We would like to thank Dr. Robert Angerer for his careful reading and editing of the manuscript. NIH R15HD088272-01 as well as the Office of Research and Development, and Department of Biological Sciences at Mississippi State University provided support for this project to RCR.

1. Strategia High Throughput Morpholino design <ol><li> Identificare un gene (s) di interesse (ad esempio, candidato approccio del gene, l&#39;analisi cis-normativo, RNA-Seq e / o schermi differenziali proteomica). </li><li> Utilizzare genomica, trascrittomica, e dati di espressione genica disponibili sui siti web aggiornati di frequente (ad es SpBase http://www.echinobase.org 20 e S. purpuratus Genome Ricerca http: ///urchin.nidcr.nih.gov/blast/index .html) per determinare il profilo di espressione spazio-temporale si sovrappone con il meccanismo di sviluppo in questione. Se non ci sono dati di espressione è disponibile, quindi generare primer qPCR e / o un antisenso sonda situ per valutare il pattern di espressione genica. </li><li> Dopo aver determinato il pattern di espressione spaziale e temporale, ottenere la sequenza del DNA dai siti web genomici. <ol><li> Per la generazione di oligonucleotidi morfolino traduzione di blocco, è necessario ottenere la sequenza of la &#39;regione non tradotti (5&#39; 5 UTR) direttamente a monte del codone iniziazione da expressed sequence tag (EST) banche dati disponibili sul SpBase o S. purpuratus Genome di ricerca siti web. Se questa informazione non è disponibile per il gene di interesse, quindi eseguire 5 &#39;RACE. </li><li> Per progettare un morfolino giunzione di blocco, la ricerca della sequenza genomica compresi gli esoni e introni utilizzando lo strumento patibolo BLASTN in SpBase o S. purpuratus Genome strumento di ricerca. </li></ol></li><li> Utilizzare il sito oligonucleotide progettazione http://oligodesign.gene-tools.com al fine di progettare la base di 25 sequenza di coppia morfolino desiderato. <ol><li> Per un morfolino traslazionale-blocco, utilizzare la sequenza di mRNA da 5 &#39;a 3&#39; come sorgente di traslazione sequenza bersaglio. Includere il 5 &#39;UTR sequenze (circa 70 nucleotidi a monte del sito di inizio della trascrizione) più 25 basi di regione codificante (a valle del sito di inizio) con l&#39;inizio codone marcato wiesima parentesi (ATG). </li><li> Per un morfolino giunzione di blocco, selezionare introne-esone o esone-introne sequenza di confine e comprendono 50 basi (25 basi della sequenza dell&#39;esone e 25 basi di sequenze introne) attorno alle regioni di confine. Scansione genoma con la sequenza morfolino per verificare che la sequenza è unica. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Microiniezione di oligonucleotidi Morpholino <ol><li> Preparare 3 soluzioni madre mm di oligonucleotidi morfolino con l&#39;aggiunta di 100 ml di acqua priva di nucleasi nel morfolino flacone 300 nmol. NOTA: Non usare acqua trattata DEPC per la risospensione perché dietilpirocarbonato può danneggiare il morfolino. </li><li> Per la prima rotazione ricostituzione lungo il flaconcino contenente la soluzione di riserva oligonucleotide per 30 s alla massima velocità (14.000 - 16.000 xg), vortex brevemente, il calore a 65 ° C per 5 a 10 minuti, vortex brevemente, e mantenere lo stock morfolino in camera temperatura per almeno 1 h. Soluzione morfolino<html> s vengono memorizzati da -20 ° C a + 4 ° C. </li><li> Preparare la soluzione iniettabile contenente oligonucleotidi morfolino alla concentrazione desiderata. Questa soluzione di solito contiene il 20% di glicerolo o 125 mm KCl come vettore e il 15% FITC-destrano (fluoresceina isotiocianato destrano 10.000 MW 2,5 mg / ml di soluzione). FITC-destrano e altri coniugati destrano fluorescenti sono abitualmente utilizzati per identificare gli embrioni iniettati mediante microscopia in epifluorescenza. Le soluzioni di iniezione conservare a -20 ° C. </li><li> Riscaldare la soluzione morfolino a 65 ° C in un blocco di calore oa bagnomaria per almeno 2 - 5 min. </li><li> Brevemente girare la soluzione morfolino per 30 s alla massima velocità (14.000 - 16.000 xg), vortex per 1 minuto e centrifugare a massima velocità (14.000 - 16.000 xg) per almeno 10 minuti. </li><li> Caricare i aghi da iniezione con la soluzione morfolino. Per una dettagliata protocollo microiniezione vedere Stepicheva e Song 2014 21 e applausi e Ettensohn 2004&quot;&gt; 22. </li></ol> 3. Fissazione e in situ protocollo a 24 ore post-fecondazione (HPF) a S. purpuratus Embrioni NOTA: Questo protocollo viene modificato da Arenas-Mena et al. 2000 23 e Sethi et al. 2014 24. <ol><li> Fissazione <ol><li> Aggiungere qualche goccia di fissativo (vedi sotto) per pozzetti contenenti gli embrioni, mescolare delicatamente pipettando, e permettere loro di stabilirsi. Rimuovere la soluzione fissativo, e poi mescolare gli embrioni con due ulteriori lavaggi 180 ml di fissativo. NOTA: È importante omogeneizzare gli embrioni durante i lavaggi di dolce pipettando su e giù diverse volte. In caso contrario si può abbassare il rapporto segnale-rumore. </li><li> Lasciare gli embrioni di fissare nella secondo lavaggio fissativo per 50 minuti a 1 ora a temperatura ambiente (RT) in 4% paraformaldeide microscopia elettronica grade costituito da 10 mM MOPS pH 7,0, 0,1% Tween-20, ed artificiale seawater (ASW). Rendere questa soluzione fresca ogni volta per ottenere i migliori risultati. Inoltre, per la facilità e praticità embrioni sono fissati in piastre da 96 pozzetti. <ol><li> Per 20 mL uso fissativo 5 ml 16% paraformaldeide, 15 mL ASW, 200 ml 1 M MOPS pH 7,0, e 20 ml di Tween-20. </li></ol></li><li> Lavare 5 volte a RT con 180 ml di MOPS lavare tampone costituito da 0,1 M MOPS pH 7,0, 0,5 M NaCl e 0,1% Tween-20 per almeno 5 minuti o fino embrioni cadere sul fondo del pozzo. Anche in questo caso, è importante mescolare bene gli embrioni nel tampone di lavaggio pipettando gentilmente su e giù parecchie volte. Il tampone di lavaggio MOPS può essere utilizzato per 2 giorni se conservato a 4 ° C. <ol><li> Per 40 mL MOPS lavano uso di buffer da 4 ml 1 M MOPS pH 7,0, 4 ml 5 M di NaCl, 32 mL dH 2 O, e 40 ml di Tween-20. </li><li> Embrioni fissi possono essere conservati a 4 ° C per 2 giorni. NOTA: Se la memorizzazione di embrioni fisse più, quindi aggiungere lo 0,2% di sodio azide in MOPS tampone di lavaggio per prevenire la crescita batterica.