This study received supported from the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) (2011-0012728). A poster presenting this study was awarded the Best Poster Award by the Korean Society of Applied Biological Sciences (KSABC).

1. Impostazioni iniziali <ol><li> Specie di piante agricole <ol><li> Usa Garden Balsam (Impatiens balsamina), Mizuna (Brassica rapa var. Japonica), Komatsuna (Brassica rapa var. Perviridis), e Mescluns (Lepidium sativum) semi. NOTA: Impatiens balsamina (Giardino balsamo o Rose Balsam) è una specie originaria dell&#39;India; alcuni membri si trovano anche in Myanmar. Komatsuna (Brassica rapa var. Perviridis o Komatsuna) è una variante della stessa specie, come la rapa comune. Crescione inglese (Lepidium sativum) è un tipo di erba che è tassonomicamente legato al crescione e senape. Hanno sapori simili e profumi, per le quali sono commercialmente utilizzati 5,7. </li></ol></li><li> Culture di piante <ol><li> Culture Garden Balsam (Impatiens balsamina), Mizuna (Brassica rapa var. Japonica), Komatsuna (Brassica rapa var. Perviridis), e Mescluns (Lepidium sativum) semi in un diametro di 100 mm (100 PI) capsula di Petri. Assicurarsi che una piastra contiene un solo tipo di specie. </li><li> Per le condizioni di coltura, mettere i semi su un asciugamano di cellulosa. Immergere la spugna e semi in acqua distillata tripla. Misurare e confermare che il laboratorio interno RT è 18-25 ° C, con umidità che vanno 65-75% (si prega di consultare la sezione 3.1.2). </li><li> Per il numero di semi, la cultura di 10 ± 1 Sementi di Balsam, 50 ± 10 semi di Mizuna, 330 ± 20 semi di Komatsuna, e 380 ± 20 semi di Mescluns. Utilizzare condizioni identiche misurato come 18-25 ° C, con umidità che vanno 65-75% (si prega di consultare la sezione 2.1.1). NOTA: Tutti gli esperimenti sono stati condotti su condizioni interne con l&#39;umidità regolamentato e range di temperatura in laboratorio. L&#39;umidità e temperatura non era statica, ma purché le condizioni identiche per magnete gruppo trattato e di controllo. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Cultura di quattro impianti agricoli<ol><li> Procedura sperimentale <ol><li> Seguire la sezione 1.2.3) per le specie di condizioni dell&#39;impianto e della cultura nel controllo e magnete gruppo applicata. </li><li> Applicare tre magneti di 1,750 ± 350 Gauss (10.000 Gauss = 1 Tesla) nella parte inferiore dei 100 piatti pi per Garden Balsam. Durante l&#39;applicazione, assicurano che i tre magneti non sono in contatto diretto con i semi, e sono separati dal fondo di plastica della capsula di Petri. La distanza tra i semi diretta e magneti dovrebbe essere di 2-4 mm. Applicare magneti per 168 ore (7 giorni) per quattro piante agricole. </li><li> Seguendo tutti i passi identicamente a 2.1.2), applicare due magneti, uno (rivolta verso l&#39;alto lato N) sul lato superiore e altro magnete (rivolta verso l&#39;alto S) sul fondo della piastra di coltura Garden Balsam. NOTA: I pali sono applicate in modo diverso a Garden Balsam. Tuttavia, l&#39;orientamento polo non è considerato un fattore cruciale in questo studio per alterazioni di crescita, come tutti gli ambienti sono identiche tranne per la direzionedel flusso magnetico. Lo scopo di N e S applicazione poli per Garden Balsam è stato quello di vedere la sua capacità pratica nel suo utilizzo nei campi, in cui l&#39;orientamento polo potrebbe essere difficile da gestire. </li></ol></li></ol> 3. tubulina colorazione di Garden Balsam <ol><li> Le applicazioni magnetiche con regolamentato Condizione Luce <ol><li> Inserire due magneti (N polo positivo in alto) inferiore della piastra di 100 mm per 48 ore, utilizzando le condizioni