Supportato da Merit Review # BX001026 dal Department of Veterans Affairs (LSQ), e l&#39;uso di risorse e strutture in Health Care VA Puget Sound System, il Core transgenico risorse presso l&#39;Università di Washington Nathan Shock Centro di Eccellenza in Biologia di base di invecchiamento (NIA # 5P30AG-013.280), e l&#39;Università di Washington Diabete Endocrinologia Research Center (NIH # P30 DK-17047). Ringraziamo Cynthia Pekow DVM e Kari L. Koszdin DVM, VA Puget Sound, fornito utili commenti sul manoscritto.

La procedura qui descritta è stata approvata dal suono Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee VA Puget, ed è conforme con la Guida ILAR per la cura e l&#39;uso di animali da laboratorio. Preparazione 1 Sperimentale <ol><li> Decidere in anticipo se il sangue o raccolta di tessuto subito dopo l&#39;esercizio fisico è necessario, e in caso affermativo, determinare l&#39;intervallo post-esercizio per la conduzione di tali procedure. Gli esempi includono la determinazione dell&#39;ormone indotta da esercizio o il rilascio di citochine in circolo (che richiede la raccolta di sangue), la determinazione di esercizio espressione indotta di specie di mRNA di interesse (che richiede l&#39;eutanasia seguito da collezione dei tessuti). Qualora non sia indicata l&#39;esercizio di sangue posta immediato o raccolta di tessuto, avere materiali per queste procedure a portata di mano in camera procedura. Ricevi revisione istituzionale approvazione bordo e svolgere, secondo le linee guida legislative. Non tutti gli esperimenti richiedono sangue postexercise o collecti tessutosu; un semplice confronto di resistenza in esecuzione può essere tutto ciò che è necessario. </li><li> Decidere in anticipo sui gruppi sperimentali e procedure postexercise per topi (vedi descrizione sopra). </li><li> Posizionare il tapis roulant su un tavolo robusto in una stanza tranquilla dedicata durante le prove di marcia a questa procedura. </li><li> Posizionare il tapis roulant per i vicoli del mouse di dimensioni e ad un&#39;inclinazione appropriata al protocollo. L&#39;inclinazione di 5 o è qui utilizzato per evitare danno muscolare per esercizio eccentrico (allungamento del muscolo allo stesso tempo come contrazione) che si verifica durante la discesa in esecuzione. </li><li> Inserire un tampone assorbente sotto la cintura tapis roulant per la cattura feci. </li></ol> 2 Acclimatazione del mouse sul tapis roulant Decidere se è necessario un (nessun esercizio) gruppo &quot;sedentario&quot; di topi, ed esporre i topi sedentari per il tapis roulant senza correre come indicato nei passaggi 2,1-2,5. Determinare se sono necessari 2 o 4 gruppi sperimentali,. esempio, sedentario / Esercizio (2 gruppi); Controlli esercitati / esercitata trattamento (2 gruppi, senza animali sedentari); o, sedentario / Esercitate x controllo / trattamento (4 gruppi). Il &quot;trattamento&quot; può essere un genotipo transgenico o ko, un regime farmacologico, dieta speciale, o altro intervento sperimentale. <ol><li> Lasciare che il mouse si adatti alla stanza procedimento nella sua gabbia casa trasportati, con i compagni di gabbia, per 1 - 2 ore. </li><li> Selezionare un singolo mouse e il numero di etichetta di registrazione; pesare mouse e il peso record. </li><li> Posizionare il mouse nel tapis roulant senza il motore acceso per acclimatazione, circa 5 min. Accendete, senza la corsa cintura tapis roulant, e lasciare il mouse acclimatare alla rumorosità della macchina per altri 5 min. </li><li> Rimuovere i topi nei gruppi &quot;sedentari&quot; (se usato; vedi Nota 1) dal tapis roulant a questo punto e restituirli alla loro gabbia o eseguire procedure di post-esercizio come da progetto sperimentale (vedi nota 2). </li></ol><ol><li> Dopo acclimatazione, girare il nastro ad una velocità bassa (10 m / min) quando l&#39;animale sta esplorando la cintura e non sulla piattaforma. </li><li> Toccare o sollevare il posteriore del mouse con un abbassalingua, una a tre volte, per incoraggiare gli animali riluttanti a restare sul tapis roulant e correre delicatamente. NOTA: La maggior parte dei topi verrà eseguito immediatamente, ma a volte fermarsi per brevi periodi. In questo caso, utilizzare il divaricatore di linguetta di toccare