</li></ol></li></ol></li><li> Pre-ibridazione <ol><li> Aspirare il MOPS tampone di lavaggio e aggiungere 180 ml di un rapporto di 2: 1 di MOPS tampone di lavaggio in tampone di ibridazione, mescolare embrioni nella soluzione delicatamente pipettaggio più volte, e incubare per almeno 20 minuti a temperatura ambiente. tampone di ibridazione consiste di 70% formammide, 0,1 M pH 7,0 MOPS, 0,5 M NaCl, 1 mg / ml BSA e 0,1% Tween-20. <ol><li> Per 40 mL uso tampone di ibridazione 4 ml 1 M MOPS pH 7,0, 4 ml 5 M di NaCl, 4 mL dH 2 O, 0,04 g BSA, e 40 ml di Tween-20. Mescolare bene nel vortex, aggiungere 28 ml di formammide, e vortex di nuovo. </li></ol></li><li> Rimuovere il rapporto 2: 1 di MOPS lavare e buffer di ibridazione e aggiungere 180 ml di un rapporto 1: 2 del MOPS tampone di lavaggio in tampone di ibridazione, mescolare embrioni nella soluzione, e incubare per almeno 20 minuti a temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Prima sonda di ibridazione mescolare delicatamente embrioni in 100 - 150 ml di buffer di ibridazione. Incubare embrioni a 50 ° C per almeno 1h. NOTA: incubazione degli embrioni durante la notte è accettabile. Prima di incubazione, sigillare i pozzetti con un foglio adesivo per evitare l&#39;evaporazione. </li></ol></li><li> ibridazione <ol><li> In un tubo separato aggiungere 0,1-0,3 ng / ml di sonda e 500 mg / ml di lievito tRNA in tampone di ibridazione, quindi vortice delicatamente per creare soluzione della sonda. tRNA lievito viene aggiunto alla soluzione della sonda di diminuire legame della sonda anti-senso non specifico. Riscaldare questa soluzione a 50 ° C, e il buffer aspirare ibridazione. </li><li> Mix embrioni pre-ibridizzati in 100 microlitri della soluzione della sonda, sigillare con un foglio adesivo, e ibridano a 50 ° C per 2 a 7 giorni a seconda della sonda (sonda foxq2 può essere incubato per 2 giorni). NOTA: i tempi di incubazione possono variare in base al largo della sonda. Alcuni geni espressi a livelli bassi richiedono fino a un&#39;incubazione di 7 giorni. piastre a 96 pozzetti possono essere collocati in una scatola di umidità come assicurazione contro l&#39;evaporazione se i ADHESScheda ive non riesce a sigillare correttamente. </li><li> Lavare 5 volte a 50 ° C con 180 ml di MOPS appena fatto il tampone di lavaggio per un totale di 3 ore. Poi, lavare 3 volte (15 min) con 180 ml di MOPS tampone di lavaggio a temperatura ambiente. Ricordarsi di mescolare gli embrioni nel tampone di lavaggio ogni volta pipettando delicatamente più volte. </li></ol></li><li> incubazione <ol><li> Aspirare il MOPS tampone di lavaggio e mescolare gli embrioni in 180 ml di tampone di bloccaggio composto da 10% di siero di pecora normale e 5 mg / ml di BSA in MOPS tampone di lavaggio e incubare per almeno 45 minuti a temperatura ambiente o 4 ° C durante la notte. </li><li> Rimuovere tampone di bloccaggio e poi mescolare gli embrioni in tampone di bloccaggio contenente una diluizione 1: 1.500 del alcalina anticorpo anti-digossigenina fosfatasi coniugato diluito in tampone di bloccaggio. Incubare per una notte a temperatura ambiente in un piatto sigillato per evitare l&#39;evaporazione. NOTA: Non lasciare anticorpo in più di una notte. </li><li> Lavare gli embrioni 6 volte (5 minuti o fino a quando gli embrioni drop) in MOPS tampone di lavaggio a temperatura ambiente. embrioni possonomemorizzare notte a 4 ° C. </li></ol></li><li> Nello sviluppo situ <ol><li> Lavare embrioni 3 volte (10 min) a temperatura ambiente con fresco tampone a pH 9.5 comprensivi di 0,1 M Tris pH 9,5, 100 mM NaCl, 50 mM MgCl 2, 1 mM Levamisolo, e 0,1% Tween-20. <ol><li> Per 20 mL pH 9.5 utilizzo del buffer 2 ml 1 M Tris pH 9.5, 400 ml 5M NaCl, 1 ml di 1 M MgCl 2, 20 microlitri Tween-20, 16,6 mL dH 2 O, e 0,0048 g Levamisolo. </li></ol></li><li> Incubare embrioni a 37 ° C in tampone colorazione riparo dalla luce. tampone colorazione consiste di 10% dimetilformammide, 4,5 microlitri / ml 4-nitro blu tetrazolio cloruro (NBT), e 3,5 microlitri / ml 5-Bromo-4-cloro-3-indolil-fosfato (BCIP) in appena fatta pH 9,5 tampone . <ol><li> Per 1 ml di tampone colorazione utilizzare il 100 microlitri dimetilformamide, 4,5 ml NBT, e 3,5 microlitri BCIP. </li></ol></li><li> Arrestare la reazione della fosfatasi alcalina lavando 3 a 5 volte in MOPS tampone di lavaggio. La connessione wi reazioneesimo la sonda foxq2 richiede in genere 30 minuti a 1 ora. Alcune sonde possono avere bisogno di incubazione durante la notte sia a RT o 4 ° C. </li><li> Mescolare embrioni in una soluzione di 70% di lavaggio MOPS e 30% glicerolo. Il glicerolo fornisce un indice di rifrazione necessaria per microscopia. Gli embrioni possono essere memorizzati in questa soluzione per diverse settimane. Sigillare le piastre con paraffina di plastica per evitare l&#39;evaporazione. </li></ol></li><li> Preparazione del vetrino e la cattura di immagini <ol><li> Preparare un vetrino organizzando tre piccole strisce di nastro biadesivo in un triangolo con piccoli spazi tra le strisce su un vetrino. </li><li> Trasferire gli embrioni nel lavaggio MOPS 70% e soluzione di glicerolo 30% al centro del triangolo e coprire con coprioggetto. </li><li> Sigillare il vetrino mediante l&#39;applicazione di uno strato di smalto intorno ai bordi del vetrino. </li><li> Catturare immagini utilizzando un microscopio ottico composto con un obiettivo 20X e una fotocamera collegata. </li></ol></li></ol>

