Per il sostegno finanziario ci riconosciamo con gratitudine il EPSRC (Career Acceleration Fellowship di JAB, EP/J001538/1), la Ramsay Memorial Trust (Research Fellowship 2009-2011 JAB), e Imperial College di Londra. Grazie al Prof. Alan Armstrong per il generoso sostegno e consigli.

1. Preparazione di Iodoaziridines con Diiodomethyllithium <ol><li> Fiamma asciugare un pallone a fondo rotondo da 100 ml contenente un agitatore e munito di un setto, sotto flusso di argon, poi lasciare raffreddare a temperatura ambiente sotto atmosfera di argon. NOTA: Cristalleria asciugato in un forno durante la notte (125 ° C) e raffreddato a temperatura ambiente in un modo analogo è anche opportuno. </li><li> Al pallone, aggiungere 5.7 ml di THF anidro e 2,7 ml anidro Et 2 O tramite siringa e esametildisilazano distillato di fresco (1,50 mmol, 315 microlitri) attraverso una microsiringa. </li><li> Agitare la soluzione risultante e raffreddare a -78 ° C in un bagno di ghiaccio / acetone secco in un dewar di dimensioni adeguate per consentire il matraccio da ben sommerso. Coprire il dewar con foglio di alluminio, per ridurre al minimo l&#39;esposizione del recipiente di reazione alla luce. </li><li> Aggiungere n BuLi (1,50 mmol, 0,60 ml, 2,5 M in esani) goccia a goccia tramite siringa su 2-3 min alla soluzione a -78 ° C.Lasciare la miscela sotto agitazione a -78 ° C per altri 30 minuti per formare una soluzione 0,17 M di LiHMDS. ATTENZIONE: la soluzione n BuLi è infiammabile, corrosivo per la pelle e piroforico. Reagente in eccesso nella siringa deve essere raffreddato conseguenza. </li><li> Dopo 30 minuti, aggiungere 1 ml di THF anidro a un pallone a fondo rotondo da 10 ml seccato fiamma tramite siringa, seguita da diiodometano (1,70 mmol, 135 microlitri) attraverso una microsiringa e assicurarsi che siano ben miscelati. </li><li> Aggiungere la soluzione diiodometano a gocce in 2 min alla soluzione di litio esametildisilazano a -78 ° C. Lasciare questa soluzione per 20 minuti a -78 ° C. </li><li> Durante questo tempo, pesare N - [(E)-4-methylphenylmethylidene]-4-methylbenzenesulfonamide (137 mg, 0.50 mmol) in un altro seccato fiamma 10 ml pallone a fondo rotondo e sciogliere in 2,0 ml di THF anidro. </li><li> Dopo il tempo deprotonazione 20 min, aggiungere la soluzione immina goccia a goccia alla soluzione diiodomethyllithium oltre 5 min a -78 &amp; #176; C. </li><li> Immediatamente dopo l&#39;aggiunta goccia a goccia è completa, sollevare il recipiente di reazione dal bagno di ghiaccio secco, e trasferire a un bagno di ghiaccio / acqua a 0 ° C. Re-coprire con un foglio di alluminio e lasciare per 15 minuti a 0 ° C. NOTA: La soluzione deve essere di colore arancio. </li><li> Dopo 15 min a 0 ° C, spegnere la reazione mediante aggiunta di 30 ml di soluzione di bicarbonato di sodio acquoso saturo. Trasferire la miscela in un imbuto separatore e aggiungere 30 ml di CH 2 Cl 2. Agitare la miscela e rimuovere minore CH 2 Cl 2 strati. Ripetere questa procedura di estrazione altre due volte, e combinare i CH 2 Cl 2 strati. </li><li> Aggiungere solfato di sodio per gli strati organici per eliminare l&#39;eventuale acqua presente nella soluzione, quindi filtrare fuori il solfato di sodio e raccogliere il filtrato in un matraccio da 250 ml rotonde fondo. </li><li> Eliminare il solvente a pressione ridotta su un evaporatore rotante per dare un campione impuro del prodotto desiderato iodoaziridine. </li></ol> 2. Valutazione del Prodotto di stabilità fasi stazionarie per cromatografia <ol><li> Sciogliere il campione aziridinico greggio in CH 2 Cl 2 (16 ml) e aggiungere 1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene (28.0 mg, 0,167 mmol) come standard interno, assicurando questa sia completamente dissolto. Prelevare una aliquota (2 ml) di questa miscela, rimuovere il solvente a pressione ridotta e analizzare tale campione 1 H NMR. </li><li> Aprire il registrata 1 H NMR utilizzando software standard di elaborazione NMR. In Mestrenova, fare clic destro dello spettro e scegliere &quot;integrazione&quot;, poi &quot;manuale&quot; per fornire lo strumento di integrazione. Istruzioni e