DaSilva AF ricevuto sostegno finanziario da CTSA high-tech concedere finanziamenti, Università del Michigan per completare questa recensione. Volz MS è finanziato da una borsa di studio borsa di Stiftung Charité.

<ol>
	<li>Fregni, F., Pascual-Leone, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Technology+insight:+noninvasive+brain+stimulation+in+neurology-perspectives+on+the+therapeutic+potential+of+rTMS+and+tDCS.">Technology insight: noninvasive brain stimulation in neurology-perspectives on the therapeutic potential of rTMS and tDCS.</a> Nat Clin Pract Neurol. 3 (7), 383-383 (2007).</li><li>Wagner, T., Valero-Cabre, A., Pascual-Leone, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Noninvasive+human+brain+stimulation.">Noninvasive human brain stimulation.</a> Annu Rev Biomed Eng. 9, 527-527 (2007).</li><li>Fregni, F., Freedman, S., Pascual-Leone, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recent+advances+in+the+treatment+of+chronic+pain+with+non-invasive+brain+stimulation+techniques.">Recent advances in the treatment of chronic pain with non-invasive brain stimulation techniques.</a> Lancet Neurol. 6 (2), 188-188 (2007).</li><li>Lefaucheur, J. P., Antal, A., Ahdab, R., Ciampi de Andra, D., Fregni, F., Khedr, E. M., Nitsche, M., Paulus, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+use+of+repetitive+transcranial+magnetic+stimulation+(rTMS)+and+transcranial+direct+current+stimulation+(tDCS)+to+relieve+pain.">The use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to relieve pain.</a> Brain Stimul. 1 (4), 337-337 (2008).</li><li>Antal, A., Paulus, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcranial+magnetic+and+direct+current+stimulation+in+the+therapy+of+pain.">Transcranial magnetic and direct current stimulation in the therapy of pain.</a> Schmerz Apr. 24 (2), 161-161 (2010).</li><li>Nitsche, M. 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La City University di New York detiene brevetti per la stimolazione cerebrale, su cui Marom Bikson è un inventore. Marom Bikson è co-fondatore di Soterix Medical Inc.

