Sviluppo di questo paradigma è stato sostenuto dal fondo di Neuroscienze Cognitive terapeutico e Benjamin e orjon Miller famiglia Endowment su invecchiamento, Alzheimer e ricerca sull'autismo.

<ol>
	<li>Tager-Flusberg, H., Paul, R., Lord, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Language+and+communication+in+autism.">Language and communication in autism.</a> Handbook of Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorders. , 335-364 (2005).</li><li>Kamio, Y., Robins, D., Kelley, E., Swainson, B., Fein, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Atypical+Lexical/Semantic+Processing+in+High-Functioning+Autism+Spectrum+Disorders+without+Early+Language+Delay.">Atypical Lexical/Semantic Processing in High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders without Early Language Delay.</a> Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 37, 1116-1122 (2007).</li><li>McCleery, J. P., Ceponiene, R., Burner, K. 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D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Event-Related+Potentials+and+the+Semantic+Matching+of+Pictures.">Event-Related Potentials and the Semantic Matching of Pictures.</a> Brain and Cognition. , 201-212 (1990).</li><li>Hamm, J. P., Johnson, B. W., Kirk, I. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+the+N300+and+N400+ERPs+to+picture+stimuli+in+congruent+and+incongruent+contexts.">Comparison of the N300 and N400 ERPs to picture stimuli in congruent and incongruent contexts.</a> Clinical Neurophysiology. 212, 1339-1350 (2002).</li><li>Ganis, G., Kutas, M., Sereno, M. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+search+for+&amp;#34;common+sense&amp;#34;:+an+electrophysiological+study+of+the+comprehension+of+words+and+pictures+in+reading.">The search for &amp;#34;common sense&amp;#34;: an electrophysiological study of the comprehension of words and pictures in reading.</a> Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 8 (2), 89-106 (1996).</li><li>Nigam, A., Hoffman, J. E., Simons, R. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=N400+to+Semantically+Anomalous+Pictures+and+Words.">N400 to Semantically Anomalous Pictures and Words.</a> Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 4 (1), 15-22 (1992).</li><li>Coltheart, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+MRC+psycholinguistic+database.">The MRC psycholinguistic database.</a> Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. 33A, 497-505 (1981).</li><li>Brysbaert, M., New, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Moving+beyond+Kucera+and+Francis:+A+critical+evaluation+of+current+word+frequency+norms+and+the+introduction+of+a+new+and+improved+word+frequency+measure+for+American+English.">Moving beyond Kucera and Francis: A critical evaluation of current word frequency norms and the introduction of a new and improved word frequency measure for American English.</a> Behavior Research Methods. 41 (4), 977-990 (2009).</li><li>Davies, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The Corpus of Contemporary American English: 450 million words, 1990-present. , (2009).</li><li>Zuccolotto, A. P., Roush, R. E., Eschman, A., Schneider, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> E-Prime 2.0 Getting Started Guide. , (2012).</li><li>Duncan, C. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Event-related+potentials+in+clinical+research:+Guidelines+for+eliciting,+recording,+and+quantifying+mismatch+negativity,+P300,+and+N400.">Event-related potentials in clinical research: Guidelines for eliciting, recording, and quantifying mismatch negativity, P300, and N400.</a> Clinical Neurophysiology. 120 (11), 1883-1908 (2009).</li><li>Tools, P. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> E-Prime Extensions for Net Station 2.0 User Manual. , (2014).</li><li>Electrical Geodesics Inc. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Net Station 5 User Manual. , (2017).</li><li>Tanner, D., Morgan-Short, K., Luck, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=How+inappropriate+high-pass+filters+can+produce+artifactual+effects+and+incorrect+conclusions+in+ERP+studies+of+language+and+cognition.">How inappropriate high-pass filters can produce artifactual effects and incorrect conclusions in ERP studies of language and cognition.</a> Psychophysiology. 52 (8), 997-1009 (2015).</li><li>Dien, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Issues+in+the+application+of+the+average+reference:+Review,+critiques,+and+recommendation.">Issues in the application of the average reference: Review, critiques, and recommendation.</a> Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers. 30 (1), 34-43 (1998).</li><li>Dien, J., Franklin, M. S., May, C. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Is+&amp;#34;Blank&amp;#34;+a+suitable+neutral+prime+for+event-related+potential+experiments?.">Is &amp;#34;Blank&amp;#34; a suitable neutral prime for event-related potential experiments?.</a> Brain and Language. 97, 91-101 (2006).</li><li>Franklin, M. S., Dien, J., Neely, J. H., Huber, E., Waterson, L. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Semantic+priming+modulates+the+N400,+N300,+and+N400RP.">Semantic priming modulates the N400, N300, and N400RP.</a> Clinical Neurophysiology. 118 (5), 1053-1068 (2007).</li><li>Luck, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> An Introduction to the Event-Related Potential Technique. , (2005).</li><li>Groppe, D. M., Urbach, T. P., Kutas, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mass+univariate+analysis+of+event-related+brain+potentials/fields+I:+A+critical+tutorial+review.">Mass univariate analysis of event-related brain potentials/fields I: A critical tutorial review.</a> Psychophysiology. 48, 1711-1725 (2011).</li><li>Tanner, D., Van Hell, J. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ERPs+reveal+individual+differences+in+morphosyntactic+processing.">ERPs reveal individual differences in morphosyntactic processing.</a> Neuropsychologia. 56, 289-301 (2014).</li><li>D'Arcy, R. C. N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrophysiological+assessment+of+language+function+following+stroke.">Electrophysiological assessment of language function following stroke.</a> Clinical Neurophysiology. 114 (4), 662-672 (2003).</li><li>P&#233;rez Vel&#225;zquez, J. L., Gal&#225;n, R. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Information+gain+in+the+brain's+resting+state:+A+new+perspective+on+autism.">Information gain in the brain's resting state: A new perspective on autism.</a> Frontiers in Neuroinformatics. 7 (37), 1-10 (2013).</li><li>Davis, G., Plaisted-Grant, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Low+endogenous+neural+noise+in+autism.">Low endogenous neural noise in autism.</a> Autism. 19 (3), 351-362 (2015).</li><li>Ledoux, K., Coderre, E. L., Bosley, L., Buz, E., Gangopadhyay, I., Gordon, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+concurrent+use+of+three+implicit+measures+(eye+movements,+pupillometry,+and+event-related+potentials)+to+assess+receptive+vocabulary+knowledge+in+normal+adults.">The concurrent use of three implicit measures (eye movements, pupillometry, and event-related potentials) to assess receptive vocabulary knowledge in normal adults.</a> Behavior Research Methods. 48 (1), 285-305 (2016).</li><li>Matson, J. L., Shoemaker, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intellectual+disability+and+its+relationship+to+autism+spectrum+disorders.">Intellectual disability and its relationship to autism spectrum disorders.</a> Research in Developmental Disabilities. 30 (6), 1107-1114 (2009).</li></ol>

