Name: assessing bacterial invasion of cardiac cells in culture and heart colonization in infected mice using listeria monocytogenes
Uploaded: 2015-05-27T14:00:00.000+00:00
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Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessing Bacterial Invasion of Cardiac Cells in Culture and Heart Colonization in Infected Mice Using Listeria monocytogenes at JoVE.com

Questo lavoro è stato supportato da sovvenzioni del Servizio Sanitario Pubblico AI41816 e AI099339 (N.E.F.) e da F31AI094886-01 (P.D.M.) di NIAID. I contenuti sono di esclusiva responsabilità degli autori e non rappresentano necessariamente le opinioni ufficiali delle fonti di finanziamento.

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	<li>Freitag, N. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=From+hot+dogs+to+host+cells:+how+the+bacterial+pathogen+Listeria+monocytogenes+regulates+virulence+gene+expression.">From hot dogs to host cells: how the bacterial pathogen Listeria monocytogenes regulates virulence gene expression.</a> Future Microbiol. 1, 89-101 (2006).</li><li>Drevets, D. A., Bronze, M. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Listeria+monocytogenes:+epidemiology,+human+disease,+and+mechanisms+of+brain+invasion.">Listeria monocytogenes: epidemiology, human disease, and mechanisms of brain invasion.</a> FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 53, 151-165 (2008).</li><li>Farber, J. M., Peterkin, P. 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N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=InlA+promotes+dissemination+of+Listeria+monocytogenes+to+the+mesenteric+lymph+nodes+during+food+borne+infection+of+mice.">InlA promotes dissemination of Listeria monocytogenes to the mesenteric lymph nodes during food borne infection of mice.</a> PLoS Pathog. 8, e1003015 (2012).</li><li>Melton-Witt, J. A., Rafelski, S. M., Portnoy, D. A., Bakardjiev, A. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oral+infection+with+signature-tagged+Listeria+monocytogenes+reveals+organ-specific+growth+and+dissemination+routes+in+guinea+pigs.">Oral infection with signature-tagged Listeria monocytogenes reveals organ-specific growth and dissemination routes in guinea pigs.</a> Infect Immun. 80, 720-732 (2012).</li><li>Alonzo, F., Bobo, L. D., Skiest, D. J., Freitag, N. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evidence+for+subpopulations+of+Listeria+monocytogenes+with+enhanced+invasion+of+cardiac+cells.">Evidence for subpopulations of Listeria monocytogenes with enhanced invasion of cardiac cells.</a> J Med Microbiol. , (2011).</li><li>Adler, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inflammatory+pseudotumor+of+the+heart+caused+by+Listeria+monocytogenes+infection.">Inflammatory pseudotumor of the heart caused by Listeria monocytogenes infection.</a> J Infect. 58, 161-163 (2009).</li><li>Antolin, J., Gutierrez, A., Segoviano, R., Lopez, R., Ciguenza, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endocarditis+due+to+Listeria:+description+of+two+cases+and+review+of+the+literature.">Endocarditis due to Listeria: description of two cases and review of the literature.</a> Eur J Intern Med. 19, 295-296 (2008).</li><li>Brouqui, P., Raoult, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endocarditis+due+to+rare+and+fastidious+bacteria.">Endocarditis due to rare and fastidious bacteria.</a> Clin Microbiol Rev. 14, 177-207 (2001).</li><li>Brusch, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cardiac+infections+in+the+immunosuppressed+patient.">Cardiac infections in the immunosuppressed patient.</a> Infect Dis Clin North Am. 15, 613-638 (2001).</li><li>McCue, M. J., Moore, E. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Myocarditis+with+microabscess+formation+caused+by+Listeria+monocytogenes+associated+with+myocardial+infarct.">Myocarditis with microabscess formation caused by Listeria monocytogenes associated with myocardial infarct.</a> Hum Pathol. 10, 469-472 (1979).</li><li>Menard, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modulation+of+L-type+calcium+channel+expression+during+retinoic+acid-induced+differentiation+of+H9C2+cardiac+cells.">Modulation of L-type calcium channel expression during retinoic acid-induced differentiation of H9C2 cardiac cells.</a> J Biol Chem. 274, 29063-29070 (1999).</li><li>Czuprynski, C. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Listeria+monocytogenes:+silage,+sandwiches+and+science.">Listeria monocytogenes: silage, sandwiches and science.</a> Anim Health Res Rev. 6, 211-217 (2005).</li><li>Grundler, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+surface+proteins+InlA+and+InlB+are+interdependently+required+for+polar+basolateral+invasion+by+Listeria+monocytogenes+in+a+human+model+of+the+blood-cerebrospinal+fluid+barrier.">The surface proteins InlA and InlB are interdependently required for polar basolateral invasion by Listeria monocytogenes in a human model of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier.</a> Microbes Infect. 15, 291-301 (2013).</li><li>Zeldovich, V. B., Robbins, J. R., Kapidzic, M., Lauer, P., Bakardjiev, A. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Invasive+extravillous+trophoblasts+restrict+intracellular+growth+and+spread+of+Listeria+monocytogenes.">Invasive extravillous trophoblasts restrict intracellular growth and spread of Listeria monocytogenes.</a> PLoS Pathog. 7, e1002005 (2011).</li><li>Kimes, B. W., Brandt, B. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Properties+of+a+clonal+muscle+cell+line+from+rat+heart.">Properties of a clonal muscle cell line from rat heart.</a> Experimental cell research. 98, 367-381 (1976).</li><li>McMullen, P. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genome+sequence+of+Listeria+monocytogenes+07PF0776,+a+cardiotropic+serovar+4b+strain.">Genome sequence of Listeria monocytogenes 07PF0776, a cardiotropic serovar 4b strain.</a> J Bacteriol. 194, 3552 (2012).</li></ol>