delicatamente o sollevare la parte posteriore dell&#39;animale per favorire la ripresa di esecuzione. Spesso, i topi non hanno bisogno di essere toccato con la lingua depressore; notando la mano con l&#39;abbassalingua venire verso di loro fa sì che i topi a correre un po &#39;di più. </li><li> Avviare un timer laboratorio una volta che il mouse è in funzione alla velocità iniziale di 10 m / min. </li><li> Girare la velocità lentamente quando il mouse è in alto (fine salita) della cintura, in incrementi di 1 m / min, circa ogni 2 min. </li><li> Girare la velocità fino alimpostazione precedente se il mouse viene eseguito più volte in brevi raffiche e non ad un ritmo costante. </li><li> Determinare la massima velocità sostenuta esecuzione di ogni mouse (di solito 14-17 m / min per C57BL / 6 topi) regolando la velocità e guardare il mouse. Registrare questa velocità. NOTA: La posizione dell&#39;animale sul tapis roulant spunti l&#39;investigatore per la volontà dell&#39;animale da eseguire ad una velocità più elevata. Se il mouse è all&#39;estrema (in salita) finale e per correre nel muro, è pronto a correre a una velocità superiore. Se il mouse viene eseguito ad un ritmo costante nel mezzo del tapis roulant può essere alla sua velocità massima, o può avere bisogno di ulteriori regolazioni, a seconda della qualità della corsa. </li></ol> 4. endpoint e topi che si fermano <ol><li> Utilizzare l&#39;abbassalingua per toccare delicatamente o sollevare i quarti posteriori di animali che si fermano, per favorire la ripresa di esecuzione (vedi nota 3.2). Non interrompere il timer per interruzioni temporanee in esecuzione. </li><li> Identificare e RemovE i topi che si rifiutano di funzionare. Nota: questo sul foglio dati. A seconda del disegno sperimentale, i topi che rifiutano possono essere riesaminati in un giorno diverso NOTA: alcuni topi completamente rifiutare di eseguire. Tali topi saranno eseguiti in brevi raffiche, poi si ferma per lo sposo o &quot;pedale&quot;, cioè, sedersi sulla piattaforma e usare le zampe anteriori sul nastro. La posizione di questi topi è curvo, con tutti e quattro i piedi piantati sotto l&#39;animale per evitare di essere spinto indietro sul tapis roulant con la lingua depressore. Di tanto in tanto un mouse diventa aggressivo verso l&#39;abbassalingua quando non vuole correre, mordere l&#39;abbassalingua o salire come una via di fuga. E &#39;chiaro entro i primi 5 minuti del processo se il mouse, o non lo farà, correre. Rimuovere i topi che si rifiutano di eseguire dall&#39;analisi, ma non li contano come topi &quot;sedentari&quot;. </li><li> Identificare i topi esausti e arrestare il timer. NOTA: Esaurimento è definito da tre fermate successive e rifiuto di risume in esecuzione nonostante l&#39;incoraggiamento gentile, oltre a segni fisici di stanchezza, come respiro affannoso e la postura strombato. I topi recuperare dalla stanchezza in 30 a 60 min. </li><li> Annotare la quantità totale di tempo trascorso in esecuzione a tutte le velocità. </li><li> A seconda del disegno sperimentale, o di rispedire il mouse è alla sua gabbia, o conducono le procedure postexercise immediate, come sangue o raccolta di tessuto come da linee guida istituzionali. </li><li> Pulire la cinghia pulita con una salvietta germicida dopo aver testato ogni singolo mouse in modo che il profumo del mouse precedente non influenza il comportamento dei successivi topi testati. </li><li> Verificare il successivo mouse. Utilizzare una nuova abbassalingua per ogni mouse. I topi che risiedono nella stessa gabbia possono essere testati in sequenza nello stesso giorno senza acclimatazione aggiuntivo per la stanza procedura. </li></ol>

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Qui descritto è un metodo per valutare la resistenza esecuzione volontaria nei topi di laboratorio utilizzando un tapis roulant motorizzato senza l&#39;uso di una griglia di shock. Questo metodo può rivelare differenze tra sub-linee di C57BL / 6 topi che differiscono nella espressione della citochina IL-15, che a sua volta provoca differenze nell&#39;espressione dei fattori che sottendono esercizio di resistenza 16,17. In linea con i principi della &quot;Tre cuori in R&quot; nel laboratorio di scienze anima...