L'autore non ha nulla di divulgare.

Il presente libro è segnalata fasi critiche nello sviluppo di un paradigma ERP di priming semantico con immagine e parola stimoli per esplorare i deficit di elaborazione semantica in individui con ASD. Passaggi principali includono gli stimoli di creazione, l'attività di programmazione e l'esecuzione EEG test e analisi. La parte più lunga di questa procedura rischia di essere la creazione di stimoli, in quanto ciò richiede attenta corrispondenza tra e all'interno di coppie di stimolo, condizioni e modalità su variab...

Ricercatori in psicologia cognitiva sono stati a lungo interessati a come la gente capisce il significato del linguaggio. Elaborazione del linguaggio comporta una sequenza di fasi di crescente complessità, da lettera e parola di riconoscimento, per l'elaborazione semantica, per l'analisi sintattica. L'elaborazione semantica si intende l'accesso il significato di uno stimolo, sia esso una parola, un'immagine o suono. Dopo gli esordi del riconoscimento iniziale, accesso di significato di una parola, o semantica, è una tappa cruciale nell'elaborazione del linguaggio. Integrazione semantica si riferisce al processo di integrazione il significato degli stimoli per capire le loro relazioni ed è cruciale per il livello superiore di elaborazione quali frasi di comprensione del linguaggio. Non solo il significato di ogni parola in una frase deve necessariamente essere letta, ma i significati di ogni singola parola devono essere integrate per formare una coerente comprensione del significato della frase, o "succo".
Gli individui con disturbo dello spettro autistico (ASD) hanno spesso i deficit significativi in lingua comprensione1. C'è una certa prova che suggerisce che queste difficoltà derivano da deficit nell'elaborazione semantica e integrazione2,3,4. Tuttavia, altri studi hanno suggerito che gli individui con ASD non mostrano deficit di elaborazione semantica quando materiali sono presentati in non-linguistiche (ad es., visivo o uditivo) modalità3,5,6 . Tali risultati suggeriscono che i deficit di elaborazione semantica in ASD possono essere limitati alla linguistica (cioè, scritto o parlato) modalità. Come tale, gli approcci che differenti modalità di contrasto possono fornire la comprensione nella misura in cui deficit di elaborazione semantica sono specifici del dominio o indicativo di uno stile di elaborazione pervasiva. Lo scopo di questa carta è di descrivere una metodologia per il confronto di elaborazione semantica tra diverse modalità utilizzando un task di priming semantico durante la simultanea registrazione elettrofisiologica.
Il paradigma di priming semantico ha una lunga storia nella ricerca studiando come semantica elaborazione influenze livello inferiore parola riconoscimento7,8. Nei compiti di priming semantico tradizionale, una parola privilegiata è presentata (ad es., gatto) seguita da una destinazione di parola che sia semanticamente correlate (ad es. cane) o estranei (ad es., libro) al primo. Tale attività avviene spesso nel contesto di un'operazione di decisione lessicale, tale che i partecipanti sono chiamati a determinare se la parola obiettivo è una parola vera o no. Altri paradigmi possono avere partecipanti eseguire un'attività di categorizzazione semantica della parola target o giudicare se i due stimoli sono collegati o no. Indipendentemente dal fatto il compito specifico, decenni di prove hanno stabilito che i tempi di reazione (RTs) sono più veloci a obiettivo parole semanticamente correlate al primo rispetto a quelli che non sono correlate.
Questo "effetto di priming semantico" è stato attribuito a una serie di meccanismi teorici conti7,8. Uno è che l'effetto di innesco è dovuto l'attivazione automatica di diffusione attraverso la rete semantica, tale che il recupero del significato della parola privilegiata attiva il significato di altre parole semanticamente correlate, tra cui la parola obiettivo. Quindi questo riduce il tempo necessario per l'attivazione semantico della parola obiettivo. Un secondo meccanismo teorico è che di aspettativa, che postula che dopo aver visto la parola privilegiata, i partecipanti generano un set previsto di potenziali bersagli. Parole target che sono inclusi in questo set sono quindi riconosciuti più rapidamente. Infine, gli altri hanno postulato l'esistenza di un meccanismo post-lessicale della corrispondenza semantica, che stabilisce l'esistenza di una relazione semantica tra la parola di primo e di destinazione. Indipendentemente dal meccanismo specifico alla base dell'effetto, priming semantico può essere un utile indice di elaborazione semantica e integrazione. Questo paradigma non è limitato agli stimoli lessicali e può essere utilizzato anche per indagare il priming semantico di stimoli non-lingua come immagini9 come pure cross-modale priming semantico (per esempio, tra parole e immagini)3.
