C.A.M.F. and L.S. participated in protocol design, acquisition and analysis of data, and drafting of the article. 
The authors wish to thank Dr. Kain, Dr. Loutfy, Dr. Wasmuth, and Dr. Ayi for their contributions.
C.F. was supported by a CTN/Ontario HIV Treatment Network (OHTN) postdoctoral fellowship. L.S. is supported by an OHTN Junior Investigator Development Award. The present work was supported by a Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) operating grant (MOP-13721 and 115160), and a CIHR New Investigator Catalyst grant.

<ol>
	<li>Graham, A. L., Cattadori, I. M., Lloyd-Smith, J. O., Ferrari, M. J., Bj&#248;rnstad, O. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transmission+consequences+of+coinfection:+cytokines+writ+large.">Transmission consequences of coinfection: cytokines writ large.</a> Trends in parasitology. 23 (6), 284-291 (2007).</li><li>French, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Increasing+rates+of+malarial+fever+with+deteriorating+immune+status+in+HIV-1-infected+Ugandan+adults.">Increasing rates of malarial fever with deteriorating immune status in HIV-1-infected Ugandan adults.</a> AIDS (London, England). 15 (7), 899-906 (2001).</li><li>Hoffman, I. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effect+of+Plasmodium+falciparum+malaria+on+HIV-1+RNA+blood+plasma+concentration.">The effect of Plasmodium falciparum malaria on HIV-1 RNA blood plasma concentration.</a> AIDS (London, England). 13 (4), 487-494 (1999).</li><li>Kamya, M. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+HIV-1+infection+on+antimalarial+treatment+outcomes+in+Uganda:+a+population-based+study.">Effect of HIV-1 infection on antimalarial treatment outcomes in Uganda: a population-based study.</a> The Journal of infectious diseases. 193 (1), 9-15 (2006).</li><li>Kublin, J. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+Plasmodium+falciparum+malaria+on+concentration+of+HIV-1-RNA+in+the+blood+of+adults+in+rural+Malawi:+a+prospective+cohort+study.">Effect of Plasmodium falciparum malaria on concentration of HIV-1-RNA in the blood of adults in rural Malawi: a prospective cohort study.</a> Lancet. 365 (9455), 233-240 (2005).</li><li>Mermin, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+co-trimoxazole+prophylaxis,+antiretroviral+therapy,+and+insecticide-treated+bednets+on+the+frequency+of+malaria+in+HIV-1-infected+adults+in+Uganda:+a+prospective+cohort+study.">Effect of co-trimoxazole prophylaxis, antiretroviral therapy, and insecticide-treated bednets on the frequency of malaria in HIV-1-infected adults in Uganda: a prospective cohort study.</a> Lancet. 367 (9518), 1256-1261 (2006).</li><li>Patnaik, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+HIV-1+serostatus,+HIV-1+RNA+concentration,+and+CD4+cell+count+on+the+incidence+of+malaria+infection+in+a+cohort+of+adults+in+rural+Malawi.">Effects of HIV-1 serostatus, HIV-1 RNA concentration, and CD4 cell count on the incidence of malaria infection in a cohort of adults in rural Malawi.</a> The Journal of infectious diseases. 192 (6), 984-991 (2005).</li><li>Whitworth, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+HIV-1+and+increasing+immunosuppression+on+malaria+parasitaemia+and+clinical+episodes+in+adults+in+rural+Uganda:+a+cohort+study.">Effect of HIV-1 and increasing immunosuppression on malaria parasitaemia and clinical episodes in adults in rural Uganda: a cohort study.</a> Lancet. 356 (9235), 1051-1056 (2000).</li><li>Xiao, L., Owen, S. M., Rudolph, D. L., Lal, R. B., Lal, A. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plasmodium+falciparum+antigen-induced+human+immunodeficiency+virus+type+1+replication+is+mediated+through+induction+of+tumor+necrosis+factor-alpha.">Plasmodium falciparum antigen-induced human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication is mediated through induction of tumor necrosis factor-alpha.</a> The Journal of infectious diseases. 177 (2), 437-445 (1998).</li><li>Francesconi, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=HIV,+malaria+parasites,+and+acute+febrile+episodes+in+Ugandan+adults:+a+case-control+study.">HIV, malaria parasites, and acute febrile episodes in Ugandan adults: a case-control study.</a> AIDS (London, England). 15 (18), 2445-2450 (2001).</li><li>Finney, C. A. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=HIV+infection+deregulates+Tim-3+expression+on+innate+cells:+combination+antiretroviral+therapy+results+in+partial+restoration.">HIV infection deregulates Tim-3 expression on innate cells: combination antiretroviral therapy results in partial restoration.</a> Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes. 63 (2), 161-167 (2013).</li><li>Finney, C. A. 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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Il nostro protocollo è stato ottimizzato al fine di studiare più realisticamente la co-infezione HIV-malaria in vitro. In primo luogo, i globuli rossi umani freschi e siero sono necessari per la cultura parassita della malaria. Questo è fondamentale per ottenere una popolazione sana di parassiti della malaria. Lisati parassiti non possono essere sostituiti per i parassiti dal vivo come la produzione di citochine è molto più rapido e intenso quando si utilizza dal vivo P. falciparum infett...