trascinare per coprire la larghezza dei picchi a 6,08 ppm e 4,87 ppm a integrare rispettivamente i segnali dello standard interno e il segnale CHI aziridina. Fare clic destro sul integrale per il picco a 6,08 ppm, selezionare &quot;modifica integrale&quot; e modificare il valore &quot;normalizzato&quot; a 3,0. NOTE: passi simili possono essere applicati con altri pacchetti software. </li><li> Utilizzare il valore aggiornato di integrale per il segnale aziridina CHI (4,87 ppm) per determinare la resa della iodoaziridine, qui utilizzando (100/3) × (l&#39;integrale del segnale CHI), che offre una resa calcolata del 59%. NOTA: Data la quantità nota di standard interno (0,167 mmol), e il picco prodotto corrispondente a 1 protone, la resa di iodoaziridine viene calcolata con la seguente equazione: 100 × (integrante del picco prodotto) × (moli di standard interno) / moli materiale di partenza. </li><li> Preparare fanghi delle seguenti fasi stazionarie (25 g): silice, silice + 1% netto 3 (trietilammina), allumina neutra, allumina basica (attività I), allumina basica (attività IV) e florisil, ogni 5% in acetato di etile / esano (50 ml), in sei flaconi da 250 ml coniche separati contenenti barre di agitazione. In un&#39;altra beuta preparare una soluzione di EtOAc esano / 5% (50 ml), per essere usato come un esperimento di controllo. ATTENZIONE: Silicun gel, allumina e altre fasi stazionarie lavoratori sono pericolose se inalate, quindi dovrebbe sempre essere gestito in cappa efficace. </li><li> Aggiungere 2 ml della / soluzione standard interna iodoaziridine a ciascuna delle beute a RT. Mescolare le miscele di fanghi per 30 min. NOTA: questo rappresenta la durata il composto può essere esposto alla fase stazionaria durante una normale procedura di cromatografia flash su colonna. </li><li> Filtrare le miscele di liquami utilizzando un imbuto sinterizzato, e raccogliere il filtrato in 250 ml rotondo pallone a fondo. Lavare il residuo sul imbuto sinterizzato con CH 2 Cl 2 (2 x 30 ml). Ripetere questo processo di filtraggio per i restanti fanghi. NOTA: È opportuno compensare dell&#39;inizio di ogni fase stazionaria per consentire la filtrazione e quindi mantenere la stessa per ciascuno dei materiali in fase stazionaria. </li><li> Rimuovere il solvente dai campioni risultanti sotto pressione ridotta, e analizzare da 1 H NMR SpectroScopy per calcolare la quantità di iodoaziridine recuperati in ogni caso, come descritto nella Sezione 2.2. </li><li> Confronta i rendimenti dei iodoaziridine ottenuti da ciascuna fase stazionaria testato con quello ottenuto nella Sezione 2.1. NOTA: Il campione che dà la resa più alta, idealmente lo stesso come in 2.1, indica la fase stazionaria ottimale per cromatografia. In questo esempio, allumina basica (attività IV) è stata considerata la migliore fase stazionaria per la purificazione. </li></ol> 3. Disattivazione della base di allumina e di purificazione del Iodoaziridine <ol><li> Ripetere Sezione 1 per generare la miscela iodoaziridine greggio. </li><li> Per generare allumina basica (attività IV), aggiungere 100 g di allumina basica (attività I) da 500 ml pallone a fondo rotondo e quindi aggiungere 10 ml di acqua nel matraccio e in forma con un tappo di vetro. </li><li> Agitare il pallone energicamente fino a quando non sono visibili grumi, indicando anche la diffusione di acqua in tutto il allumina. Lasciare che l&#39;allumina raffreddare a temperatura ambiente. ATTENZIONE: l&#39;adsorbimentozione di acqua è esotermica, quindi il pallone si riscalda e può causare un accumulo di pressione. Rilasciare qualsiasi accumulo di pressione frequentemente. </li><li> Purificare il iodoaziridine grezzo per mezzo di cromatografia su colonna usando l&#39;allumina basica (attività IV) come fase stazionaria, eluendo con esano, classificazione al 5% EtOAc / esano. NOTA: alte concentrazioni di acetato di etile, non dovrebbero essere usati con allumina di base. In questi casi, etere etilico può essere utilizzato. </li><li> Combinare Le frazioni contenenti prodotto e rimuovere il solvente sotto pressione ridotta, ottenendo il iodoaziridine puro. </li></ol>