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L. monocytogenes è un agente patogeno umano diffuso e ben caratterizzato, in grado di causare una serie di diverse manifestazioni di malattia15. Il batterio è stato precedentemente descritto per la sua capacità di trasporre attraverso barriere, come la barriera ematico-encefalica e le barriere placentare-fetali, al fine di raggiungere e colonizzare il sistema nervoso centrale e sviluppare il feto, rispettivamente. La capacità in vivo dell'organismo di colonizzare questi tessuti è spesso ...

La Listeria monocytogenes è un agente patogeno intracellulare gram-positivo in grado di causare gravi malattie nelle popolazioni sensibili, tra cui anziani, donne incinte, persone con HIV / AIDS e persone che ricevono la chemioterapia1. L'infezione in queste popolazioni è spesso il risultato dell'ingestione di prodotti alimentari contaminati e la maggior parte delle infezioni sono associate a focolai di origine alimentare su largascala 2,3. Nell'uomo e in altri mammiferi, L. monocytogenes è in grado di trasporre attraverso il confine epiteliale dell'intestino tenue, per poi essere trasportato al fegato4,5. I modelli animali suggeriscono che i batteri ingeriti si replicano all'interno dei villi intestinali e transitano al fegato attraverso la vena portale o si diffondono attraverso i linfonodi mesenterici nel flusso sanguigno, portando alla diffusione ematogena al fegato e alla milza6,7. Nel fegato e nella milza, il batterio è in grado di mediare l'assorbimento sia nei fagociti professionisti che nelle cellule parenchimali residenti e stabilisce rapidamente infezioni all'interno di questi organi. Con l'aumentare della carica batterica, numerosi batteri vengono dispersi nel sangue, dove sono in grado di colonizzare ulteriormente i tessuti sensibili tra cui il sistema nervoso centrale e la placenta (dove presente). La colonizzazione di questi siti preclude le manifestazioni più comuni di listeriosi negli esseri umani, tra cui meningite, encefalite e aborto fetale2.
Alcune sottopopolazioni di L. monocitogene hanno recentemente dimostrato di avere una maggiore capacità di invadere e replicare all'interno del tessuto cardiaco8. Le manifestazioni di coinvolgimento cardiaco sono varie e vanno dall'endocardite e pericardite, alla miocardite fulminante completa di anomalie di conduzione9-13. Il numero complessivo di casi cardiaci L. monocytogenes all'anno è basso, ma può essere sottovalutato in quanto questo aspetto dell'infezione non è generalmente ben riconosciuto. La colonizzazione del cuore da parte di agenti patogeni richiede spesso predisposizioni ospiti come danni valvulari preesiste o valvole cardiache artificiali. Esistono, tuttavia, isolati di L. monocytogenes che sono stati identificati che si notano per la loro capacità di colonizzare il cuore degli animali infetti in assenza di danni cardiaci e/o anomalie8.
