Questo lavoro è stato sostenuto dal National Institute on Deafness e altri disturbi della comunicazione Grants R21DC013915 e R01DC012502, le scienze naturali e ingegneria Research Council del Canada e del Consiglio europeo della ricerca nell&#39;ambito del Settimo programma quadro della Comunità Europea (FP7 / 2007-2013 convenzione di sovvenzione n. 339.152 ).

Il protocollo sperimentale attuale segue le linee guida di condotta etica secondo la commissione d&#39;inchiesta Umana Università di Yale. 1. Electroenchephalopgaphy (EEG) Preparazione <ol><li> Misurare le dimensioni della testa per determinare il tappo EEG appropriata. </li><li> Identificare la posizione del vertice trovando il punto medio tra nasion e inion con un nastro di misurazione. </li><li> Mettere il tappo EEG sulla testa con il vertice predeterminato come Cz. Esaminare nuovamente Cz dopo aver posizionato il tappo utilizzando un nastro di misurazione, come fatto in 1.2. Si noti che il tappo EEG è dotato di portaelettrodi e il posizionamento degli elettrodi 64 (o supporti) si basa su un sistema modificato 10-20 con sistema di coordinate pre-specificato in base Cz 11. Nota: Questa applicazione rappresentante utilizza una configurazione a 64 elettrodi per valutare i cambiamenti del cuoio capelluto di distribuzione e per l&#39;analisi fonte. Per le applicazioni più semplici (potenziali cambiamenti evento-correlati in ampiezza e latenza) all&#39;USIng meno elettrodi sono possibili. Ci sono due elettrodi aggiuntivi per terra del sistema EEG utilizzato qui. Quei porta elettrodi sono inclusi anche nel tappo. </li><li> Applicare gel dell&#39;elettrodo portaelettrodi utilizzando una siringa monouso. </li><li> Collegare elettrodi EEG (compresi elettrodi terra) nei supporti elettrodi corrispondenti le etichette degli elettrodi e ai detentori elettrodi sul tappo dell&#39;elettrodo. </li><li> Pulire la superficie della pelle con tamponi imbevuti di alcool. Nota: Per gli elettrodi per il rilevamento del movimento degli occhi (elettro-oculografia), le posizioni della pelle sono sopra e sotto l&#39;occhio destro (movimento degli occhi verticale), e lateralmente al canto esterno degli occhi entrambi (movimento degli occhi orizzontale); per la stimolazione somatosensoriale la pelle laterale all&#39;angolo orale viene pulita. </li><li> Riempire i quattro elettrodi elettro-oculografia con il gel dell&#39;elettrodo e fissare gli elettrodi con nastro biadesivo ai siti noti in 1.6. </li><li> Fissare tutti i cavi degli elettrodi con un cinturino in velcro. Se r, facoltativo, nastro i cavi al corpo del partecipante o degli altri luoghi che non introducono alcun rumore elettrico o meccanico addizionale. </li><li> Posizionare il partecipante di fronte al monitor e il robot per la stimolazione somatosensoriale. Fissare di nuovo tutti i cavi degli elettrodi come in 1.8. </li><li> Collegare l&#39;EEG e gli elettrodi elettro-oculografia (compresi gli elettrodi a terra) nei connettori appropriati (etichetta di corrispondenza e di forma connettore) sulla scatola amplificatore del sistema EEG. </li><li> Verificare che i segnali EEG sono artefatti libero e che il valore di offset si trova in un intervallo accettabile (&lt;50 mV o più piccolo). Se vengono rilevati segnali rumorosi o grandi spostamenti che di solito sono indicativi di alta impedenza, correggere quei segnali di elettrodo con l&#39;aggiunta di gel EEG supplementari e / o riposizionare i capelli che è direttamente sotto l&#39;elettrodo. </li><li> Inserire gli auricolari compatibili con EEG e verificare che il livello sonoro è in un intervallo confortevole sulla base della relazione soggetto. </li></ol><pclass = &quot;jove_title&quot;&gt; 2. Somatosensoriale Stimolazione Nota: L&#39;attuale protocollo si applica tratto pelle del viso al fine di stimolazione somatosensoriale. L&#39;apparato sperimentale con il sistema EEG è rappresentato in figura 1. I dettagli del dispositivo di stimolazione somatosensoriale sono stati descritti negli studi precedenti 1,7,12-14. In breve, due piccole linguette di plastica (larghe 2 cm e 3 cm di altezza) sono attaccati con nastro biadesivo per la pelle del viso. Le linguette sono collegati al dispositivo robotico con spago. Il robot genera carichi sistematici tratto pelle secondo i disegni sperimentali. Il protocollo di configurazione per la registrazione ERP è il seguente: <ol><li> Posizionare la testa del partecipante nel poggiatesta per ridurre al minimo il movimento della testa durante la stimolazione. Rimuovere accuratamente i cavi degli elettrodi tra la testa del partecipante e poggiatesta. </li><li> Chiedere al partecipante di tenere premuto l&#39;interruttore di sicurezza per il robot. </li><li> Allegare