L&#39;obesità, insulino-resistenza e diabete di tipo 2 sono disordini metabolici correlati che esercitano profondi effetti sulla salute sia negli Stati Uniti e le popolazioni di tutto il mondo 1-4. Esercizio di resistenza può prevenire, così come trattare, queste condizioni di 5,6. Inoltre, la valutazione della velocità di deambulazione e la resistenza sono utilizzate come test clinici diagnostici per fragilità, sarcopenia, e le conseguenze di altri disturbi come la malattia polmonare ostruttiva cronica, in soggetti umani 7. I percorsi biochimici alla base degli effetti benefici di esercizio di resistenza sulla composizione corporea e la sensibilità all&#39;insulina stanno cominciando da chiarire, utilizzando topi geneticamente o farmacologicamente modificati che display migliorato o ridotto la capacità di esercizio 8-11. Tuttavia, molti di questi studi hanno utilizzato tapis roulant motorizzati dotati di griglie d&#39;urto per costringere i topi a correre 8-11. Animali che smettono di esecuzione sono spinti dala cinghia in movimento tapis roulant su una griglia che offre una scossa elettrica piede; per sfuggire stimolo negativo, i topi tornano a correre sul nastro. Tali procedure possono introdurre stress psicologico e comportamento di evitamento come fattori di confondimento che influenzano parametri sperimentali 12. Altri metodi di misurazione di resistenza, come la quantificazione dell&#39;attività ambulatoriale utilizzando un apparato trave-break o quantificazione di in-gabbia corsa della ruota, possono essere confusi dalla modulazione dei cicli circadiani, ansia, formazione involontaria, o cibo comportamento di ricerca 12-16. Inoltre, queste procedure richiedono una custodia ad una, un&#39;altra fonte di stress psicologico per i topi. Pertanto, è necessaria una misura diretta di esercizio di resistenza non confusi da stress. Per ovviare a questi problemi, il nostro laboratorio ha sviluppato e validato un metodo per valutare la massima capacità di esecuzione e durature in esecuzione velocità non allenati, topi naïve utilizzando un tapis roulant motorizzato non equipped con una griglia shock. Lo spazio alla fine del tappeto scorrevole, dove la griglia di shock risiede abitualmente, allora diventa una piattaforma per i topi a riposo, e fornisce un posto per topi che rifiutano di correre a sedersi fino rimossa dall&#39;apparecchio. I topi sono incoraggiati a correre da un osservatore umano per mezzo picchiettando leggermente o toccare con un abbassalingua, insieme con la sensibilità alla disponibilità volontaria per l&#39;esecuzione da parte del mouse. Questo metodo è stato utilizzato per quantificare le differenze di esercizio di resistenza tra geneticamente modificati e controllare C57BL / 6 topi che differiscono nell&#39;espressione del muscolo citochina derivata interleuchina-15 (IL-15) 16,17. Questo metodo è un perfezionamento umano che diminuisce gli effetti confondenti di rinforzo negativo causati da un uso di una griglia di shock.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="667">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Open Rodent Treadmill Exer-3/6</td>
			<td style="width:165px;">Columbus Instruments, Columbus OH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1050RM</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">This catalog number is for models without shock grid. Shock grids can be removed manually from older models (Eco 3/6)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:165px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Sani Cloth Germicidal Towlettes</td>
			<td style="width:165px;">PDI- Professional Disposables, Inc., Orangeburg, NY</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">n/a; usually ordered through local facility</td>
			<td>Contains 10% isopropyl alcohol; any equivalent product can be used.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:165px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Tongue depressors</td>
			<td style="width:165px;">any local supplier</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">n/a</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:165px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Laboratory timer</td>
			<td style="width:165px;">any supplier</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">n/a</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:165px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">IL-15 TG mice*</td>
			<td style="width:165px;">JAX, Bar Harbor, ME</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">o11002</td>
			<td>Murine IL-15 transgene expressed from modified human alpha-skeletal actin promotor with altered signal sequence to facilitate secretion.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:165px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">C57BL/6J mice (wild-type)*</td>
			<td style="width:165px;">JAX, Bar Harbor, ME</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ooo664</td>
			<td>Control mice for IL-15 TG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:165px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">IL-15 KO mice*</td>
			<td style="width:165px;">Taconic Farms, Germantown, NY</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">4269-M</td>
			<td>Homozygous IL-15 &#34;knockout&#34; mice on C57BL/6 background</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:165px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">C57BL/6NTac (wild-type)*</td>
			<td style="width:165px;">Taconic Farms, Germantown, NY</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">B6-M</td>
			<td>Control mice for IL-15 KO</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:165px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">*Optional; mouse lines and treatments can be specific to the experimental protocol.</td>
			<td style="width:165px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