al punto 1.2.2. NOTA: Per modifica di luce, i piatti di coltura sono stati posti su un ripiano di plastica in incubatrice. Incubatore è stato utilizzato per l&#39;intercettazione della luce e temperatura mantenendo a 25 ° C per 48 ore in ambienti scuri. Infine, tale condizione non è stato utilizzato in questo esperimento a causa di forti variazioni di lunghezza crescita. </li></ol></li><li> La colorazione delle piante <ol><li> Fissare l&#39;intero Impatiens SPP impianto fiore doppio, (tra cui stelo e radici) coltivate su identiche condizioni con il punto 3.1.2) in paraformaldeide al 4% e 0,1 Mtampone fosfato (pH 7,4) per 15 min. </li><li> Rimuovere il campione Impatiens ed immergere per 2 ore in tampone di bloccaggio (2% siero di cavallo / 1% di siero albumina bovina / 0,1% Triton X-100 in PBS, pH 7,5). Lavare il campione impatiens immergendo con PBS per 15 min. </li><li> Per il doppio immunocolorazione, incubare il campione con l&#39;anticorpo primario, anti-alfa tubulina (1: 1.000), O / N a 4 ° C. </li><li> Rimuovere il campione ed immergere i campioni una volta con PBS per 10 minuti per lavare. Utilizzare FITC-coniugato anti-IgG di topo (1: 400) come anticorpo secondario e incubare per 2 ore a 25 ° C. </li><li> Immergere il campione in PBS e coprire scivolare tutto il campione in fondo a 24 pozzetti. Ottenere immagini utilizzando un microscopio a fluorescenza convenzionali per osservare l&#39;orientamento tubulina (λ = 550 nm, ingrandita a 100X, 200X e 400X). NOTA: In questo caso, il gruppo magnete trattati (n = 10) e controlli (n = 11) sono stati confermati per Garden Balsam (Impatiens balsamina) soltanto, coltivate in condizioni non-scuri. </li&gt; </ol></li></ol> Metodi 4. Data Collection <ol><li> Creazione Time-lapse della crescita Quattro piante agricole <ol><li> Fotografare l&#39;impianto ad intervalli di 10 min, impostando otturatore per auto (questo può essere fatto in qualsiasi fotocamera digitale). Impostare l&#39;apertura a F 3.2 e il valore ISO 400. </li><li> Raccogliere 700-900 immagini per 7-10 giorni. Collegare la fotocamera con i fili elettrici da batteria potrebbe essere esaurita. </li><li> Trascinare le immagini facendo clic e rilasciando ogni foto in ordine cronologico sotto la linea di streaming con il software moviemaking (vedi Materiali e attrezzature tabella). Mettilo su una linea di flusso in uguali durate di 0,045-0,05 sec per ciascuna in un totale pellicola di 30-40 sec. Verificare in modo che non ci siano spazi scuri con la selezione del ogni immagine in un ordine cronologico. </li><li> Dopo il punto 4.1.3, fare clic sul pulsante di riproduzione nel software per assicurare la-movie compilato in un 30-40 secondi time-lapse video di presentazione e fare clic su di rendering e salvare .mpeg o in formato .avi. Per dimensioni markers, utilizzare Canadian trimestre, un Penny americano, e un righello centimetri sul lato della foto. </li><li> Eseguire t-test e la trama di dialogo per l&#39;analisi statistica 11,12. NOTA: Gruppi di sintesi di cinque numeri sono stati usati per calcolare il limite inferiore (L) valore Q1 - [1.5 × (Q3 - Q1)] e il più alto limite di (H) valore Q3 + [1,5 × (Q3 - Q1) ]. Questo approccio è stato incorporato nel passo 1.2.2 per la raccolta dati di lunghezza 11. I valori di L e H mostrano la zona il 99% degli appezzamenti T-distribuzione, il che significa valori anomali che i punti dati osservati al di fuori di questo intervallo può essere considerato. Trame Box e t di Student-test sono stati utilizzati per analizzare le differenze nelle altezze di piantine 12. </li></ol></li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Martin, F. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+measurement+of+pollen+tube+growth+inhibition.">In vitro measurement of pollen tube growth inhibition.</a> Plant Physiol. 49, 924-925 (1972).</li><li>Pfahler, P. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+germination+characteristics+of+maize+pollen+to+detect+biological+activity+of+environmental+pollutants.">In vitro germination characteristics of maize pollen to detect biological activity of environmental pollutants.</a> Environ Health Perspect. 37, 125-132 (1981).</li><li>Yao, Z., Tan, X., Du, H., Luo, B., Liu, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+high-current+microwave+ion+source+with+permanent+magnet+and+its+beam+emittance+measurement.">A high-current microwave ion source with permanent magnet and its beam emittance measurement.</a> Rev Sci Instrum. 79, 073304 (2008).</li><li>Hendrickson, C. L., Drader, J. J., Laude, D. A., Guan, S., Marshall, A. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fourier+transform+ion+cyclotron+resonance+mass+spectrometry+in+a+20+T+resistive+magnet.">Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry in a 20 T resistive magnet.</a> Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 10, 1829-1832 (1996).</li><li>Namba, K., Sasao, A., Shibusawa, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=EFFECT+OF+MAGNETIC+FIELD+ON+GERMINATION+AND+PLANT+GROWTH.">EFFECT OF MAGNETIC FIELD ON GERMINATION AND PLANT GROWTH.</a> Acta Hort. 399, 143-148 (1995).</li><li>Hirota, N., Nakagawa, J., Kitazawa, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+a+magnetic+field+on+the+germination+of+plants.">Effects of a magnetic field on the germination of plants.</a> Journals of Applied Physics. 85, 5717-5719 (1999).</li><li>Penuelas, J., Llusia, J., Martinez, B., Fontcuberta, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diamagnetic+Susceptibility+and+Root+Growth+Responses+to+Magnetic+Fields+in+Lens+culinaris,+Glycine+soja,+and+Triticum+aestivum.">Diamagnetic Susceptibility and Root Growth Responses to Magnetic Fields in Lens culinaris, Glycine soja, and Triticum aestivum.</a> Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine. 23, 97-112 (2004).</li><li>Carbonell, M. V., Martinez, E., Amaya, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stimulation+of+germination+in+rice+(Oryza+Sativa+L.)+by+a+static+magnetic+field.">Stimulation of germination in rice (Oryza Sativa L.) by a static magnetic field.</a> Electro- and Magnetobiology. 19, 121-128 (2000).</li><li>Oakley, R. V., Wang, Y. S., Ramakrishna, W., Harding, S. A., Tsai, C. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+expansion+and+expression+of+alpha-+and+beta-tubulin+gene+families+in+Populus.">Differential expansion and expression of alpha- and beta-tubulin gene families in Populus.</a> Plant Physiol. 145, 961-973 (2007).</li><li>Hoson, T., Matsumoto, S., Soga, K., Wakabayashi, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cortical+microtubules+are+responsible+for+gravity+resistance+in+plants.">Cortical microtubules are responsible for gravity resistance in plants.</a> Plant Signal Behav. 5, 752-754 (2010).</li><li>Kim, S., Im, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Static+magnetic+fields+inhibit+proliferation+and+disperse+subcellular+localization+of+gamma+complex+protein3+in+cultured+C2C12+myoblast+cells.">Static magnetic fields inhibit proliferation and disperse subcellular localization of gamma complex protein3 in cultured C2C12 myoblast cells.</a> Cell Biochem Biophys. 57, 1-8 (2010).</li><li>Benjamini, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Opening+the+Box+of+a+Boxplot.">Opening the Box of a Boxplot.</a> The American Statistician. 42, 257-262 (1988).</li></ol>