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R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=LvNumb+works+synergistically+with+Notch+signaling+to+specify+non-skeletal+mesoderm+cells+in+the+sea+urchin+embryo.">LvNumb works synergistically with Notch signaling to specify non-skeletal mesoderm cells in the sea urchin embryo.</a> Development. 135, 2445-2454 (2008).</li><li>Range, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cis-regulatory+analysis+of+nodal+and+maternal+control+of+dorsal-ventral+axis+formation+by+Univin,+a+TGF-beta+related+to+Vg1.">Cis-regulatory analysis of nodal and maternal control of dorsal-ventral axis formation by Univin, a TGF-beta related to Vg1.</a> Development. 134, 3649-3664 (2007).</li><li>Warner, J. F., Miranda, E. L., McClay, D. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Contribution+of+hedgehog+signaling+to+the+establishment+of+left-right+asymmetry+in+the+sea+urchin.">Contribution of hedgehog signaling to the establishment of left-right asymmetry in the sea urchin.</a> Dev Biol. 411, 314-324 (2016).</li><li>Rottinger, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=FGF+signals+guide+migration+of+mesenchymal+cells,+control+skeletal+morphogenesis+[corrected]+and+regulate+gastrulation+during+sea+urchin+development.">FGF signals guide migration of mesenchymal cells, control skeletal morphogenesis [corrected] and regulate gastrulation during sea urchin development.</a> Development. 135, 353-365 (2008).</li><li>Warner, J. F., McCarthy, A. M., Morris, R. L., McClay, D. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hedgehog+signaling+requires+motile+cilia+in+the+sea+urchin.">Hedgehog signaling requires motile cilia in the sea urchin.</a> Mol Biol Evol. 31, 18-22 (2014).</li><li>Technau, U., Steele, R. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evolutionary+crossroads+in+developmental+biology.">Evolutionary crossroads in developmental biology.</a> Cnidaria. Development. 138, 1447-1458 (2011).</li><li>Yaguchi, J., Takeda, N., Inaba, K., Yaguchi, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cooperative+Wnt-Nodal+Signals+Regulate+the+Patterning+of+Anterior+Neuroectoderm.">Cooperative Wnt-Nodal Signals Regulate the Patterning of Anterior Neuroectoderm.</a> PLoS Genet. 12, e1006001 (2016).</li><li>Duboc, V., Rottinger, E., Besnardeau, L., Lepage, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nodal+and+BMP2/4+signaling+organizes+the+oral-aboral+axis+of+the+sea+urchin+embryo.">Nodal and BMP2/4 signaling organizes the oral-aboral axis of the sea urchin embryo.</a> Dev Cell. 6, 397-410 (2004).</li><li>Bradham, C. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chordin+is+required+for+neural+but+not+axial+development+in+sea+urchin+embryos.">Chordin is required for neural but not axial development in sea urchin embryos.</a> Dev Biol. 328, 221-233 (2009).</li><li>Su, Y. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gene+regulatory+networks+for+ectoderm+specification+in+sea+urchin+embryos.">Gene regulatory networks for ectoderm specification in sea urchin embryos.</a> Biochimica et biophysica acta. 1789, 261-267 (2009).</li><li>Lin, C. Y., Su, Y. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genome+editing+in+sea+urchin+embryos+by+using+a+CRISPR/Cas9+system.">Genome editing in sea urchin embryos by using a CRISPR/Cas9 system.</a> Dev Biol. 409, 420-428 (2016).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

