Ringraziamo il Dott. Diane Baronas-Lowell per la lettura critica del manoscritto. Questo lavoro è stato supportato da un FAU Charles E. Schmidt College of Science Seed Grant e una borsa di studio invecchiamento della Ellison Medical Foundation di KJ

1. Piastre XLD (xilosio lisina Desoxycholate) Agar XLD agar è un terreno di coltura selettivo per Salmonella, che appare come colonie nere su piastre di agar XLD. Tuttavia, se non ci sono problemi di contaminazione, un piatto regolare LB può essere sostituito. <ol><li> Pesare 5,5 g di agar XLD e risospendere in 5 ml di acqua deionizzata. </li><li> Mescolare accuratamente fino a quando tutti agar è bagnato. Aggiungere 95 ml di acqua deionizzata fino a quando tutti i grumi sono andati e il mezzo è completamente risospese. </li><li> Far bollire il mezzo per sciogliere completamente (non autoclave). </li><li> Raffreddare il terreno a temperatura ambiente a 50 ° C. </li><li> Versare 25 ml di agar-agar in ciascuno di 95 x 15 mm (diametro x altezza) targa (targhe sigillati con parafilm possono essere conservati a 4 ° C per un massimo di 1 mese). </li></ol> 2. Nematode Growth Medium (NGM) RNAi alimentazione Piatti Preparazione di C. piastre NGM elegans è stato descritto in precedenza 19. Qui una procedura viene brevemente descritta aggiungere ampicillina e l&#39;RNAi induttore chimico isopropil β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) in media NGM per rendere le piastre di alimentazione RNAi. <ol><li> Sciogliere 3 g di NaCl e 2,5 g Bacto peptone in 1 L di acqua deionizzata. </li><li> Aggiungere 17 g di agar Bacto nei media. </li><li> Autoclavare media per 45 minuti e raffreddare il supporto a 50 ° C in un bagno d&#39;acqua. </li><li> Aggiungere le seguenti soluzioni: 1 ml di colesterolo (5 mg / ml in 95% etanolo), 1 ml di 1 M CaCl 2, 1 ml di 1 M MgSO4, e 25 ml di 1 M tampone fosfato di potassio (pH 6,0). Mescolare bene. </li><li> Aggiungere 1 ml di 1 M IPTG e 500 microlitri ampicillina (100 mg / ml in acqua sterile). </li><li> Mescolare bene la soluzione e versare in 60 x 15 mm (diametro x altezza) piastre di Petri con un apparecchio Pipettare e 25 ml pipetta sierologica seguenti procedure sterili. Riempire ogni piatto con 12 ml di agar. Le piastre possono essere conservati a 4 ° C per un massimo di 1 mese. </li></ol> Il gene essenziale autofagia bec-1 viene utilizzato come esempio per esaminare la funzione di un gene ospitante in difesa contro l&#39;infezione da Salmonella. Le procedure sperimentali sono illustrati nella figura 1 e nella tabella 1. Il protocollo per la preparazione RNAi animali trattati per l&#39;infezione segue, con il giorno di ogni fase sperimentale dato tra parentesi. <ol><li> Seminare bec-1 alimentazione RNAi e controllare vettore vuoto L4440 RNAi alimentazione batteri mettendo un fiocco di -80 ° C i batteri congelati in 2 ml di terreno LB integrato con 100 mg / ml ampicillina (1 ° giorno). Ripetere questa operazione una volta alla settimana durante l&#39;intero esperimento di avere batteri RNAi freschi. Conservare la cultura nel 4 ° C frigorifero quando non è utilizzato. </li><li> Seed 100 ml di coltura batterica durante la notte RNAi su lastre di