assessment of murine exercise endurance without the use of a shock grid: an alternative to forced exercise

Utilizzando modelli di topo di laboratorio, i meccanismi molecolari responsabili dei benefici metabolici di esercizio di resistenza cominciano a essere definiti. Il metodo più comune per valutare l&#39;esercizio di resistenza nei topi utilizza costretto esecuzione su un tapis roulant motorizzato provvisto di una griglia shock. Animali che smettono di esecuzione sono spinti dal nastro in movimento tapis roulant su una griglia che offre una scossa elettrica piede; per sfuggire stimolo negativo, i topi tornano a correre sul nastro. Tuttavia, il comportamento di evitamento e stress psicologico dovuto all&#39;uso di un apparato di shock possono interferire con la quantificazione di resistenza in esecuzione, così come le misure di confondere i livelli di ormone e di citochine sieriche postexercise. Qui, noi dimostrare e validare un metodo raffinato per misurare la resistenza in esecuzione in naïve C57BL / 6 topi di laboratorio su un tapis roulant motorizzato senza utilizzare una griglia shock. Quando i topi sono preacclimated al tapis roulant, che corrono volontariamente con andatura accelera specifico per ogni mouse. Uso della griglia ammortizzatore è sostituito dal delicato incoraggiamento da un operatore umano utilizzando un abbassalingua, accoppiato con sensibilità alla volontà volontario per eseguire da parte del mouse. Endpoint chiari per quantificare i tempi di esaurimento per ogni mouse esecuzione sono definiti e riflettono in segni comportamentali di esaurimento come la postura strombato e respiro affannoso. Questo metodo è un perfezionamento umano che riduce anche gli effetti confondenti dello stress sui parametri sperimentali.

Questa procedura di misurazione esercizio di resistenza riflette accuratamente il profilo molecolare e metabolico di diversi ceppi di topi C57BL / 6 che differiscono nell&#39;espressione della citochina IL-15 16,17. Topi transgenici che iperesprimono IL-15 (IL-15 TG topi) mostra aumentato significativamente run-to-esaurimento volte rispetto ai controlli littermate, mentre i topi che mancano di IL-15 (IL-15 KO topi) presentano ridotti significativamente i tempi di funzionamento prima di raggiungere esaurimento...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessment of Murine Exercise Endurance Without the Use of a Shock Grid: An Alternative to Forced Exercise at JoVE.com

Assessment of Murine Exercise Endurance Without the Use of a Shock Grid: An Alternative to Forced Exercise

A method to assess exercise endurance in laboratory mice without the use of a shock grid is demonstrated. This method is a humane refinement that can decrease the confounding effects of stress on experimental parameters.

Valutazione della murini esercizio di resistenza senza l&#39;uso di una griglia Shock: Un&#39;alternativa alla Esercizio forzato

Using laboratory mouse models, the molecular pathways responsible for the metabolic benefits of endurance exercise are beginning to be defined. The most ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

18.9K Views.  VA Puget Sound Health Care System. A method to assess exercise endurance in laboratory mice without the use of a shock grid is demonstrated. This method is a humane refinement that can decrease the confounding effects of stress on experimental parameters.