Effetti di priming semantico sono state ben studiati nella letteratura psicolinguistica e sono stati studiati per quanto riguarda il tipo di relazioni primo bersaglio, la tempistica della presentazione primo e destinazione e molte altre manipolazioni8. I correlati elettrofisiologici di questo effetto sono stati ben caratterizzati10. L'elettroencefalografia (EEG) è un metodo di registrazione attività neurale via i cambiamenti nell'attività elettrica misurata al cuoio capelluto. EEG è una scelta utile di metodologia per un paradigma di priming semantico, perché ha molto buona risoluzione temporale (dell'ordine di millisecondi, ms) e può quindi fornire sottili differenze di elaborazione semantica tra condizioni o gruppi anche in assenza di effetti comportamentali o risposte.
Potenziali evento-correlati (ERP) sono cambiamenti di tempo-bloccata nel EEG che sorgono in risposta a uno stimolo specifico o il comportamento. A seconda dei tempi e la polarità della risposta, diversi componenti dell'ERP sono riflettenti di diversi aspetti di elaborazione cognitiva. Il componente N400 è un indicatore ben consolidato di elaborazione semantica e integrazione semantica11,12 (anche se esistono diverse altre interpretazioni10,13). L'ampiezza di N400 è ridotta quando integrazione semantica è più facile (ad esempio quando la perfezione e la destinazione in un paradigma di priming semantico sono semanticamente correlate) rispetto a quando integrazione semantica è più difficile (ad esempio quando due parole sono indipendenti). D'importanza, la differenza di ampiezza tra condizioni correlate e non correlate (vale a dire, il "effetto N400") non è specifica del linguaggio. N400 effetti sono osservati anche in modalità non-lingua, come ad esempio in risposta a coppie di immagini semanticamente correlate e non correlate o suoni ambientali14,15,16,17. La N400 è così un utile componente ERP ai fini del paradigma attuale perché può essere utilizzato come una modalità indipendente dalla stima delle capacità di elaborazione e integrazione semantica.
Individui con ASD Visualizza ridotti o assenti effetti di priming semantico e N400 in risposta al linguaggio stimoli2,3,4, suggerendo i danni in elaborazione semantica. Tali effetti sono stati trovati in risposta a visuo-semantico e stimoli audio-semantico3,5,6, sostenendone l'affermazione che l'elaborazione semantica è selettivamente alterata per stimoli di lingua. Tuttavia, la maggior parte degli studi precedente, confrontando le modalità sono utilizzati cross-modal di innesco, tale che la coppia primo-destinazione contiene uno stimolo lessicale. Data la proposta che gli individui con ASD hanno deficit nell'elaborazione semantica di stimoli di lingua, tali stimoli cross-modali possono aver influito risultati. Per veramente di studiare se l'elaborazione semantica della lingua in modo selettivo è alterata in individui con ASD, coppie all'interno-modalità di stimoli lessicali e non lessicali devono essere utilizzate. In uno studio recente, Coderre et al. 6 fornito il primo confronto diretto di priming semantico all'interno-modalità di parola e nell'immagine per indagare i deficit di elaborazione semantica negli adulti (età 18-68) con ASD. Ai partecipanti con ASD e con sviluppo tipico (TD) hanno visto coppie di immagini e parole e ci hanno chiesto di giudicare se gli stimoli sono stati correlati o non. Durante questa operazione di priming semantico, la loro attività cerebrale è stata registrata utilizzando EEG. Confrontando gli effetti N400 tra i gruppi e le modalità, questo paradigma fornito la comprensione nella natura dell'elaborazione semantica in individui con ASD.
Lo scopo di questa carta è di descrivere il priming semantico metodologia ERP impiegato da Coderre et al. 6. anche se questo paradigma è stato inizialmente implementato per studiare l'elaborazione semantica in adulti con ASD, può risultare utile per qualsiasi sperimentatori che desiderano esplorare le componenti neurali di elaborazione lexico-semantico e visuo-semantico, entrambi in TD individui o in popolazioni cliniche specifiche.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="573">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="126">
			<td height="126" style="height:126px;width:216px;">EEG system</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Electrical Geodesics, Inc. (EGI)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Geodesic EEG system (GES) 400 system: Net Amps 400 amplifier, NetStation 5.3, 128-channel HydroCel Geodesic Sensor nets</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:216px;">Potassium chloride</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Electrical Geodesics, Inc. (EGI)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="105">
			<td height="105" style="height:105px;width:216px;">Plastic bucket</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Electrical Geodesics, Inc. (EGI)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">EGI provides a plastic bucket for mixing electrolyte but any clean container can be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Baby shampoo</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Johnson&#39;s</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">GNU Image Manipulation Program (GIMP)</td>
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a semantic priming event-related potential (erp) task to study lexico-semantic and visuo-semantic processing in autism spectrum disorder