<ol>
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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

Procedimento per la preparazione diastereoselettiva di cis - N-TS-iodoaziridines è descritto, insieme ad un protocollo di studio stabilità per indicare quantitativamente la migliore fase stazionaria per la purificazione di composti potenzialmente instabili mediante cromatografia flash su colonna. Si prevede che l&#39;accesso al iodoaziridines attraverso questo approccio consentirà metodi per accedere ad una vasta gamma di aziridine da sviluppare, mediante derivatizzazione dell&#39;anello intatta. </...

Lo scopo di questo metodo è quello di preparare iodoaziridines che offrono potenziale di ulteriore funzionalizzazione di derivati ​​aziridina. Il metodo incorpora un protocollo per la selezione quantitativa della fase stazionaria ottimale per cromatografia. Aziridine, come anelli di tre membri, possiede ceppo anello intrinseco che li rende elementi importanti in chimica organica 1. Essi mostrano una vasta gamma di reattività che spesso coinvolgono apertura azirdinico 2,3, soprattutto come intermedi nella sintesi di ammine funzionalizzate 4,5, o la formazione di altri eterocicli azotati 6,7. La sintesi di una serie di derivati ​​di aziridina di funzionalizzazione di un precursore contenente un azirdinico intatto è emerso come una strategia praticabile 8. Scambio gruppo funzionale-metallo, per generare un anione aziridinile, e reazione con elettrofili ha dimostrato di essere efficace <sup&gt; 9,10,11, e recentemente deprotonazione regio-e stereoselettiva di aziridine N-protette è stato anche raggiunto 12-15. Molto recentemente, il palladio catalizzata metodi di cross-coupling per formare aziridine arile da precursori aziridina funzionalizzati è stato sviluppato da Vedejs 16,17, e noi stessi 18. La chimica di eteroatomi sostituito aziridine apre affascinanti questioni di reattività e stabilità 19. Siamo stati interessati nella preparazione di iodoaziridines come un gruppo funzionale romanzo che offre il potenziale per fornire precursori per una vasta gamma di derivati ​​con reattività complementare a reazioni di funzionalizzazione aziridina esistenti. Nel 2012 abbiamo riportato la prima preparazione di arile N-Boc-iodoaziridines 20, e molto recentemente riportato la preparazione di arile e alchile sostituito N-TS-iodoaziridines 21. Il metodo per acceiodoaziridines ss utilizza diiodomethyllithium, un reagente che è recentemente stato anche impiegato nella preparazione di diiodoalkanes 22,23, diiodomethylsilanes 22,24 e ioduri vinile 25-27. La natura carbenoid-come questo reagente richiede preparazione e l&#39;uso a basse temperature 22,28. Le tecniche e le condizioni utilizzate per la generazione di diiodomethyllithium nella preparazione di iodoaziridines sono descritte di seguito. Mentre silice è emerso come il materiale di scelta per cromatografia 29, è risultato essere inadatto per la purificazione di N-TS-iodoaziridines. Il gel di silice è generalmente il primo e unico materiale solido fase impiegata in cromatografia flash in chimica organica a causa delle separazioni disponibilità ed efficaci. Tuttavia, la natura acida del gel di silice può causare la decomposizione di substrati sensibili durante la purificazione, prevenzione dell&#39;isolamento del materiale desiderato. Mentre altri stfasi ationary o gel di silice modificati sono disponibili per cromatografia 30, non c&#39;era modo di valutare la compatibilità della molecola bersaglio di questi materiali differenti. A causa della natura sensibile dei iodoaziridines, abbiamo stabilito un protocollo per valutare la stabilità di un composto di una serie di fasi stazionarie 21, che è dimostrato qui. Questo ha il potenziale per l&#39;applicazione nella sintesi di una vasta gamma di composti con gruppi funzionali sensibili. Il protocollo che segue fornisce un accesso efficiente alle iodoaziridines N-Ts, permettendo la sintesi diastereoselettiva sia di alchil aromatici e cis-iodoaziridines in alto rendimento.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="871">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:209px;">Hexamethyldisilazane</td>
			<td style="width:273px;">999-97-3</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Distill from KOH under argon prior to use.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:209px;">n-Butyllithium</td>
			<td style="width:273px;">109-72-8</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">2.5 M in hexanes, titrate prior to use.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:209px;">Diiodomethane</td>
			<td style="width:273px;">75-11-6</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Contains copper as a stabilizer.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:209px;">1,3,5-Trimethoxybenzene</td>
			<td style="width:273px;">621-23-8</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:192px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:209px;">Silica</td>
			<td style="width:273px;">112945-52-5</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Merck</td>
			<td style="width:192px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:209px;">Basic alumina</td>
			<td style="width:273px;">1344-28-1</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:192px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:209px;">Neutral alumina</td>
			<td style="width:273px;">1344-28-1</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Merck</td>
			<td style="width:192px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:209px;">Florisil</td>
			<td style="width:273px;">1343-88-0</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:192px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:23px;width:209px;">THF</td>
			<td colspan="3" rowspan="3" style="width:663px;">All anhydrous solvents were dried through activated alumina purification columns.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:209px;">Et2O</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:209px;">CH2Cl2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">NMR spectrometer</td>
			<td>Bruker AV 400&#160;</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:209px;">NMR processing software</td>
			<td>MestReNova&#160;</td>
			<td>7.0.2-8636</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

synthesis and purification of iodoaziridines involving quantitative selection of the optimal stationary phase for chromatography

