This work was partially supported by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Clinical and Translational Science Awards (CTSA) Grant (UL1TR001070) to the Ohio State University's Center for Clinical and Translational Science (CCTS) and the National Library Of Medicine under Award Number T15LM011270.

1. Con avvio di query da Gene, droga o malattie Termini <ol><li> Accedere alla homepage &quot;RE: Drugs sottili&quot; al seguente link: http://drug-repurposing.nationwidechildrens.org. Iniziare inserendo un termine di ricerca nella barra di ricerca da una delle seguenti tre categorie: farmaci (nome generico del farmaco), la malattia (nuova indicazione di malattia) o gene (HGNC simbolo ufficiale del gene). </li><li> Filtrare la funzione di barra di ricerca per includere solo &quot;Droga Nome&quot;, &quot;nuova malattia indicazione&quot;, &quot;Gene Simbolo&quot; o &quot;Tutte le&quot; categorie. La barra di ricerca include una funzione di auto-fill per le voci di query. </li><li> Mettere in una parola chiave, e clicca sul pulsante &quot;Cerca&quot;. Ordinare la tabella dei risultati per una delle seguenti colonne: &quot;Drug&quot;, &quot;Indicazione registrato&quot;, &quot;P-Value&quot;, &quot;P-valore regolato&quot;, &quot;Odds Ratio&quot;, &quot;Studio&quot;, &quot;nuova indicazione&quot;, &quot;Drug Indicazione banca &quot;,&quot; # di Medline Abstracts &quot;,&quot; # di CliRegistro Trial nica &quot;,&quot; potenziale &quot;,&quot; SNP &quot;,&quot; Gene &quot;o&quot; azione &quot;. </li><li> Passare l&#39;opzione di ricerca avanzata al fine di abilitare la funzione informazione sulla droga. Fare clic sull&#39;icona nella colonna &quot;Info&quot; per un particolare farmaco. Osservare una pagina che elenca il tutte le relative informazioni tra cui p-value per l&#39;associazione, Nome della malattia, nome del farmaco, i dettagli Gene (NCBI collegamento Gene) e dettagli della droga (drugbank link). </li></ol> 2. Esplorazione di opzioni avanzate <ol><li> Fare clic sul pulsante &quot;Avanzate&quot; si trova sul lato destro della pagina, e diverse opzioni per affinare ulteriormente i risultati sono forniti. Le opzioni di ricerca avanzate includono modifiche al seguente: droga, associazione, la malattia, il potenziale, gene e l&#39;azione. </li><li> Esporta risultati tabelle cliccando sul pulsante &quot;Esporta&quot; sul lato destro della pagina. Fare clic sul pulsante &quot;Semplice&quot;, al fine di abbassare la finestra di ricerca avanzata. &lt;/ Li&gt; <li> Sotto l&#39;opzione scheda &quot;droga&quot; avanzata, specificare una particolare indicazione di droga o un nome ulteriore farmaco per filtrare i risultati. </li><li> Nella scheda &quot;associazione&quot;, filtrare i risultati per il livello di significatività P-valore, rettificato P-valore con FDR, dimensione dell&#39;effetto (Odds Ratio), e / o di studio di tipo (GWAS, PheWAS o entrambi). </li><li> Nella scheda &quot;malattia&quot;, specificare una certa descrizione malattia per il nuovo uso previsto. </li><li> Nella scheda &quot;potenziale&quot;, filtrare i risultati in base a uno dei seguenti criteri: (i) se l&#39;indicazione della droga è contenuto nel database drugbank, (ii) il numero di abstract di Medline con co-occorrenza del farmaco e la malattia, ( iii) il numero di voci del database ClinicalTrials.gov con co-occorrenza del farmaco e la malattia e (iv) Repurposing potenziale. NOTA: L&#39;opzione potenziale Repurposing descrive la novità della scoperta: (i) noto: relazione esiste già nel database drugbank, (ii) Fortemente sostenuta: Un supporto sia in Registro di sperimentazione clinica e gli abstract di Medline, (iii) Probabile: un certo supporto in entrambi registro studio clinico o gli abstract di Medline e (iv) Novel: nessuna evidenza nel registro studio clinico né in abstract di Medline. </li><li> Nella scheda &quot;gene&quot;, inserire un identificativo di SNP o Gene simbolo di filtrare i risultati in base specifici geni bersaglio di droga. </li><li> Nella scheda &quot;azione&quot;, specificare il tipo di azione dei farmaci contro il bersaglio della droga (s), tra agonisti, antagonisti, altro, sconosciuto o tutti (fonte: banca dati drugbank). </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Borisy, A. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Systematic+discovery+of+multicomponent+therapeutics.">Systematic discovery of multicomponent therapeutics.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 100 (13), 7977-7982 (2003).</li><li>Zhang, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-throughput+synergy+screening+identifies+microbial+metabolites+as+combination+agents+for+the+treatment+of+fungal+infections.">High-throughput synergy screening identifies microbial metabolites as combination agents for the treatment of fungal infections.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 104 (11), 4606-4611 (2007).</li><li>Adams, C. P., Brantner, V. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Estimating+the+cost+of+new+drug+development:+is+it+really+802+million+dollars?.">Estimating the cost of new drug development: is it really 802 million dollars?.</a> Health Aff (Millwood). 25 (2), 420-428 (2006).</li><li>Bunnage, M. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Getting+pharmaceutical+R&amp;D+back+on+target.">Getting pharmaceutical R&amp;D back on target.</a> Nat Chem Biol. 7 (6), 335-339 (2011).</li><li>Ashburn, T. T., Thor, K. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drug+repositioning:+identifying+and+developing+new+uses+for+existing+drugs.">Drug repositioning: identifying and developing new uses for existing drugs.</a> Nat Rev Drug Discov. 3 (8), 673-683 (2004).</li><li>Hurle, M. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Computational+drug+repositioning:+from+data+to+therapeutics.">Computational drug repositioning: from data to therapeutics.</a> Clin Pharmacol Ther. 93 (4), 335-341 (2013).</li><li>Jin, G., Wong, S. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Toward+better+drug+repositioning:+prioritizing+and+integrating+existing+methods+into+efficient+pipelines.">Toward better drug repositioning: prioritizing and integrating existing methods into efficient pipelines.</a> Drug Discov Today. 19 (5), 637-644 (2014).</li><li>Moosavinasab, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=34;RE:fine+Drugs&amp;#34;:+An+Interactive+Dashboard+to+Access+Drug+Repurposing+Opportunities.">34;RE:fine Drugs&amp;#34;: An Interactive Dashboard to Access Drug Repurposing Opportunities.</a> Database (Oxford). , (2016).</li><li>Zhang, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+genome-wide+association+studies+for+cancer+research+and+drug+repositioning.">Use of genome-wide association studies for cancer research and drug repositioning.</a> PLoS One. 10 (3), e0116477 (2015).</li><li>Rastegar-Mojarad, M., Ye, Z., Kolesar, J. M., Hebbring, S. J., Lin, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Opportunities+for+drug+repositioning+from+phenome-wide+association+studies.">Opportunities for drug repositioning from phenome-wide association studies.</a> Nat Biotechnol. 33 (4), 342-345 (2015).</li><li>Li, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+survey+of+current+trends+in+computational+drug+repositioning.">A survey of current trends in computational drug repositioning.</a> Brief Bioinform. 17 (1), 2-12 (2016).</li><li>Denny, J. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Systematic+comparison+of+phenome-wide+association+study+of+electronic+medical+record+data+and+genome-wide+association+study+data.">Systematic comparison of phenome-wide association study of electronic medical record data and genome-wide association study data.</a> Nat Biotechnol. 31 (12), 1102-1110 (2013).</li><li>Wang, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mining+drug-disease+relationships+as+a+complement+to+medical+genetics-based+drug+repositioning:+Where+a+recommendation+system+meets+genome-wide+association+studies.">Mining drug-disease relationships as a complement to medical genetics-based drug repositioning: Where a recommendation system meets genome-wide association studies.</a> Clin Pharmacol Ther. 97 (5), 451-454 (2015).</li><li>Sanseau, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+genome-wide+association+studies+for+drug+repositioning.">Use of genome-wide association studies for drug repositioning.</a> Nat Biotechnol. 30 (4), 317-320 (2012).</li><li>Xu, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Validating+drug+repurposing+signals+using+electronic+health+records:+a+case+study+of+metformin+associated+with+reduced+cancer+mortality.">Validating drug repurposing signals using electronic health records: a case study of metformin associated with reduced cancer mortality.</a> J Am Med Inform Assoc. 22 (1), 179-191 (2015).</li></ol>