RNAi. Preparare tre bec-1 RNAi e tre di controllo vuota vettore piatti RNAi. Incubare le piastre a 37 ° C per una notte (Day 2). </li><li> Rimuovere le piastre di RNAi dal 37 ° C incubatore e permettere loro di raffreddare a temperatura sulla panchina stanza. Pick up ben nutriti L4 wild type ermafroditi N2 e trasferire loro di Bec-1 RNAi e controllo vettoriale piatti RNAi vuoti. Inserire tre vermi per piastra, su piastre in triplo. Lo stesso giorno, preparare piatti RNAi come descritto al punto 3.2 (3 ° giorno). </li><li> Incubare le piastre RNAi con i vermi in incubatore a 20 ° C per 36-40 hr e trasferire i vermi a piatti freschi RNAi corrispondenti preparati nella fase 3.3. Dopo i vermi vengono trasferiti, incubare le piastre nel 20 ° C incubatore per 64 ore (giorno 4). </li></ol> 4. Preparare Salmonella per infezione <ol><li> Streak Salmonella -80 ° C Si congelati su 1 piastra XLD agar ed incubare la piastra a 37 ° C durante la notte (Day 5 </strong&gt;). </li><li> Scegli una ben isolata Salmonella bianco colonia e inoculare in 2 ml di terreno LB a 37 ° C con agitazione tutta la notte (Giorno 6). </li><li> Seed 80 ml ​​Salmonella cultura durante la notte il 1 ° C. elegans 60 x 15 mm (diametro x altezza) piastra NGM agar e preparare 6 piatti in totale. Incubare le piastre a temperatura ambiente per 6 ore. La coltura batterica devono asciugare e formare un prato sulla piastra (7 ° giorno). </li></ol> 5. Worms Infect RNAi trattati con Salmonella <ol><li> Trasferimento bec-1 RNAi-trattati e controllo vettoriale RNAi trattati ermafroditi L4 N2 vuoti (progenie di vermi istituito nel passaggio 3) alle piastre Salmonella. Mettere 40 vermi per piastra su 3 piastre per ogni gruppo. Incubare le piastre a vite senza fine a 20 ° C per 48 ore (7 ° giorno). </li><li> Preparare una serie di lastre di RNAi freschi come descritto nei punti 3.1 e 3.2 (Day 7 e <strong&gt; Giorno 8). </li><li> Dopo 48 ore l&#39;infezione, trasferire i vermi Salmonella-infetti ai corrispondenti piastre RNAi preparati in fase 5.2 e incubare a 20 ° C (9 ° giorno). </li></ol> 6. Sopravvivenza Assay <ol><li> Punteggio la sopravvivenza di vermi quotidiano e trasferire i vermi di corrispondenti lastre di RNAi freschi durante il periodo di deposizione delle uova. Preparare una serie di lastre di RNAi fresco prima di ogni trasferimento verme come descritto nei punti 3.1 e 3.2. Toccare il corpo senza fine (testa, parte centrale e la coda) delicatamente con un filo di platino end-appiattita. Un worm è segnato come morta, se si osserva alcun movimento del corpo worm. </li><li> Punteggio la sopravvivenza di vermi giorno o ogni altro giorno, e trasferire i vermi alle corrispondenti piastre RNAi freschi due volte a settimana dopo i vermi fermano la deposizione delle uova. </li><li> Dopo che tutti i vermi muoiono, riunire i dati di sopravvivenza da lastre triplice copia come un set di dati. Inserire i dati di sopravvivenza di ogni gruppo nel caso di software statistico come GraphPad Prism per generare curve di sopravvivenza e di effettuare analisi di sopravvivenza di Kaplan-Meier. L&#39;intero esperimento viene ripetuto almeno una volta a confermare la conclusione. </li></ol>