Video: Assessment of Murine Exercise Endurance Without the Use of a Shock Grid: An Alternative to Forced Exercise

Use of the Operant Orofacial Pain Assessment Device (OPAD) to Measure Changes in Nociceptive Behavior

We present an operant system for the detection of pain in awake, conscious rodents. The Orofacial Pain Assessment Device (OPAD) assesses pain behaviors in a more clinically relevant way by not relying on reflex-based measures of nociception. Food fasted, hairless (or shaved) rodents are placed into a Plexiglas chamber which has two Peltier-based thermodes that can be programmed to any temperature between 7 &deg;C and 60 &deg;C. The rodent is trained to make contact with these in order to access a reward bottle. During a session, a number of behavioral pain outcomes are automatically recorded and saved. These measures include the number of reward bottle activations (licks) and facial contact stimuli (face contacts), but custom measures like the lick/face ratio (total number of licks per session/total number of contacts) can also be created. The stimulus temperature can be set to a single temperature or multiple temperatures within a session. The OPAD is a high-throughput, easy to use operant assay which will lead to better translation of pain research in the future as it includes cortical input instead of relying on spinal reflex-based nociceptive assays.

Use of the Operant Orofacial Pain Assessment Device OPAD to Measure Changes in Nociceptive Behavior

We present a user-friendly, high-throughput operant system for the evaluation of pain behaviors in awake, conscious rodents. The Orofacial Pain Assessment Device (OPAD) can assess pain through a reward/conflict paradigm thus providing a more humane way of testing. This protocol will yield more clinically relevant and translational data from rodents.

L&#39;utilizzo del dispositivo di valutazione del dolore orofacciale operante (opad) per misurare i cambiamenti nel comportamento nocicettivo

We present an operant  system for the detection of pain in awake, conscious rodents. The Orofacial  Pain Assessment Device (OPAD) assesses pain behaviors ...

Ricerca

Comportamento

An Alternative to the Traditional Cold Pressor Test: The Cold Pressor Arm Wrap

Recently research on the relationship between stress and cognition, emotion, and behavior has greatly increased. These advances have yielded insights into important questions ranging from the nature of stress&#39; influence on addiction1 to the role of stress in neural changes associated with alterations in decision-making2,3. As topics being examined by the field evolve, however, so too must the methodologies involved. In this article a practical and effective alternative to a classic stress induction technique, the cold pressor test (CPT), is presented: the cold pressor arm wrap (CPAW). CPT typically involves immersion of a participant&#39;s dominant hand in ice-cold water for a period of time4. The technique is associated with robust activation of the sympatho-adrenomedullary (SAM) axis (and release of catecholamines; e.g.&#160;adrenaline and noradrenaline) and mild-to-moderate activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis with associated glucocorticoid (e.g.&#160;cortisol) release. While CPT has been used in a wide range of studies, it can be impractical to apply in some research environments. For example use of water during, rather than prior to, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has the potential to damage sensitive and expensive equipment or interfere with acquisition of MRI signal. The CPAW is a practical and effective alternative to the traditional CPT. Composed of a versatile list of inexpensive and easily acquired components, CPAW makes use of MRI-safe gelpacs cooled to a temperature similar to CPT rather than actual water. Importantly CPAW is associated with levels of SAM and HPA activation comparable to CPT, and can easily be applied in a variety of research contexts. While it is important to maintain specific safety protocols when using the technique, these are easy to implement if planned for. Creation and use of the CPAW will be discussed.

The cold pressor test is a classic stress induction task used in a wide range of research examining the relationship between stress and cognition, emotion, and behavior. In this article, a practical and versatile alternative to the traditional cold pressor test is presented: the cold pressor arm wrap.

Un'alternativa al tradizionale test pressor freddo: l'involucro freddo del braccio pressor

Recently research on the relationship between stress and cognition, emotion, and behavior has greatly increased. These advances have yielded insights into ...

Getting to Compliance in Forced Exercise in Rodents: A Critical Standard to Evaluate Exercise Impact in Aging-related Disorders and Disease

There is a major increase in the awareness of the positive impact of exercise on improving several disease states with neurobiological basis; these include improving cognitive function and physical performance. As a result, there is an increase in the number of animal studies employing exercise. It is argued that one intrinsic value of forced exercise is that the investigator has control over the factors that can influence the impact of exercise on behavioral outcomes, notably exercise frequency, duration, and intensity of the exercise regimen. However, compliance in forced exercise regimens may be an issue, particularly if potential confounds of employing foot-shock are to be avoided. It is also important to consider that since most cognitive and locomotor impairments strike in the aged individual, determining impact of exercise on these impairments should consider using aged rodents with a highest possible level of compliance to ensure minimal need for test subjects. Here, the pertinent steps and considerations necessary to achieve nearly 100% compliance to treadmill exercise in an aged rodent model will be presented and discussed. Notwithstanding the particular exercise regimen being employed by the investigator, our protocol should be of use to investigators that are particularly interested in the potential impact of forced exercise on aging-related impairments, including aging-related Parkinsonism and Parkinson&#8217;s disease.