The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

The protocol described here for the RE:fine Drugs interactive dashboard can be modified in different ways according to the user's preferences. This method uniquely integrates GWAS and PheWAS data as a novel paradigm underlying drug repurposing hypothesis generation. Specifically, this system provides access to both 52,966 PheWAS associations and 7,945 GWAS associations with advanced options to filter the results by the study type, effect size and/or significance level. Another advantage of this method over existing computational drug repurposing tools is that queries may be made from drug, gene or disease perspectives. 
There are several limitations to this method. Currently, the PheWAS data is limited to primarily adult patient population from five institutions contained in the Electronic Medical Records and Genomics (eMERGE) network with a mean age of 69.5 years 12. Additionally, the "repurposing potential" feature uses co-occurrence of search terms in Medline abstracts as one of its criteria. It is well known that text mining methods using co-occurrence have limitations with respect to syntactical structure and literature bias. Thus, we recommend this feature be used as a starting point to explore the potential novelty and/or evidence supporting specific drug repurposing hypotheses and recommend additional investigation into the biomedical literature and clinical trial databases. 
Future directions for this work not described here would be to extend this database to additional sources of GWAS and PheWAS data as they become available. Similar efforts to systematically translate results from large-scale GWAS studies into drug repurposing hypotheses have been previously published 9,13-14. It may be useful to compare these different workflows to predict drug candidates from GWAS data in future studies. Additionally, several other methods exist to computationally generate drug repurposing hypotheses from different data sources, including: genomics, transcriptomics, chemical structures, drug side effect profiles, as previously summarized 6,11. Future methodological advancements could also include automating drug combination predictions and providing information on drug toxicity to guide follow up studies for drug candidates. 
Furthermore, the hypotheses generated from RE:fine Drugs may be further validated using electronic health records, before initiating clinical trials 15. Finally, future studies will be needed to compare this system to other target-based drug repurposing methods.