La metodologia qui presentata è un esempio che illustra il potere di usare embrioni con una minore complessità genomica e morfologica di vertebrati per capire le vie di segnalazione di trasduzione e GRN regolano meccanismi di sviluppo fondamentali .. Molti laboratori stanno utilizzando dosaggi simili durante lo sviluppo precoce riccio di mare a sezionare il coinvolti in percorsi di altri eventi di specifica destino della cellula di segnalazione (ad esempio Notch, Riccio, TGF-β, e la segnalazione FGF) <sup cl...

reti gene regolatore (GRN) e vie di trasduzione del segnale stabiliscono l&#39;espressione spaziale e temporale dei geni durante lo sviluppo embrionale, che vengono utilizzati per costruire il piano di adulti corpo animale. Cell-a-cella trasduzione del segnale sono componenti essenziali di queste reti di regolazione, fornendo i mezzi con cui le cellule comunicano. Queste interazioni cellulari stabilire e perfezionare l&#39;espressione di geni regolatori e differenziazione nei e tra i diversi territori durante l&#39;embriogenesi 1, 2. Le interazioni tra i modulatori secreti extracellulari (ligandi, antagonisti), recettori, e co-recettori controllano le attività delle vie di trasduzione del segnale. Un assortimento di molecole intracellulari transduces questi ingressi conseguente alterata espressione genica, divisione, e / o la forma di una cellula. Mentre molte delle molecole chiave utilizzati ai livelli extracellulari e intracellulari nelle principali vie sononoto, è una conoscenza incompleta dovuto in gran parte alla complessità delle vie di segnalazione individuali. Inoltre, diverse vie di segnalazione spesso interagiscono tra loro positivamente o negativamente al extracellulare, intracellulare e livelli trascrizionali 3, 4, 5, 6. È importante sottolineare che i componenti di base delle vie di trasduzione del segnale sono altamente conservati in tutte le specie metazoi, e, straordinariamente, la maggior parte delle vie di segnalazione spesso svolgono funzioni di sviluppo simili in molte specie quando si confrontano gli organismi da phyla strettamente correlati, in particolare 7, 8, 9, 10, 11. Lo studio di segnalazione durante lo sviluppo è un compito arduo in qualsiasi organismo, e cisono diverse sfide significative per studiare percorsi di segnalazione nella maggior parte dei modelli deuterostomi (vertebrati, cordati invertebrati, hemichordata, ed echinodermi): 1) Nei vertebrati ci sono un gran numero di possibili ligando e recettore / co-modulatore, molecole di trasduzione intracellulare, così come potenziali interazioni tra diverse vie di segnalazione a causa della complessità del genoma 12, 13, 14; 2) La morfologia complessa e movimenti morfogenetici nei vertebrati spesso rendono più difficile interpretare le interazioni funzionali e tra le vie di trasduzione del segnale; 3) Analisi in maggior parte delle specie modello invertebrato deuterostomi non echinoderma sono limitate da brevi finestre gravidity con l&#39;eccezione di alcune specie tunicate 15, 16. Ilriccio di mare embrione ha alcune delle limitazioni di cui sopra ed offre molte qualità uniche per l&#39;esecuzione di un&#39;analisi dettagliata delle vie di trasduzione del segnale in vivo. Questi sono i seguenti: 1) La relativa semplicità del genoma riccio riduce significativamente il numero di possibili ligando, recettore / co-recettore e molecola di trasduzione intracellulare interazioni 17; 2) I GRN che controllano la specifica e patterning degli strati germinali e le principali assi embrionali sono ben stabiliti in embrioni di riccio di mare, aiutando la comprensione del contesto normativo della cella / territorio, che riceve i segnali 18, 19; 3) Molti vie di trasduzione del segnale possono essere studiati tra gli stadi scissione e gastrula quando gli embrioni sono costituiti da un singolo strato dell&#39;epitelio la cui morfologia è più facile da analizzare; 4) Le molecole comportanod in vie di segnalazione nei ricci di mare sono facilmente manipolati; 5) Molti ricci di mare sono gravide per 10 a 11 mesi l&#39;anno (ad esempio Strongylocentrotus purpuratus e Lytechinus variegatus). Qui, vi presentiamo un metodo per caratterizzare in modo sistematico ed efficiente componenti delle vie di segnalazione che specificano e territori del modello negli embrioni di riccio di mare per illustrare i vantaggi che diversi sistemi modello invertebrati offrono nello studio dei meccanismi molecolari complessi.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Translational-blocking morpholino and/or splice-blocking morpholino</td>
			<td>Gene Tools LLC</td>
			<td>Customized</td>
			<td>More information at www.gene-tools.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycerol</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>15514-011</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FITC (dextran fluorescein isothiocyanate)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen, Life Technologies</td>
			<td>D1821</td>
			<td>Make 25mg/mL stock solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraformaldehyde 16% solution EM Grade</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td>15710</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MOPS</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>M1254-250G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tween-20</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>23336-0010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Formamide</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>47671-1L-F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Yeast tRNA</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>15401-029</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Normal Goat Serum</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>G9023-10mL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alkaline Phosphatase-conjugated anti-digoxigenin antibody</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>11 093 274 910</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tetramisole hydrochloride (levamisole)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>L9756-5G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris Base UltraPure</td>
			<td>Research Products Internationall Corp</td>
			<td>56-40-6</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Chloride</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP358-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnesium chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>7786-30-3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BCIP (5-Bromo-4-Chloro-3-indolyl-phosphate</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>11 383 221 001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4 Nitro blue tetrazolium chloride (NBT)</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>11 383 213 001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dimethyl Formamide</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>D4551-500mL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium Chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>P9541-5KG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Bicarbonate</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>S5761-500G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnesium Sulfate</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>M7506-2KG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Calcium Chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>C1016-500G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

the power of simplicity: sea urchin embryos as in vivo developmental models for studying complex cell-to-cell signaling network interactions