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Gli autori dichiarano di non avere interessi finanziari in competizione.

C. elegans è un organismo semplice modello genetico che mangia i batteri come fonte di nutrienti. Così, è facile da sostituire la alimentare batterica normale con un patogeno intestinale per indagare le interazioni tra C. elegans e l&#39;agente patogeno scelto. Qui un protocollo è descritto combinare Salmonella infezione e C. elegans RNAi alimentazione trattamento per esaminare il ruolo dei geni ospitanti in difesa contro le infezioni da Salmonella. Protocolli di preceden...

Il nematode del suolo a vita libera Caenorhabditis elegans è un semplice e geneticamente trattabili organismo modello utilizzato per studiare molte questioni biologiche. C. elegans esiste prevalentemente come ermafroditi auto-fertilizzazione. I maschi sono spontaneamente generati da non disgiunzione del cromosoma X durante la gametogenesi 1,2. In presenza di cibo abbondante, C. elegans sviluppare continuamente attraverso quattro stadi larvali all&#39;adulto. La temperatura influisce anche C. sviluppo elegans; sviluppo più rapido si osserva a temperature più elevate. In laboratorio, C. elegans è coltivato ad una temperatura standard di 20 ° C su piastre di agar con seminato batterio Escherichia coli (ceppo OP50) come alimento 1,2. Nell&#39;ultimo decennio, C. elegans è emerso come un organismo invertebrato per studiare le interazioni ospite-patogeno 3-5. In natura, C. elegans mangia i batteri come nutrient 1,2 fonte. La sua normale cibo laboratorio batterica, OP50, può essere facilmente sostituito con altri patogeni per esaminare le interazioni tra C. elegans e qualsiasi agente patogeno scelta. In queste condizioni, l&#39;intestino è il sito primario dell&#39;infezione. Infatti, una vasta gamma di patogeni batterici ha dimostrato di infettare lethally C. elegans 3-5. Il batterio Salmonella gram-negativa è un agente patogeno gastrointestinale che causa malattie di origine alimentare umana in tutto il mondo 6,7. C. elegans è un buon modello di accoglienza per la Salmonella typhimurium come questo batterio si replica e presenta infezioni intestinali persistenti 8-10. C. elegans è stato usato per identificare sia nuovo e precedentemente noto virulenza di Salmonella fattori 11. È interessante notare che il C. sistema immunitario elegans limita con successo la replica Salmonella. E &#39;stato riportato in precedenza che inibition di geni autofagia rende maggiore la replica di Salmonella in C. elegans, con conseguente morte precoce di vermi infetti 10. Macroautofagia (di seguito denominato autofagia) è un processo dinamico che coinvolge il riassetto delle membrane subcellulari di sequestrare citoplasma e organelli per la consegna agli lisosomi per la degradazione 12. Autofagia è stato segnalato per limitare la replica Salmonella in C. elegans e nei mammiferi 10,13. La C. elegans genoma è stato il primo genoma degli eucarioti multicellulari sequenziato; è sensibile alle RNAi trattamento 14-16. Inoltre, RNAi può essere somministrato efficacemente sottoponendo vermi ingerire batteri contenenti l&#39;RNA a doppio filamento del gene bersaglio, noto come RNAi alimentazione 16,17. Genoma biblioteche alimentazione RNAi interi sono stati generati per il genoma di screening RNAi 16,18. Qui, una Salmonella infezione proprotocollo è accoppiato con RNAi alimentazione per consentire la sperimentazione C. elegans geni di interesse per la loro capacità di proteggere contro l&#39;infezione da Salmonella.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="621">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">LB Broth</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BP9723-500</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">XLD agar</td>
			<td>EMD Chemicals</td>
			<td>1.05287.0500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Bacto Agar</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>DF0140-01-0</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Peptone</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>BP1420-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sodium Chloride</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>S671-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Calcium Chloride</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>C69-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Magnesium Sulfate</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>M65-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">IPTG</td>
			<td>Gold Biotechnology</td>
			<td>12481C50</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Cholesterol</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>C8667-25G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ampicillin</td>
			<td>Fisher&#160;</td>
			<td>BP1760-25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Salmonella typhimurium</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>ATCC14028</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Petri Dish 95 x 15mm</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>FB0875714G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Petri Dish 60 x 15mm&#160;</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>08-757-13A&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Falcon Serological pipet</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>13-668-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Falcon Express Pipet-Aid</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>13-675-42</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MaxQ6000 shaking incubator&#160;</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>SHKE6000-7</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Incubator</td>
			<td>Percival</td>
			<td>I-36DL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a protocol to infect caenorhabditis elegans with salmonella typhimurium