The Authors have nothing to disclose.

In tutte le condizioni, i magneti devono essere applicati sotto la capsula di Petri. Questo studio ha esaminato l&#39;influenza dei campi magnetici sul tasso di crescita di semi per diverse specie agricole, con particolare attenzione alla Garden Balsam come rappresentante di piante agricole. Per esempio, tubulina colorazione è stata eseguita su Garden Balsam valutare i cambiamenti a livello molecolare in radice e gambo micro-strutture scheletriche suggeriscono influenza del campo magnetico nella proliferazione lunghezz...

La germinazione è la crescita di una pianta che provoca la formazione della piantina 1. In determinate condizioni, la germinazione del seme inizia e tessuti embrionali riprendere la crescita. Si inizia con idratazione al seme per attivare gli enzimi per la germinazione. Semi possono essere indotte a germinare in vitro (in una capsula di Petri o provetta) 1,2. I campi magnetici statici sono forze speciali che causano movimenti di molecole con cariche ioniche a titolo della forza di Lorentz 3,4. forza di Lorentz si forma quando un oggetto ionizzati o cariche si muove sotto un campo magnetico. Ogni materiale è formato con atomi che sono composti da elettroni e protoni. Quando campi magnetici diventano presenti, se è statico o alternata, colpisce il movimento del materiale caricato. Questo vale anche per piante e molecole di acqua, che colpisce la condizione molecola intracellulare. In uno studio precedente, sono stati utilizzati bobine elettromagneticheper generare campi magnetici pulsati, e le piante &#39;Komatsuna&#39; sono stati scelti come i soggetti 5. Nel presente studio, magnete generato campi magnetici statici sono stati usati per dare un effetti simili ma diversi da uno studio espansione della forza di Lorentz. La frequenza del campo magnetico, piuttosto che la sua polarità, è un fattore cruciale per la germinazione delle piante. Precedenti studi hanno suggerito che i tassi massimi germinazione erano superiori del 20% rispetto al controllo quando la frequenza del campo magnetico era di circa 10 Hz. Quando il campo è stato rimosso in maniera retrograda, il tasso di crescita è stata compromessa 5. I campi magnetici statici hanno un effetto considerevole sul 6-8 crescita iniziale, in primo luogo sulla germinazione 6 e la radice della crescita 7. Nel presente studio, abbiamo utilizzato magneti statici per esaminare la possibilità di regolare la crescita delle piante agricole utilizzando i campi magnetici. In particolare, abbiamo voluto determine se certe condizioni di applicazione del campo magnetico potrebbe aumentare i tassi di crescita a livelli più elevati rispetto a quelli citati in letteratura. Inoltre, se la germinazione iniziale delle piante può essere aumentata con successo utilizzando un campo magnetico, l&#39;uso di fertilizzanti chimici può essere evitato.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="646">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Static magnets</td>
			<td style="width:144px;">JIM</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">2000Gauss</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">2% horse serum/1% bovine serum albumin/0.1% Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Merged with 55514</td>
			<td>Blocking buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Primary antibody</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">sc-8035</td>
			<td>a-Tubulin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Secondary antibody</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">sc-2010</td>
			<td>FITC-conjugated anti-mouse IgG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">time lapse photographic techniques</td>
			<td style="width:144px;">Manually controlled</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td>ISO value 400 &#38; aperture F 3.2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Sony Vegas Pro 13.0</td>
			<td style="width:144px;">Sony</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">N/A</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

enhancement of the initial growth rate of agricultural plants by using static magnetic fields

Dispositivi elettronici e cavi ad alta tensione inducono campi magnetici. Un campo magnetico di 1,300-2,500 Gauss (0,2 Tesla) è stata applicata a piastre di Petri contenenti semi di Garden Balsam (Impatiens balsamina), Mizuna (Brassica rapa var. Japonica), Komatsuna (Brassica rapa var. Perviridis), e Mescluns (Lepidium sativum ). Abbiamo applicato magneti sotto il piatto di cultura. Durante i 4 giorni di applicazione, abbiamo osservato che il fusto e della radice la lunghezza aumentata. Il gruppo sottoposto a trattamento campo magnetico (n = 10) ha mostrato un 1,4 volte più veloce tasso di crescita rispetto al gruppo di controllo (n = 11) in un totale di 8 giorni (p &lt;0,0005). Questo tasso è superiore del 20% rispetto a quello riportato in studi precedenti. Le linee complesse tubulina non hanno punti di collegamento, ma punti di collegamento si verificano al momento della domanda di magneti. Questo dimostra completa differenza dal controllo, che significa arrangiamenti anormali. Tuttavia, la causa esatta rimane poco chiaro. questi resULT di valorizzazione crescita di applicare magneti suggeriscono che è possibile migliorare il tasso di crescita, aumentare la produttività, o controllare la velocità di germinazione di piante applicando campi magnetici statici. Inoltre, i campi magnetici possono causare cambiamenti fisiologici nelle cellule vegetali e possono indurre la crescita. Pertanto, la stimolazione con un campo magnetico può avere effetti che sono simili a quelli di concimi chimici, il che significa che l&#39;uso di fertilizzanti può essere evitato.