Nel presente documento sono descritti metodi in vitro e in vivo per valutare la colonizzazione batterica del tessuto cardiaco all'interno di animali infetti utilizzando test di invasione nella coltura tissutale e infezioni animali vive. Questi metodi si sono dimostrati utili non solo per identificare ceppi con il potenziale di colonizzare il tessuto cardiaco negli animali infetti, ma dovrebbero anche essere utili per l'identificazione di prodotti genetici batterici che servono a migliorare l'invasione delle cellule cardiache e / o provocare cambiamenti nella patologia cardiaca. Questi metodi facilitano il confronto del cardiotropismo tra più ceppi. Per i metodi qui descritti, L. monocytogenes 10403S è usato come rappresentante ben studiato di un ceppo non cardiotropico e l'isolato clinico 07PF0776 è usato come esempio rappresentativo di un ceppo cardiotropico. Questi due ceppi sono stati scelti per fornire un confronto per l'invasione batterica di cellule cardiache in vitro e la colonizzazione dei cuori dei topi infetti in vivo. L'isolato 07PF0776 è un isolato clinico recuperato da un ascesso interventricolare che ha causato un'aritmia fatale in un paziente HIV+8. L. gli isolati monocitogeni possono variare nel loro potenziale di virulenza e, data la propensione della Listeria a infettare le persone con immunosoppressione e le donne incinte, le persone all'interno di queste popolazioni dovrebbero prestare attenzione nel valutare diversi isolati clinici.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Difco</td><td>BHI Broth Base</td><td>237200</td><td>2 kg of Brain Heart Infusion powder (without agar)</td></tr><tr><td>Difco</td><td>Agar</td><td>214510</td><td>2 kg of Granulated Agar</td></tr><tr><td>Difco</td><td>BHI Agar</td><td>241810</td><td>2 kg of Brain Heart Infusion Powder with 7.5% Agar</td></tr><tr><td>in vitrogen</td><td>LB Broth Base</td><td>12975-084</td><td>2 kg of Luria Broth Base Powder (without agar)</td></tr><tr><td>Fisher</td><td>Glass Coverslips</td><td>12-545-80</td><td>12 mm glass coverslips</td></tr><tr><td>Falcon</td><td>24-well Tissue Culture Plate</td><td>35-3047</td><td>24 well, Plasma-treated Tissue Culture Plate</td></tr><tr><td>Falcon</td><td>14mL Polystyrene tube</td><td>352051</td><td>14 ml Polystyrene tubes</td></tr><tr><td>Falcon</td><td>96-well U-bottom plate</td><td>35-3077</td><td>Non-tissue culture treated 96-well plate</td></tr><tr><td>Corning</td><td>0.05% Trypsin, 0.53 mM EDTA (1X)</td><td>25-052-CI</td><td>Stock solution of Trypsin EDTA for tissue culture</td></tr><tr><td>Corning</td><td>DMEM (High glucose, high pyruvate)</td><td>15-013-CU</td><td>DMEM media without FBS, glutamine, or antibiotics</td></tr><tr><td>Corning</td><td>Pen/Strep/Glut Solution</td><td>30-009-CI</td><td>Stock mixture of penicillin, streptomycin, and L-glutamine for tissue culture</td></tr><tr><td>Corning</td><td>Gentamicin</td><td>30-005-CR</td><td>50 mg/ml Stock solution of Gentamicin for tissue culture</td></tr><tr><td>Cellgro (Corning)</td><td>L-Glutamine</td><td>25005197</td><td>Stock L-glutamine solution without antibiotics</td></tr><tr><td>Denville</td><td>75cm^2 Flask</td><td>T1225</td><td>75 cm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; tissue culture treated flask</td></tr><tr><td>Denville</td><td>1.5mL microcentrifuge tubes</td><td>2013004</td><td>1.5 ml microcentrifuge tubes</td></tr><tr><td>ATCC</td><td>H9c2 Cardiac Myoblasts</td><td>CRL-1446</td><td>Rat cardiac myoblasts</td></tr><tr><td>Hyclone</td><td>Fetal Bovine Serum</td><td>SH30070.63</td><td>Fetal Bovine Serum</td></tr></tbody></table>

assessing bacterial invasion of cardiac cells in culture and heart colonization in infected mice using listeria monocytogenes