Nell&#39;ultimo decennio, C. elegans è emerso come un organismo invertebrato per studiare le interazioni tra i padroni di casa e agenti patogeni, tra cui la difesa ospite contro i gram-negativi batterio Salmonella typhimurium. Salmonella stabilisce infezione persistente nell&#39;intestino di C. elegans e si traduce in morte precoce di animali infetti. Un certo numero di meccanismi immunitari sono stati identificati in C. elegans per difendersi contro le infezioni da Salmonella. Autofagia, un evolutivamente conservata degradazione lisosomiale percorso, ha dimostrato di limitare la replica Salmonella in C. elegans e nei mammiferi. Qui, un protocollo è descritto per infettare C. elegans con Salmonella typhimurium, in cui i vermi sono esposti a Salmonella per un tempo limitato, simile alle infezioni da Salmonella nell&#39;uomo. Salmonella infezione riduce notevolmente la durata di C. elegans &lt;/ Em&gt;. Utilizzando il gene autofagia essenziale bec-1 come esempio, abbiamo combinato questo metodo infezione da C. elegans RNAi alimentazione approccio e ha mostrato questo protocollo può essere utilizzato per esaminare la funzione di C. geni ospitanti elegans in difesa contro le infezioni da Salmonella. Poiché C. elegans intero genoma librerie RNAi sono disponibili, questo protocollo permette di schermare completamente per la C. elegans geni che proteggono contro la salmonella e altri patogeni intestinali utilizzando le librerie RNAi genome-wide.

A 20 ° C, la durata mediana di wild type vermi N2 è 17 giorni (Figura 2a e Tabella 2). Infezione da Salmonella diminuisce significativamente la durata mediana di vermi N2 a 10,5 giorni (p = 0,0002, log-rank test) (Figura 2A ). Se una C. gene elegans svolge un ruolo importante nella difesa contro le infezioni da Salmonella, si prevede che la sua inibizione impartirà suscettibilità alle infezioni Sal...

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A Protocol to Infect Caenorhabditis elegans with Salmonella typhimurium

C. elegans è emerso come un nuovo modello genetico per studiare le interazioni ospite-patogeno. Qui si descrive un protocollo per infettare C. elegans con Salmonella typhimurium accoppiato con la tecnica RNAi doppio filamento interferenze per esaminare il ruolo dei geni ospitanti in difesa contro le infezioni da Salmonella.

Un protocollo Infettare<em&gt; Caenorhabditis elegans</em&gt; Con<em&gt; Salmonella typhimurium</em

In the last decade, C. elegans has emerged as an invertebrate organism to study interactions between hosts and pathogens, including the host defense ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

A Protocol to Infect Caenorhabditis elegans with Salmonella typhimurium

11.5K Views.  Florida Atlantic University.  C. elegans è emerso come un nuovo modello genetico per studiare le interazioni ospite-patogeno. Qui si descrive un protocollo per infettare C. elegans con Salmonella typhimurium accoppiato con la tecnica RNAi doppio filamento interferenze per esaminare il ruolo dei geni ospitanti in difesa contro le infezioni da Salmonella. 

Video: A Protocol to Infect Caenorhabditis elegans with Salmonella typhimurium

An Allelotyping PCR for Identifying Salmonella enterica serovars Enteritidis, Hadar, Heidelberg, and Typhimurium

Current commercial PCRs tests for identifying Salmonella target genes unique to this genus. However, there are two species, six subspecies, and over 2,500 different Salmonella serovars, and not all are equal in their significance to public health. For example, finding S. enterica subspecies IIIa Arizona on a table egg layer farm is insignificant compared to the isolation of S. enterica subspecies I serovar Enteritidis, the leading cause of salmonellosis linked to the consumption of table eggs. Serovars are identified based on antigenic differences in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)(O antigen) and flagellin (H1 and H2 antigens). These antigenic differences are the outward appearance of the diversity of genes and gene alleles associated with this phenotype.
We have developed an allelotyping, multiplex PCR that keys on genetic differences between four major S. enterica subspecies I serovars found in poultry and associated with significant human disease in the US. The PCR primer pairs were targeted to key genes or sequences unique to a specific Salmonella serovar and designed to produce an amplicon with size specific for that gene or allele. Salmonella serovar is assigned to an isolate based on the combination of PCR test results for specific LPS and flagellin gene alleles. The multiplex PCRs described in this article are specific for the detection of S. enterica subspecies I serovars Enteritidis, Hadar, Heidelberg, and Typhimurium.
Here we demonstrate how to use the multiplex PCRs to identify serovar for a Salmonella isolate.