Co-infezione, infezione da infezioni multiple concomitanti, è la norma in ambienti naturali. Co-infezione può avere un grande impatto sulla patologia della malattia e sulla gestione clinica di ogni infezione. Nel contesto di co-infezione, il vaccino e l&#39;efficacia dei farmaci, così come test diagnostico, può essere influenzato negativamente (rivisto in 1). Tuttavia, nonostante la sua importanza, la maggior parte delle ricerche patogeno ritiene infezioni solo singoli. La malaria e HIV-1 (HIV) sono le principali cause di morbilità e mortalità a livello mondiale. Aree di malaria e l&#39;HIV endemicità condividono una vasta sovrapposizione geografica, mettendo a milioni di persone a rischio di co-infezione e di conseguenza a rischio di più grave malattia clinica 2-10. Le due malattie interagiscono negativamente. Negli individui affetti da HIV, la carica virale HIV più alti e le diminuzioni temporanee CD4 + T-cellule può essere visto nel corso di una infezione della malaria, mentremalaria oneri parassita e il rischio di malaria clinica e grave sono più alti in co-infettati individui 2,3,5,7,8,10. I meccanismi attraverso i quali l&#39;HIV aumenta la malaria gravità non sono pienamente compresi e meritano ulteriori indagini. Qui si descrive un metodo con cui la malaria e la co-infezione HIV possono essere studiati in vitro. In particolare, questo metodo consente per l&#39;esame delle risposte immunitarie specifiche per malaria nel contesto dell&#39;infezione da HIV. Il nostro protocollo descrive un sistema versatile di co-coltura con cellule mononucleate del sangue periferico appena isolate (PBMC) isolati da donatori infetti cronicamente da HIV e in vitro colta P. falciparum parassitati eritrociti (PfRBC). L&#39;impatto dell&#39;HIV terapia antiretrovirale nelle risposte può essere esaminata usando PBMC prospetticamente raccolti da HIV (+) i donatori pre e post-terapia. Abbiamo usato questo sistema per studiare l&#39;impatto dell&#39;infezione da HIVsulle risposte immunitarie innate specifiche malaria 11,12, e sono stati in grado di determinare che IFNγ e TNF risposte specifiche per malaria sono alterate nelle cellule NK, cellule NKT, γδ cellule T da HIV (+) i donatori pre e post-HIV terapia antiretrovirale . Inoltre, siamo stati in grado di utilizzare questo sistema per determinare che le funzioni monocitiche sono anche compromesse HIV (+) i donatori, ma recuperare post-HIV terapia antiretrovirale.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>alanine</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A7377</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>antibodies (see other table)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BD Cytofix/Cytoperm with BD GolgiPlug</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>555028</td>
			<td>includes brefeldin A, cytofix/cytoperm buffer and perm/wash buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BD Vacutainer ACD Solution A</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>364506</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BD Vacutainer Sodium Heparin</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>17-1440-02</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DPBS (no calcium, no magnesium)</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>21-031-CV</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>F1051</td>
			<td>heat inactivate before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ficoll-Paque PLUS</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>17-1440-02</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>gentamycin (10mg/ml)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15710-064</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hema3 Staining Set</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>122-911</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>BP310-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>hypoxanthine</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>H9636</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ionomycin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>I3909</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MEM non-essential amino acids (10mM)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>11140</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PMA</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P8139</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI-1640 powder</td>
			<td>Life-Technologies</td>
			<td>31800-022</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI-1640 with L-glutamine and HEPES</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>SH30255.01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>sodium bicarbonate (powder, cell culture)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S5761</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Pyruvate (100mM)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>11360</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris (Trizma base)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T6066</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trizol</td>
			<td>Ambion</td>
			<td>15596018</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypan Blue (0.4%)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15250-061</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BD CompBead</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>552843, 552845</td>
			<td>depends on antibodies used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Parasite Gas Mixture</td>
			<td>By special order</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>3% CO2, 1% O2, balance N2</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