Tubulina colorazione mostrato disperso o strutture diluito in piante coltivate in presenza del magnete rispetto al controllo (Figura 2). Inoltre, gli studi time-lapse 7 giorni con piante agricole tra cui Komatsuna (Brassica rapa var. Perviridis) e Mescluns (Lepidium sativum) hanno indicato che un magnete derivato campo magnetico statico aumenta la crescita iniziale di queste piante (Figura 3). <p class="jove_content" fo:keep-togethe...

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Enhancement of the Initial Growth Rate of Agricultural Plants by Using Static Magnetic Fields

The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate the acceleration of the initial growth rate of plants by applying static magnetic fields with no external energy.

Valorizzazione del tasso di crescita iniziale delle Piante Agrarie mediante l&#39;utilizzo di campi magnetici statici

Electronic devices and high-voltage wires induce magnetic fields. A magnetic field of 1,300-2,500 Gauss (0.2 Tesla) was applied to Petri dishes containing ...

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13.1K Views.  Yonsei University. The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate the acceleration of the initial growth rate of plants by applying static magnetic fields with no external energy.

Video: Enhancement of the Initial Growth Rate of Agricultural Plants by Using Static Magnetic Fields

Measurement of Greenhouse Gas Flux from Agricultural Soils Using Static Chambers

Measurement of greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes between the soil and the atmosphere, in both managed and unmanaged ecosystems, is critical to understanding the biogeochemical drivers of climate change and to the development and evaluation of GHG mitigation strategies based on modulation of landscape management practices. The static chamber-based method described here is based on trapping gases emitted from the soil surface within a chamber and collecting samples from the chamber headspace at regular intervals for analysis by gas chromatography. Change in gas concentration over time is used to calculate flux. This method can be utilized to measure landscape-based flux of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and methane, and to estimate differences between treatments or explore system dynamics over seasons or years. Infrastructure requirements are modest, but a comprehensive experimental design is essential. This method is easily deployed in the field, conforms to established guidelines, and produces data suitable to large-scale GHG emissions studies.

This article showcases the static chamber-based method for measurement of greenhouse gas flux from soil systems. With relatively modest infrastructure investments, measurements may be obtained from multiple treatments/locations and over timeframes ranging from hours to years.

Misura del flusso di gas serra da terreni agricoli Uso statici Chambers

Measurement of greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes between the soil and the atmosphere, in both managed and unmanaged ecosystems, is critical to understanding the ...

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The Use of High-resolution Infrared Thermography (HRIT) for the Study of Ice Nucleation and Ice Propagation in Plants

Freezing events that occur when plants are actively growing can be a lethal event, particularly if the plant has no freezing tolerance. Such frost events often have devastating effects on agricultural production and can also play an important role in shaping community structure in natural populations of plants, especially in alpine, sub-arctic, and arctic ecosystems. Therefore, a better understanding of the freezing process in plants can play an important role in the development of methods of frost protection and understanding mechanisms of freeze avoidance. Here, we describe a protocol to visualize the freezing process in plants using high-resolution infrared thermography (HRIT). The use of this technology allows one to determine the primary sites of ice formation in plants, how ice propagates, and the presence of ice barriers. Furthermore, it allows one to examine the role of extrinsic and intrinsic nucleators in determining the temperature at which plants freeze and evaluate the ability of various compounds to either affect the freezing process or increase freezing tolerance. The use of HRIT allows one to visualize the many adaptations that have evolved in plants, which directly or indirectly impact the freezing process and ultimately enables plants to survive frost events.

The Use of High-resolution Infrared Thermography HRIT for the Study of Ice Nucleation and Ice Propagation in Plants

Here we present a protocol that allows one to visualize sites of ice formation and avenues of ice propagation in plants utilizing high resolution infrared thermography (HRIT).

L&#39;uso di ad alta risoluzione termografia a infrarossi (HRIT) per lo studio di ghiaccio nucleazione del ghiaccio e propagazione nelle piante

Freezing events that occur when plants are actively growing can be a lethal event, particularly if the plant has no freezing tolerance. Such frost events ...