Passi critici: Aspetti da verificare prima di procedura di partenza: <ul><li> Prima di tutto, i pazienti devono essere sottoposti a screening per stabilire se ci sono controindicazioni per tDCS - queste controindicazioni possono essere specifica applicazione. Ciò include questioni quali la presenza di cefalea grave o frequente, disturbi della pelle cronica, o di reazioni avverse ad un precedente trattamento tDCS. Se lui o lei ha qualsiasi metallo in testa o ha avuto una grave lesione cerebrale, i cambiamenti anatomici possono modificare il flusso di corrente 23,24. Storia di sequestro, la gravidanza e la storia di un colpo di solito non sono controindicazioni rigorosa - e in effetti, potrebbero essere i criteri di inclusione in alcuni studi clinici. </li><li> Verificare la presenza di lesioni sul cuoio capelluto, inoltre i soggetti devono essere specificamente intervistati e ispezionato per l&#39;esistenza di malattie della pelle. Se ci sono lesioni, tDCS procedura dovrebbe essere evitata o, se del caso, ha assicurato che la stimolazione non sarà condotto direttamente sopra o attraverso la lesione. La stimolazione di un sito possono essere considerati. Si dice che ogni giorno ripete tDCS provoca irritazione cutanea clinicamente significativi sotto gli elettrodi in alcuni pazienti 7. Ci sono prove di tDCS lesioni indotte secondo l&#39;integrità cutanea. Per esempio, è stato dimostrato rossore esteso e marrone cambiamenti intracutanea crosta irregolare con forme rotonde grazie alla stimolazione punto morto superiore ad una intensità di 2 mA per un periodo di 2 settimane tra cui cinque sessioni alla settimana 25. Se tDCS è fortemente indicato o deve essere condotta, è possibile prendere in considerazione per stimolare con una intensità inferiore, come 0,5-1,0 mA, ma non è garantito che questo impedirà irritazioni della pelle o lesioni. Così, la condizione della pelle sotto gli elettrodi devono essere controllati prima e dopo tDCS 7. </li><li> Controllare i connettori dei cavi per l&#39;elettrolisi. Utilizzare un altro paio, se evidente. Si raccomanda di controllare i cavi dopo circa due mesi di utilizzo. </li></ul> Durante le due-attiva o sham-tDCS sempre chiedere se soggetto si sente comunque confortevole ed è in grado di continuare procedura. Eventuali modifiche: <ul><li> Ci sono molte varietà di posizionamento dell&#39;elettrodo 7 (tabella 2). </li><li> Ci sono molte varietà di formati dell&#39;elettrodo 26 (Figura 7). Per una data corrente applicata, la dimensione degli elettrodi influenza la densità di corrente 18 e influenza la focalità del cervello modulazione (Figura 8). Gli studi clinici hanno suggeriscono più piccola è la dimensione dell&#39;elettrodo maggiore è la densità di corrente 26, tuttavia studi di modelli suggeriscono che il rapporto tra le dimensioni degli elettrodi e l&#39;area di modulazione del cervello può essere più complessa 27. Inoltre, gli effetti dei piccoli elettrodi può variare qualitativamente a causa della deviazione della corrente differenziale nel cuoio capelluto, e relativamente maggiore effetto bordo per la superficie degli elettrodi complessivo 7. Ci sono stati drasticamente i livelli superiori di smistamento per elettrodo di piccole dimensioni riferito che per i sistemi di elettrodi più grandi 19. </li><li> High-Definition tDCS (HD-tDCS) è una tecnologia che migliora la focalità spaziale, ma richiede hardware speciale e controlli procedurali 15. </li><li> L&#39;elettrodo montaggio (posizione elettrodi e dimensioni) insieme con la corrente applicata determinare l&#39;intensità del campo elettrico generato nel cervello che a sua volta, determina l&#39;efficacia della tDCS. L&#39;utilizzo di soli densità di elettrodi di corrente, definito dal rapporto tra la forza attuale e la dimensione degli elettrodi, è stato proposto per normalizzare i risultati clinici - ma gli studi di modellazione suggeriscono che questo può applicarsi soltanto in un intervallo limitato e che, nel complesso design dell&#39;elettrodo montaggio determina il risultato. In generale, aumentando l&#39;intensità di corrente (o densità di corrente) per qualsiasi risultato dato montaggio a forti effetti. E &#39;importante notare che la densità di corrente sulla superficie della pelle è molto più alto che nel cervello 19 (Figura 9). </li><li> La posizione del &quot;ritorno&quot; (&quot;riferimento&quot;) elettrodo possono influenzare lo schema generale flusso di corrente attraverso il cervello, e quindi anche l&#39;influenza di modulazione del cervello sotto gli elettrodi attivi 22. Così la pozione di entrambi gli elettrodi dovrebbe essere considerato. </li><li> La durata della stimolazione dipende l&#39;obiettivo di un approccio sperimentale. Un aumento della durata della stimolazione è associata con la comparsa e una durata più lunga di postumi 3,4. Comunque almeno uno studio ha riportato una inversione di direzioni effetti quando la durata è stata aumentata stimolazione, suggerendo che più intensità non si traduce necessariamente in un risultato più robusto clinico. Anche se tDCS all&#39;interno di parametri pubblicato è considerato sicuro e ben tollerato, il potenziale di effetti collaterali indesiderati aumenta con intensità crescente (tempo, duratisu, o frequenza di ripetizione / numero). </li><li> L&#39;orientamento del campo elettrico: definito dalla posizione degli elettrodi e la polarità. Stimolazione catodica diminuisce tipicamente eccitabilità corticale, mentre la stimolazione anodica aumenta tipicamente l&#39;eccitabilità corticale 2,3. </li><li> Placebo: Per sham-tDCS lo stesso protocollo di cui sopra è usato. Tuttavia, l&#39;attuale verrà applicato per 30 secondi. Questo è uno dei vantaggi della tDCS rispetto ai metodi cerebrali non invasiva di stimolazione. Dal momento che le sensazioni derivanti risultato di attivi-tDCS tendono a verificarsi solo nelle fasi iniziali di applicazione, questo metodo farsa rende difficile per il paziente di distinguere il placebo dal dell&#39;applicazione attiva tDCS. Questo stimolo iniziale e breve è un metodo affidabile di placebo 28. </li><li> Si noti che la tecnica può essere applicata anche quando si utilizzano altre terapie transcranico elettrici come TACS TRNS 29 o 30. </li></ul> Razionale per l&#39;utilizzo tDCS nel dolore cronico: Il fatto che più modalità terapeutiche farmacologiche forniscono un miglioramento modesto di pazienti con dolore cronico aumenta la possibilità che la causa per la persistenza di questa patologia debilitante può trovarsi all&#39;interno cambiamenti plastici nel dolore relative reti neurali. È interessante notare che la modulazione dell&#39;attività corticale può essere ottenuto in modo non invasivo da tDCS, come descritto in precedenza, che è stato segnalato a produrre effetti terapeutici duraturi nel dolore cronico a causa di cambiamenti nella plasticità corticale. Effetto clinico della tDCS in dolore cronico: E &#39;stato dimostrato che la tDCS applicata alla corteccia motoria cambia l&#39;eccitabilità corticale locale (Figura 6) 6. Più precisamente, i risultati stimolazione anodica in un aumento di eccitabilità neuronale, mentre la stimolazione catodica ha risultati opposti 6. Infatti, anodica applicazione tDCS oltre M1 porta ad un miglioramento maggiore in scala analogica visiva (VAS) voti dolore rispetto tDCS farsa. Questo effetto terapeutico sul dolore in seguito alla stimolazione M1, anche se transitoria, è stata riprodotta in diversi gruppi di pazienti con sindromi da dolore neuropatico come nevralgia del trigemino, dolore sindrome di ictus 31, mal di schiena e fibromialgia 32. È interessante notare che gli studi clinici nel dolore neuropatico, a causa di lesioni del midollo spinale, la stimolazione della corteccia motoria da tDCS ha mostrato un miglioramento del dolore e cumulativo effetto analgesico che è durato due settimane dopo la stimolazione. Vi sono anche prove del suo effetto analgesico nei pazienti con fibromialgia 33 che è ancora significativo dopo tre settimane di follow-up per tDCS anodica della M1 rispetto alla stimolazione finzione, e così come la stimolazione del DLPFC 33. Sebbene gli effetti della tDCS anodica oltre DLFPC per il miglioramento del dolore non sono state esplorate ampiamente, è stato dimostrato che può essere utilizzato per modulare la soglia del dolore in soggetti sani 34. Tuttavia, la stimolazione di questa zona del cervello è una tecnica affidabile per migliorare la memoria di lavoro 10, aumentando le prestazioni in compiti di memoria nel morbo di Alzheimer 9 e ridurre i cue-provocato desiderio di fumare in modo significativo 35 per esempio, quindi è anche plausibile che questo potrebbe essere una strategia utile di modulare le reti cognitivo affettivo-emotivo associato con l&#39;elaborazione del dolore nei pazienti con dolore cronico.