An Allelotyping PCR for Identifying Salmonella enterica serovars Enteritidis, Hadar, Heidelberg, and Typhimurium

We describe a multiplex PCR for the rapid detection of Salmonella enterica serovars Enteritidis, Hadar, Heidelberg, and Typhimurium. Specific Salmonella serovars can be identified by targeting a multiplex PCR to genes and sequences unique to the O-antigen biosynthesis cluster and flagellin of a given serovar. Serovar is assigned then to a Salmonella isolate based on the appearance of specific, size amplicons (PCR product) corresponding to the target allele.

Un Allelotyping PCR per l&#39;identificazione Salmonella enterica Sierotipi Enteritidis, Hadar, Heidelberg, e Typhimurium

Current commercial PCRs tests for identifying Salmonella target genes unique to this genus.  However, there are two species, six subspecies, and over ...

Ricerca

Immunologia e infezioni

High-throughput Assay to Phenotype Salmonella enterica Typhimurium Association, Invasion, and Replication in Macrophages

Salmonella species are zoonotic pathogens and leading causes of food borne illnesses in humans and livestock1. Understanding the mechanisms underlying Salmonella-host interactions are&#160;important to elucidate the molecular pathogenesis of Salmonella infection. The Gentamicin protection assay to phenotype Salmonella association, invasion and replication in phagocytic cells was adapted to allow high-throughput screening to define the roles of deletion mutants of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium in host interactions using RAW 264.7 murine macrophages. Under this protocol, the variance in measurements is significantly reduced compared to the standard protocol, because wild-type and multiple mutant strains can be tested in the same culture dish and at the same time. The use of multichannel pipettes increases the throughput and enhances precision. Furthermore, concerns related to using less host cells per well in 96-well culture dish were addressed. Here, the protocol of the modified in vitro Salmonella invasion assay using phagocytic cells was successfully employed to phenotype 38 individual Salmonella deletion mutants for association, invasion and intracellular replication. The in vitro phenotypes are presented, some of which were subsequently confirmed to have in vivo phenotypes in an animal model. Thus, the modified, standardized assay to phenotype Salmonella association, invasion and replication in macrophages with high-throughput capacity could be utilized more broadly to study bacterial-host interactions.

High-throughput Assay to Phenotype Salmonella enterica Typhimurium Association, Invasion, and Replication in Macrophages

A high-throughput assay to in vitro phenotype Salmonella or other bacterial association, invasion, and replication in phagocytic cells with high-throughput capacity was developed. The method was employed to evaluate Salmonella gene knockout mutant strains for their involvements in host-pathogen interactions.

High-throughput Assay per Fenotipo<em&gt; Salmonella enterica</em&gt; Typhimurium Associazione, Invasion, e replica nei macrofagi

Salmonella species are zoonotic pathogens and leading causes of food borne illnesses in humans and livestock1. Understanding the mechanisms underlying ...

Isolation of Salmonella typhimurium-containing Phagosomes from Macrophages

Salmonella typhimurium is a facultative intracellular bacterium that causes gastroenteritis in humans. After invasion of the lamina propria, S. typhimurium bacteria are quickly detected and phagocytized by macrophages, and contained in vesicles known as phagosomes in order to be degraded. Isolation of S. typhimurium-containing phagosomes have been widely used to study how S. typhimurium infection alters the process of phagosome maturation to prevent bacterial degradation. Classically, the isolation of bacteria-containing phagosomes has been performed by sucrose gradient centrifugation. However, this process is time-consuming, and requires specialized equipment and a certain degree of dexterity. Described here is a simple and quick method for the isolation of S. typhimurium-containing phagosomes from macrophages by coating the bacteria with biotin-streptavidin-conjugated magnetic beads. Phagosomes obtained by this method can be suspended in any buffer of choice, allowing the utilization of isolated phagosomes for a broad range of assays, such as protein, metabolite, and lipid analysis. In summary, this method for the isolation of S. typhimurium-containing phagosomes is specific, efficient, rapid, requires minimum equipment, and is more versatile than the classical method of isolation by sucrose gradient-ultracentrifugation.

Isolation of Salmonella typhimurium-containing Phagosomes from Macrophages

We describe here a simple and quick method for the isolation of Salmonella typhimurium-containing phagosomes from macrophages by coating the bacteria with biotin and streptavidin.