Gli individui con disturbo dello spettro autistico (ASD) hanno caratteristici deficit nella comprensione del significato della lingua, o l'elaborazione semantica. Tuttavia, alcune evidenze indicano che l'elaborazione semantica di stimoli non linguistico è intatto, suggerendo che il deficit semantico possono essere specifici della lingua. Per caratterizzare in modo appropriato i deficit di elaborazione semantica in individui con ASD, confronto di entro-modalità linguistiche (ad es., parole scritte) e non linguistica stimoli (ad esempio, immagini) è richiesto. Questo articolo descrive tale metodologia che si avvale di un paradigma di priming semantico durante la registrazione simultanea di dati elettroencefalografici (EEG). EEG fornisce una misura dinamica dell'attività cerebrale che ben si adatta a caratterizzare le sottili differenze di elaborazione semantica che potrebbero non essere osservabile a livello comportamentale. La semantica priming paradigma presenta un'immagine privilegiata o parola (es. cane) seguita da una foto di destinazione o una parola che sia correlati (ad es., gatto) o estranei (ad es., matita) al primo. Questo paradigma può così essere usato per valutare l'elaborazione semantica attraverso diverse modalità e per confrontare la capacità di elaborazione visuo-semantica e lessico-semantiche in individui con ASD e come potrebbero differire da individui di TD. I passaggi specifici coinvolti nella creazione di stimoli, eseguendo il test di EEG e analisi dei dati di EEG sono discussi. Risultati rappresentativi illustrano come il componente N400 del potenziale evento-correlati (ERP) è ridotte semanticamente correlate primo bersaglio coppie seguenti rispetto a coppie indipendenti. Comparazioni di N400 tra gruppi, le modalità e le condizioni in grado di fornire stime del successo di elaborazione semantica e quindi possono essere utilizzati per caratterizzare i deficit semantici in individui con ASD o altre popolazioni cliniche.