linguette di plastica perla posizione pelle destinazione utilizzando del nastro biadesivo per la stimolazione somatosensoriale. Per il rappresentante traduce 12,13, in cui il bersaglio è la pelle lateralmente all&#39;angolo orale, posizionare il centro delle linguette sul modiolus, alcuni mm lateralmente all&#39;angolo orale con il centro delle linguette approssimativamente alla stessa altezza dell&#39;angolo orale. </li><li> Regolare la configurazione della stringa, supporti stringa e il robot per evitare elettrodi EEG e cavi. </li><li> Applicare alcuni tratti della pelle del viso (un ciclo sinusoide a 3 Hz con una forza massima di 4 N) per controllare artefatti dovuti alla stimolazione (generalmente osservata come relativamente grande ampiezza e frequenza inferiore rispetto alla risposta elettrofisiologica). Se si osservano gli artefatti nei segnali EEG, tornare al 2.4. </li></ol> 3. ERP Registrazione <ol><li> Spiegare il compito sperimentale al soggetto e fornire prove pratiche (un blocco = 10 prove o meno) per confermare se il soggetto understands il compito chiaramente. Nota: L&#39;attività sperimentale e presentazione dello stimolo per la registrazione ERP sono preprogrammato in software per la presentazione dello stimolo. <ol><li> Nel test con rappresentante combinato somatosensoriale e stimolazione uditiva 12, applicare la stimolazione somatosensoriale associata deformazione pelle a pelle laterale all&#39;angolo orale. Il pattern di tratto è una sinusoide un ciclo (3 Hz) con una forza massima di 4 N. A solo enunciato sintesi vocale che è a metà in un continuum sonoro 10-passo tra &quot;testa&quot; e &quot;aveva&quot; viene utilizzato per la stimolazione uditiva. </li><li> Presenti due stimolazioni separatamente o in combinazione. Nella stimolazione combinata, prova tre tempi insorgenza (90 piombo msec e lag, e simultanee in somatosensoriali e uditivi insorgenze: si veda la Figura 3A). </li><li> Randomize la presentazione di cinque stimolazioni (somatosensoriale da solo, uditiva solo e tre combinato:. Piombo, simult e lag). Variare l&#39;inter-trial intervallo tra 1.000 e 2.000 msec in modo da evitare l&#39;anticipazione e assuefazione. Il compito sperimentale è quello di identificare se il suono vocale presentato, che è il suono che è acusticamente intermedia tra &quot;testa&quot; e &quot;aveva &#39;, era&quot; capo &quot;premendo un tasto sulla tastiera. Nella condizione solo somatosensoriale, in cui c&#39;è stimolazione uditiva, i partecipanti sono istruiti a rispondere non &quot;testa&quot;. </li><li> I giudizi dei partecipanti record e il tempo di reazione fin dall&#39;inizio stimolo alla pressione di un tasto con il software per la presentazione dello stimolo. Chiedere al partecipante a guardare un punto di fissazione sullo schermo in modo da ridurre gli artefatti dovuti a movimenti oculari. </li><li> Rimuovere il punto di fissazione ogni 10 stimoli per una breve pausa. (Vedi anche altro esempio di compiti e di stimolo presentazione 12,13) </li></ol></li><li> Avviare il software per la registrazione ERP a 512 Hzcampionamento, che registra anche il tempo di inizio della stimolazione nella timeline di dati ERP. Si noti che i timestamp della stimolazione, che comprende anche le informazioni sul tipo di stimolazione, vengono inviati per ogni stimolo dal software per presentazione dello stimolo. I due programmi (per la registrazione ERP e per la presentazione dello stimolo) sono in esecuzione su due PC distinti che sono collegati tramite una porta parallela. </li><li> Impostare il software per la stimolazione somatosensoriale alla modalità-trigger attesa e quindi avviare la presentazione dello stimolo attivando il software per presentazione dello stimolo. Si noti che il software per la stimolazione somatosensoriale è in corso anche su un PC separato dagli altri due PC. Record 100 ERP per condizione. Nota: un segnale di trigger per la stimolazione somatosensoriale ricevuto attraverso un dispositivo di ingresso analogico collegato ad un dispositivo di uscita digitale nel PC per la stimolazione sensoriale. Stimolazione somatosensoriale singolo è prodotto per un trigger. &lt;/ li&gt; </ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Gli studi qui riportati dimostrano che la stimolazione somatosensoriale controllato con precisione che viene prodotto dalla deformazione della pelle del viso provoca ERP corticali. Afferenze cutanee sono conosciuti come una ricca fonte di informazioni cinestetica 3,4 nel movimento degli arti umani e 5,6 discorso movimento 7,8,21. Stretching la pelle del viso in modo da riflettere la direzione movimento reale durante parlare induce un senso cinestetico simile al movimento corrispondente. ...