La preparazione altamente diastereoselettiva di cis - N-TS-iodoaziridines per reazione di diiodomethyllithium con N-TS aldimines è descritto. Diiodomethyllithium viene preparato mediante deprotonazione di diiodometano con LiHMDS, in una miscela THF etere / etere, a -78 ° C al buio. Queste condizioni sono essenziali per la stabilità del reagente LICHI 2 generato. La successiva aggiunta goccia a goccia di N-Ts aldimines alla soluzione diiodomethyllithium preformato offre un amino-diioduro intermedio, che non è isolato. Rapido riscaldamento della miscela di reazione a 0 ° C favorisce la ciclizzazione di permettersi iodoaziridines con l&#39;esclusiva cis-diastereoselettività. L&#39;aggiunta e ciclizzazione fasi della reazione sono mediate in un pallone di reazione da un accurato controllo della temperatura. A causa della sensibilità dei iodoaziridines alla purificazione, la valutazione di metodi appropriati di puè necessario rification. Un protocollo per valutare la stabilità dei composti sensibili alle fasi stazionarie per cromatografia su colonna è descritta. Questo metodo è adatto da applicare alle nuove iodoaziridines, o altri nuovi composti potenzialmente sensibili. Di conseguenza, questo metodo può trovare applicazione in diversi progetti di sintesi. La procedura prevede innanzitutto la valutazione della resa di reazione, prima della purificazione, mediante spettroscopia 1 H NMR confrontati con uno standard interno. Parziali di miscela di prodotto impuro vengono poi esposti a fanghi di varie fasi stazionarie adeguate per cromatografia, in un sistema solvente adatto come eluente in cromatografia flash. Dopo agitazione per 30 min a mimare cromatografia, seguito da filtrazione, i campioni vengono analizzati mediante spettroscopia 1 H NMR. I rendimenti calcolati per ogni fase stazionaria vengono poi confrontati a quello inizialmente ottenuto dalla miscela di reazione grezza. I risultati ottenuti forniscono una valutazione quantitativa di tegli stabilità del composto alle diverse fasi stazionarie; quindi la ottimale può essere selezionata. La scelta di allumina basica, modificato all&#39;attività IV, come fase stazionaria adatto ha permesso l&#39;isolamento di talune iodoaziridines in ottima resa e purezza.

La procedura descritta permette cis - (±)-2-iodo-3-(4-tolile) -1 - (4-tolylsulfonyl) aziridina come singolo diastereoisomero e con eccellente purezza (Figura 1). Prima della purificazione, un rendimento del 59% del prodotto iodoaziridine stato calcolato spettroscopia 1 H NMR. Tuttavia, questo iodoaziridine è stato particolarmente impegnativo per purificare e subito decomposizione significativo sulla silice. Purificazione su allumina basica (attività IV) come determinato dalla sche...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Synthesis and Purification of Iodoaziridines Involving Quantitative Selection of the Optimal Stationary Phase for Chromatography at JoVE.com

Synthesis and Purification of Iodoaziridines Involving Quantitative Selection of the Optimal Stationary Phase for Chromatography

Un protocollo per la diastereoselettiva preparazione di un piatto di cis - N-TS-iodoaziridines è descritto. La generazione di diiodomethyllithium, oltre a N-Ts aldimines e ciclizzazione della gemma amino-diioduro intermedio iodoaziridines è dimostrata. È incluso anche un protocollo di rapidamente e quantitativamente valutare la fase stazionaria più appropriato per la purificazione mediante cromatografia.

Sintesi e purificazione di Iodoaziridines Coinvolgere quantitativa Selezione del Ottimale fase stazionaria per cromatografia

The highly diastereoselective preparation of cis-N-Ts-iodoaziridines through reaction of diiodomethyllithium with N-Ts aldimines is described. ...

synthesis-purification-iodoaziridines-involving-quantitative

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JoVE Journal

Chemistry

12.5K Views.  Imperial College London.  Un protocollo per la diastereoselettiva preparazione di un piatto di cis - N-TS-iodoaziridines è descritto. La generazione di diiodomethyllithium, oltre a N-Ts aldimines e ciclizzazione della gemma amino-diioduro intermedio iodoaziridines è dimostrata. È incluso anche un protocollo di rapidamente e quantitativamente valutare la fase stazionaria più appropriato per la purificazione mediante cromatografia. 