I processi costosi e inefficienti associati approcci scoperta di nuovi farmaci tradizionali, tra cui farmaci ad alto rendimento e lo screening composto di piombo, stanno contribuendo a ritardi nel tradurre le scoperte della ricerca in terapie per i pazienti 1,2. Una media di 1 miliardo di dollari USA e 15-20 anni è necessario per portare un nuovo farmaco da banco al capezzale 3. Inoltre, il 52% dei farmaci sicuro durante lo sviluppo nella fase 1 studi clinici, e solo il 25% di composti che entrano fase 2 procedere in piena fase 3 studi clinici 4. L&#39;obiettivo di riproposizione di droga o di riposizionamento della droga è quello di rinnovare la droga falliti e / o trovare nuovi indicazioni per farmaci approvati al fine di fornire nuove terapie per i pazienti più velocemente e con un tasso di successo più elevato. Repurposing farmaco può diminuire la timeline per rendere disponibili i farmaci per l&#39;uso in pazienti di 3-12 anni 5. applicazioni mediche importanti per riutilizzo farmaci comprendono: malattie con Prognos poveriè e bassi tassi di sopravvivenza, malattie resistenti ai farmaci, aree di ricerca di malattia sottofinanziati e popolazioni di pazienti povere e svantaggiate. Computazionale riuso farmaco è definita come il processo di progettazione e validazione flussi di lavoro automatizzati che possono generare ipotesi per nuove indicazioni di un farmaco candidato 6. Esistenti droga riproporre metodi computazionali sono stati classificati target-based,,, a base di rete basata sulla conoscenza basato su signature, e sulla base mirati meccanismo, e possono essere orientati dal gene, malattie o farmaci prospettive. Inoltre, approcci computazionali possono ulteriormente accelerare esperimenti di validazione proof-of-concept e studi clinici su piccola scala per i candidati di droga riproposto 7. Abbiamo già riferito su &quot;RE: Drugs fine&quot;, uno strumento basato sul web interattivo liberamente disponibile per il farmaco riproporre generazione di ipotesi basate sulla teoria transitiva di farmaco-gene-malattia rapporti 8. Il g complessivaOAL di questo metodo è quello di integrare sistematicamente diversi tipi di droga, genetici e clinici dati per consentire di droga riproporre per gli utenti provenienti da diverse comunità, tra clinica, l&#39;industria e le comunità normativi. I metodi fondamentali di questo sistema sono stati precedentemente segnalato per l&#39;uso di studio genome-wide Association (GWAS) ei dati di studio a livello di associazione Phenome (PheWAS) nella droga la riallocazione delle ricerche 9,10. La nuova combinazione di questi tipi di dati distingue la nostra webtool da altri metodi di obiettivi 6,11. Il RE: multa sistema di farmaci attualmente contiene 60,911 droga riproporre ipotesi che coprono 916 farmaci, 567 geni e 1.770 malattie. Il webtool fornisce un&#39;interfaccia user-friendly per i ricercatori a cercare in modo interattivo droga ipotesi riutilizzo e definire la loro priorità in base a criteri diversi. Per esempio, gli utenti possono filtrare ipotesi riproporre farmaco con supporto nella letteratura biomedica e studi clinici databaSE, significativi valori di p, odds ratio di associazione o da indicazioni specifiche. L&#39;unico requisito per questo sistema è l&#39;accesso a Internet.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="797">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:389px;">Access the homepage for &#8220;RE:fine Drugs&#8221; at the following link: http://drug-repurposing.nationwidechildrens.org.&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">n/a</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">n/a</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">The only requirement for this system is Internet access</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

drug repurposing hypothesis generation using the "re:fine drugs" system

The promise of drug repurposing is that existing drugs may be used for new disease indications in order to curb the high costs and time for approval. The goal of computational methods for drug repurposing is to enable solutions for safer, cheaper and faster drug discovery. Towards this end, we developed a novel method that integrates genetic and clinical phenotype data from large-scale GWAS and PheWAS studies with detailed drug information on the concept of transitive Drug-Gene-Disease triads. We created "RE:fine Drugs," a freely available, interactive dashboard that automates gene, disease and drug-based searches to identify drug repurposing candidates. This web-based tool supports a user-friendly interface that includes an array of advanced search and export options. Results can be prioritized in a variety of ways, including but not limited to, biomedical literature support, strength and statistical significance of GWAS and/or PheWAS associations, disease indications and molecular drug targets. Here we provide a protocol that illustrates the functionalities available in the "RE:fine Drugs" system and explores the different advanced options through a case study.