Se gli stimoli sono stati ordinati in modo appropriato in condizioni correlate e non correlate, deve essere osservato un effetto di N400 per stimoli sia di parola e di immagine (Figura 2). Questo è identificabile come una maggior ampiezza negativa in circostanze indipendenti rispetto alle relative condizioni. Per stimoli di parola, l'effetto dovrebbe verificarsi da 300 – 500 ms sopra centrale o centro-parietale del cuoio capelluto6<...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Semantic Priming Event-related Potential ERP Task to Study Lexico-semantic and Visuo-semantic Processing in Autism Spectrum Disorder at JoVE.com

A Semantic Priming Event-related Potential ERP Task to Study Lexico-semantic and Visuo-semantic Processing in Autism Spectrum Disorder

Questo articolo descrive un'attività ERP di priming semantico utilizzando coppie all'interno-modalità di immagini e parole per indagare l'elaborazione semantica in individui con disturbo dello spettro autistico (ASD).

Un Priming semantico Event-related in compito di potenziale (ERP) per studiare l'elaborazione Lexico-semantico e Visuo-semantico nella disturbo dello spettro autistico

Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have characteristic deficits in understanding the meaning of language, or semantic processing. However, ...

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JoVE Journal

Behavior

A Semantic Priming Event-related Potential (ERP) Task to Study Lexico-semantic and Visuo-semantic Processing in Autism Spectrum Disorder

10.4K Views.  University of Vermont. Questo articolo descrive un'attività ERP di priming semantico utilizzando coppie all'interno-modalità di immagini e parole per indagare l'elaborazione semantica in individui con disturbo dello spettro autistico (ASD).

Video: A Semantic Priming Event-related Potential ERP Task to Study Lexico-semantic and Visuo-semantic Processing in Autism Spectrum Disorder

The Crossmodal Congruency Task as a Means to Obtain an Objective Behavioral Measure in the Rubber Hand Illusion Paradigm