electrode positioning and montage in transcranial direct current stimulation

Stimolazione transcranica in corrente continua (tDCS) è una tecnica che è stata intensamente studiata negli ultimi dieci anni come questo metodo offre un&#39;alternativa non invasiva e sicura di modificare l&#39;eccitabilità corticale 2. Gli effetti di una sessione di tDCS può durare per diversi minuti, ei suoi effetti dipendono dalla polarità di stimolazione, come ad esempio che la stimolazione catodica induce una diminuzione della eccitabilità corticale, e la stimolazione anodica induce un aumento di eccitabilità corticale che può durare oltre la durata del stimolazione 6. Questi effetti sono stati esplorati in neuroscienze cognitive e anche clinicamente in una varietà di disturbi neuropsichiatrici - specialmente se applicato su più sessioni consecutive 4. Un settore che ha attirato l&#39;attenzione dei neuroscienziati e clinici è l&#39;uso di tDCS per la modulazione delle reti neurali collegata al dolore 3,5. Modulazione di due principali aree corticali nella ricerca del dolore è stata esplorata: corteccia motoria primaria e la corteccia prefrontale dorsolaterale 7. A causa del ruolo cruciale di elettrodo montaggio, in questo articolo, mostriamo diverse alternative per il posizionamento di elettrodi per la sperimentazione clinica tDCS sul dolore; discutere vantaggi e svantaggi di ogni metodo di stimolazione.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Electrode Positioning and Montage in Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation at JoVE.com

Electrode Positioning and Montage in Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation

Stimolazione transcranica in corrente continua (tDCS) è una tecnica per modulare l&#39;eccitabilità corticale<sup&gt; 1,2</sup&gt;. E &#39;stato utilizzato come strumento di indagine nel campo delle neuroscienze grazie ai suoi effetti sulla plasticità corticale, facilità d&#39;uso, e profilo di sicurezza. Un settore che tDCS ha mostrato risultati incoraggianti è alleviare il dolore<sup&gt; 3-5</sup&gt;.