Isolamento di Salmonella typhimurium-contenente fagosomi dai macrofagi

Salmonella typhimurium is a facultative intracellular bacterium that causes gastroenteritis in humans. After invasion of the lamina propria, S. ...

A Facile Protocol to Generate Site-Specifically Acetylated Proteins in Escherichia Coli

Post-translational modifications that occur at specific positions of proteins have been shown to play important roles in a variety of cellular processes. Among them, reversible lysine acetylation is one of the most widely distributed in all domains of life. Although numerous mass spectrometry-based acetylome studies have been performed, further characterization of these putative acetylation targets has been limited. One possible reason is that it is difficult to generate purely acetylated proteins at desired positions by most classic biochemical approaches. To overcome this challenge, the genetic code expansion technique has been applied to use the pair of an engineered pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase variant, and its cognate tRNA from Methanosarcinaceae species, to direct the cotranslational incorporation of acetyllysine at the specific site in the protein of interest. After first application in the study of histone acetylation, this approach has facilitated acetylation studies on a variety of proteins. In this work, we demonstrated a facile protocol to produce site-specifically acetylated proteins by using the model bacterium Escherichia coli as the host. Malate dehydrogenase was used as a demonstration example in this work.

A Facile Protocol to Generate Site-Specifically Acetylated Proteins in Escherichia Coli

Genetic code expansion serves as a powerful tool to study a wide range of biological processes, including protein acetylation. Here we demonstrate a facile protocol to exploit this technique for generating homogeneously acetylated proteins at specific sites in Escherichia coli cells.

Un protocollo Facile generare proteine site-specifically acetilati in Escherichia Coli

Post-translational modifications that occur at specific positions of proteins have been shown to play important roles in a variety of cellular processes. ...

A High-throughput Platform for the Screening of Salmonella spp./Shigella spp.

Fecal-oral transmission of acute gastroenteritis occurs from time to time, especially when people who handled food and water are infected by Salmonella spp./Shigella spp. The gold standard method for the detection of Salmonella spp./Shigella spp. is direct culture but this is labor-intensive and time-consuming. Here, we describe a high-throughput platform for Salmonella spp./Shigella spp. screening, using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) combined with guided culture. There are two major stages: real-time PCR and the guided culture. For the first stage (real-time PCR), we explain each step of the method: sample collection, pre-enrichment, DNA extraction and real-time PCR. If the real-time PCR result is positive, then the second stage (guided culture) is performed: selective culture, biochemical identification and serological characterization. We also illustrate representative results generated from it. The protocol described here would be a valuable platform for the rapid, specific, sensitive and high-throughput screening of Salmonella spp./Shigella spp.

A High-throughput Platform for the Screening of Salmonella spp./Shigella spp.

Salmonella spp./Shigella spp. are common pathogens attributed to diarrhea. Here, we describe a high-throughput platform for the screening of Salmonella spp./Shigella spp. using real-time PCR combined with guided culture.

Una piattaforma di High-throughput per lo Screening della Salmonella spp /Shigella spp.

Fecal-oral transmission of acute gastroenteritis occurs from time to time, especially when people who handled food and water are infected by Salmonella ...

Evaluating Virulence and Pathogenesis of Aeromonas Infection in a Caenorhabditis elegans Model

The human pathogen Aeromonas has been clinically shown to cause gastroenteritis, wound infections, septicemia, and urinary tract infections. Most human diseases have been reported to be associated with four species of bacteria: Aeromonas dhakensis, Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas veronii, and Aeromonas caviae. The model organism Caenorhabditis elegans is a bacterivore that provides an excellent infection model by which to study the bacterial pathogenesis of Aeromonas. Here, we introduce three different experiments to study Aeromonas infection using a C. elegans model, including survival, liquid toxicity, and muscle necrosis assays. The results of the three methods determining the virulence of Aeromonas were consistent. A. dhakensis was shown to be the most toxic among the 4 major Aeromonas species causing clinical infections. These methods are shown to be a convenient way to evaluate the toxicity among and within Aeromonas species and contribute to our understanding of the pathogenesis of Aeromonas infection.

Evaluating Virulence and Pathogenesis of Aeromonas Infection in a Caenorhabditis elegans Model

Here, we introduce three different experiments to study Aeromonas infection in C. elegans. Using these convenient methods, it is easy to evaluate the toxicity among and within Aeromonas species.