Remarkably few cell-to-cell signal transduction pathways are necessary during embryonic development to generate the large variety of cell types and tissues in the adult body form. Yet, each year more components of individual signaling pathways are discovered, and studies indicate that depending on the context there is significant cross-talk among most of these pathways. This complexity makes studying cell-to-cell signaling in any in vivo developmental model system a difficult task. In addition, efficient functional analyses are required to characterize molecules associated with signaling pathways identified from the large data sets generated by next generation differential screens. Here, we illustrate a straightforward method to efficiently identify components of signal transduction pathways governing cell fate and axis specification in sea urchin embryos. The genomic and morphological simplicity of embryos similar to those of the sea urchin make them powerful in vivo developmental models for understanding complex signaling interactions. The methodology described here can be used as a template for identifying novel signal transduction molecules in individual pathways as well as the interactions among the molecules in the various pathways in many other organisms.

Nell&#39;embrione riccio di mare abbiamo dimostrato che 3 diverse di segnalazione Wnt rami (Wnt / β-catenina, Wnt / JNK, e Wnt / PKC) 4, 25 interagiscono per formare una rete di segnalazione Wnt che governa antero-posteriore (AP) patterning. Una delle più importanti conseguenze di questi eventi di segnalazione è che il ampiamente espresso anteriore neuroectoderma (ANE) GRN iniziale diventa limitato ad un piccolo territorio att...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Power of Simplicity: Sea Urchin Embryos as in Vivo Developmental Models for Studying Complex Cell-to-cell Signaling Network Interactions at JoVE.com

The Power of Simplicity: Sea Urchin Embryos as in Vivo Developmental Models for Studying Complex Cell-to-cell Signaling Network Interactions

Questo articolo descrive il video di una semplice metodologia vivo che può essere utilizzata per caratterizzare in modo sistematico ed efficiente componenti di vie di segnalazione complessi e reti di regolazione in molti embrioni invertebrati.

La forza della semplicità: Sea Urchin embrioni<em&gt; In Vivo</em&gt; Modelli di sviluppo per lo studio delle cellule cellula-Complex segnalazione di rete Interazioni

Remarkably few cell-to-cell signal transduction pathways are necessary during embryonic development to generate the large variety of cell types and ...

The overall goal of these experiments is to illustrate the advantages that simple organisms offer in the study of complex interactions among gene regulatory networks that direct developmental processes.This methodology can help answer key questions in evolutionary and developmental biology, such as how signaling pathways govern cell fate specification along the major embryonic axes in metazoans.One of the main advantages of this methodology is it can be used to efficiently characterize the signaling pathways and the gene regulatory networks that they activate in an in vivo developmental context.Demonstrating this procedure will be Marina Martinez-Bartolom

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The Power of Simplicity: Sea Urchin Embryos as in Vivo Developmental Models for Studying Complex Cell-to-cell Signaling Network Interactions

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Principles of Cell Signaling

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7.8K Views.  Mississippi State University. The overall goal of these experiments is to illustrate the advantages that simple organisms offer in the study of complex interactions among gene regulatory networks that direct developmental processes.This methodology can help answer key questions in evolutionary and developmental biology, such as how signaling pathways govern cell fate specification along the major embryonic axes in metazoans.One of the main advantages of this methodology is it can be used to efficiently characterize the si...

Video: The Power of Simplicity: Sea Urchin Embryos as in Vivo Developmental Models for Studying Complex Cell-to-cell Signaling Network Interactions

Protocols for Obtaining Zygotic and Somatic Embryos for Studying the Regulation of Early Embryo Development in the Model Legume Medicago truncatula

Early embryogenesis starting from a single cell zygote goes through rapid cell division and morphogenesis, and is morphologically characterized by pre-globular, globular, heart, torpedo and cotyledon stages. This progressive development is under the tight regulation of a complex molecular network. Harvesting sufficient early embryos at a similar stage of development is essential for investigating the cellular and molecular regulation of early embryogenesis. This is not straightforward since early embryogenesis undergoes rapid morphogenesis in a short while e.g. 8 days for Medicago truncatula to reach the early cotyledon stage. Here, we address the issue by two approaches. The first one establishes a linkage between embryo development and pod morphology in helping indicate the stage of the zygotic embryo. This is particularly based on the number of pod spirals and development of the spines. An alternative way to complement the in vivo studies is via culturing leaf explants to produce somatic embryos. The medium includes an unusual hormone combination - an auxin (1-naphthaleneacetic acid), a cytokinin (6-benzylaminopurine), abscisic acid and gibberellic acid. The different stages can be discerned growing out of the callus without dissection.

Protocols for Obtaining Zygotic and Somatic Embryos for Studying the Regulation of Early Embryo Development in the Model Legume Medicago truncatula

The goal is to illustrate that the model legume Medicago truncatula can be readily utilized to investigate the regulation of early plant embryogenesis to complement the non-legume Arabidopsis model. Pod morphology is linked to zygotic embryogenesis stages and a protocol to collect embryos using tissue culture is also provided.

Protocolli per ottenere Zygotic e Somatic embrioni per lo studio della regolazione dello sviluppo embrionale precoce nel Modello leguminose<em&gt; Medicago truncatula</em

Early embryogenesis starting from a single cell zygote goes through rapid cell division and morphogenesis, and is morphologically characterized by ...