In questo esempio, il gene &quot;IL2RB&quot; è stato inserito come una query basato sui geni, ed è stato automaticamente riconosciuto come tale dalla funzione di auto-fill (Figura 1). I riallocazione ipotesi dodici droga per il gene IL2RB vengono restituiti, come mostrato nella Figura 2. Pagina di informazioni dettagliate per una particolare ipotesi repurposing di droga, &quot;daclizumab&quot; in questo caso, è fornito dalla colonna &quot;Info&quot; (Figura 3). I risultati sono stati filtrati nella scheda farmaco era di tutti i risultati corrispondenti al farmaco &quot;daclizumab&quot;, come mostrato nella figura 4. La Figura 5 mostra solo quei farmaci con un&#39;indicazione noto per il termine malattia &quot;trapianto&quot; (fonte: banca dati drugbank). La scheda associazione permette all&#39;utente di filtrare i rapporti SNP-fenotipo di significatività statistica (P-value) e le dimensioni effetto genetico (odds ratio), definito come il rapporto tra le probabilità di presence della malattia in individui con un genotipo specifico (SNP allele) sopra le probabilità di presenza della malattia in individui senza l&#39;allele SNP. La Figura 6 mostra i risultati filtrati nella scheda associazione all&#39;interno della gamma P-valore dello 0,000001 0.05. La figura 7 mostra ipotesi riproporre farmaci specifici per &quot;asma&quot; sulla base delle nuove indicazioni che abbiamo trovato in studio. Figura 8 mostra i risultati nella scheda potenziale per filtrare per un numero minimo di 5 abstracts Medline contenenti un co-occorrenza di termini droga e malattie. In questo esempio, tutti i farmaci risultati nella scheda gene sono mirati per il gene &quot;IL2RB&quot;, corrispondente al termine query originale (Figura 9). Infine, la figura 10 mostra risultati filtrati nella scheda &quot;azione&quot; per riportare tutti i farmaci che agiscono come agonisti sul gene IL2RB. <img alt="Figura 1"src = &quot;/ files / ftp_upload / 54948 / 54948fig1.jpg&quot; /&gt; Figura 1: RE: I farmaci pregiati del cruscotto interattivo homepage. Gli utenti possono iniziare una query inserendo un nome del farmaco, nuova indicazione malattia o il simbolo del gene. I collegamenti sono previste anche per i giornali di riferimento GWAS e PheWAS che descrivono le metodologie per la generazione di ipotesi riuso di droga. <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54948/54948fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">Clicca qui per vedere una versione più grande di questa figura.</a> <img alt="figura 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/54948/54948fig2.jpg" /> Figura 2: funzione Auto-fill per le voci di query. Come esempio, il termine di ricerca gene &quot;IL2RB&quot; è stata automaticamente riconosciuta come termine gene. <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54948/54948fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">Clicca qui per vedere una versione più grande di questa figura.</a> <pclass = &quot;jove_content&quot; fo: keep-together.within-page = &quot;1&quot;&gt; <img alt="Figura 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/54948/54948fig3.jpg" /> Figura 3: Drug riproporre tabella dei risultati prodotta da una query gene-based (ad esempio, IL2RB). Dodici droga riproporre ipotesi per il gene IL2RB vengono prodotte. <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54948/54948fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">Clicca qui per vedere una versione più grande di questa figura.</a> <img alt="Figura 4" src="/files/ftp_upload/54948/54948fig4.jpg" /> Figura 4: foglio di informazione per i singoli farmaci da pagina dei risultati. Cliccando sull&#39;icona nella colonna &quot;Info&quot; sono riportate le informazioni dettagliate per il daclizumab droga. <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54948/54948fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">Clicca qui per vedere una versione più grande di questa figura.</a> Figura 5: opzione di ricerca avanzata nella scheda di droga per filtrare da un farmaco specifico. In questo esempio, tre risultati sono mostrati per il daclizumab droga. <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54948/54948fig5large.jpg" target="_blank">Clicca qui per vedere una versione più grande di questa figura.</a> <img alt="Figura 6" src="/files/ftp_upload/54948/54948fig6.jpg" /> Figura 6: opzione di ricerca avanzata nella scheda di droga per filtrare da un&#39;indicazione specifica malattia dal database drugbank. Tutti i farmaci a indicazione noto per la malattia termine &quot;trapianto&quot; sono mostrate. <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54948/54948fig6large.jpg" target="_blank">Clicca qui per vedere una versione più grande di questa figura.</a> Figura 7: opzione di ricerca avanzata nella scheda associazione per filtrare per livello di significatività. In questo caso, sono previsti otto risultati cui associazione significato livello ricade nel campo da P-valore dello 0,000001 0.05. <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54948/54948fig7large.jpg" target="_blank">Clicca qui per vedere una versione più grande di questa figura.</a> <img alt="Figura 8" src="/files/ftp_upload/54948/54948fig8.jpg" /> Figura 8: opzione di ricerca avanzata nella scheda malattia per filtrare da un&#39;indicazione specifica malattia abbiamo estratto in questo studio. In questo esempio, quattro risultati sono mostrati per asma come una nuova indicazione utilizzo malattia. <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54948/54948fig8large.jpg" target="_blank">Clicca qui per visualizzare un Versi più grandi</a>su questa figura. <img alt="Figura 9" src="/files/ftp_upload/54948/54948fig9.jpg" /> Figura 9: opzione di ricerca avanzata nella scheda potenziale per filtrare da un co-occorrenza di droga e la malattia in termini abstract di Medline. In questo esempio, quattro risultati sono mostrati supportato da un numero minimo di 5 abstracts Medline contenenti un co-occorrenza di termini droga e malattie. <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54948/54948fig9large.jpg" target="_blank">Clicca qui per vedere una versione più grande di questa figura.</a> <img alt="Figura 10" src="/files/ftp_upload/54948/54948fig10.jpg" /> Figura 10: opzione di ricerca avanzata nella scheda gene per filtrare da un simbolo specifico gene, in cui tutti i risultati corrispondono al gene IL2RB utilizzato per la query originale. In questo esempio, tutti i farmaci risultatinella scheda gene sono mirati per il gene &quot;IL2RB&quot;, corrispondente alla durata query originale. opzione di ricerca avanzata nella scheda azione per filtrare solo da farmaci agonisti. In questo esempio, sei risultati vengono restituiti per tutti i farmaci che agiscono come agonisti sul gene IL2RB. <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54948/54948fig10large.jpg" target="_blank">Clicca qui per vedere una versione più grande di questa figura.</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Drug Repurposing Hypothesis Generation Using the "RE:fine Drugs" System at JoVE.com