Produzione linguistica dipende sia informazioni uditive e somatosensoriale. Il uditivo e feedback somatosensoriale si verificano in combinazione dalle prime vocalizzazioni prodotte da un bambino ed entrambi sono coinvolti nell&#39;apprendimento motorio discorso. Recenti risultati suggeriscono che i processi somatosensoriale contribuiscono alla percezione così come la produzione. Per esempio, l&#39;identificazione del discorso suoni è alterata quando un dispositivo robotico tende la pelle del viso come partecipanti ascoltano stimoli uditivi 1. Sbuffi d&#39;aria alla guancia che coincidono con gli stimoli uditivi discorso alterano giudizi percettivi dei partecipanti 2. Questi effetti somatosensoriale coinvolgono l&#39;attivazione dei meccanocettori cutanee in risposta alla deformazione della pelle. La pelle è deformato in vari modi durante il movimento, e meccanocettori cutanei sono noti per contribuire al senso cinestetico 3,4. Il ruolo cinestetica di meccanocettori cutanee è demonestrare dalle recenti acquisizioni 5-7 che i ceppi di pelle-correlate al movimento siano adeguatamente percepiti come flessione o estensione del movimento a seconda del modello di stiramento della pelle 6. Nel corso della formazione motore discorso, che è la ripetizione di specifica espressione discorso con concomitante facciale discorso tratto pelle, schemi articolatori cambiano in maniera adattiva 7. Questi studi indicano che la modulazione tratto pelle durante l&#39;azione fornisce un metodo per valutare il contributo delle afferenze cutanee alla funzione cinestetica del sistema sensomotorio. La funzione cinestetica di meccanocettori cutanee oro-facciale è stato studiato per lo più con metodi psicofisiologici 7,8 e microelettrodi ricodificazione da nervi sensoriali 9,10. Qui, il protocollo attuale si concentra sulla combinazione di oro-facciale stimolazione somatosensoriale associata a deformazione pelle del viso e evento relativo potenziale (ERP) di registrazione. Thè procedura ha preciso controllo sperimentale sulla direzione e la tempistica di deformazione pelle del viso utilizzando un dispositivo robotico controllato dal computer. Questo ci permette di testare ipotesi specifiche circa il contributo somatosensoriale di produzione del discorso e la percezione selettivamente e precisamente deformare la pelle del viso in una vasta gamma di orientamenti sia durante l&#39;apprendimento motorio discorso e direttamente in produzione del linguaggio e percezione. Registrazione ERP vengono utilizzati per valutare in modo non invasivo il pattern temporale e la tempistica della influenza di stimolazione somatosensoriale sui comportamenti orofacciali. Il protocollo corrente quindi in grado di valutare i correlati neurali della funzione cinestetica e valutare il contributo del sistema somatosensoriale sia tecnologie vocali, la produzione di parola e discorso percezione. Per mostrare l&#39;utilità dell&#39;applicazione della stimolazione tratto pelle alla registrazione ERP, il seguente protocollo concentra sull&#39;interazione di somatosensoriale e ingresso uditivo in discorso perception. I risultati evidenziano un potenziale metodo per valutare l&#39;interazione somatosensoriale-uditiva in discorso.