Listeria monocytogenes è un agente patogeno intracellulare facultativo Gram-positivo in grado di causare gravi infezioni invasive in pazienti immunocompro compromessi, anziani e donne in gravidanza. Le manifestazioni più comuni di listeriosi negli esseri umani includono meningite, encefalite e aborto fetale. Una sequela significativa ma molto meno documentata dell'infezione invasiva di L. monocytogenes coinvolge il cuore. Il tasso di mortalità per malattia cardiaca può essere fino al 35% nonostante il trattamento, tuttavia si sa molto poco per quanto riguarda la colonizzazione L. monocytogenes del tessuto cardiaco e le sue patologie risultanti. Inoltre, è recentemente diventato evidente che le sottopopolazioni di L. monocytogenes hanno una maggiore capacità di invadere e crescere all'interno del tessuto cardiaco. Questo protocollo descrive in dettaglio i metodi in vitro e in vivo che possono essere utilizzati per valutare il cardiotropismo degli isolati L. monocytogenes. Sono presentati metodi per l'infezione dei mioblasti cardiaci del ratto H9c2 nella coltura tissutale e per la determinazione della colonizzazione batterica dei cuori dei topi infetti. Questi metodi sono utili non solo per identificare i ceppi con il potenziale di colonizzare il tessuto cardiaco negli animali infetti, ma possono anche facilitare l'identificazione di prodotti genetici batterici che servono a migliorare l'invasione delle cellule cardiache e / o guidare cambiamenti nella patologia cardiaca. Questi metodi prevedono anche il confronto diretto del cardiotropismo tra più ceppi di L. monocytogenes.

Isolati selezionati di L. monocytogenes mostrano una maggiore invasione delle cellule cardiache nella coltura cellulare e nei modelli di infezione dei topi. La figura 1 mostra un esempio di come le colonie batteriche possano apparire a seguito della placcatura spot delle sospensioni sui mezzi agar. Questo metodo consente una valutazione accurata dei CFC all'interno di un campione senza utilizzare un gran numero di piastre di supporto agar. La figura 2 mostra un esempio di saggio...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessing Bacterial Invasion of Cardiac Cells in Culture and Heart Colonization in Infected Mice Using Listeria monocytogenes at JoVE.com

Assessing Bacterial Invasion of Cardiac Cells in Culture and Heart Colonization in Infected Mice Using Listeria monocytogenes

La listeria monocytogenes causa infezioni fetali nelle donne in gravidanza e meningite nelle popolazioni sensibili. Le sottopopolazioni di batteri possono colonizzare il tessuto cardiaco, causando miocardite in pazienti e animali da laboratorio. Qui presentiamo un protocollo che descrive come valutare l'invasione delle cellule cardiache di L. monocytogenes in vitro e la colonizzazione cardiaca negli animali infetti.

Valutazione dell'invasione batterica delle cellule cardiache in coltura e colonizzazione cardiaca nei topi infetti utilizzando listeria monocytogenes

Listeria monocytogenes is a Gram-positive facultative intracellular pathogen that is capable of causing serious invasive infections in immunocompromised ...

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JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Assessing Bacterial Invasion of Cardiac Cells in Culture and Heart Colonization in Infected Mice Using Listeria monocytogenes

5.4K Views.  College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago. La listeria monocytogenes causa infezioni fetali nelle donne in gravidanza e meningite nelle popolazioni sensibili. Le sottopopolazioni di batteri possono colonizzare il tessuto cardiaco, causando miocardite in pazienti e animali da laboratorio. Qui presentiamo un protocollo che descrive come valutare l'invasione delle cellule cardiache di L. monocytogenes in vitro e la colonizzazione cardiaca negli animali infetti. 