Drug Repurposing Hypothesis Generation Using the "RE:fine Drugs" System

Here we describe a protocol using the web-based drug repurposing hypothesis generation tool: "RE:fine Drugs." This protocol can be modified to a user's preferences at the level of the query type (gene, drug or disease) and/or the range of available advanced options.

Drug Repurposing Ipotesi Generation Con il &quot;RE: Drugs sottili&quot; Sistema

The promise of drug repurposing is that existing drugs may be used for new disease indications in order to curb the high costs and time for approval. The ...

drug-repurposing-hypothesis-generation-using-the-refine-drugs-system

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

9.2K Views.  The Ohio State University. Here we describe a protocol using the web-based drug repurposing hypothesis generation tool: "RE:fine Drugs." This protocol can be modified to a user's preferences at the level of the query type (gene, drug or disease) and/or the range of available advanced options. 

Video: Drug Repurposing Hypothesis Generation Using the "RE:fine Drugs" System

Method for Novel Anti-Cancer Drug Development using Tumor Explants of Surgical Specimens

The current therapies for malignant glioma have only palliative effect. For therapeutic development, one hurdle is the discrepancy of efficacy determined by current drug efficacy tests and the efficacy on patients. Thus, novel and reliable methods for evaluating drug efficacy are warranted in pre-clinical phase. In vitro culture of tumor tissues, including cell lines, has substantial phenotypic, genetic, and epigenetic alterations of cancer cells caused by artificial environment of cell culture, which may not reflect the biology of original tumors in situ. Xenograft models with the immunodeficient mice also have limitations, i.e., the lack of immune system and interspecies genetic and epigenetic discrepancies in microenvironment. Here, we demonstrate a novel method using the surgical specimens of malignant glioma as undissociated tumor blocks to evaluate treatment effects. To validate this method, data with the current first-line chemotherapeutic agent, temozolomide (TMZ), are described.


We used the freshly-removed surgical specimen of malignant glioma for our experiments. We performed intratumoral injection of TMZ or other drug candidates, followed by incubation and analysis on surgical specimens. Here, we sought to establish a tumor tissue explant method as a platform to determine the efficacy of novel anti-cancer therapies so that we may be able to overcome, at least, some of the current limitations and fill the existing gap between the current experimental data and the efficacy on an actual patient's tumor. This method may have the potential to accelerate identifying novel chemotherapeutic agents for solid cancer treatment.

Here, we established a method for drug efficacy testing with surgical specimens of brain tumors, termed &#x201C;tumor explant method&#x201D;. With this method, we can evaluate drug efficacy without breaking the microenvironment of solid tumors. To validate reliability of this method, we describe representative data with our glioma specimen treated with the current first-line chemotherapeutic agent, temozolomide.

Metodo per Novel Anti-Cancer Drug Development utilizzando Espianti Tumore di campioni chirurgici


The current therapies for malignant glioma have only palliative effect. For therapeutic development, one hurdle is the discrepancy of efficacy determined ...

Ricerca

Medicina

Use of Animal Model of Sepsis to Evaluate Novel Herbal Therapies

Sepsis refers to a systemic inflammatory response syndrome resulting from a microbial infection. It has been routinely simulated in animals by several techniques, including infusion of exogenous bacterial toxin (endotoxemia) or bacteria (bacteremia), as well as surgical perforation of the cecum by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)1-3. CLP allows bacteria spillage and fecal contamination of the peritoneal cavity, mimicking the human clinical disease of perforated appendicitis or diverticulitis. The severity of sepsis, as reflected by the eventual mortality rates, can be controlled surgically by varying the size of the needle used for cecal puncture2. In animals, CLP induces similar, biphasic hemodynamic cardiovascular, metabolic, and immunological responses as observed during the clinical course of human sepsis3. Thus, the CLP model is considered as one of the most clinically relevant models for experimental sepsis1-3.
Various animal models have been used to elucidate the intricate mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of experimental sepsis. The lethal consequence of sepsis is attributable partly to an excessive accumulation of early cytokines (such as TNF, IL-1 and IFN-&gamma;)4-6 and late proinflammatory mediators (e.g., HMGB1)7. Compared with early proinflammatory cytokines, late-acting mediators have a wider therapeutic window for clinical applications. For instance, delayed administration of HMGB1-neutralizing antibodies beginning 24 hours after CLP, still rescued mice from lethality8,9, establishing HMGB1 as a late mediator of lethal sepsis. The discovery of HMGB1 as a late-acting mediator has initiated a new field of investigation for the development of sepsis therapies using Traditional Chinese Herbal Medicine. In this paper, we describe a procedure of CLP-induced sepsis, and its usage in screening herbal medicine for HMGB1-targeting therapies.