Valutazione di virulenza e patogenesi dell'infezione da Aeromonas in un modello di Caenorhabditis elegans

The human pathogen Aeromonas has been clinically shown to cause gastroenteritis, wound infections, septicemia, and urinary tract infections. Most human ...

Application of Consistent Massage-Like Perturbations on Mouse Calves and Monitoring the Resulting Intramuscular Pressure Changes

Massage is generally recognized to be beneficial for relieving pain and inflammation. Although previous studies have reported anti-inflammatory effects of massage on skeletal muscles, the molecular mechanisms behind are poorly understood. We have recently developed a simple device to apply local cyclical compression (LCC), which can generate intramuscular pressure waves with varying amplitudes. Using this device, we have demonstrated that LCC modulates inflammatory responses of macrophages in situ and alleviates immobilization-induced muscle atrophy. Here, we describe protocols for the optimization and application of LCC as a massage-like intervention against immobilization-induced inflammation and atrophy of skeletal muscles of mouse hindlimbs. The protocol that we have developed can be useful for investigating the mechanism underlying beneficial effects of physical exercise and massage. Our experimental system provides a prototype of the analytical approach to elucidate the mechanical regulation of muscle homeostasis, although further development needs to be made for more comprehensive studies.

Here we describe the protocols for applying defined mechanical loads to mouse calves and for monitoring the concomitant intramuscular pressure changes. The experimental systems that we have developed can be useful for investigating the mechanism behind the beneficial effects of physical exercise and massage.

Applicazione di perturbazioni costanti simili a massaggi sui vitelli per topi e monitoraggio dei conseguenti cambiamenti di pressione intramuscolare

Massage is generally recognized to be beneficial for relieving pain and inflammation. Although previous studies have reported anti-inflammatory effects of ...

Using Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Intestinal Organoids to Study and Modify Epithelial Cell Protection Against Salmonella and Other Pathogens

The intestinal &#8216;organoid&#8217; (iHO) system, wherein 3-D structures representative of the epithelial lining of the human gut can be produced from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) and maintained in culture, provides an exciting opportunity to facilitate the modeling of the epithelial response to enteric infections. In vivo, intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) play a key role in regulating intestinal homeostasis and may directly inhibit pathogens, although the mechanisms by which this occurs are not fully elucidated. The cytokine interleukin-22 (IL-22) has been shown to play a role in the maintenance and defense of the gut epithelial barrier, including inducing a release of antimicrobial peptides and chemokines in response to infection.
We describe the differentiation of healthy control hiPSCs into iHOs via the addition of specific cytokine combinations to their culture medium before embedding them into a basement membrane matrix-based prointestinal culture system. Once embedded, the iHOs are grown in media supplemented with Noggin, R-spondin-1, epidermal growth factor (EGF), CHIR99021, prostaglandin E2, and Y-27632 dihydrochloride monohydrate. Weekly passages by manual disruption of the iHO ultrastructure lead to the formation of budded iHOs, with some exhibiting a crypt/villus structure. All iHOs demonstrate a differentiated epithelium consisting of goblet cells, enteroendocrine cells, Paneth cells, and polarized enterocytes, which can be confirmed via immunostaining for specific markers of each cell subset, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and quantitative PCR (qPCR). To model infection, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium SL1344 are microinjected into the lumen of the iHOs and incubated for 90 min at 37 &#176;C, and a modified gentamicin protection assay is performed to identify the levels of intracellular bacterial invasion. Some iHOs are also pretreated with recombinant human IL-22 (rhIL-22) prior to infection to establish whether this cytokine is protective against Salmonella infection.

Using Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Intestinal Organoids to Study and Modify Epithelial Cell Protection Against Salmonella and Other Pathogens

Human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived intestinal organoids offer exciting opportunities to model enteric diseases in vitro. We demonstrate the differentiation of hiPSCs into intestinal organoids (iHOs), the stimulation of these iHOs with cytokines, and the microinjection of Salmonella Typhimurium into the iHO lumen, enabling the study of an epithelial invasion by this pathogen.