Characterization and Application of Passive Samplers for Monitoring of Pesticides in Water

Five different water passive samplers were calibrated under laboratory conditions for measurement of 124 legacy and current used pesticides. This study provides a protocol for the passive sampler preparation, calibration, extraction method and instrumental analysis. Sampling rates (RS) and passive sampler-water partition coefficients (KPW) were calculated for silicone rubber, polar organic chemical integrative sampler POCIS-A, POCIS-B, SDB-RPS and C18 disk. The uptake of the selected compounds depended on their physicochemical properties, i.e., silicone rubber showed a better uptake for more hydrophobic compounds (log octanol-water partition coefficient (KOW) &#62; 5.3), whereas POCIS-A, POCIS-B and SDB-RPS disk were more suitable for hydrophilic compounds (log KOW &#60; 0.70).

A protocol about the characterization and application of five different passive sampling devices is presented.

Caratterizzazione e applicazione di passivi Campionatori per il monitoraggio dei pesticidi in acqua

Five different water passive samplers were calibrated under laboratory conditions for measurement of 124 legacy and current used pesticides. This study ...

Continuous Instream Monitoring of Nutrients and Sediment in Agricultural Watersheds

Pollutant concentrations and loads in watersheds vary considerably with time and space. Accurate and timely information on the magnitude of pollutants in water resources is a prerequisite for understanding the drivers of the pollutant loads and for making informed water resource management decisions. The commonly used &#34;grab sampling&#34; method provides the concentrations of pollutants at the time of sampling (i.e., a snapshot concentration) and may under- or overpredict the pollutant concentrations and loads. Continuous monitoring of nutrients and sediment has recently received more attention due to advances in computing, sensing technology, and storage devices. This protocol demonstrates the use of sensors, sondes, and instrumentation to continuously monitor in situ nitrate, ammonium, turbidity, pH, conductivity, temperature, and dissolved oxygen (DO) and to calculate the loads from two streams (ditches) in two agricultural watersheds. With the proper calibration, maintenance, and operation of sensors and sondes, good water quality data can be obtained by overcoming challenging conditions such as fouling and debris buildup. The method can also be used in watersheds of various sizes and characterized by agricultural, forested, and/or urban land.

With the advancement of technology and the rise in end-user expectations, the need and use of higher temporal resolution data for pollutant load estimation has increased. This protocol describes a method for continuous in situ water quality monitoring to obtain higher temporal resolution data for informed water resource management decisions.

Instream continuo monitoraggio delle sostanze nutrienti e sedimenti nei bacini agricoli

Pollutant concentrations and loads in watersheds vary considerably with time and space. Accurate and timely information on the magnitude of pollutants in ...

Methodology for Developing Life Tables for Sessile Insects in the Field Using the Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, in Cotton As a Model System

Life tables provide a means of measuring the schedules of birth and death from populations over time. They also can be used to quantify the sources and rates of mortality in populations, which has a variety of applications in ecology, including agricultural ecosystems. Horizontal, or cohort-based, life tables provide for the most direct and accurate method of quantifying vital population rates because they follow a group of individuals in a population from birth to death. Here, protocols are presented for conducting and analyzing cohort-based life tables in the field that takes advantage of the sessile nature of the immature life stages of a global insect pest, Bemisia tabaci. Individual insects are located on the underside of cotton leaves and are marked by drawing a small circle around the insect with a non-toxic pen. This insect can then be observed repeatedly over time with the aid of hand lenses to measure development from one stage to the next and to identify stage-specific causes of death associated with natural and introduced mortality forces. Analyses explain how to correctly measure multiple mortality forces that act contemporaneously within each stage and how to use such data to provide meaningful population dynamic metrics. The method does not directly account for adult survival and reproduction, which limits inference to dynamics of immature stages. An example is presented that focused on measuring the impact of bottom-up (plant quality) and top-down (natural enemies) effects on the mortality dynamics of B. tabaci in the cotton system.

Methodology for Developing Life Tables for Sessile Insects in the Field Using the Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, in Cotton As a Model System

Life tables allow quantification of the sources and rates of mortality in insect populations and contribute to understanding, predicting and manipulating population dynamics in agroecosystems. Methods for conducting and analyzing cohort-based life tables in the field for an insect with sessile immature life stages are presented.

Metodologia per lo sviluppo di tavole di sopravvivenza per insetti Sessile nel campo utilizzando la Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, in cotone come un modello di sistema

Life tables provide a means of measuring the schedules of birth and death from populations over time. They also can be used to quantify the sources and ...