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somatosensory event-related potentials from orofacial skin stretch stimulation

Cortical processing associated with orofacial somatosensory function in speech has received limited experimental attention due to the difficulty of providing precise and controlled stimulation. This article introduces a technique for recording somatosensory event-related potentials (ERP) that uses a novel mechanical stimulation method involving skin deformation using a robotic device. Controlled deformation of the facial skin is used to modulate kinesthetic inputs through excitation of cutaneous mechanoreceptors. By combining somatosensory stimulation with electroencephalographic recording, somatosensory evoked responses can be successfully measured at the level of the cortex. Somatosensory stimulation can be combined with the stimulation of other sensory modalities to assess multisensory interactions. For speech, orofacial stimulation is combined with speech sound stimulation to assess the contribution of multi-sensory processing including the effects of timing differences. The ability to precisely control orofacial somatosensory stimulation during speech perception and speech production with ERP recording is an important tool that provides new insight into the neural organization and neural representations for speech.

Questa sezione presenta potenziali evento-correlati di rappresentanza in risposta alla stimolazione somatosensoriale derivante dalla deformazione della pelle del viso. L&#39;apparato sperimentale è rappresentato in figura 1. Stimolazione sinusoidale è stato applicato alla pelle del viso laterale all&#39;angolo orale (Vedi figura 3A come riferimento). Un centinaio di prove tratto sono state registrate per ogni partecipante con 12 partec...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Somatosensory Event-related Potentials from Orofacial Skin Stretch Stimulation at JoVE.com

Somatosensory Event-related Potentials from Orofacial Skin Stretch Stimulation

This paper introduces a method for obtaining somatosensory event-related potentials following orofacial skin stretch stimulation. The current method can be used to evaluate the contribution of somatosensory afferents to both speech production and speech perception.

Potenziali evento-correlati somatosensoriali da Pelle Orofacial Stretch Stimolazione

Cortical processing associated with orofacial somatosensory function in speech has received limited experimental attention due to the difficulty of ...

somatosensory-event-related-potentials-from-orofacial-skin-stretch

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Neuroscience

13.1K Views.  Haskins Laboratories. This paper introduces a method for obtaining somatosensory event-related potentials following orofacial skin stretch stimulation. The current method can be used to evaluate the contribution of somatosensory afferents to both speech production and speech perception.

Video: Somatosensory Event-related Potentials from Orofacial Skin Stretch Stimulation

High Density Event-related Potential  Data Acquisition in Cognitive Neuroscience

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is currently the standard method of evaluating brain function in the field of Cognitive Neuroscience, in part because fMRI data acquisition and analysis techniques are readily available. Because fMRI has excellent spatial resolution but poor temporal resolution, this method can only be used to identify the spatial location of brain activity associated with a given cognitive process (and reveals virtually nothing about the time course of brain activity). By contrast, event-related potential (ERP) recording, a method that is used much less frequently than fMRI, has excellent temporal resolution and thus can track rapid temporal modulations in neural activity. Unfortunately, ERPs are under utilized in Cognitive Neuroscience because data acquisition techniques are not readily available and low density ERP recording has poor spatial resolution. In an effort to foster the increased use of ERPs in Cognitive Neuroscience, the present article details key techniques involved in high density ERP data acquisition. Critically, high density ERPs offer the promise of excellent temporal resolution and good spatial resolution (or excellent spatial resolution if coupled with fMRI), which is necessary to capture the spatial-temporal dynamics of human brain function.