an in vitro model for measuring immune responses to malaria in the context of hiv co-infection

Malaria and HIV co-infection is a growing health priority. However, most research on malaria or HIV currently focuses on each infection individually. Although understanding the disease dynamics for each of these pathogens independently is vital, it is also important that the interactions between these pathogens are investigated and understood. 
We have developed a versatile in vitro model of HIV-malaria co-infection to study host immune responses to malaria in the context of HIV infection. Our model allows the study of secreted factors in cellular supernatants, cell surface and intracellular protein markers, as well as RNA expression levels. The experimental design and methods used limit variability and promote data reliability and reproducibility. 
All pathogens used in this model are natural human pathogens (Plasmodium falciparum and HIV-1), and all infected cells are naturally infected and used fresh. We use human erythrocytes parasitized with P. falciparum and maintained in continuous in vitro culture. We obtain freshly isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from chronically HIV-infected volunteers. Every condition used has an appropriate control (P. falciparum parasitized vs. normal erythrocytes), and every HIV-infected donor has an HIV uninfected control, from which cells are harvested on the same day. This model provides a realistic environment to study the interactions between malaria parasites and human immune cells in the context of HIV infection.

I grafici rappresentano i livelli di produzione IFNγ da cellule NKT (figura 2), utilizzando CD56 + CD3 + γδ- cancelli avere la popolazione di cellule NKT (dati non mostrati). Le cellule sono state coltivate per 72 ore prima della colorazione. Una volta macchiati, 100.000 cellule CD3 + sono state acquistate sul citofluorimetro di ottenere abbastanza grandi popolazioni di NK, NKT e cellule γδ (cellule di interesse). Un minimo di 5.600 cellule NKT sono visualizzate su ogni grafico. Produzione di TNF ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An In Vitro Model for Measuring Immune Responses to Malaria in the Context of HIV Co-infection at JoVE.com

An In Vitro Model for Measuring Immune Responses to Malaria in the Context of HIV Co-infection

Human co-infection is difficult to replicate in vitro. However, human malaria parasites can readily be cultured in vitro, as can freshly isolated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells naturally infected with HIV. This provides an excellent model for studying early immune responses to malaria parasites in the context of HIV co-infection.

Un<em&gt; In Vitro</em&gt; Modello per la misurazione Risposte immunitarie Malaria nel contesto della coinfezione da HIV

Malaria and HIV co-infection is a growing health priority. However, most research on malaria or HIV currently focuses on each infection individually. ...

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Immunology and Infection

An In Vitro Model for Measuring Immune Responses to Malaria in the Context of HIV Co-infection

10.2K Views.  University of Calgary. Human co-infection is difficult to replicate in vitro. However, human malaria parasites can readily be cultured in vitro, as can freshly isolated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells naturally infected with HIV. This provides an excellent model for studying early immune responses to malaria parasites in the context of HIV co-infection. 