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Characterization of Thymic Settling Progenitors in the Mouse Embryo Using In Vivo and In Vitro Assays

Characterizing thymic settling progenitors is important to understand the pre-thymic stages of T cell development, essential to devise strategies for T cell replacement in lymphopenic patients. We studied thymic settling progenitors from murine embryonic day 13 and 18 thymi by two complementary in vitro and in vivo techniques, both based on the &#8220;hanging drop&#8221; method. This method allowed colonizing irradiated fetal thymic lobes with E13 and/or E18 thymic progenitors distinguished by CD45 allotypic markers and thus following their progeny. Colonization with mixed populations allows analyzing cell autonomous differences in biologic properties of the progenitors while colonization with either population removes possible competitive selective pressures. The colonized thymic lobes can also be grafted in immunodeficient male recipient mice allowing the analysis of the mature T cell progeny in vivo, such as population dynamics of the peripheral immune system and colonization of different tissues and organs. Fetal thymic organ cultures revealed that E13 progenitors developed rapidly into all mature CD3+ cells and gave rise to the canonical &#947;&#948; T cell subset, known as dendritic epithelial T cells. In comparison, E18 progenitors have a delayed differentiation and were unable to generate dendritic epithelial T cells. The monitoring of peripheral blood of thymus-grafted CD3-/- mice further showed that E18 thymic settling progenitors generate, with time, larger numbers of mature T cells than their E13 counterparts, a feature that could not be appreciated in the short term fetal thymic organ cultures.

Characterization of Thymic Settling Progenitors in the Mouse Embryo Using In Vivo and In Vitro Assays

This article describes in vivo and in vitro methodology to characterize the thymic settling progenitors by the analysis of the kinetics of generation, phenotype and numbers of their T cell progeny.

Caratterizzazione di timica assestamento Progenitori nell&#39;embrione mouse Uso<em&gt; In Vivo</em&gt; E<em&gt; In Vitro</em&gt; Saggi

Characterizing thymic settling progenitors is important to understand the pre-thymic stages of T cell development, essential to devise strategies for T ...

Studying Wnt Signaling During Patterning of Conducting Airways

Wnt signaling pathways play critical roles during development of the respiratory tract. Defining precise mechanisms of differentiation and morphogenesis controlled by Wnt signaling is required to understand how tissues are patterned during normal development. This knowledge is also critical to determine the etiology of birth defects such as lung hypoplasia and tracheobronchomalacia. Analysis of earliest stages of development of respiratory tract imposes challenges, as the limited amount of tissue prevents the performance of standard protocols better suited for postnatal studies. In this paper, we discuss methodologies to study cell differentiation and proliferation in the respiratory tract. We describe techniques such as whole mount staining, processing of the tissue for confocal microscopy and immunofluorescence in paraffin sections applied to developing tracheal lung. We also discuss methodologies for the study of tracheal mesenchyme differentiation, in particular cartilage formation. Approaches and techniques discussed in the current paper circumvent the limitation of material while working with embryonic tissue, allowing for a better understanding of the patterning process of developing conducting airways.

The use of reporter mice coupled to whole mount and section staining, microscopy and in vivo assays facilitates the analysis of mechanisms underlying the normal patterning of the respiratory tract. Here we describe how these techniques contributed to the analysis of Wnt signaling during tracheal development.

Studiare Wnt segnalazione Durante Patterning di condurre Airways

Wnt signaling pathways play critical roles during development of the respiratory tract. Defining precise mechanisms of differentiation and morphogenesis ...

Inducing Complete Polyp Regeneration from the Aboral Physa of the Starlet Sea Anemone Nematostella vectensis

Cnidarians, and specifically Hydra, were the first animals shown to regenerate damaged or severed structures, and indeed such studies arguably launched modern biological inquiry through the work of Trembley more than 250 years ago. Presently the study of regeneration has seen a resurgence using both &#34;classic&#34; regenerative organisms, such as the Hydra, planaria and Urodeles, as well as a widening spectrum of species spanning the range of metazoa, from sponges through mammals. Besides its intrinsic interest as a biological phenomenon, understanding how regeneration works in a variety of species will inform us about whether regenerative processes share common features and/or species or context-specific cellular and molecular mechanisms. The starlet sea anemone, Nematostella vectensis, is an emerging model organism for regeneration. Like Hydra, Nematostella is a member of the ancient phylum, cnidaria, but within the class anthozoa, a sister clade to the hydrozoa that is evolutionarily more basal. Thus aspects of regeneration in Nematostella will be interesting to compare and contrast with those of Hydra and other cnidarians. In this article, we present a method to bisect, observe and classify regeneration of the aboral end of the Nematostella adult, which is called the physa. The physa naturally undergoes fission as a means of asexual reproduction, and either natural fission or manual amputation of the physa triggers re-growth and reformation of complex morphologies. Here we have codified these simple morphological changes in a Nematostella Regeneration Staging System (the NRSS). We use the NRSS to test the effects of chloroquine, an inhibitor of lysosomal function that blocks autophagy. The results show that the regeneration of polyp structures, particularly the mesenteries, is abnormal when autophagy is inhibited.

Inducing Complete Polyp Regeneration from the Aboral Physa of the Starlet Sea Anemone Nematostella vectensis

Here we demonstrate how to induce and monitor regeneration in the Starlet Sea Anemone Nematostella vectensis, a model cnidarian anthozoan. We demonstrate how to amputate and categorize regeneration using a morphological staging system, and we use this system to reveal a requirement for autophagy in regenerating polyp structures.

Indurre completa Polyp Rigenerazione dal aboral Physa della Starlet Anemone di mare<em&gt; Vectensis Nematostella</em

Cnidarians, and specifically Hydra, were the first animals shown to regenerate damaged or severed structures, and indeed such studies arguably launched ...