Event-related potential (ERP) recording is under utilized in Cognitive Neuroscience because data acquisition techniques are not readily available and this method often has poor spatial resolution. To foster the increased use of ERPs in Cognitive Neuroscience, the present article details key techniques involved in high density ERP data acquisition.

Ad alta densità di eventi legati potenziale acquisizione dei dati in Neuroscienze Cognitive

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is currently the standard method of evaluating brain function in the field of Cognitive Neuroscience, in part ...

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Neuroscienze

Combining Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and fMRI to Examine the Default Mode Network

The default mode network is a group of brain regions that are active when an individual is not focused on the outside world and the brain is at "wakeful rest."1,2,3 It is thought the default mode network corresponds to self-referential or "internal mentation".2,3
It has been hypothesized that, in humans, activity within the default mode network is correlated with certain pathologies (for instance, hyper-activation has been linked to schizophrenia 4,5,6 and autism spectrum disorders 7 whilst hypo-activation of the network has been linked to Alzheimer's and other neurodegenerative diseases 8). As such, noninvasive modulation of this network may represent a potential therapeutic intervention for a number of neurological and psychiatric pathologies linked to abnormal network activation. One possible tool to effect this modulation is Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: a non-invasive neurostimulatory and neuromodulatory technique that can transiently or lastingly modulate cortical excitability (either increasing or decreasing it) via the application of localized magnetic field pulses.9
In order to explore the default mode network's propensity towards and tolerance of modulation, we will be combining TMS (to the left inferior parietal lobe) with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Through this article, we will examine the protocol and considerations necessary to successfully combine these two neuroscientific tools.

In this article, we examine the methodology and considerations relevant to the combination of TMS and fMRI to examine the effects of brain stimulation on the default network.

La combinazione di stimolazione magnetica transcranica e fMRI per esaminare il modo predefinito della rete

The default mode network is a group of brain regions that are active when an individual is not focused on the outside world and the brain is at "wakeful ...

TMS: Using the Theta-Burst Protocol to Explore Mechanism of Plasticity in Individuals with Fragile X Syndrome and Autism

Fragile X Syndrome (FXS), also known as Martin-Bell Syndrome, is a genetic abnormality found on the X chromosome.1,2 Individuals suffering from FXS display abnormalities in the expression of FMR1 - a protein required for typical, healthy neural development.3 Recent data has suggested that the loss of this protein can cause the cortex to be hyperexcitable thereby affecting overall patterns of neural plasticity.4,5
In addition, Fragile X shows a strong comorbidity with autism: in fact, 30% of children with FXS are diagnosed with autism, and 2 - 5% of autistic children suffer from FXS.6
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (a non-invasive neurostimulatory and neuromodulatory technique that can transiently or lastingly modulate cortical excitability via the application of localized magnetic field pulses 7,8) represents a unique method of exploring plasticity and the manifestations of FXS within affected individuals. More specifically, Theta-Burst Stimulation (TBS), a specific stimulatory protocol shown to modulate cortical plasticity for a duration up to 30 minutes after stimulation cessation in healthy populations, has already proven an efficacious tool in the exploration of abnormal plasticity.9,10 
Recent studies have shown the effects of TBS last considerably longer in individuals on the autistic spectrum - up to 90 minutes.11 This extended effect-duration suggests an underlying abnormality in the brain's natural plasticity state in autistic individuals - similar to the hyperexcitability induced by Fragile X Syndrome.
In this experiment, utilizing single-pulse motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) as our benchmark, we will explore the effects of both intermittent and continuous TBS on cortical plasticity in individuals suffering from FXS and individuals on the Autistic Spectrum.

In this article, we examine the effects of Theta-Burst TMS stimulation on cortical plasticity in individuals suffering from Fragile X syndrome and individuals on the autistic spectrum.

TMS: Utilizzo del Theta Burst protocollo Esplora Mechasnism di plasticità in individui con Sindrome X Fragile e autismo

Fragile X Syndrome (FXS), also known as Martin-Bell Syndrome, is a genetic abnormality found on the X chromosome.1,2 Individuals suffering from FXS ...