Video: Assessing Bacterial Invasion of Cardiac Cells in Culture and Heart Colonization in Infected Mice Using Listeria monocytogenes

Measuring Bacterial Load and Immune Responses in Mice Infected with Listeria monocytogenes

Listeria monocytogenes (Listeria) is a Gram-positive facultative intracellular pathogen1. Mouse studies typically employ intravenous injection of Listeria, which results in systemic infection2. After injection, Listeria quickly disseminates to the spleen and liver due to uptake by CD8&alpha;+ dendritic cells and Kupffer cells3,4. Once phagocytosed, various bacterial proteins enable Listeria to escape the phagosome, survive within the cytosol, and infect neighboring cells5. During the first three days of infection, different innate immune cells (e.g. monocytes, neutrophils, NK cells, dendritic cells) mediate bactericidal mechanisms that minimize Listeria proliferation. CD8+ T cells are subsequently recruited and responsible for the eventual clearance of Listeria from the host, typically within 10 days of infection6.
Successful clearance of Listeria from infected mice depends on the appropriate onset of host immune responses6	. There is a broad range of sensitivities amongst inbred mouse strains7,8. Generally, mice with increased susceptibility to Listeria infection are less able to control bacterial proliferation, demonstrating increased bacterial load and/or delayed clearance compared to resistant mice. Genetic studies, including linkage analyses and knockout mouse strains, have identified various genes for which sequence variation affects host responses to Listeria infection6,8-14. Determination and comparison of infection kinetics between different mouse strains is therefore an important method for identifying host genetic factors that contribute to immune responses against Listeria. Comparison of host responses to different Listeria strains is also an effective way to identify bacterial virulence factors that may serve as potential targets for antibiotic therapy or vaccine design.
We describe here a straightforward method for measuring bacterial load (colony forming units [CFU] per tissue) and preparing single-cell suspensions of the liver and spleen for FACS analysis of immune responses in Listeria-infected mice. This method is particularly useful for initial characterization of Listeria infection in novel mouse strains, as well as comparison of immune responses between different mouse strains infected with Listeria. We use the Listeria monocytogenes EGD strain15 that, when cultured on blood agar, exhibits a characteristic halo zone around each colony due to &beta;-hemolysis1 (Figure 1). Bacterial load and immune responses can be determined at any time-point after infection by culturing tissue homogenate on blood agar plates and preparing tissue cell suspensions for FACS analysis using the protocols described below. We would note that individuals who are immunocompromised or pregnant should not handle Listeria, and the relevant institutional biosafety committee and animal facility management should be consulted before work commences.

Measuring Bacterial Load and Immune Responses in Mice Infected with Listeria monocytogenes

Listeria monocytogenes is a model organism for studying immune responses and genetic susceptibility to intracellular bacteria in mice. This method enables one to measure bacterial load and generate single-cell suspensions of the liver and spleen from mice for FACS analysis to determine changes in immune cells due to Listeria infection.

Misurazione della carica batterica e Risposte immunitarie in topi infettati con Listeria monocytogenes</em

Listeria monocytogenes (Listeria) is a Gram-positive facultative intracellular pathogen1. Mouse studies typically employ intravenous injection of ...

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Immunologia e infezioni

Oral Transmission of Listeria monocytogenes in Mice via Ingestion of Contaminated Food

L. monocytogenes are facultative intracellular bacterial pathogens that cause food borne infections in humans. Very little is known about the gastrointestinal phase of listeriosis due to the lack of a small animal model that closely mimics human disease. This paper describes a novel mouse model for oral transmission of L. monocytogenes. Using this model, mice fed L. monocytogenes-contaminated bread have a discrete phase of gastrointestinal infection, followed by varying degrees of systemic spread in susceptible (BALB/c/By/J) or resistant (C57BL/6) mouse strains. During the later stages of the infection, dissemination to the gall bladder and brain is observed. The food borne model of listeriosis is highly reproducible, does not require specialized skills, and can be used with a wide variety of bacterial isolates and laboratory mouse strains. As such, it is the ideal model to study both virulence strategies used by L. monocytogenes to promote intestinal colonization, as well as the host response to invasive food borne bacterial infection.