The rubber hand illusion (RHI) is a popular experimental paradigm. Participants view touch on an artificial rubber hand while the participants' own hidden hand is touched. If the viewed and felt touches are given at the same time then this is sufficient to induce the compelling experience that the rubber hand is one's own hand. The RHI can be used to investigate exactly how the brain constructs distinct body representations for one's own body. Such representations are crucial for successful interactions with the external world. To obtain a subjective measure of the RHI, researchers typically ask participants to rate statements such as "I felt as if the rubber hand were my hand". Here we demonstrate how the crossmodal congruency task can be used to obtain an objective behavioral measure within this paradigm.
The variant of the crossmodal congruency task we employ involves the presentation of tactile targets and visual distractors. Targets and distractors are spatially congruent (i.e. same finger) on some trials and incongruent (i.e. different finger) on others. The difference in performance between incongruent and congruent trials - the crossmodal congruency effect (CCE) - indexes multisensory interactions. Importantly, the CCE is modulated both by viewing a hand as well as the synchrony of viewed and felt touch which are both crucial factors for the RHI.
The use of the crossmodal congruency task within the RHI paradigm has several advantages. It is a simple behavioral measure which can be repeated many times and which can be obtained during the illusion while participants view the artificial hand. Furthermore, this measure is not susceptible to observer and experimenter biases. The combination of the RHI paradigm with the crossmodal congruency task allows in particular for the investigation of multisensory processes which are critical for modulations of body representations as in the RHI.

We demonstrate how an objective measure can be employed in the widely employed rubber hand illusion paradigm. This measure is obtained by modifying the well-established crossmodal congruency task. This task allows the investigation of multisensory processes which are critical for modulations of body representations as in the rubber hand illusion.

La Task Congruenza crossmodali come un mezzo per ottenere una misura comportamentale Obiettivo della mano di gomma Illusion Paradigma

The rubber hand illusion (RHI) is a popular experimental paradigm. Participants view touch on an artificial rubber hand while the participants' own hidden ...

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The 5-Choice Serial Reaction Time Task: A Task of Attention and Impulse Control for Rodents

This protocol describes the 5-choice serial reaction time task, which is an operant based task used to study attention and impulse control in rodents. Test day challenges, modifications to the standard task, can be used to systematically tax the neural systems controlling either attention or impulse control. Importantly, these challenges have consistent effects on behavior across laboratories in intact animals and can reveal either enhancements or deficits in cognitive function that are not apparent when rats are only tested on the standard task. The variety of behavioral measures that are collected can be used to determine if other factors (i.e., sedation, motivation deficits, locomotor impairments) are contributing to changes in performance. The versatility of the 5CSRTT is further enhanced because it is amenable to combination with pharmacological, molecular, and genetic techniques.

This protocol describes the 5-choice serial reaction time task, which is an operant based task used to study attention and impulse control in rodents. Test day challenges, which are modifications of the standard task, increase flexibility of the task and can be combined with other manipulations to more fully characterize behavior.

Il 5-Choice reazione Serial Attività temporizzata: un lavoro di Attenzione e Impulse controllo per roditori

This protocol describes the 5-choice serial reaction time task, which is an operant based task used to study attention and impulse control in rodents. ...

Using the Threat Probability Task to Assess Anxiety and Fear During Uncertain and Certain Threat

Fear of certain threat and anxiety about uncertain threat are distinct emotions with unique behavioral, cognitive-attentional, and neuroanatomical components. Both anxiety and fear can be studied in the laboratory by measuring the potentiation of the startle reflex. The startle reflex is a defensive reflex that is potentiated when an organism is threatened and the need for defense is high. The startle reflex is assessed via electromyography (EMG) in the orbicularis oculi muscle elicited by brief, intense, bursts of acoustic white noise (i.e., &#8220;startle probes&#8221;). Startle potentiation is calculated as the increase in startle response magnitude during presentation of sets of visual threat cues that signal delivery of mild electric shock relative to sets of matched cues that signal the absence of shock (no-threat cues). In the Threat Probability Task, fear is measured via startle potentiation to high probability (100% cue-contingent shock; certain) threat cues whereas anxiety is measured via startle potentiation to low probability (20% cue-contingent shock; uncertain) threat cues. Measurement of startle potentiation during the Threat Probability Task provides an objective and easily implemented alternative to assessment of negative affect via self-report or other methods (e.g., neuroimaging) that may be inappropriate or impractical for some researchers. Startle potentiation has been studied rigorously in both animals (e.g., rodents, non-human primates) and humans which facilitates animal-to-human translational research. Startle potentiation during certain and uncertain threat provides an objective measure of negative affective and distinct emotional states (fear, anxiety) to use in research on psychopathology, substance use/abuse and broadly in affective science. As such, it has been used extensively by clinical scientists interested in psychopathology etiology and by affective scientists interested in individual differences in emotion.