Drug Treatment and In Vivo Imaging of Osteoblast-Osteoclast Interactions in a Medaka Fish Osteoporosis Model

Bone-forming osteoblasts interact with bone-resorbing osteoclasts to coordinate the turnover of bone matrix and to control skeletal homeostasis. Medaka and zebrafish larvae are widely used to analyze the behavior of bone cells during bone formation, degeneration, and repair. Their optical clarity allows the visualization of fluorescently labeled bone cells and fluorescent dyes bound to the mineralized skeletal matrix. Our lab has generated transgenic medaka fish that express the osteoclast-inducing factor Receptor Activator of Nuclear-factor &#954;B Ligand (RANKL) under the control of a heat&#160;shock-inducible promoter. Ectopic expression of RANKL results in the excess formation of activated osteoclasts, which can be visualized in reporter lines with nlGFP expression under the control of the cathepsin K (ctsk) promoter. RANKL induction and ectopic osteoclast formation leads to severe osteoporosis-like phenotypes. Compound transgenic medaka lines that express ctsk:nlGFP in osteoclasts, as well as mCherry under the control of the osterix (osx) promoter in premature osteoblasts, can be used to study the interaction of both cell types. This facilitates the in vivo observation of cellular behavior under conditions of bone degeneration and repair. Here, we describe the use of this system to test a drug commonly used in human osteoporosis therapy and describe a protocol for live imaging. The medaka model complements studies in cell culture and mice, and offers a novel system for the in vivo analysis of drug action in the skeletal system.

Drug Treatment and In Vivo Imaging of Osteoblast-Osteoclast Interactions in a Medaka Fish Osteoporosis Model

Small laboratory fish have become popular models for bone research on the mechanisms underlying human bone disorders and for the screening of bone-modulating drugs. In this report, we describe a protocol to assess the effect of alendronate on bone cells in medaka larvae with osteoporotic lesions.

Il trattamento di droga e<em&gt; In Vivo</em&gt; Imaging di osteoblasti-osteoclasti interazioni in un modello di Medaka pesce osteoporosi

Bone-forming osteoblasts interact with bone-resorbing osteoclasts to coordinate the turnover of bone matrix and to control skeletal homeostasis. Medaka ...

In Vivo Imaging of Transgenic Gene Expression in Individual Retinal Progenitors in Chimeric Zebrafish Embryos to Study Cell Nonautonomous Influences

The genetic and technical strengths have made the zebrafish vertebrate a key model organism in which the consequences of gene manipulations can be traced in vivo throughout the rapid developmental period. Multiple processes can be studied including cell proliferation, gene expression, cell migration and morphogenesis. Importantly, the generation of chimeras through transplantations can be easily performed, allowing mosaic labeling and tracking of individual cells under the influence of the host environment. For example, by combining functional gene manipulations of the host embryo (e.g., through morpholino microinjection) and live imaging, the effects of extrinsic, cell nonautonomous signals (provided by the genetically modified environment) on individual transplanted donor cells can be assessed. Here we demonstrate how this approach is used to compare the onset of fluorescent transgene expression as a proxy for the timing of cell fate determination in different genetic host environments.
In this article, we provide the protocol for microinjecting zebrafish embryos to mark donor cells and to cause gene knockdown in host embryos, a description of the transplantation technique used to generate chimeric embryos, and the protocol for preparing and running in vivo time-lapse confocal imaging of multiple embryos. In particular, performing multiposition imaging is crucial when comparing timing of events such as the onset of gene expression. This requires data collection from multiple control and experimental embryos processed simultaneously. Such an approach can easily be extended for studies of extrinsic influences in any organ or tissue of choice accessible to live imaging, provided that transplantations can be targeted easily according to established embryonic fate maps.

In Vivo Imaging of Transgenic Gene Expression in Individual Retinal Progenitors in Chimeric Zebrafish Embryos to Study Cell Nonautonomous Influences

Live tracking of individual WT retinal progenitors in distinct genetic backgrounds allows for the assessment of the contribution of cell non-autonomous signaling during neurogenesis. Here, a combination of gene knockdown, chimera generation via embryo transplantation and in vivo time-lapse confocal imaging was utilized for this purpose.

Imaging in vivo del transgenico espressione genica nei singoli retinica Progenitori in embrioni di zebrafish Chimerico da Cell studio Influenze non autonomo

The genetic and technical strengths have made the zebrafish vertebrate a key model organism in which the consequences of gene manipulations can be traced ...

Live Imaging of Mouse Secondary Palate Fusion

The fusion of the secondary palatal shelves to form the intact secondary palate is a key process in mammalian development and its disruption can lead to cleft secondary palate, a common congenital anomaly in humans. Secondary palate fusion has been extensively studied leading to several proposed cellular mechanisms that may mediate this process. However, these studies have been mostly performed on fixed embryonic tissues at progressive timepoints during development or in fixed explant cultures analyzed at static timepoints. Static analysis is limited for the analysis of dynamic morphogenetic processes such a palate fusion and what types of dynamic cellular behaviors mediate palatal fusion is incompletely understood. Here we describe a protocol for live imaging of ex vivo secondary palate fusion in mouse embryos. To examine cellular behaviors of palate fusion, epithelial-specific Keratin14-cre was used to label palate epithelial cells in ROSA26-mTmGflox reporter embryos. To visualize filamentous actin, Lifeact-mRFPruby reporter mice were used. Live imaging of secondary palate fusion was performed by dissecting recently-adhered secondary palatal shelves of embryonic day (E) 14.5 stage embryos and culturing in agarose-containing media on a glass bottom dish to enable imaging with an inverted confocal microscope. Using this method, we have detected a variety of novel cellular behaviors during secondary palate fusion. An appreciation of how distinct cell behaviors are coordinated in space and time greatly contributes to our understanding of this dynamic morphogenetic process. This protocol can be applied to mutant mouse lines, or cultures treated with pharmacological inhibitors to further advance understanding of how secondary palate fusion is controlled.