Oral Transmission of Listeria monocytogenes in Mice via Ingestion of Contaminated Food

This paper describes a novel method for oral infection of mice using Listeria monocytogenes-contaminated food. The protocol can readily be adapted for use with other food borne bacterial pathogens.

Trasmissione orale di<em&gt; Listeria monocytogenes</em&gt; Nei topi tramite ingestione di alimenti contaminati

L. monocytogenes are facultative intracellular bacterial pathogens that cause food borne infections in humans. Very little is known about the ...

Imaging InlC Secretion to Investigate Cellular Infection by the Bacterial Pathogen Listeria monocytogenes

Bacterial intracellular pathogens can be conceived as molecular tools to dissect cellular signaling cascades due to their capacity to exquisitely manipulate and subvert cell functions which are required for the infection of host target tissues. Among these bacterial pathogens, Listeria monocytogenes is a Gram positive microorganism that has been used as a paradigm for intracellular parasitism in the characterization of cellular immune responses, and which has played instrumental roles in the discovery of molecular pathways controlling cytoskeletal and membrane trafficking dynamics. In this article, we describe a robust microscopical assay for the detection of late cellular infection stages of L. monocytogenes based on the fluorescent labeling of InlC, a secreted bacterial protein which accumulates in the cytoplasm of infected cells; this assay can be coupled to automated high-throughput small interfering RNA screens in order to characterize cellular signaling pathways involved in the up- or down-regulation of infection.

Imaging InlC Secretion to Investigate Cellular Infection by the Bacterial Pathogen Listeria monocytogenes

Listeria monocytogenes is a Gram positive bacterial pathogen frequently used as a major model for the study of intracellular parasitism. Imaging late L. monocytogenes infection stages within the context of small-interfering RNA screens allows for the global study of cellular pathways required for bacterial infection of target host cells.

Imaging InlC secrezione per Indagare infezione Cellular dalla batterica patogeni<em&gt; Listeria monocytogenes</em

Bacterial intracellular  pathogens can be conceived as molecular tools to dissect cellular signaling  cascades due to their capacity to exquisitely ...

Experimental Infection with Listeria monocytogenes as a Model for Studying Host Interferon-&#947; Responses

L. monocytogenes is a gram-positive bacterium that is a cause of food borne disease in humans. Experimental infection of mice with this pathogen has been highly informative on the role of innate and adaptive immune cells and specific cytokines in host immunity against intracellular pathogens. Production of IFN-&#947; by innate cells during sublethal infection with L. monocytogenes is important for activating macrophages and early control of the pathogen1-3. In addition, IFN-&#947; production by adaptive memory lymphocytes is important for priming the activation of innate cells upon reinfection4. The L. monocytogenes infection model thus serves as a great tool for investigating whether new therapies that are designed to increase IFN-&#947; production have an impact on IFN-&#947; responses in vivo and have productive biological effects such as increasing bacterial clearance or improving mouse survival from infection. Described here is a basic protocol for how to conduct intraperitoneal infections of C57BL/6J mice with the EGD strain of L. monocytogenes and to measure IFN-&#947; production by NK cells, NKT cells, and adaptive lymphocytes by flow cytometry. In addition, procedures are described to: (1) grow and prepare the bacteria for inoculation, (2) measure bacterial load in the spleen and liver, and (3) measure animal survival to endpoints. Representative data are also provided to illustrate how this infection model can be used to test the effect of specific agents on IFN-&#947; responses to L. monocytogenes and survival of mice from this infection.

This protocol describes how to inoculate C57BL/6J mice with the EGD strain of Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes) and to measure interferon-&#947; (IFN-&#947;) responses by natural killer (NK) cells, natural killer T (NKT) cells, and adaptive T lymphocytes post-infection. This protocol also describes how to conduct survival studies in mice after infection with a modified LD50 dose of the pathogen.

Infezione sperimentale con<em&gt; Listeria monocytogenes</em&gt; Come modello per lo studio Host Interferone-gamma Risposte

L. monocytogenes is a gram-positive bacterium that is a cause of food borne disease in humans. Experimental infection of mice with this pathogen has been ...