Development of New Methods for Quantifying Fish Density Using Underwater Stereo-video Tools

The use of video camera systems in ecological studies of fish continues to gain traction as a viable, non-extractive method of measuring fish lengths and estimating fish abundance. We developed and implemented a rotating stereo-video camera tool that covers a full 360 degrees of sampling, which maximizes sampling effort compared to stationary camera tools. A variety of studies have detailed the ability of static, stereo-camera systems to obtain highly accurate and precise measurements of fish; the focus here was on the development of methodological approaches to quantify fish density using rotating camera systems. The first approach was to develop a modification of the metric MaxN, which typically is a conservative count of the minimum number of fish observed on a given camera survey. We redefine MaxN to be the maximum number of fish observed in any given rotation of the camera system. When precautions are taken to avoid double counting, this method for MaxN may more accurately reflect true abundance than that obtained from a fixed camera. Secondly, because stereo-video allows fish to be mapped in three-dimensional space, precise estimates of the distance-from-camera can be obtained for each fish. By using the 95% percentile of the observed distance from camera to establish species-specific areas surveyed, we account for differences in detectability among species while avoiding diluting density estimates by using the maximum distance a species was observed. Accounting for this range of detectability is critical to accurately estimate fish abundances. This methodology will facilitate the integration of rotating stereo-video tools in both applied science and management contexts.

We describe a new method for counting fishes, and estimating relative abundance (MaxN) and fish density using rotating stereo-video camera systems. We also demonstrate how to use distance from camera (Z distance) to estimate species-specific detectability.

Sviluppo di nuovi metodi per quantificare la densità di pesce utilizzando strumenti di Stereo-video subacquei

The use of video camera systems in ecological studies of fish continues to gain traction as a viable, non-extractive method of measuring fish lengths and ...

Assessment of Methane and Nitrous Oxide Fluxes from Paddy Field by Means of Static Closed Chambers Maintaining Plants Within Headspace

This protocol describes the measurement of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from paddy soils using the static closed chamber technique. This method is based on the diffusion theory. A known volume of air overlaying a defined soil area is enclosed within a parallelepiped cover (named &#34;chamber&#34;), for a defined period of time. During this enclosure period, gases (methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O)) move from soil pore air near their microbial source (i.e., methanogens, nitrifiers, denitrifiers) to the chamber headspace, following a natural concentration gradient. Fluxes are then estimated from chamber headspace concentration variations sampled at regular intervals throughout the enclosure and then analyzed with gas chromatography. Among the techniques available for GHG measurement, the static closed chamber method is suitable for plot experiments, as it does not require large homogenously treated soil areas. Furthermore, it is manageable with limited resources and can identify relationships among ecosystem properties, processes, and fluxes, especially when combined with GHG driving force measurements. Nevertheless, with respect to the micrometeorological method, it causes a minimal but still unavoidable soil disturbance, and allows a minor temporal resolution. Several phases are key to the method implementation: i) chamber design and deployment, ii) sample handling and analyses, and iii) flux estimation. Technique implementation success in paddy fields demands adjustments for field flooding during much of the cropping cycle, and for rice plant maintenance within the chamber headspace during measurements. Therefore, the additional elements to be considered with respect to the usual application of non-flooded agricultural soils consist of devices for: i) avoiding any unintended water disturbance that could overestimate fluxes, and ii) including rice plants within the chamber headspace to fully consider gases emitted through aerenchyma transportation.

The overall goal of this protocol is to measure greenhouse gas emissions from paddy fields using the static closed chamber technique. The measurement system needs specific adjustments due to the presence of both a permanent water layer in the field and of the plants within the chamber headspace.

Valutazione di metano e protossido di azoto flussi da risaia per mezzo di statica chiuso Chambers mantenendo piante all'interno dello spazio di testa

This protocol describes the measurement of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from paddy soils using the static closed chamber technique. This method is based ...