Video: Synthesis and Purification of Iodoaziridines Involving Quantitative Selection of the Optimal Stationary Phase for Chromatography

Determination of the Gas-phase Acidities of Oligopeptides

Amino acid residues located at different positions in folded proteins often exhibit different degrees of acidities. For example, a cysteine residue located at or near the N-terminus of a helix is often more acidic than that at or near the C-terminus 1-6. Although extensive experimental studies on the acid-base properties of peptides have been carried out in the condensed phase, in particular in aqueous solutions 6-8, the results are often complicated by solvent effects 7. In fact, most of the active sites in proteins are located near the interior region where solvent effects have been minimized 9,10. In order to understand intrinsic acid-base properties of peptides and proteins, it is important to perform the studies in a solvent-free environment.
We present a method to measure the acidities of oligopeptides in the gas-phase. We use a cysteine-containing oligopeptide, Ala3CysNH2 (A3CH), as the model compound. The measurements are based on the well-established extended Cooks kinetic method (Figure 1) 11-16. The experiments are carried out using a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer interfaced with an electrospray ionization (ESI) ion source (Figure 2). For each peptide sample, several reference acids are selected. The reference acids are structurally similar organic compounds with known gas-phase acidities. A solution of the mixture of the peptide and a reference acid is introduced into the mass spectrometer, and a gas-phase proton-bound anionic cluster of peptide-reference acid is formed. The proton-bound cluster is mass isolated and subsequently fragmented via collision-induced dissociation (CID) experiments. The resulting fragment ion abundances are analyzed using a relationship between the acidities and the cluster ion dissociation kinetics. The gas-phase acidity of the peptide is then obtained by linear regression of the thermo-kinetic plots 17,18.
The method can be applied to a variety of molecular systems, including organic compounds, amino acids and their derivatives, oligonucleotides, and oligopeptides. By comparing the gas-phase acidities measured experimentally with those values calculated for different conformers, conformational effects on the acidities can be evaluated.

The determination of the gas-phase acidities of cysteine-containing oligopeptides is described. The experiments are performed using a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. The relative acidities of the peptides are measured using collision-induced dissociation experiments, and the quantitative acidities are determined using the extended Cooks kinetic method.

Determinazione delle acidità in fase gassosa di oligopeptidi

Amino acid residues located at different positions in folded proteins often exhibit different degrees of acidities. For example, a cysteine residue ...

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Chimica

Split-and-pool Synthesis and Characterization of Peptide Tertiary Amide Library

Peptidomimetics are great sources of protein ligands. The oligomeric nature of these compounds enables us to access large synthetic libraries on solid phase by using combinatorial chemistry. One of the most well studied classes of peptidomimetics is peptoids. Peptoids are easy to synthesize and have been shown to be proteolysis-resistant and cell-permeable. Over the past decade, many useful protein ligands have been identified through screening of peptoid libraries. However, most of the ligands identified from peptoid libraries do not display high affinity, with rare exceptions. This may be due, in part, to the lack of chiral centers and conformational constraints in peptoid molecules. Recently, we described a new synthetic route to access peptide tertiary amides (PTAs). PTAs are a superfamily of peptidomimetics that include but are not limited to peptides, peptoids and N-methylated peptides. With side chains on both &#945;-carbon and main chain nitrogen atoms, the conformation of these molecules are greatly constrained by sterical hindrance and allylic 1,3 strain. (Figure 1) Our study suggests that these PTA molecules are highly structured in solution and can be used to identify protein ligands. We believe that these molecules can be a future source of high-affinity protein ligands. Here we describe the synthetic method combining the power of both split-and-pool and sub-monomer strategies to synthesize a sample one-bead one-compound (OBOC) library of PTAs.

Peptide tertiary amides (PTAs) are a superfamily of peptidomimetics that include but are not limited to peptides, peptoids and N-methylated peptides. Here we describe a synthetic method which combines&#160;both split-and-pool and sub-monomer strategies to synthesize a one-bead one-compound library of PTAs.

Split-e-pool Sintesi e caratterizzazione di peptidi Terziario Ammide Biblioteca

Peptidomimetics are great sources of protein ligands. The oligomeric nature of these compounds enables us to access large synthetic libraries on solid ...

Quantitative Detection of Trace Explosive Vapors by Programmed Temperature Desorption Gas Chromatography-Electron Capture Detector

The direct liquid deposition of solution standards onto sorbent-filled thermal desorption tubes is used for the quantitative analysis of trace explosive vapor samples. The direct liquid deposition method yields a higher fidelity between the analysis of vapor samples and the analysis of solution standards than using separate injection methods for vapors and solutions, i.e., samples collected on vapor collection tubes and standards prepared in solution vials. Additionally, the method can account for instrumentation losses, which makes it ideal for minimizing variability and quantitative trace chemical detection. Gas chromatography with an electron capture detector is an instrumentation configuration sensitive to nitro-energetics, such as TNT and RDX, due to their relatively high electron affinity. However, vapor quantitation of these compounds is difficult without viable vapor standards. Thus, we eliminate the requirement for vapor standards by combining the sensitivity of the instrumentation with a direct liquid deposition protocol to analyze trace explosive vapor samples.