Visualization of Streptococcus pneumoniae within Cardiac Microlesions and Subsequent Cardiac Remodeling

During bacteremia Streptococcus pneumoniae can translocate across the vascular endothelium into the myocardium and form discrete bacteria-filled microscopic lesions (microlesions) that are remarkable due to the absence of infiltrating immune cells. Due to their release of cardiotoxic products, S. pneumoniae within microlesions are thought to contribute to the heart failure that is frequently observed during fulminate invasive pneumococcal disease in adults. Herein is demonstrated a protocol for experimental mouse infection that leads to reproducible cardiac microlesion formation within 30 hr. Instruction is provided on microlesion identification in hematoxylin &#38; eosin stained heart sections and the morphological distinctions between early and late microlesions are highlighted. Instruction is provided on a protocol for verification of S. pneumoniae within microlesions using antibodies against pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide and immunofluorescent microscopy. Last, a protocol for antibiotic intervention that rescues infected mice and for the detection and assessment of scar formation in the hearts of convalescent mice is provided. Together, these protocols will facilitate the investigation of the molecular mechanisms underlying pneumococcal cardiac invasion, cardiomyocyte death, cardiac remodeling as a result of exposure to S. pneumoniae, and the immune response to the pneumococci in the heart.

Visualization of Streptococcus pneumoniae within Cardiac Microlesions and Subsequent Cardiac Remodeling

Streptococcus pneumoniae forms discrete non-purulent microscopic lesions in the heart. Outlined is the protocol for a murine model of cardiac microlesion formation. Instruction is provided on microlesion visualization using microscopy, discrimination between early and late microlesions, and methods to detect cardiac remodeling in hearts of convalescent animals.

Visualizzazione<em&gt; Streptococcus pneumoniae</em&gt; Entro cardiache microlesioni e successive rimodellamento cardiaco

During bacteremia Streptococcus pneumoniae can translocate across the vascular endothelium into the myocardium and form discrete bacteria-filled ...

Medicina

Listeria monocytogenes Infection of the Brain

Listeria monocytogenes is an intracellular bacterial pathogen that is frequently associated with food-borne infection. The ability of&#160;L. monocytogenes to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is concerning as it can lead to life-threatening meningitis and encephalitis. The BBB protects the brain microenvironment from various toxic metabolites and microbial pathogens found in the blood following infection, and therefore supports brain homeostasis. The mechanisms by which L. monocytogenes present in the bloodstream cross the BBB to cause brain infections are not fully understood and there is also a lack of a robust model system to study brain infections by L. monocytogenes. Here, we present a simple mouse infection model to determine whether bacteria have crossed the BBB and to quantitate the burden of bacteria that have colonized the brain in vivo. In this method, animals were infected intravenously with L. monocytogenes and were humanely euthanized by exposure to CO2 followed by cervical dislocation. Cardiac perfusion of the animals was performed prior to harvesting infected organs. Blood was collected before perfusion and the number of bacteria per organ or mL of blood was determined by plating dilutions of the blood or organ homogenates on agar plates and counting the number of colonies formed. This method can be used to study novel receptor-ligand interactions that enhance infection of the brain by L. monocytogenes and can be easily adapted for the study of multiple bacterial pathogens.

Listeria monocytogenes Infection of the Brain

During infection, Listeria monocytogenes is capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier to colonize the brain. In this protocol, we demonstrate how to assess bacterial colonization of organs following infection of mice. A procedure to perform whole organ perfusion for specific determination of bacterial numbers in the brain parenchyma is provided.

Listeria monocytogenes Infezione del cervello

Listeria monocytogenes is an intracellular bacterial pathogen that is frequently associated with food-borne infection. The ability of&#160;L. ...

Using a Bacterial Pathogen to Probe for Cellular and Organismic-level Host Responses

There are a variety of strategies bacterial pathogens employ to survive and proliferate once inside the eukaryotic cell. The so-called 'cytosolic' pathogens (Listeria monocytogenes, Shigella flexneri, Burkholderia pseudomallei, Francisella tularensis, and Rickettsia spp.) gain access to the infected cell cytosol by physically and enzymatically degrading the primary vacuolar membrane. Once in the cytosol, these pathogens both proliferate as well as generate sufficient mechanical forces to penetrate the plasma membrane of the host cell in order to infect new cells. Here, we show how this terminal step of the cellular infection cycle of L. monocytogenes (Lm) can be quantified by both colony-forming unit assays and flow cytometry and give examples of how both pathogen- and host-encoded factors impact this process. We also show a close correspondence of Lm infection dynamics of cultured cells infected in vitro and those of hepatic cells derived from mice infected in vivo. These function-based assays are relatively simple and can be readily scaled up for discovery-based high-throughput screens for modulators of eukaryotic cell function.