Determination of the Settling Rate of Clay/Cyanobacterial Floccules

The mechanisms underpinning the deposition of fine-grained, organic-rich sediments are still largely debated. Specifically, the impact of the interaction of clay particles with reactive, planktonic cyanobacterial cells to the sedimentary record is under studied. This interaction is a potentially major contributor to shale depositional models. Within a lab setting, the flocculation and sedimentation rates of these materials can be examined and measured in a controlled environment. Here, we detail a protocol for measuring the sedimentation rate of cyanobacterial/clay mixtures. This methodology is demonstrated through the description of two sample experiments: the first uses kaolin (a dehydrated form of kaolinite) and Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 (a marine coccoid cyanobacteria), and the second uses kaolin and Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 (a freshwater coccoid cyanobacteria). Cyanobacterial cultures are mixed with varying amounts of clay within a specially designed tank apparatus optimized to allow continuous, real-time video and photographic recording. The sampling procedures are detailed as well as a post-collection protocol for precise measurement of chlorophyll a from which the concentration of cyanobacterial cells remaining in suspension can be determined. Through experimental replication, a profile is constructed that displays sedimentation rate.

The interaction and sedimentation of the clay and bacterial cells within the marine realm, observed in natural environments, can be best investigated in a controlled lab environment. Here, we describe a detailed protocol, which outlines a novel method for measuring the sedimentation rate of clay and cyanobacterial floccules.

Determinazione del tasso di sedimentazione di argilla/cianobatterica fiocco

The mechanisms underpinning the deposition of fine-grained, organic-rich sediments are still largely debated. Specifically, the impact of the interaction ...

Choice and No-Choice Bioassays to Study the Pupation Preference and Emergence Success of Ectropis grisescens

Many insects live above the ground as larvae and adults and as pupate below the ground. Compared to the above-ground stages of their life cycles, less attention has been paid on how environmental factors affect these insects when they pupate within the soil. The tea looper, Ectropis grisescens Warren (Lepidoptera: Geometridae), is a severe pest of tea plants and has caused huge economic losses in South China. The protocols described here aim to investigate, through multiple-choice bioassays, whether mature last-instar E. grisescens larvae can discriminate soil variables such as the substrate type and moisture content, and determine, through no-choice bioassays, the impact of the substrate type and moisture content on pupation behaviors and the emergence success of E. grisescens. The results would enhance the understanding of the pupation ecology of E. grisescens and may bring insights into soil-management tactics for suppressing E. grisescens populations. In addition, these bioassays can be modified to study the influences of various factors on the pupation behaviors and survivorship of soil-pupating pests.

Choice and No-Choice Bioassays to Study the Pupation Preference and Emergence Success of Ectropis grisescens

Here, we present a protocol to investigate the pupation preference of mature larvae of Ectropis grisescens in response to soil factors (e.g., substrate type and moisture content) using choice bioassays. We also present a protocol of no-choice bioassays to determine the factors that affect the pupation behaviors and survivorship of E. grisescens.

Scelta e analisi biologiche No-scelta per studiare l'impupamento preferenza e il successo di emersione di Ectropis grisescens

Many insects live above the ground as larvae and adults and as pupate below the ground. Compared to the above-ground stages of their life cycles, less ...

Generating Homo- and Heterografts Between Watermelon and Bottle Gourd for the Study of Cold-responsive MicroRNAs

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous small non-coding RNAs of about 20 - 24 nt, known to play important roles in plant development and adaptation. There is an accumulating evidence showing that the expressions of certain miRNAs are altered when grafting, an agricultural practice commonly used by farmers to improve crop tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Bottle gourd is an inherently climate-resilient crop compared to many other major cucurbits, including watermelon, rendering it one of the most widely used rootstocks for the latter. The recent advancement of high-throughput sequencing technologies has provided great opportunities to investigate cold-responsive miRNAs and their contributions to heterograft advantages; yet, adequate experimental procedures are a prerequisite for this purpose. Here, we present a detailed protocol for efficiently generating homo- and heterografts between the cold-susceptible watermelon and the cold-tolerant bottle gourd, in addition to methods of tissue sampling, data generation, and data analysis. The presented methods are also useful for other plant-grafting systems, to interrogate miRNA regulations under various environmental stresses, such as heat, drought, and salinity.

Here we present a detailed protocol for efficiently making homo- and heterografts between watermelon and bottle gourd, in addition to methods of tissue sampling, data generation, and data analysis, for the investigation of cold-responsive microRNAs.

Generazione di omo - e Heterografts tra anguria e zucca bottiglia per lo studio dei microRNA freddo-sensible a reagire

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous small non-coding RNAs of about 20 - 24 nt, known to play important roles in plant development and adaptation. There is ...