Sepsis refers to a systemic inflammatory response syndrome resulting from a microbial infection, and can be simulated by a surgical technique termed cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Here we describe a method to use CLP-induced animal model to screen medicinal herbs for therapeutic agents.

Uso di un modello animale di sepsi per valutare nuove terapie a base di erbe

Sepsis refers to a systemic inflammatory response syndrome resulting from a microbial infection. It has been routinely simulated in animals by several ...

Generation and 3-Dimensional Quantitation of Arterial Lesions in Mice Using Optical Projection Tomography

The generation and analysis of vascular lesions in appropriate animal models is a cornerstone of research into cardiovascular disease, generating important information on the pathogenesis of lesion formation and the action of novel therapies. Use of atherosclerosis-prone mice, surgical methods of lesion induction, and dietary modification has dramatically improved understanding of the mechanisms that contribute to disease development and the potential of new treatments.
Classically, analysis of lesions is performed ex vivo using 2-dimensional histological techniques. This article describes application of optical projection tomography (OPT) to 3-dimensional quantitation of arterial lesions. As this technique is non-destructive, it can be used as an adjunct to standard histological and immunohistochemical analyses.
Neointimal lesions were induced by wire-insertion or ligation of the mouse femoral artery whilst atherosclerotic lesions were generated by administration of an atherogenic diet to apoE-deficient mice.
Lesions were examined using OPT imaging of autofluorescent emission followed by complementary histological and immunohistochemical analysis. OPT clearly distinguished lesions from the underlying vascular wall. Lesion size was calculated in 2-dimensional sections using planimetry, enabling calculation of lesion volume and maximal cross-sectional area. Data generated using OPT were consistent with measurements obtained using histology, confirming the accuracy of the technique and its potential as a complement (rather than alternative) to traditional methods of analysis.
This work demonstrates the potential of OPT for imaging atherosclerotic and neointimal lesions. It provides a rapid, much needed ex vivo technique for the routine 3-dimensional quantification of vascular remodelling.

Ex vivo analysis of arterial lesions from animal models of cardiovascular disease classically relies on histological and immunohistochemical techniques. These provide 2-dimensional measurements in 3-dimensional lesions. This manuscript describes the generation of arterial lesions for quantitative analysis in 3-dimensions using optical projection tomography.

Generazione e quantificazione 3-Dimensional di arteriosa lesioni nei topi mediante tomografia ottica di proiezione

The generation and analysis of vascular lesions in appropriate animal models is a cornerstone of research into cardiovascular disease, generating ...

Collection and Extraction of Saliva DNA for Next Generation Sequencing

The preferred source of DNA in human genetics research is blood, or cell lines derived from blood, as these sources yield large quantities of high quality DNA. However, DNA extraction from saliva can yield high quality DNA with little to no degradation/fragmentation that is suitable for a variety of DNA assays without the expense of a phlebotomist and can even be acquired through the mail. However, at present, no saliva DNA collection/extraction protocols for next generation sequencing have been presented in the literature. This protocol optimizes parameters of saliva collection/storage and DNA extraction to be of sufficient quality and quantity for DNA assays with the highest standards, including microarray genotyping and next generation sequencing.

DNA extraction from saliva can provide a readily available source of high molecular weight DNA, with little to no degradation/fragmentation. This protocol provides optimized parameters for saliva collection/storage and DNA extraction to be of sufficient quality and quantity for downstream DNA assays with high quality requirements.

Raccolta ed estrazione di Saliva DNA per il sequenziamento di nuova generazione

The preferred source of DNA in human genetics research is blood, or cell lines derived from blood, as these sources yield large quantities of high quality ...

Quantification of the Immunosuppressant Tacrolimus on Dried Blood Spots Using LC-MS/MS

The calcineurin inhibitor tacrolimus is the cornerstone of most immunosuppressive treatment protocols after solid organ transplantation in the United States. Tacrolimus is a narrow therapeutic index drug and as such requires therapeutic drug monitoring and dose adjustment based on its whole blood trough concentrations. To facilitate home therapeutic drug and adherence monitoring, the collection of dried blood spots is an attractive concept. After a finger stick, the patient collects a blood drop on filter paper at home. After the blood is dried, it is mailed to the analytical laboratory where tacrolimus is quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) in combination with a simple manual protein precipitation step and online column extraction.
For tacrolimus analysis, a 6-mm disc is punched from the saturated center of the blood spot. The blood spot is homogenized using a bullet blender and then proteins are precipitated with methanol/0.2 M ZnSO4 containing the internal standard D2,13C-tacrolimus. After vortexing and centrifugation, 100 &#181;l of supernatant is injected into an online extraction column and washed with 5 ml/min of 0.1 formic acid/acetonitrile (7:3, v:v) for 1 min. Hereafter, the switching valve is activated and the analytes are back-flushed onto the analytical column (and separated using a 0.1% formic acid/acetonitrile gradient). Tacrolimus is quantified in the positive multi reaction mode (MRM) using a tandem mass spectrometer.
The assay is linear from 1 to 50 ng/ml. Inter-assay variability (3.6%-6.1%) and accuracy (91.7%-101.6%) as assessed over 20 days meet acceptance criteria. Average extraction recovery is 95.5%. There are no relevant carry-over, matrix interferences and matrix effects. Tacrolimus is stable in dried blood spots at RT and at +4 &#176;C for 1 week. Extracted samples in the autosampler are stable at +4 &#176;C for at least 72 hr.