Electrode Positioning and Montage in Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a technique that has been intensively investigated in the past decade as this method offers a non-invasive and safe alternative to change cortical excitability2. The effects of one session of tDCS can last for several minutes, and its effects depend on polarity of stimulation, such as that cathodal stimulation induces a decrease in cortical excitability, and anodal stimulation induces an increase in cortical excitability that may last beyond the duration of stimulation6. These effects have been explored in cognitive neuroscience and also clinically in a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders &#x2013; especially when applied over several consecutive sessions4. One area that has been attracting attention of neuroscientists and clinicians is the use of tDCS for modulation of pain-related neural networks3,5. Modulation of two main cortical areas in pain research has been explored: primary motor cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex7. Due to the critical role of electrode montage, in this article, we show different alternatives for electrode placement for tDCS clinical trials on pain; discussing advantages and disadvantages of each method of stimulation.

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is an established technique to modulate cortical excitability1,2. It has been used as an investigative tool in neuroscience due to its effects on cortical plasticity, easy operation, and safe profile. One area that tDCS has been showing encouraging results is pain alleviation 3-5.

Posizionamento elettrodo e Montage stimolazione transcranica diretta in corrente

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a technique that has been intensively investigated in the past decade as this method offers a ...

Applications of EEG Neuroimaging Data: Event-related Potentials, Spectral Power, and Multiscale Entropy

When considering human neuroimaging data, an appreciation of signal variability represents a fundamental innovation in the way we think about brain signal. Typically, researchers represent the brain's response as the mean across repeated experimental trials and disregard signal fluctuations over time as "noise". However, it is becoming clear that brain signal variability conveys meaningful functional information about neural network dynamics. This article describes the novel method of multiscale entropy (MSE) for quantifying brain signal variability. MSE may be particularly informative of neural network dynamics because it shows timescale dependence and sensitivity to linear and nonlinear dynamics in the data.

Neuroimaging researchers typically consider the brain's response as the mean activity across repeated experimental trials and disregard signal variability over time as "noise". However, it is becoming clear that there is signal in that noise. This article describes the novel method of multiscale entropy for quantifying brain signal variability in the time domain.

Applicazioni di EEG dati Neuroimmagine: potenziali evento-correlati, spettrale di potenza, e multiscala Entropy

When considering human neuroimaging data, an appreciation of signal variability represents a fundamental innovation in the way we think about brain ...

Optogenetic Activation of Zebrafish Somatosensory Neurons using ChEF-tdTomato

Larval zebrafish are emerging as a model for describing the development and function of simple neural circuits. Due to their external fertilization, rapid development, and translucency, zebrafish are particularly well suited for optogenetic approaches to investigate neural circuit function. In this approach, light-sensitive ion channels are expressed in specific neurons, enabling the experimenter to activate or inhibit them at will and thus assess their contribution to specific behaviors. Applying these methods in larval zebrafish is conceptually simple but requires the optimization of technical details. Here we demonstrate a procedure for expressing a channelrhodopsin variant in larval zebrafish somatosensory neurons, photo-activating single cells, and recording the resulting behaviors. By introducing a few modifications to previously established methods, this approach could be used to elicit behavioral responses from single neurons activated up to at least 4 days post-fertilization (dpf). Specifically, we created a transgene using a somatosensory neuron enhancer, CREST3, to drive the expression of the tagged channelrhodopsin variant, ChEF-tdTomato. Injecting this transgene into 1-cell stage embryos results in mosaic expression in somatosensory neurons, which can be imaged with confocal microscopy. Illuminating identified cells in these animals with light from a 473 nm DPSS laser, guided through a fiber optic cable, elicits behaviors that can be recorded with a high-speed video camera and analyzed quantitatively. This technique could be adapted to study behaviors elicited by activating any zebrafish neuron. Combining this approach with genetic or pharmacological perturbations will be a powerful way to investigate circuit formation and function.

Optogenetic techniques have made it possible to study the contribution of specific neurons to behavior. We describe a method in larval zebrafish for activating single somatosensory neurons expressing a channelrhodopsin variant (ChEF) with a diode-pumped solid state (DPSS) laser and recording the elicited behaviors with a high-speed video camera.