Trace explosive vapors of TNT and RDX collected on sorbent-filled thermal desorption tubes were analyzed using a programmed temperature desorption system coupled to GC with an electron capture detector. The instrumental analysis is combined with direct liquid deposition method to reduce sample variability and account for instrumentation drift and losses.

Quantitativa Rilevamento di Trace vapori esplosivi di temperatura programmata Desorption Gas Detector cattura cromatografia-Electron

The direct liquid deposition of solution standards onto sorbent-filled thermal desorption tubes is used for the quantitative analysis of trace explosive ...

Supercritical Nitrogen Processing for the Purification of Reactive Porous Materials

Supercritical fluid extraction and drying methods are well established in numerous applications for the synthesis and processing of porous materials. Herein, nitrogen is presented as a novel supercritical drying fluid for specialized applications such as in the processing of reactive porous materials, where carbon dioxide and other fluids are not appropriate due to their higher chemical reactivity. Nitrogen exhibits similar physical properties in the near-critical region of its phase diagram as compared to carbon dioxide: a widely tunable density up to ~1 g ml-1, modest critical pressure (3.4 MPa), and small molecular diameter of ~3.6 &#197;. The key to achieving a high solvation power of nitrogen is to apply a processing temperature in the range of 80-150 K, where the density of nitrogen is an order of magnitude higher than at similar pressures near ambient temperature. The detailed solvation properties of nitrogen, and especially its selectivity, across a wide range of common target species of extraction still require further investigation. Herein we describe a protocol for the supercritical nitrogen processing of porous magnesium borohydride.

Nitrogen is an effective supercritical fluid for extraction or drying processes due to its small molecular size, high density in the near-liquid supercritical regime, and chemical inertness. We present a supercritical nitrogen drying protocol for the purification treatment of reactive, porous materials.

Elaborazione azoto supercritica per la purificazione di reattivi materiali porosi

Supercritical fluid extraction and drying methods are well established in numerous applications for the synthesis and processing of porous materials. ...

A Quantitative Glycomics and Proteomics Combined Purification Strategy

There is a growing desire in the biological and clinical sciences to integrate and correlate multiple classes of biomolecules to unravel biology, define pathways, improve treatment, understand disease, and aid biomarker discovery. N-linked glycosylation is one of the most important and robust post-translational modifications on proteins and regulates critical cell functions such as signaling, adhesion, and enzymatic function. Analytical techniques to purify and analyze N-glycans have remained relatively static over the last decade. While accurate and effective, they commonly require significant expertise and resources. Though some high-throughput purification schemes have been developed, they have yet to find widespread adoption and often rely on the enrichment of glycopeptides. One promising method, developed by Thomas-Oates et al., filter aided N-glycan separation (FANGS), was qualitatively demonstrated on tissues. Herein, we adapted FANGS to plasma and coupled it to the individuality normalization when labeling with glycan hydrazide tags strategy in order to achieve accurate relative quantification by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry and enhanced electrospray ionization. Furthermore, we designed new functionality to the protocol by achieving tandem, shotgun proteomics and glycosylation site analysis on hen plasma. We showed that N-glycans purified on filter and derivatized by hydrophobic hydrazide tags were comparable in terms of abundance and class to those by solid phase extraction (SPE); the latter is considered a gold standard in the field. Importantly, the variability in the two protocols was not statistically different. Proteomic data that was collected in-line with glycomic data had the same depth compared to a standard trypsin digest. Peptide deamidation is minimized in the protocol, limiting non-specific deamidation detected at glycosylation motifs. This allowed for direct glycosylation site analysis, though the protocol can accommodate 18O site labeling as well. Overall, we demonstrated a new in-line high-throughput, unbiased, filter based protocol for quantitative glycomics and proteomics analysis.

A high-throughput protocol was developed for combined proteomics and glycomics purification and LC-MS/MS quantification in plasma. Deamidation analysis of N-linked glycosylation motifs was specific to deglycosylated sites. Accurate quantitation of N-glycans was achieved by coupling filter aided N-glycan separation to the individuality normalization when labeling with glycan hydrazide tags strategy.

Un quantitativo Glycomics e proteomica combinata strategia Purificazione

There is a growing desire in the biological and clinical sciences to integrate and correlate multiple classes of biomolecules to unravel biology, define ...