Here we describe a high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) assay to quantify the immunosuppressant tacrolimus in dried blood spots using a simple manual protein precipitation step and online column extraction.

Quantificazione del immunosoppressore Tacrolimus su macchie di sangue secco Uso LC-MS / MS

The calcineurin inhibitor tacrolimus is the cornerstone of most immunosuppressive treatment protocols after solid organ transplantation in the United ...

An In Vitro Dormancy Model of Estrogen-sensitive Breast Cancer in the Bone Marrow: A Tool for Molecular Mechanism Studies and Hypothesis Generation

The study of breast cancer dormancy in the bone marrow is an exceptionally difficult undertaking due to the complexity of the interactions of dormant cells with their microenvironment, their rarity and the overwhelming excess of hematopoietic cells. Towards this end, we developed an in vitro 2D clonogenic model of dormancy of estrogen-sensitive breast cancer cells in the bone marrow. The model consists of a few key elements necessary for dormancy. These include 1) the use of estrogen sensitive breast cancer cells, which are the type likely to remain dormant for extended periods, 2) incubation of cells at clonogenic density, where the structural interaction of each cell is primarily with the substratum, 3) fibronectin, a key structural element of the marrow and 4) FGF-2, a growth factor abundantly synthesized by bone marrow stromal cells and heavily deposited in the extracellular matrix. Cells incubated with FGF-2 form dormant clones after 6 days, which consist of 12 or less cells that have a distinct flat appearance, are significantly larger and more spread out than growing cells and have large cytoplasm to nucleus ratios. In contrast, cells incubated without FGF-2 form primarily growing colonies consisting of >30 relatively small cells. Perturbations of the system with antibodies, inhibitors, peptides or nucleic acids on day 3 after incubation can significantly affect various phenotypic and molecular aspects of the dormant cells at 6 days and can be used to assess the roles of membrane-localized or intracellular molecules, factors or signaling pathways on the dormant state or survival of dormant cells. While recognizing the in vitro nature of the assay, it can function as a highly useful tool to glean significant information about the molecular mechanisms necessary for establishment and survival of dormant cells. This data can be used to generate hypotheses to be tested in vivo models.

An In Vitro Dormancy Model of Estrogen-sensitive Breast Cancer in the Bone Marrow: A Tool for Molecular Mechanism Studies and Hypothesis Generation

We developed an in vitro model of dormancy in the bone marrow for estrogen-sensitive breast cancer cells. The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate use of the model for the study of the molecular and cellular biology of dormancy and for generation of hypotheses for subsequent testing in vivo.

Un<em&gt; In Vitro</em&gt; Dormienza Modello di estrogeno-sensibili cancro al seno nel midollo osseo: Uno strumento per gli studi molecolari del meccanismo e ipotesi Generation

The study of breast cancer dormancy in the bone marrow is an exceptionally difficult undertaking due to the complexity of the interactions of dormant ...

Generation of Microtumors Using 3D Human Biogel Culture System and Patient-derived Glioblastoma Cells for Kinomic Profiling and Drug Response Testing

The use of patient-derived xenografts for modeling cancers has provided important insight into cancer biology and drug responsiveness. However, they are time consuming, expensive, and labor intensive. To overcome these obstacles, many research groups have turned to spheroid cultures of cancer cells. While useful, tumor spheroids or aggregates do not replicate cell-matrix interactions as found in vivo. As such, three-dimensional (3D) culture approaches utilizing an extracellular matrix scaffold provide a more realistic model system for investigation. Starting from subcutaneous or intracranial xenografts, tumor tissue is dissociated into a single cell suspension akin to cancer stem cell neurospheres. These cells are then embedded into a human-derived extracellular matrix, 3D human biogel, to generate a large number of microtumors. Interestingly, microtumors can be cultured for about a month with high viability and can be used for drug response testing using standard cytotoxicity assays such as 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and live cell imaging using Calcein-AM. Moreover, they can be analyzed via immunohistochemistry or harvested for molecular profiling, such as array-based high-throughput kinomic profiling, which is detailed here as well. 3D microtumors, thus, represent a versatile high-throughput model system that can more closely replicate in vivo tumor biology than traditional approaches.

Patient-derived xenografts of glioblastoma multiforme can be miniaturized into living microtumors using 3D human biogel culture system. This in vivo-like 3D tumor assay is suitable for drug response testing and molecular profiling, including kinomic analysis.

Generazione di Microtumors Uso 3D Biogel Umano Sistema Cultura e cellule di glioblastoma paziente-derivato per Kinomic Profiling and Drug Testing risposta

The use of patient-derived xenografts for modeling cancers has provided important insight into cancer biology and drug responsiveness. However, they are ...