Exercise may alleviate behavioral impairments associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Studies of the mechanisms underlying exercise-mediated effects have increased in disease models, but the neurobiological background accompanying these diseases, specifically aging, is likely not considered. Here, we illustrate measures to increase the likelihood of a successful exercise paradigm in aged rats.

Arrivare a Compliance in esercizio forzato nei roditori: A Standard critico per valutare impatto esercizio in Aging legati Disturbi e malattie

There is a major increase in the awareness of the positive impact of exercise on improving several disease states with neurobiological basis; these ...

The Forced Swim Test as a Model of Depressive-like Behavior

The goal of the present protocol is to describe the forced swim test (FST), which is one of the most commonly used assays for the study of depressive-like behavior in rodents. The FST is based on the assumption that when placing an animal in a container filled with water, it will first make efforts to escape but eventually will exhibit immobility that may be considered to reflect a measure of behavioral despair. This test has been extensively used because it involves the exposure of the animals to stress, which was shown to have a role in the tendency for major depression. Additionally, the FST has been shown to share some of the factors that are influenced or altered by depression in humans, including changes in food consumption, sleep abnormalities and drug-withdrawal-induced anhedonia. The main advantages of this procedure are that it is relatively easy to perform and that its results are easily and quickly analyzed. Moreover, its sensitivity to a broad range of antidepressant drugs that makes it a suitable screening test is one of the most important features leading to its high predictive validity. Despite its appeal, this model has a number of disadvantages. First, the issue of chronic augmentation is problematic in this test because in real life patients need to be treated for at least several weeks before they experience any relief from their symptoms. Last, due to the aversiveness of the FST, it is important to take into account possible influences it might have on brain structure/function if brain analyses are to be carried out following this procedure.

This protocol describes the forced swim test, which is used for the study of depressive-like behavior in rodents. This procedure involves placing an animal in a container filled with water that eventually will lead to the exhibition of immobility behavior, which is considered to reflect behavioral despair.

Il Swim test forzato come modello di depressione-come Behavior

The goal of the present protocol is to describe the forced swim test (FST), which is one of the most commonly used assays for the study of depressive-like ...

A Treatment Package without Escape Extinction to Address Food Selectivity

Feeding difficulties and feeding disorders are a commonly occurring problem for young children, particularly children with developmental delays including autism. Behavior analytic interventions for the treatment of feeding difficulties oftentimes include escape extinction as a primary component of treatment. The use of escape extinction, while effective, may be problematic as it is also associated with the emergence of challenging behavior (e.g., extinction burst). Such challenging behavior may be an acceptable side effect in treatment cases where feeding problems are severe and chronic (e.g., failure to thrive). However, in more acute cases (e.g., selective eating), the negative side effect may be unwarranted and undesired. More recent research on the behavioral treatment of food selectivity has begun to evaluate treatments for feeding difficulties that do not include escape extinction (e.g., demand fading, behavioral momentum), with some success. However, research to date reveals individual differences in responsiveness to such treatments and no clear preferable treatment has emerged. This manuscript describes a multi-component treatment package that includes shaping, sequential presentation and simultaneous presentation, for the treatment of food selectivity in four young children with developmental delays. This treatment package extends the literature on the behavioral treatment for food selectivity and offers a multi-component treatment protocol that may be clinically applicable across a range of treatment scenarios and settings.

Feeding difficulties are a common problem for children with developmental disorders, including autism, and behavioral interventions often include escape extinction. Recent research has begun to evaluate treatments that do not include escape extinction. This manuscript describes a multicomponent treatment package that does not use escape extinction to treat feeding difficulties.

Un Pacchetto Trattamento senza Fuga Estinzione di Indirizzo alimentare Selettività

Feeding difficulties and feeding disorders are a commonly occurring problem for young children, particularly children with developmental delays including ...

