissue replacement have limitations due to low availability, poor biocompatibility, and cost. Plant tissues have favorable characteristics that make them uniquely suited for use as scaffolds, such as high surface area, excellent water transport and retention, interconnected porosity, preexisting vascular networks, and a wide range of mechanical properties. Two successful methods of plant decellularization for tissue engineering applications are described here. The first method is based on detergent baths to remove cellular matter, which is similar to previously established methods used to clear mammalian tissues. The second is a detergent-free method adapted from a protocol that isolates leaf vasculature and involves the use of a heated bleach and salt bath to clear the leaves and stems. Both methods yield scaffolds with comparable mechanical properties and low cellular metabolic impact, thus allowing the user to select the protocol which better suits their intended application.

Here we present, and contrast two protocols used to decellularize plant tissues: a detergent-based approach and a detergent-free approach. Both methods leave behind the extracellular matrix of the plant tissues used, which can then be utilized as scaffolds for tissue engineering applications.

Due metodi per decellularizzazione di tessuti vegetali per applicazioni di ingegneria del tessuto

The autologous, synthetic, and animal-derived grafts currently used as scaffolds for tissue replacement have limitations due to low availability, poor ...

Production of Autologous Platelet-Rich Plasma for Boosting In Vitro Human Fibroblast Expansion

There is currently great clinical interest in the use of autologous fibroblasts for skin repair. In most cases, culture of skin cells in vitro is required. However, cell culture using xenogenic or allogenic culture media has some disadvantages (i.e., risk of infectious agent transmission or slow cell expansion). Here, an autologous culture system is developed for the expansion of human skin fibroblast cells in vitro using a patient&#8217;s own platelet-rich plasma (PRP). Human dermal fibroblasts are isolated from the patient while undergoing abdominoplasty. Cultures are followed for up to 7 days using a medium supplemented with either fetal bovine serum (FBS) or PRP. Blood cell content in PRP preparations, proliferation, and fibroblast differentiation are assessed. This protocol describes the method for obtaining a standardized, non-activated preparation of PRP using a dedicated medical device. The preparation requires only a medical device (CuteCell-PRP) and centrifuge. This device is suitable under sufficient medical practice conditions and is a one-step, apyrogenic, and sterile closed system that requires a single, soft spin centrifugation of 1,500 x g for 5 min. After centrifugation, the blood components are separated, and the platelet-rich plasma is easily collected. This device allows a quick, consistent, and standardized preparation of PRP that can be used as a cell culture supplement for in vitro expansion of human cells. The PRP obtained here contains a 1.5-fold platelet concentration compared to whole blood together, with a preferential removal of red and white blood cells. It is shown that PRP presents a boosting effect in cell proliferation compared to FBS (7.7x) and that fibroblasts are activated upon PRP treatment.

This protocol presents a device that produces PRP to boost the in vitro expansion of cells in a 100% autologous fibroblast culture system.

Produzione di plasma autologo ricco di piastrine per aumentare l'espansione in vitro dei fibroblasti umani

There is currently great clinical interest in the use of autologous fibroblasts for skin repair. In most cases, culture of skin cells in vitro is ...

Anterior Segment Organ Culture Platform for Tracking Open Globe Injuries and Therapeutic Performance

Open globe injuries have poor visual outcomes, often resulting in permanent loss of vision. This is partly due to an extended delay between injury and medical intervention in rural environments and military medicine applications where ophthalmic care is not readily available. Untreated injuries are susceptible to infection after the eye has lost its watertight seal, as well as loss of tissue viability due to intraocular hypotension. Therapeutics to temporarily seal open globe injuries, if properly developed, may be able to restore intraocular pressure and prevent infection until proper ophthalmic care is possible. To facilitate product development, detailed here is the use of an anterior segment organ culture open globe injury platform for tracking therapeutic performance for at least 72 h post-injury. Porcine anterior segment tissue can be maintained in custom-designed organ culture dishes and held at physiological intraocular pressure. Puncture injuries can be created with a pneumatic-powered system capable of generating injury sizes up to 4.5 mm in diameter, similar to military-relevant injury sizes. Loss of intraocular pressure can be observed for 72 h post-injury confirming proper injury induction and loss of the eye&#39;s watertight seal. Therapeutic performance can be tracked by application to the eye after injury induction and then tracking intraocular pressure for multiple days. Further, the anterior segment injury model is applicable to widely used methods for functionally and biologically tracking anterior segment physiology, such as assessing transparency, ocular mechanics, corneal epithelium health, and tissue viability. Overall, the method described here is a necessary next step toward developing biomaterial therapeutics for temporarily sealing open globe injuries when ophthalmic care is not readily available.

Open globe eye injuries may go untreated for multiple days in rural or military-relevant scenarios, resulting in blindness. Therapeutics are needed to minimize loss of vision. Here, we detail an organ culture open globe injury model. With this model, potential therapeutics for stabilizing these injuries can be properly evaluated.

Piattaforma di coltura d'organo del segmento anteriore per il monitoraggio delle lesioni Open Globe e delle prestazioni terapeutiche

Open globe injuries have poor visual outcomes, often resulting in permanent loss of vision. This is partly due to an extended delay between injury and ...

Fibroblast Derived Human Engineered Connective Tissue for Screening Applications

Fibroblasts are phenotypically highly dynamic cells, which quickly transdifferentiate into myofibroblasts in response to biochemical and biomechanical stimuli. The current understanding of fibrotic processes, including cardiac fibrosis, remains poor, which hampers the development of new anti-fibrotic therapies. Controllable and reliable human model systems are crucial for a better understanding of fibrosis pathology. This is a highly reproducible and scalable protocol to generate engineered connective tissues (ECT) in a 48-well casting plate to facilitate studies of fibroblasts and the pathophysiology of fibrotic tissue in a 3-dimensional (3D) environment. ECT are generated around the poles with tunable stiffness, allowing for studies under a defined biomechanical load. Under the defined loading conditions, phenotypic adaptations controlled by cell-matrix interactions can be studied. Parallel testing is feasible in the 48-well format with the opportunity for the time-course analysis of multiple parameters, such as tissue compaction and contraction against the load. From these parameters, biomechanical properties such as tissue stiffness and elasticity can be studied.

Presented here is a protocol to generate engineered connective tissues for a parallel culture of 48 tissues in a multi-well plate with double poles, suitable for mechanistic studies, disease modeling, and screening applications. The protocol is compatible with fibroblasts from different organs and species and is exemplified here with human primary cardiac fibroblasts.

Tessuto connettivo ingegnerizzato umano derivato da fibroblasti per applicazioni di screening

Fibroblasts are phenotypically highly dynamic cells, which quickly transdifferentiate into myofibroblasts in response to biochemical and biomechanical ...