Using Multi-fluorinated Bile Acids and In Vivo Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Measure Bile Acid Transport

Along with their traditional role as detergents that facilitate fat absorption, emerging literature indicates that bile acids are potent signaling molecules that affect multiple organs; they modulate gut motility and hormone production, and alter vascular tone, glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, and energy utilization. Changes in fecal bile acids may alter the gut microbiome and promote colon pathology including cholerrheic diarrhea and colon cancer. Key regulators of fecal bile acid composition are the small intestinal Apical Sodium-dependent Bile Acid Transporter (ASBT) and fibroblast growth factor-19 (FGF19). Reduced expression and function of ASBT decreases intestinal bile acid up-take. Moreover, in vitro data suggest that some FDA-approved drugs inhibit ASBT function. Deficient FGF19 release increases hepatic bile acid synthesis and release into the intestines to levels that overwhelm ASBT. Either ASBT dysfunction or FGF19 deficiency increases fecal bile acids and may cause chronic diarrhea and promote colon neoplasia. Regrettably, tools to measure bile acid malabsorption and the actions of drugs on bile acid transport in vivo are limited. To understand the complex actions of bile acids, techniques are required that permit simultaneous monitoring of bile acids in the gut and metabolic tissues. This led us to conceive an innovative method to measure bile acid transport in live animals using a combination of proton (1H) and fluorine (19F) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Novel tracers for fluorine (19F)-based live animal MRI were created and tested, both in vitro and in vivo. Strengths of this approach include the lack of exposure to ionizing radiation and translational potential for clinical research and practice.

Using Multi-fluorinated Bile Acids and In Vivo Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Measure Bile Acid Transport

Tools to diagnose bile acid malabsorption and measure bile acid transport in vivo are limited. An innovative approach in live animals is described that utilizes combined proton (1H) plus fluorine (19F) magnetic resonance imaging; this novel methodology has translational potential to screen for bile acid malabsorption in clinical practice.

Utilizzando Multi-fluorurati biliari acidi e<em&gt; In Vivo</em&gt; Risonanza Magnetica misurare Bile Acid Trasporti

Along with their traditional role as detergents that facilitate fat absorption, emerging literature indicates that bile acids are potent signaling ...

Using Retinal Imaging to Study Dementia

The retina offers a unique &#8220;window&#8221; to study pathophysiological processes of dementia in the brain, as it is an extension of the central nervous system (CNS) and shares prominent similarities with the brain in terms of embryological origin, anatomical features and physiological properties.&#160; The vascular and neuronal structure in the retina can now be visualized easily and non-invasively using retinal imaging techniques, including fundus photography and optical coherence tomography (OCT), and quantified semi-automatically using computer-assisted analysis programs. Studying the associations between vascular and neuronal changes in the retina and dementia could improve our understanding of dementia and, potentially, aid in diagnosis and risk assessment.&#160; This protocol aims to describe a method of quantifying and analyzing retinal vasculature and neuronal structure, which are potentially associated with dementia. This protocol also provides examples of retinal changes in subjects with dementia, and discusses technical issues and current limitations of retinal imaging.

The retina shares prominent similarities with the brain and thus represents a unique window to study vasculature and neuronal structure in the brain non-invasively. This protocol describes a method to study dementia using retinal imaging techniques. This method can potentially aid in diagnosis and risk assessment of dementia.

Usando la formazione immagine retinica per studiare la demenza

The retina offers a unique &#8220;window&#8221; to study pathophysiological processes of dementia in the brain, as it is an extension of the central ...

Studying the Hypothalamic Insulin Signal to Peripheral Glucose Intolerance with a Continuous Drug Infusion System into the Mouse Brain

Insulin regulates systematic metabolism in the hypothalamus and the peripheral insulin response. An inflammatory reaction in peripheral adipose tissues contributes to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) development and appetite regulation in the hypothalamus. Chemokine CCL5 and C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5) levels have been suggested to mediate arteriosclerosis and glucose intolerance in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In addition, CCL5 plays a neuroendocrine role in the hypothalamus by regulating food intake and body temperature, thus, prompting us to investigate its function in hypothalamic insulin signaling and the regulation of peripheral glucose metabolism.
The micro-osmotic pump brain infusion system is a quick and precise way to manipulate CCL5 function and study its effect in the brain. It also provides a convenient alternative approach to generating a transgenic knockout animal. In this system, CCL5 signaling was blocked by intracerebroventricular (ICV) infusion of its antagonist, MetCCL5, using a micro-osmotic pump. The peripheral glucose metabolism and insulin responsiveness was detected by the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) and Insulin Tolerance Test (ITT). Insulin signaling activity was then analyzed by protein blot from tissue samples derived from the animals.
After 7-14 days of MetCCL5 infusion, the glucose metabolism and insulin responsiveness was impaired in mice, as seen in the results of the OGTT and ITT. The IRS-1 serine302 phosphorylation was increased and the Akt activity was reduced in mice hypothalamic neurons following CCL5 inhibition. Altogether, our data suggest that blocking CCL5 in the mouse brain increases the phosphorylation of IRS-1 S302 and interrupts hypothalamic insulin signaling, leading to a decrease in insulin function in peripheral tissues as well as the impairment of glucose metabolism.

This protocol studies the role of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 (CCL5) in the hypothalamus by delivering an antagonist, MetCCL5, into the mouse brain using a micro-osmotic pump brain infusion system. This transient inhibition of CCL5 activity interrupted hypothalamic insulin signaling, leading to glucose intolerance and peripheral systemic insulin sensitivity.

Studiando il segnale ipotalamico insulina ad intolleranza al glucosio periferico con un sistema di infusione del farmaco continuo nel cervello del Mouse

Insulin regulates systematic metabolism in the hypothalamus and the peripheral insulin response. An inflammatory reaction in peripheral adipose tissues ...