Multifunctional Setup for Studying Human Motor Control Using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, Electromyography, Motion Capture, and Virtual Reality

The study of neuromuscular control of movement in humans is accomplished with numerous technologies. Non-invasive methods for investigating neuromuscular function include transcranial magnetic stimulation, electromyography, and three-dimensional motion capture. The advent of readily available and cost-effective virtual reality solutions has expanded the capabilities of researchers in recreating &#8220;real-world&#8221; environments and movements in a laboratory setting. Naturalistic movement analysis will not only garner a greater understanding of motor control in healthy individuals, but also permit the design of experiments and rehabilitation strategies that target specific motor impairments (e.g. stroke). The combined use of these tools will lead to increasingly deeper understanding of neural mechanisms of motor control. A key requirement when combining these data acquisition systems is fine temporal correspondence between the various data streams. This protocol describes a multifunctional system&#8217;s overall connectivity, intersystem signaling, and the temporal synchronization of recorded data. Synchronization of the component systems is primarily accomplished through the use of a customizable circuit, readily made with off the shelf components and minimal electronics assembly skills.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation, electromyography, and 3D motion capture are commonly used non-invasive techniques for investigating neuromuscular function in humans. In this paper, we describe a protocol that synchronously samples data generated by all three of these tools along with the unique addition of virtual reality stimulus presentation and feedback.

Impostazione multifunzionale per lo studio di controllo del motore umano Utilizzando la Stimolazione Magnetica Transcranica, Elettromiografia, Motion Capture, e la realtà virtuale

The study of neuromuscular control of movement in humans is accomplished with numerous technologies. Non-invasive methods for investigating neuromuscular ...

The Treadmill Fatigue Test: A Simple, High-throughput Assay of Fatigue-like Behavior for the Mouse

Fatigue is a prominent symptom in many diseases and disorders and reduces quality of life for many people. The lack of clear pathogenesis and failure of current interventions to adequately treat fatigue in all patients leaves a need for new treatment options. Despite the therapeutic need and importance of preclinical research in helping identify promising novel treatments, few preclinical assays of fatigue are available. Moreover, the most common preclinical assay used to assess fatigue-like behavior, voluntary wheel running, is not suitable for use with some strains of mice, may not be sensitive to drugs that reduce fatigue, and has relatively low throughput. The current protocol describes a novel, non-voluntary preclinical assay of fatigue-like behavior, the treadmill fatigue test, and provides evidence of its efficacy in detecting fatigue-like behavior in mice treated with a chemotherapy drug known to cause fatigue in humans and fatigue-like behavior in animals. This assay may be a beneficial alternative to wheel running, as fatigue-like behavior and potential interventions can be assessed in a greater number of mice over a shorter time frame, thus permitting faster discovery of new therapeutic options.

Fatigue is a common, undertreated and frequently poorly-understood symptom in many diseases and disorders. New preclinical assays of fatigue may help to improve current understanding and future treatment of fatigue. To that end, the current protocol provides a novel means of measuring fatigue-like behavior in the mouse.

Il tapis roulant fatica di prova: un test semplice, high-throughput di stanchezza simile comportamento per il mouse

Fatigue is a prominent symptom in many diseases and disorders and reduces quality of life for many people. The lack of clear pathogenesis and failure of ...

Supramaximal Intensity Hypoxic Exercise and Vascular Function Assessment in Mice

Exercise training is an important strategy for maintaining health and preventing many chronic diseases. It is the first line of treatment recommended by international guidelines for patients suffering from cardiovascular diseases, more specifically, lower extremity artery diseases, where the patients' walking capacity is considerably altered, affecting their quality of life. 
Traditionally, both low continuous exercise and interval training have been used. Recently, supramaximal training has also been shown to improve athletes' performances via vascular adaptations, amongst other mechanisms. The combination of this type of training with hypoxia could bring an additional and/or synergic effect, which could be of interest for certain pathologies. Here, we describe how to perform supramaximal intensity training sessions in hypoxia on healthy mice at 150% of their maximal speed, using a motorized treadmill and a hypoxic box. We also show how to dissect the mouse in order to retrieve organs of interest, particularly the pulmonary artery, the abdominal aorta, and the iliac artery. Finally, we show how to perform ex vivo vascular function assessment on the retrieved vessels, using isometric tension studies.

High-intensity training in hypoxia is a protocol that has been proven to induce vascular adaptations potentially beneficial in some patients and to improve athletes&#39; repeated sprint ability. Here, we test the feasibility of training mice using that protocol and identify those vascular adaptations using ex vivo vascular function assessment.