Attivazione Optogenetic di zebrafish neuroni somatosensoriali con Chef-tdTomato

Larval  zebrafish are emerging as a model for describing the development and function  of simple neural circuits. Due to their  external fertilization, ...

Extracting Visual Evoked Potentials from EEG Data Recorded During fMRI-guided Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is an effective method for establishing a causal link between a cortical area and cognitive/neurophysiological effects. Specifically, by creating a transient interference with the normal activity of a target region and measuring changes in an electrophysiological signal, we can establish a causal link between the stimulated brain area or network and the electrophysiological signal that we record. If target brain areas are functionally defined with prior fMRI scan, TMS could be used to link the fMRI activations with evoked potentials recorded. However, conducting such experiments presents significant technical challenges given the high amplitude artifacts introduced into the EEG signal by the magnetic pulse, and the difficulty to successfully target areas that were functionally defined by fMRI. Here we describe a methodology for combining these three common tools: TMS, EEG, and fMRI. We explain how to guide the stimulator&#39;s coil to the desired target area using anatomical or functional MRI data, how to record EEG during concurrent TMS, how to design an ERP study suitable for EEG-TMS combination and how to extract reliable ERP from the recorded data. We will provide representative results from a previously published study, in which fMRI-guided TMS was used concurrently with EEG to show that the face-selective N1 and the body-selective N1 component of the ERP are associated with distinct neural networks in extrastriate cortex. This method allows us to combine the high spatial resolution of fMRI with the high temporal resolution of TMS and EEG and therefore obtain a comprehensive understanding of the neural basis of various cognitive processes.

This paper describes a method for collecting and analyzing electroencephalography (EEG) data during concurrent transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) guided by activations revealed with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). A method for TMS artifact removal and extraction of event related potentials is described as well as considerations in paradigm design and experimental setup.

Estrazione Potenziali visivi evocati da EEG dati registrati durante fMRI-guidata Stimolazione Magnetica Transcranica

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is an effective method for establishing a causal link between a cortical area and cognitive/neurophysiological ...

Recording Single Neurons' Action Potentials from Freely Moving Pigeons Across Three Stages of Learning

While the subject of learning has attracted immense interest from both behavioral and neural scientists, only relatively few investigators have observed single-neuron activity while animals are acquiring an operantly conditioned response, or when that response is extinguished. But even in these cases, observation periods usually encompass only a single stage of learning, i.e. acquisition or extinction, but not both (exceptions include protocols employing reversal learning; see Bingman&#160;et al.1 for an example). However, acquisition and extinction entail different learning mechanisms and are therefore expected to be accompanied by different types and/or loci of neural plasticity.
Accordingly, we developed a behavioral paradigm which institutes three stages of learning in a single behavioral session and which is well suited for the simultaneous recording of single neurons&#39; action potentials. Animals are trained on a single-interval forced choice task which requires mapping each of two possible choice responses to the presentation of different novel visual stimuli (acquisition). After having reached a predefined performance criterion, one of the two choice responses is no longer reinforced (extinction). Following a certain decrement in performance level, correct responses are reinforced again (reacquisition). By using a new set of stimuli in every session, animals can undergo the acquisition-extinction-reacquisition process repeatedly. Because all three stages of learning occur in a single behavioral session, the paradigm is ideal for the simultaneous observation of the spiking output of multiple single neurons. We use pigeons as model systems, but the task can easily be adapted to any other species capable of conditioned discrimination learning.

Recording Single Neurons&#039; Action Potentials from Freely Moving Pigeons Across Three Stages of Learning

Learning new stimulus-response associations engages a wide range of neural processes which are ultimately reflected in changing spike output of individual neurons. Here we describe a behavioral protocol allowing for the continuous registration of single-neuron activity while animals acquire, extinguish, and reacquire a conditioned response within a single experimental session.

Registrazione di potenziali d&#39;azione singoli neuroni &#39;di muoversi liberamente Piccioni attraverso tre fasi di apprendimento

While the subject of learning has attracted immense interest from both behavioral and neural scientists, only relatively few investigators have observed ...