Posizionamento elettrodo e Montage stimolazione transcranica diretta in corrente

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a technique that has been intensively investigated in the past decade as this method offers a ...

electrode-positioning-montage-transcranial-direct-current

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

261.6K Views.  University of Michigan. Stimolazione transcranica in corrente continua (tDCS) è una tecnica per modulare l'eccitabilità corticale 1,2. E 'stato utilizzato come strumento di indagine nel campo delle neuroscienze grazie ai suoi effetti sulla plasticità corticale, facilità d'uso, e profilo di sicurezza. Un settore che tDCS ha mostrato risultati incoraggianti è alleviare il dolore 3-5.

Video: Electrode Positioning and Montage in Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation

Combining Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and fMRI to Examine the Default Mode Network

The default mode network is a group of brain regions that are active when an individual is not focused on the outside world and the brain is at "wakeful rest."1,2,3 It is thought the default mode network corresponds to self-referential or "internal mentation".2,3
It has been hypothesized that, in humans, activity within the default mode network is correlated with certain pathologies (for instance, hyper-activation has been linked to schizophrenia 4,5,6 and autism spectrum disorders 7 whilst hypo-activation of the network has been linked to Alzheimer's and other neurodegenerative diseases 8). As such, noninvasive modulation of this network may represent a potential therapeutic intervention for a number of neurological and psychiatric pathologies linked to abnormal network activation. One possible tool to effect this modulation is Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: a non-invasive neurostimulatory and neuromodulatory technique that can transiently or lastingly modulate cortical excitability (either increasing or decreasing it) via the application of localized magnetic field pulses.9
In order to explore the default mode network's propensity towards and tolerance of modulation, we will be combining TMS (to the left inferior parietal lobe) with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Through this article, we will examine the protocol and considerations necessary to successfully combine these two neuroscientific tools.

In this article, we examine the methodology and considerations relevant to the combination of TMS and fMRI to examine the effects of brain stimulation on the default network.

La combinazione di stimolazione magnetica transcranica e fMRI per esaminare il modo predefinito della rete

The default mode network is a group of brain regions that are active when an individual is not focused on the outside world and the brain is at "wakeful ...

Ricerca

Neuroscienze

Direct-current Stimulation and Multi-electrode Array Recording of Seizure-like Activity in Mice Brain Slice Preparation

Cathodal transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS) induces suppressive effects on drug-resistant seizures. To perform effective actions, the stimulation parameters (e.g., orientation, field strength, and stimulation duration) need to be examined in mice brain slice preparations. Testing and arranging the orientation of the electrode relative to the position of the mice brain slice are feasible. The present method preserves the thalamocingulate pathway to evaluate the effect of DCS on anterior cingulate cortex seizure-like activities. The results of the multichannel array recordings indicated that cathodal DCS significantly decreased the amplitude of the stimulation-evoked responses and duration of 4-aminopyridine and bicuculline-induced seizure-like activity. This study also found that cathodal DCS applications at 15 min caused long-term depression in the thalamocingulate pathway. The present study investigates the effects of DCS on thalamocingulate synaptic plasticity and acute seizure-like activities. The current procedure can test the optimal stimulation parameters including orientation, field strength, and stimulation duration in an in vitro mouse model. Also, the method can evaluate the effects of DCS on cortical seizure-like activities at both the cellular and network levels.

Studies have shown that cathodal transcranial direct-current stimulation can produce suppressive effects on drug-resistant seizures. In this study, an in vitro experimental setup was devised in which the direct-current stimulation and multielectrode array recording of seizure-like activity were evaluated in mice brain slice preparation. The direct-current stimulation parameters were evaluated.

Stimolazione diretta correnti e multi-elettrodo Array registrazione di sequestro simile attività nei topi cervello fetta di preparazione

Cathodal transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS) induces suppressive effects on drug-resistant seizures. To perform effective actions, the ...