Sopramassimale intensità di esercizio Hypoxic e valutazione di funzione vascolare in topi

Exercise training is an important strategy for maintaining health and preventing many chronic diseases. It is the first line of treatment recommended by ...

Home-Based Prescribed Pulmonary Exercise in Patients with Stable Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

As a systemic disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) affects the respiratory system, inducing restless and exercise dyspnea. It also impacts exercise capacity and forms a vicious circle in which it further aggravates the condition of patients and accelerates disease progression. As a functional holistic exercise, traditional Chinese exercises (TCE) play an important role in the rehabilitation of COPD on the basis of adjusting the breath and performing coordinated movements. This study investigates the effects of prescribed pulmonary exercises (which are modified from TCE) on exercise capacity of upper and lower limbs, endurance exercise capacity, and quality of life in stable COPD patients. The goal is to determine the accessibility of these prescribed exercises in COPD rehabilitation. Participants are randomly divided into a non-exercise control group (CG) or prescribed pulmonary exercise group (PG) at a ratio of 1: 1. The PG receives intervention for 60 min twice per day, 7 days a week, for a total of 3 months. The intensity is measured using the Borg category-ratio 10 scale and with a heart-rate monitor. Then, an exercise capacity test and quality of life questionnaire are scheduled at 1 week before and after the formal intervention. After 3 months of intervention, the 30 s arm curl test, 30 s sit-to-stand test, 6 min walking test, and quality of life show significant improvement in COPD patients (p &#60; 0.05). These findings indicate that prescribed pulmonary exercises can be applied as alternative, convenient, and effective home- and community-based exercises for stable COPD patients.

Presented here is a protocol to investigate the effects of home-based prescribed pulmonary exercise in stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients, which is modified based on traditional Chinese exercises according to dyspnea and limited exercise capacity observed in COPD patients.

Esercizio polmonare prescritto a casa in pazienti con malattia polmonare cronica stabile

As a systemic disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) affects the respiratory system, inducing restless and exercise dyspnea. It also ...

Impact of High-intensity Interval Exercise and Moderate-Intensity Continuous Exercise on the Cardiac Troponin T Level at an Early Stage of Training

An elevation in cardiac troponin T (cTnT), as a highly specific biomarker of cardiomyocyte damage, after moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MCE) has been described. The exercise-induced cTnT response distorts the diagnostic role of the cTnT assay. Although high-intensity interval exercise (HIE) is growing in popularity and concerns remain about its safety, available data related to cTnT release after HIE is limited, which hampers the use of HIE as a health intervention. Here, we present three representative HIE protocols [traditional HIE (repeated 4 min cycling at 90% V&#775;O2max interspersed with 3 min rest, 200 kJ/session); sprint interval exercise (SIE, repeated 1 min cycling at 120% V&#775;O2max interspersed with 1.5 min rest, 200 kJ/session); and repeated sprint exercise (RSE, 40 x 6 s all-out sprints interspersed with 9 s rest)] and one representative MCE protocol (continuous cycling exercise at an intensity of 60% V&#775;O2max, 200 kJ/session). Forty-seven sedentary, overweight young women were randomly assigned to one of four groups (HIE, SIE, RSE, and MCE). Six bouts of respective exercise were performed by every single group, with each being 48 h apart. Meanwhile, for four groups, the duration of the entire testing period was identical, being 10 days. Before and after the first and final exercise bouts, an assessment was conducted of cTnT. The current study provides a frame of reference giving a clear picture of how a specific exercise session affects the circulating cTnT concentration at the early stage of training. The information may assist with clinical interpretations of post-exercise cTnT elevation and guide the prescription of exercise, especially for HIE.

Here, we present protocols of high-intensity interval and moderate-intensity continuous exercise to observe the response of circulating cardiac troponin T (cTnT) concentration to acute exercise over 10 days. The information may assist with clinical interpretations of post-exercise cTnT elevation and guide the prescription of exercise.

Impatto dell'esercizio a intervalli ad alta intensità e dell'esercizio continuo a intensità moderata sul livello T della Troponina Cardiaca in una fase iniziale dell'allenamento

An elevation in cardiac troponin T (cTnT), as a highly specific biomarker of cardiomyocyte damage, after moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MCE) has ...