Utilizzando organoidi intestinali derivati da cellule staminali pluripotenti indotta dall'uomo per studiare e modificare la protezione delle cellule epiteliali contro la Salmonella e altri patogeni

The intestinal &#8216;organoid&#8217; (iHO) system, wherein 3-D structures representative of the epithelial lining of the human gut can be produced from ...

Chronic Salmonella Infection Induced Intestinal Fibrosis

Tissue fibrosis characterized by the pathological accumulation of extracellular matrix such as collagen is the outcome of persistent inflammation and dysregulated repair. In inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), fibrosis leads to recurrent stricture formations for which there is no effective therapy other than surgical resection. Due to its late onset, the processes that drive fibrosis is less studied and largely unknown. Therefore, fibrotic complications represent a major challenge in IBD. In this protocol, a robust in vivo model of intestinal fibrosis is described where streptomycin pre-treatment of C57Bl/6 mice followed by oral gavage with vaccine grade Salmonella Typhimurium &#916;AroA mutant leads to persistent pathogen colonization and fibrosis of the cecum. Methodologies for preparing S. Typhimurium &#916;AroA for inoculation, quantifying pathogen loads in the cecum and spleen, and evaluating collagen deposition in intestinal tissues are explained. This experimental disease model is useful for examining host factors that either enhance or exacerbate CD-like intestinal fibrosis.

This protocol describes a mouse model of Salmonella driven intestinal fibrosis that resembles key pathological hallmarks of Crohn&#8217;s disease including transmural inflammation and fibrosis. This method can be used to evaluate host factors that alter fibrotic outcomes using mutant mice maintained on a C57Bl/6 genetic background.

Infezione da Salmonella cronica Fibrosi intestinale indotta

Tissue fibrosis characterized by the pathological accumulation of extracellular matrix such as collagen is the outcome of persistent inflammation and ...

NF-&#954;B-dependent Luciferase Activation and Quantification of Gene Expression in Salmonella Infected Tissue Culture Cells

The dimeric transcription factor NF-&#954;B regulates many cellular response pathways, including inflammatory pathways by inducing the expression of various cytokines and chemokines. NF-&#954;B is constitutively expressed and is sequestered in the cytosol by the inhibitory protein nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells inhibitor, alpha (I&#954;B&#945;). Activation of NF-&#954;B requires the degradation of I&#954;B&#945;, which then exposes a nuclear localization signal on NF-&#954;B and promotes its trafficking to the nucleus. Once in the nucleus, NF-&#954;B binds to the promotor region of NF-&#954;B target genes such as interleukin 6 (IL-6) and IL-23, to promote their expression.
The activation of NF-&#954;B occurs independently of transcription or translation. Therefore, the activation state of NF-&#954;B must be measured either by quantifying NF-&#954;B specifically in the nucleus, or by quantifying expression of NF-&#954;B target genes. In this protocol, cells stably transfected with an NF-&#954;B::luciferase reporter construct are assayed for NF-&#954;B activation using in vitro tissue culture techniques. These cells are infected with Salmonella Typhimurium to activate NF-&#954;B, which traffics to the nucleus and binds to &#954;B sites in the promoter region of luciferase, inducing its expression. Cells are lysed and analyzed with the luciferase assay system. The amount of luciferase produced by the cells correlates with the intensity of the luminescence signal, which is detected by a plate reader. The luminescence signal generated by this procedure provides a quick and highly sensitive method by which to assess NF-&#954;B activation under a range of conditions. This protocol also utilizes quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) to detect relative mRNA levels that are indicative of gene expression.

NF-&amp;#954;B-dependent Luciferase Activation and Quantification of Gene Expression in &lt;em&gt;Salmonella&lt;/em&gt; Infected Tissue Culture Cells

Here, we present a protocol to quickly and easily measure nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-&#954;B) activation in cell lines expressing NF-&#954;B::luciferase reporter constructs, via measurements of luminescence in the cell lysate. Additionally, gene expression is determined via RT-qPCR isolated from cells infected with Salmonella Typhimurium.

Attivazione e quantificazione dell'espressione genica infette da NF-B nelle cellule di coltura dei tessuti infetti

The dimeric transcription factor NF-&#954;B regulates many cellular response pathways, including inflammatory pathways by inducing the expression of ...