We describe both in vitro and in vivo infection assays that can be used to analyze the activities of host-encoding factors.

Utilizzando un agente patogeno batterico alla sonda per le risposte cellulari e organismica-livello Host

There are a variety of strategies bacterial pathogens employ to survive and proliferate once inside the eukaryotic cell. The so-called 'cytosolic' ...

A Technique to Establish a Bacterial Infection Model in an Ex Vivo Organ Culture

Source: Rizzuto, G. A., et al. <a href="https://app.jove.com/v/54237">Human Placental and Decidual Organ Cultures to Study Infections at the Maternal-fetal Interface.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2016)
This video demonstrates a method to establish an infection model in placental tissues to study infection propagation. An ex vivo placental organ culture is infected with Listeria monocytogenes, a facultative intracellular parasite. The bacteria invade extravillous trophoblasts (EVTs) to enter the placental tissue and then propagate to other cells via cell-to-cell spread.

Una tecnica per stabilire un modello di infezione batterica in una coltura d'organo ex vivo

All procedures involving human participants have been performed in compliance with the institutional, national, and international guidelines for human ...

JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments

Immunology

Immunopathology

In Vitro Models

Quantification of Bacterial Infection in Host Cells by the Colony-Forming Unit Assay

Source: Gayle, P. et al., <a href="https://app.jove.com/v/58775">Using a Bacterial Pathogen to Probe for Cellular and Organismic-level Host Responses.</a>&#160;J. Vis. Exp.&#160; (2019).
This video demonstrates an in vitro quantification technique to determine Listeria monocytogenes infection of macrophages by the colony-forming unit assay. The bacterial colonies on the agar plate represent the intracellular bacterial population that escapes the host-defense mechanism and survives within the macrophages.

Quantificazione dell'infezione batterica nelle cellule ospiti mediante il saggio dell'unità formante colonia

Source: Gayle, P. et al., Using a Bacterial Pathogen to Probe for Cellular and Organismic-level Host Responses.&#160;J. Vis. Exp.&#160; (2019).
This video ...

Immune Response

Host-Pathogen Interaction

Flow Cytometry Analysis of Intracellular and Emergent Extracellular Listeria monocytogenes In Vitro

Source: Gayle, P. et al., <a href="https://app.jove.com/v/58775">Using a Bacterial Pathogen to Probe for Cellular and Organismic-level Host Responses.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2019)
In this video, we quantify intracellular and extracellular Listeria monocytogenes, an intracellular pathogenic bacteria, following their infection of cultured macrophages in vitro using flow cytometry.

Analisi con Citometria a Flusso di Listeria monocytogenes intracellulare ed extracellulare emergente in vitro

Source: Gayle, P. et al., Using a Bacterial Pathogen to Probe for Cellular and Organismic-level Host Responses. J. Vis. Exp. (2019)
In this video, we ...

Valutazione dell'invasione batterica delle cellule cardiache in coltura e colonizzazione cardiaca nei topi infetti utilizzando listeria monocytogenes

Riepilogo

Esplora Altri Video

Capitoli in questo video

Misurazione della carica batterica e Risposte immunitarie in topi infettati con Listeria monocytogenes

Trasmissione orale di

Imaging InlC secrezione per Indagare infezione Cellular dalla batterica patogeni

Infezione sperimentale con

Visualizzazione

Listeria monocytogenes Infezione del cervello

Utilizzando un agente patogeno batterico alla sonda per le risposte cellulari e organismica-livello Host

Una tecnica per stabilire un modello di infezione batterica in una coltura d'organo ex vivo

Quantificazione dell'infezione batterica nelle cellule ospiti mediante il saggio dell'unità formante colonia

Analisi con Citometria a Flusso di Listeria monocytogenes intracellulare ed extracellulare emergente in vitro