Protocol for the Synthesis of Ortho-trifluoromethoxylated Aniline Derivatives

Molecules bearing trifluoromethoxy (OCF3) group often show desired pharmacological and biological properties. However, facile synthesis of trifluoromethoxylated aromatic compounds remains a formidable challenge in organic synthesis. Conventional approaches often suffer from poor substrate scope, or require use of highly toxic, difficult-to-handle, and/or thermally labile reagents. Herein, we report a user-friendly protocol for the synthesis of methyl 4-acetamido-3-(trifluoromethoxy)benzoate using 1-trifluoromethyl-1,2-benziodoxol-3(1H)-one (Togni reagent II). Treating methyl 4-(N-hydroxyacetamido)benzoate (1a) with Togni reagent II in the presence of a catalytic amount of cesium carbonate (Cs2CO3) in chloroform at RT afforded methyl 4-(N-(trifluoromethoxy)acetamido)benzoate (2a). This intermediate was then converted to the final product methyl 4-acetamido-3-(trifluoromethoxy)benzoate (3a) in nitromethane at 120 &#176;C. This procedure is general and can be applied to the synthesis of a broad spectrum of ortho-trifluoromethoxylated aniline derivatives, which could serve as useful synthetic building blocks for the discovery and development of new pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and functional materials.

Protocol for the Synthesis of Ortho-trifluoromethoxylated Aniline Derivatives

An operationally simple procedure for the synthesis of ortho-trifluoromethoxylated aniline derivatives via a two-step sequence of O-trifluoromethylation of N-aryl-N-hydroxyacetamide followed by thermally induced intramolecular OCF3-migration is reported.

Protocollo per la sintesi di<em&gt; Ortho</em&gt; Derivati ​​all&#39;anilina -trifluoromethoxylated

Molecules bearing trifluoromethoxy (OCF3) group often show desired pharmacological and biological properties. However, facile synthesis of ...

Synthesis of Protein Bioconjugates via Cysteine-maleimide Chemistry

The chemical linking or bioconjugation of proteins to fluorescent dyes, drugs, polymers and other proteins has a broad range of applications, such as the development of antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) and nanomedicine, fluorescent microscopy and systems chemistry. For many of these applications, specificity of the bioconjugation method used is of prime concern. The Michael addition of maleimides with cysteine(s) on the target proteins is highly selective and proceeds rapidly under mild conditions, making it one of the most popular methods for protein bioconjugation.
We demonstrate here the modification of the only surface-accessible cysteine residue on yeast cytochrome c with a ruthenium(II) bisterpyridine maleimide. The protein bioconjugation is verified by gel electrophoresis and purified by aqueous-based fast protein liquid chromatography in 27% yield of isolated protein material. Structural characterization with MALDI-TOF MS and UV-Vis is then used to verify that the bioconjugation is successful. The protocol shown here is easily applicable to other cysteine - maleimide coupling of proteins to other proteins, dyes, drugs or polymers.

Synthesis of Protein Bioconjugates via Cysteine-maleimide Chemistry

This protocol details the important steps required for the bioconjugation of a cysteine containing protein to a maleimide, including reagent purification, reaction conditions, bioconjugate purification and bioconjugate characterization.

Sintesi di proteine ​​bioconiugati<em&gt; via</em&gt; Chimica cisteina-maleimmide

The chemical linking or bioconjugation of proteins to fluorescent dyes, drugs, polymers and other proteins has a broad range of applications, such as the ...

Facile Synthesis of Worm-like Micelles by Visible Light Mediated Dispersion Polymerization Using Photoredox Catalyst

Presented herein is a protocol for the facile synthesis of worm-like micelles by visible light mediated dispersion polymerization. This approach begins with the synthesis of a hydrophilic poly(oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate) (POEGMA) homopolymer using reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization. Under mild visible light irradiation (&#955; = 460 nm, 0.7 mW/cm2), this macro-chain transfer agent (macro-CTA) in the presence of a ruthenium based photoredox catalyst, Ru(bpy)3Cl2 can be chain extended with a second monomer to form a well-defined block copolymer in a process known as Photoinduced Electron Transfer RAFT (PET-RAFT). When PET-RAFT is used to chain extend POEGMA with benzyl methacrylate (BzMA) in ethanol (EtOH), polymeric nanoparticles with different morphologies are formed in situ according to a polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) mechanism. Self-assembly into nanoparticles presenting POEGMA chains at the corona and poly(benzyl methacrylate) (PBzMA) chains in the core occurs in situ due to the growing insolubility of the PBzMA block in ethanol. Interestingly, the formation of highly pure worm-like micelles can be readily monitored by observing the onset of a highly viscous gel in situ due to nanoparticle entanglements occurring during the polymerization. This process thereby allows for a more reproducible synthesis of worm-like micelles simply by monitoring the solution viscosity during the course of the polymerization. In addition, the light stimulus can be intermittently applied in an ON/OFF manner demonstrating temporal control over the nanoparticle morphology.

This article describes a process for producing polymeric self-assembled nanoparticles using visible light mediated dispersion polymerization. Using low energy visible light to control the polymerization allows for the reproducible formation of self-assembled worm-like micelles at high solids content.