Effects of Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation on the Primary Motor Cortex by Online Combined Approach with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) is a neuromodulatory technique able to act through sinusoidal electrical waveforms in a specific frequency and in turn modulate ongoing cortical oscillatory activity. This neurotool allows the establishment of a causal link between endogenous oscillatory activity and behavior. Most of the tACS studies have shown online effects of tACS. However, little is known about the underlying action mechanisms of this technique because of the AC-induced artifacts on Electroencephalography (EEG) signals. Here we show a unique approach to investigate online physiological frequency-specific effects of tACS of the primary motor cortex (M1) by using single pulse Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) to probe cortical excitability changes. In our setup, the TMS coil is placed over the tACS electrode while Motor Evoked Potentials (MEPs) are collected to test the effects of the ongoing M1-tACS. So far, this approach has mainly been used to study the visual and motor systems. However, the current tACS-TMS setup can pave the way for future investigations of cognitive functions. Therefore, we provide a step-by-step manual and video guidelines for the procedure.

Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) allows the modulation of cortical excitability in a frequency-specific fashion. Here we show a unique approach which combines online tACS with single pulse Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) in order to "probe" cortical excitability by means of Motor Evoked Potentials.

Effetti della stimolazione transcranica con corrente alternata la corteccia motoria primaria di approccio combinato Online con stimolazione magnetica transcranica

Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) is a neuromodulatory technique able to act through sinusoidal electrical waveforms in a specific ...

Remotely Supervised Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation: An Update on Safety and Tolerability

The remotely supervised tDCS (RS-tDCS) protocol enables participation from home through guided and monitored self-administration of tDCS treatment while maintaining clinical standards. The current consensus regarding the efficacy of tDCS is that multiple treatment sessions are needed to observe targeted behavioral reductions in symptom burden. However, the requirement for patients to travel to clinic daily for stimulation sessions presents a major obstacle for potential participants, due to work or family obligations or limited ability to travel. This study presents a protocol that directly overcomes these obstacles by eliminating the need to travel to clinic for daily sessions.
This is an updated protocol for remotely supervised self-administration of tDCS for daily treatment sessions paired with a program of computer-based cognitive training for use in clinical trials. Participants only need to attend clinic twice, for a baseline and study-end visit. At baseline, participants are trained and provided with a study stimulation device, and a small laptop computer. Participants then complete the remainder of their stimulation sessions at home while they are monitored via videoconferencing software.
Participants complete computerized cognitive remediation during stimulation sessions, which may serve a therapeutic role or as a &#34;placeholder&#34; for other computer-based activity. Computers are enabled for real-time monitoring and remote control by study staff.
Outcome measures that assess feasibility and tolerance are administered remotely with the aid of visual analogue scales that are presented onscreen. Following completion of all RS-tDCS sessions, participants return to clinic for a study end visit in which all study equipment is returned.
Results support the safety, feasibility, and scalability of the RS-tDCS protocol for use in clinical trials. Across 46 patients, 748 RS-tDCS sessions have been completed. This protocol serves as a model for use in future clinical trials involving tDCS.

This manuscript provides an updated remote supervision protocol that enables participation in transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) clinical trials while receiving treatment sessions from home. The protocol has been successfully piloted in both patients with multiple sclerosis and Parkinson&#39;s disease.

Supervisione da remoto Transcranial diretta stimolazione corrente: Un aggiornamento sulla sicurezza e la tollerabilità

The remotely supervised tDCS (RS-tDCS) protocol enables participation from home through guided and monitored self-administration of tDCS treatment while ...

The Combined Use of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Robotic Therapy for the Upper Limb

Neurologic disorders such as stroke and cerebral palsy are leading causes of long-term disability and can lead to severe incapacity and restriction of daily activities due to lower and upper limb impairments. Intensive physical and occupational therapy are still considered main treatments, but new adjunct therapies to standard rehabilitation that may optimize functional outcomes are being studied.
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation technique that polarizes underlying brain regions through the application of weak direct currents through electrodes on the scalp, modulating cortical excitability. Increased interest in this technique can be attributed to its low cost, ease of use, and effects on human neural plasticity. Recent research has been performed to determine the clinical potential of tDCS in diverse conditions such as depression, Parkinson&#39;s disease, and motor rehabilitation after stroke. tDCS helps enhance brain plasticity and seems to be a promising technique in rehabilitation programs.
A number of robotic devices have been developed to assist in the rehabilitation of upper limb function after stroke. The rehabilitation of motor deficits is often a long process requiring multidisciplinary approaches for a patient to achieve maximum independence. These devices do not intend to replace manual rehabilitation therapy; instead, they were designed as an additional tool to rehabilitation programs, allowing immediate perception of results and tracking of improvements, thus helping patients to stay motivated.
Both tDSC and robot-assisted therapy are promising add-ons to stroke rehabilitation and target the modulation of brain plasticity, with several reports describing their use to be associated with conventional therapy and the improvement of therapeutic outcomes. However, more recently, some small clinical trials have been developed that describe the associated use of tDCS and robot-assisted therapy in stroke rehabilitation. In this article, we describe the combined methods used in our institute for improving motor performance after stroke.