Here, we present a protocol for live imaging of mouse secondary palate fusion using confocal microscopy. This protocol can be used in combination with a variety of fluorescent reporter mouse lines, and with pathway inhibitors for mechanistic insight. This protocol can be adapted for live imaging in other developmental systems.

Imaging Live di Mouse Seconda Palate Fusion

The fusion of the secondary palatal shelves to form the intact secondary palate is a key process in mammalian development and its disruption can lead to ...

Visualizing the Node and Notochordal Plate In Gastrulating Mouse Embryos Using Scanning Electron Microscopy and Whole Mount Immunofluorescence

The post-implantation mouse embryo undergoes major shape changes after the initiation of gastrulation and morphogenesis. A hallmark of morphogenesis is the formation of the transient organizers, the node and notochordal plate, from cells that have passed through the primitive streak. The proper formation of these signaling centers is essential for the development of the body plan and techniques to visualize them are of high interest to mouse developmental biologists. The node and notochordal plate lie on the ventral surface of gastrulating mouse embryos around embryonic day (E) 7.5 of development. The node is a cup-shaped structure whose cells possess a single slender cilium each. The proper subcellular localization and rotation of the cilia in the node pit determines left-right asymmetry. The notochordal plate cells also possess single cilia albeit shorter than those of the node cells. The notochordal plate forms the notochord which acts as an important signaling organizer for somitogenesis and neural patterning. Because the cells of the node and notochordal plate are transiently present on the surface and possess cilia, they can be visualized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Among other techniques used to visualize these structures at the cellular level is whole mount immunofluorescence (WMIF) using the antibodies against the proteins that are highly expressed in the node and notochordal plate. In this report, we describe our optimized protocols to perform SEM and WMIF of the node and notochordal plate in developing mouse embryos to help in the assessment of tissue shape and cellular organization in wild-type and gastrulation mutant embryos.

The node and notochordal plate are transient signaling organizers in developing mouse embryos that can be visualized using several techniques. Here, we describe in detail how to perform two of the techniques to study their structure and morphogenesis: 1) scanning electron microscopy (SEM); and 2) whole mount immunofluorescence (WMIF).

Visualizzare il nodo e la piastra Notochordal In embrioni di topo Gastrulating mediante microscopia elettronica a scansione e intero Monte immunofluorescenza

The post-implantation mouse embryo undergoes major shape changes after the initiation of gastrulation and morphogenesis. A hallmark of morphogenesis is ...

Assessment of Oxidative Damage in the Primary Mouse Ocular Surface Cells/Stem Cells in Response to Ultraviolet-C (UV-C) Damage

The ocular surface is subjected to regular wear and tear due to various environmental factors. Exposure to UV-C radiation constitutes an occupational health hazard. Here, we demonstrate the exposure of primary stem cells from the mouse ocular surface to UV-C radiation. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation is the readout of the extent of oxidative stress/damage. In an experimental in vitro setting, it is also essential to assess the percentage of dead cells generated due to oxidative stress. In this article, we will demonstrate the 2&#39;,7&#39;-Dichlorofluoresceindiacetate (DCFDA) staining of UV-C exposed mouse primary ocular surface stem cells and their quantification based on the fluorescent images of DCFDA staining. DCFDA staining directly corresponds to ROS generation. We also demonstrate the quantification of dead and live cells by simultaneous staining with propidium iodide (PI) and Hoechst 3332 respectively and the percentage of DCFDA (ROS positive) and PI positive cells.

Assessment of Oxidative Damage in the Primary Mouse Ocular Surface Cells/Stem Cells in Response to Ultraviolet-C UV-C Damage

This protocol demonstrates the simultaneous detection of reactive oxygen species (ROS), live cells, and dead cells in live primary cultures from mouse ocular surface cells. 2&#39;,7&#39;-Dichlorofluoresceindiacetate, propidium iodide, and Hoechst staining are used to assess the ROS, dead cells, and live cells, respectively, followed by imaging and analysis.

Valutazione dei danni ossidativi nelle cellule primarie della superficie oculare del topo/cellule staminali in risposta ai danni ultravioletti-C (UV-C)

The ocular surface is subjected to regular wear and tear due to various environmental factors. Exposure to UV-C radiation constitutes an occupational ...

A Layered Mounting Method for Extended Time-Lapse Confocal Microscopy of Whole Zebrafish Embryos

Dynamics of development can be followed by confocal time-lapse microscopy of live transgenic zebrafish embryos expressing fluorescence in specific tissues or cells. A difficulty with imaging whole embryo development is that zebrafish embryos grow substantially in length. When mounted as regularly done in 0.3-1% low melt agarose, the agarose imposes growth restriction, leading to distortions in the soft embryo body. Yet, to perform confocal time-lapse microscopy, the embryo must be immobilized. This article describes a layered mounting method for zebrafish embryos that restrict the motility of the embryos while allowing for the unrestricted growth. The mounting is performed in layers of agarose at different concentrations. To demonstrate the usability of this method, whole embryo vascular, neuronal and muscle development was imaged in transgenic fish for 55 consecutive hours. This mounting method can be used for easy, low-cost imaging of whole zebrafish embryos using inverted microscopes without requirements of molds or special equipment.

This article describes a method to mount fragile zebrafish embryos for extended time-lapse confocal microscopy. This low-cost method is easy to perform using regular glass-bottom microscopy dishes for imaging on any inverted microscope. The mounting is performed in layers of agarose at different concentrations.

Un metodo di montaggio a strati per la microscopia confocale Time-Lapse estesa di embrioni di pesci zebra interi

Dynamics of development can be followed by confocal time-lapse microscopy of live transgenic zebrafish embryos expressing fluorescence in specific tissues ...