Sintesi facile di micelle vermiforme dalla luce visibile mediata polimerizzazione in dispersione Utilizzando Photoredox Catalyst

Presented herein is a protocol for the facile synthesis of worm-like micelles by visible light mediated dispersion polymerization. This approach begins ...

Protocol for the Solid-phase Synthesis of Oligomers of RNA Containing a 2'-O-thiophenylmethyl Modification and Characterization via Circular Dichroism

Solid-phase synthesis has been used to obtain canonical and modified polymers of nucleic acids, specifically of DNA or RNA, which has made it a popular methodology for applications in various fields and for different research purposes. The procedure described herein focuses on the synthesis, purification, and characterization of dodecamers of RNA 5&#39;-[CUA CGG AAU CAU]-3&#39; containing zero, one, or two modifications located at the C2&#39;-O-position. The probes are based on 2-thiophenylmethyl groups, incorporated into RNA nucleotides via standard organic synthesis and introduced into the corresponding oligonucleotides via their respective phosphoramidites. This report makes use of phosphoramidite chemistry via the four canonical nucleobases (Uridine (U), Cytosine (C), Guanosine (G), Adenosine (A)), as well as 2-thiophenylmethyl functionalized nucleotides modified at the 2&#39;-O-position; however, the methodology is amenable for a large variety of modifications that have been developed over the years. The oligonucleotides were synthesized on a controlled-pore glass (CPG) support followed by cleavage from the resin and deprotection under standard conditions, i.e., a mixture of ammonia and methylamine (AMA) followed by hydrogen fluoride/triethylamine/N-methylpyrrolidinone. The corresponding oligonucleotides were purified via polyacrylamide electrophoresis (20% denaturing) followed by elution, desalting, and isolation via reversed-phase chromatography (Sep-pak, C18-column). Quantification and structural parameters were assessed via ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) and circular dichroism (CD) photometric analysis, respectively. This report aims to serve as a resource and guide for beginner and expert researchers interested in embarking in this field. It is expected to serve as a work-in-progress as new technologies and methodologies are developed. The description of the methodologies and techniques within this document correspond to a DNA/RNA synthesizer (refurbished and purchased in 2013) that uses phosphoramidite chemistry.

Protocol for the Solid-phase Synthesis of Oligomers of RNA Containing a 2&#039;-O-thiophenylmethyl Modification and Characterization via Circular Dichroism

This article provides a detailed procedure on the solid-phase synthesis, purification, and characterization of dodecamers of RNA modified at the C2&#39;-O-position. UV-vis and circular dichroism photometric analyses are used to quantify and characterize structural aspects, i.e., single-strands or double-strands.

Protocollo per la sintesi in fase solida di oligomeri di RNA contenente un 2&#39;-<em&gt; O</em&gt; -thiophenylmethyl Modifica e caratterizzazione attraverso il Dicroroo circolare

Solid-phase synthesis has been used to obtain canonical and modified polymers of nucleic acids, specifically of DNA or RNA, which has made it a popular ...

Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Oligo-peptoids

Peptoids are sequence-controlled peptide-mimicking oligomers consisting of N-alkylated glycine units. Among many potential applications, peptoids have been thought of as a type of molecular information storage. Mass spectrometry analysis has been considered the method of choice for sequencing peptoids. Peptoids can be synthesized via solid phase chemistry using a repeating two-step reaction cycle. Here we present a method to manually synthesize oligo-peptoids and to analyze the sequence of the peptoids using tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) techniques. The sample peptoid is a nonamer consisting of alternating N-(2-methyloxyethyl)glycine (Nme) and N-(2-phenylethyl)glycine (Npe), as well as an N-(2-aminoethyl)glycine (Nae) at the N-terminus. The sequence formula of the peptoid is Ac-Nae-(Npe-Nme)4-NH2, where Ac is the acetyl group. The synthesis takes place in a commercially available solid-phase reaction vessel. The rink amide resin is used as the solid support to yield the peptoid with an amide group at the C-terminus. The resulting peptoid product is subjected to sequence analysis using a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer coupled to an electrospray ionization source. The MS/MS measurement produces a spectrum of fragment ions resulting from the dissociation of charged peptoid. The fragment ions are sorted out based on the values of their mass-to-charge ratio (m/z). The m/z values of the fragment ions are compared against the nominal masses of theoretically predicted fragment ions, according to the scheme of peptoid fragmentation. The analysis generates a fragmentation pattern of the charged peptoid. The fragmentation pattern is correlated to the monomer sequence of the neutral peptoid. In this regard, MS analysis reads out the sequence information of the peptoids.

A protocol is described for the manual synthesis of oligo-peptoids followed by sequence analysis by mass spectrometry.

Sintesi e analisi di spettrometria di massa di Oligo-peptoids

Peptoids are sequence-controlled peptide-mimicking oligomers consisting of N-alkylated glycine units. Among many potential applications, peptoids have ...

Methods Article

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