The combined use of transcranial direct current stimulation and robotic therapy as an add-on for conventional rehabilitation therapy may result in improved therapeutic outcomes due to modulation of brain plasticity. In this article, we describe the combined methods used in our institute for improving motor performance after stroke.

L'uso combinato di corrente stimolazione transcranica diretta e terapia robotica per l'arto superiore

Neurologic disorders such as stroke and cerebral palsy are leading causes of long-term disability and can lead to severe incapacity and restriction of ...

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) in Mice

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive neuromodulation technique proposed as an alternative or complementary treatment for several neuropsychiatric diseases. The biological effects of tDCS are not fully understood, which is in part explained due to the difficulty in obtaining human brain tissue. This protocol describes a tDCS mouse model that uses a chronically implanted electrode allowing the study of the long-lasting biological effects of tDCS. In this experimental model, tDCS changes the cortical gene expression and offers a prominent contribution to the understanding of the rationale for its therapeutic use.

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation tDCS in Mice

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a therapeutic technique proposed to treat psychiatric diseases. An animal model is essential for understanding the specific biological alterations evoked by tDCS. This protocol describes a tDCS mouse model that uses a chronically implanted electrode.

Stimolazione transcranica corrente continua (tDCS) in topi

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive neuromodulation technique proposed as an alternative or complementary treatment for ...

Stimulation Location Determination using a 3D Digitizer with High-Definition Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation

The abundance of neuroimaging data and rapid development of machine learning has made it possible to investigate brain activation patterns. However, causal evidence of brain area activation leading to a behavior is often left missing. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), which can temporarily alter brain cortical excitability and activity, is a noninvasive neurophysiological tool used to study causal relationships in the human brain. High-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) technique that produces a more focal current compared to conventional tDCS. Traditionally, the stimulation location has been roughly determined through the 10-20 EEG system, because determining precise stimulation points can be difficult. This protocol uses a 3D digitizer with HD-tDCS to increase accuracy in determination of stimulation points. The method is demonstrated using a 3D digitizer for more accurate localization of stimulation points in the right temporo-parietal junction (rTPJ).

Presented here is a protocol to achieve higher accuracy in determination of stimulation location combining a 3D digitizer with high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation.

Stimolazione della posizione Determinazione utilizzando un digitalizzatore 3D con stimolazione a corrente diretta transcranica ad alta definizione

The abundance of neuroimaging data and rapid development of machine learning has made it possible to investigate brain activation patterns. However, ...

In Vivo Intracellular Recording of Type-Identified Rat Spinal Motoneurons During Trans-Spinal Direct Current Stimulation

Intracellular recording of spinal motoneurons in vivo provides a &#8220;gold standard&#8221; for determining the cells&#8217; electrophysiological characteristics in the intact spinal network and holds significant advantages relative to classical in vitro or extracellular recording techniques. An advantage of in vivo intracellular recordings is that this method can be performed on adult animals with a fully mature nervous system, and therefore many observed physiological mechanisms can be translated to practical applications. In this methodological paper, we describe this procedure combined with externally applied constant current stimulation, which mimics polarization processes occurring within spinal neuronal networks. Trans-spinal direct current stimulation (tsDCS) is an innovative method increasingly used as a neuromodulatory intervention in rehabilitation after various neurological injuries as well as in sports. The influence of tsDCS on the nervous system remains poorly understood and the physiological mechanisms behind its actions are largely unknown. The application of the tsDCS simultaneously with intracellular recordings enables us to directly observe changes of motoneuron membrane properties and characteristics of rhythmic firing in response to the polarization of the spinal neuronal network, which is crucial for the understanding of tsDCS actions. Moreover, when the presented protocol includes the identification of the motoneuron with respect to an innervated muscle and its function (flexor versus extensor) as well as the physiological type (fast versus slow) it provides an opportunity to selectively investigate the influence of tsDCS on identified components of spinal circuitry, which seem to be differently affected by polarization. The presented procedure focuses on surgical preparation for intracellular recordings and stimulation with an emphasis on the steps which are necessary to achieve preparation stability and reproducibility of results. The details of the methodology of the anodal or cathodal tsDCS application are discussed while paying attention to practical and safety issues.