Analysis of Developing Tooth Germ Innervation Using Microfluidic Co-culture Devices

Innervation plays a key role in the development, homeostasis and regeneration of organs and tissues. However, the mechanisms underlying these phenomena are not well understood yet. In particular, the role of innervation in tooth development and regeneration is neglected.
Several in vivo studies have provided important information about the patterns of innervation of dental tissues during development and repair processes of various animal models. However, most of these approaches are not optimal to highlight the molecular basis of the interactions between nerve fibres and target organs and tissues.
Co-cultures constitute a valuable method to investigate and manipulate the interactions between nerve fibres and teeth in a controlled and isolated environment. In the last decades, conventional co-cultures using the same culture medium have been performed for very short periods (e.g., two days) to investigate the attractive or repulsive effects of developing oral and dental tissues on sensory nerve fibres. However, extension of the culture period is required to investigate the effects of innervation on tooth morphogenesis and cytodifferentiation.
Microfluidics systems allow co-cultures of neurons and different cell types in their appropriate culture media. We have recently demonstrated that trigeminal ganglia (TG) and teeth are able to survive for a long period of time when co-cultured in microfluidic devices, and that they maintain in these conditions the same innervation pattern that they show in vivo.
On this basis, we describe how to isolate and co-culture developing trigeminal ganglia and tooth germs in a microfluidic co-culture system.This protocol describes a simple and flexible way to co-culture ganglia/nerves and target tissues and to study the roles of specific molecules on such interactions in a controlled and isolated environment.

Co-cultures represent a valuable method to study the interactions between nerves and target tissues and organs. Microfluidic systems allow co-culturing ganglia and whole developing organs or tissues in different culture media, thus representing a valuable tool for the in vitro study of the crosstalk between neurons and their targets.

Analisi di sviluppo di denti Germ innervazione Uso di dispositivi Microfluidic Co-cultura

Innervation plays a key role in the development, homeostasis and regeneration of organs and tissues. However, the mechanisms underlying these phenomena ...

How to Find Effects of Stimulus Processing on Event Related Brain Potentials of Close Others when Hyperscanning Partners

The partners of each pair must be able to pass the McGill Friendship Questionnaire without communicating. Each partner is then seated in front of a screen in one of two adjacent rooms. These rooms are separated by a glass window through which participants communicate to maintain feelings of togetherness while being fitted with the EEG cap. After checking for adequate EEG signals, the glass is covered by a curtain to prevent visual communication. Then, partners must be silent but are instructed to try to feel in the presence of their partner during the entire experiment. Just before it starts, participants are told that each of them will be presented with one image at a time and that these images will occur at the same time for both of them on their own screen. They are also instructed that, for each trial, the simultaneous images will always be different. However, unbeknownst to them, trials are randomized: only half of them are consistent with this instruction and actually include two different images. These trials form the DSC, that is, the different-stimuli condition. The other half of the trials are inconsistent with the instruction. They include two identical images and form the ISC (identical-stimuli condition). After the experiment, participants are sorted into two groups: those who reported that they felt in the presence of their partner during the majority of the trials and those who reported they did not. The impact of the stimulus processing of the partner is found by subtracting the mean voltages of the ERPs of the ISC (inconsistent with the instructions) from the ERPs of the DSC (consistent with the instructions) in at least two time windows (TWs): firstly, in the 75 to 150 ms TW, where the absolute values of these subtractions are greater, especially at right frontal sites, in those who felt in the presence of their partner than in those who did not; secondly, in the LPP time window (i.e., from 650 to 950 ms post onset), where ERPs are significantly less positive in the DSC than in the ISC in those in whom the raw results of the early (75-150ms) subtractions are negative.

This protocol describes key steps involved in assessing the sensitivity of the brain of one person to the stimulus processing of a close other by selecting pairs of partners, recording their electroencephalogram (EEG) simultaneously and computing their event-related brain potentials (ERPs).

Come trovare gli effetti di stimolo elaborazione evento correlati cervello potenziali del vicino agli altri quando Hyperscanning partner

The partners of each pair must be able to pass the McGill Friendship Questionnaire without communicating. Each partner is then seated in front of a screen ...