This protocol describes in vivo intracellular recording of rat lumbar motoneurons with simultaneous trans-spinal direct current stimulation. The method enables us to measure membrane properties and to record rhythmic firing of motoneurons before, during and after anodal or cathodal polarization of the spinal cord.

In Vivo Registrazione intracellulare di Motoneuroni Spinali Ratti Identificati dal Tipo durante la stimolazione a corrente diretta trans-spinale

Intracellular recording of spinal motoneurons in vivo provides a &#8220;gold standard&#8221; for determining the cells&#8217; electrophysiological ...

Simultaneous Application of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation during Virtual Reality Exposure

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a form of non-invasive brain stimulation that changes the likelihood of neuronal firing through modulation of neural resting membranes. Compared to other techniques, tDCS is relatively safe, cost-effective, and can be administered while individuals are engaged in controlled, specific cognitive processes. This latter point is important as tDCS may predominantly affect intrinsically active neural regions. In an effort to test tDCS as a potential treatment for psychiatric illness, the protocol described here outlines a novel procedure that allows the simultaneous application of tDCS during exposure to trauma-related cues using virtual reality (tDCS+VR) for veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (NCT03372460). In this double-blind protocol, participants are assigned to either receive 2 mA tDCS, or sham stimulation, for 25 minutes while passively watching three 8-minute standardized virtual reality drives through Iraq or Afghanistan, with virtual reality events increasing in intensity during each drive. Participants undergo six sessions of tDCS+VR over the course of 2-3 weeks, and psychophysiology (skin conductance reactivity) is measured throughout each session. This allows testing for within and between session changes in hyperarousal to virtual reality events and adjunctive effects of tDCS. Stimulation is delivered through a built-in rechargeable battery-driven tDCS device using a 1 (anode) x 1 (cathode) unilateral electrode set-up. Each electrode is placed in a 3 x 3 cm (current density 2.22 A/m2) reusable sponge pocket saturated with 0.9% normal saline. Sponges with electrodes are attached to the participant&#8217;s skull using a rubber headband with the electrodes placed such that they target regions within the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. The virtual reality headset is placed over the tDCS montage in such a way as to avoid electrode interference.

This manuscript outlines a novel protocol to allow the simultaneous application of transcranial direct current stimulation during exposure to warzone trauma-related cues using virtual reality for veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder.

Applicazione simultanea della stimolazione transcranica a corrente continua durante l'esposizione alla realtà virtuale

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a form of non-invasive brain stimulation that changes the likelihood of neuronal firing through ...

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) for Memory Enhancement

Memory enhancement is one of the great challenges in cognitive neuroscience and neurorehabilitation. Among various techniques used for memory enhancement, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is emerging as an especially promising tool for improvement of memory functions in a non-invasive manner. Here, we present a tDCS protocol that can be applied for memory enhancement in healthy-participant studies as well as in aging and dementia research. The protocol uses weak constant anodal current to stimulate cortical targets within cortico-hippocampal functional network engaged in memory processes. The target electrode is placed either on the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) or the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), while the return electrode is placed extracranially (i.e., on the contralateral cheek). In addition, we outline a more advanced method of oscillatory tDCS, mimicking a natural brain rhythm to promote hippocampus-dependent memory functions, which can be applied in a personalized and non-personalized manner. We present illustrative results of associative and working memory improvement following single tDCS sessions (20 minutes) in which the described electrode montages were used with current intensities between 1.5 mA and 1.8 mA. Finally, we discuss crucial steps in the protocol and methodological decisions that must be made when designing a tDCS study on memory.

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation tDCS for Memory Enhancement

A protocol for memory enhancement by using transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) targeting dorsolateral prefrontal and posterior parietal cortices, as core cortical nodes within hippocampo-cortical network, is presented. The protocol has been well evaluated in healthy-participant studies and is applicable to aging and dementia research as well.

Stimolazione transcranica a corrente continua (tDCS) per il miglioramento della memoria

Memory enhancement is one of the great challenges in cognitive neuroscience and neurorehabilitation. Among various techniques used for memory enhancement, ...