Potentiation of the startle reflex is measured via electromyography of the orbicularis oculi muscle during low (uncertain) and high (certain) probability electric shock threat in the Threat Probability Task. This provides an objective measure of distinct negative emotional states (fear/anxiety) for research on psychopathology, substance use/abuse, and broad affective science.

Utilizzando la Task minaccia Probabilità per valutare ansia e paura durante Threat incerto e Certain

Fear of certain threat and anxiety about uncertain threat are distinct emotions with unique behavioral, cognitive-attentional, and neuroanatomical ...

Measuring Neural and Behavioral Activity During Ongoing Computerized Social Interactions: An Examination of Event-Related Brain Potentials

Social exclusion is a complex social phenomenon with powerful negative consequences. Given the impact of social exclusion on mental and emotional health, an understanding of how perceptions of social exclusion develop over the course of a social interaction is important for advancing treatments aimed at lessening the harmful costs of being excluded. To date, most scientific examinations of social exclusion have looked at exclusion after a social interaction has been completed. While this has been very helpful in developing an understanding of what happens to a person following exclusion, it has not helped to clarify the moment-to-moment dynamics of the process of social exclusion. Accordingly, the current protocol was developed to obtain an improved understanding of social exclusion by examining the patterns of event-related brain activation that are present during social interactions. This protocol allows greater precision and sensitivity in detailing the social processes that lead people to feel as though they have been excluded from a social interaction. Importantly, the current protocol can be adapted to include research projects that vary the nature of exclusionary social interactions by altering how frequently participants are included, how long the periods of exclusion will last in each interaction, and when exclusion will take place during the social interactions. Further, the current protocol can be used to examine variables and constructs beyond those related to social exclusion. This capability to address a variety of applications across psychology by obtaining both neural and behavioral data during ongoing social interactions suggests the present protocol could be at the core of a developing area of scientific inquiry related to social interactions.

Research on social exclusion has grown tremendously in recent years. As the field expands, it is imperative to develop sophisticated methodologies allowing for the simultaneous measurement of neural and behavioral outcomes during social exclusion. This protocol utilizes event-related brain potentials to record ongoing neural activity during computerized social interactions.

Misurazione neurale e comportamentale attività durante le interazioni sociali in corso computerizzati: Un esame di potenziali cerebrali-evento correlato

Social exclusion is a complex social phenomenon with powerful negative consequences. Given the impact of social exclusion on mental and emotional health, ...

Investigating the Effects of Antipsychotics and Schizotypy on the N400 Using Event-Related Potentials and Semantic Categorization

Within the field of cognitive neuroscience, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a popular method of visualizing brain function. This is in part because of its excellent spatial resolution, which allows researchers to identify brain areas associated with specific cognitive processes. However, in the quest to localize brain functions, it is relevant to note that many cognitive, sensory, and motor processes have temporal distinctions that are imperative to capture, an aspect that is left unfulfilled by fMRI&#8217;s suboptimal temporal resolution. To better understand cognitive processes, it is thus advantageous to utilize event-related potential (ERP) recording as a method of gathering information about the brain. Some of its advantages include its fantastic temporal resolution, which gives researchers the ability to follow the activity of the brain down to the millisecond. It also directly indexes both excitatory and inhibitory post-synaptic potentials by which most brain computations are performed. This sits in contrast to fMRI, which captures an index of metabolic activity. Further, the non-invasive ERP method does not require a contrast condition: raw ERPs can be examined for just one experimental condition, a distinction from fMRI where control conditions must be subtracted from the experimental condition, leading to uncertainty in associating observations with experimental or contrast conditions. While it is limited by its poor spatial and subcortical activity resolution, ERP recordings&#8217; utility, relative cost-effectiveness, and associated advantages offer strong rationale for its use in cognitive neuroscience to track rapid temporal changes in neural activity. In an effort to foster increase in its use as a research imaging method, and to ensure proper and accurate data collection, the present article will outline &#8211; in the framework of a paradigm using semantic categorization to examine the effects of antipsychotics and schizotypy on the N400 &#8211; the procedure and key aspects associated with ERP data acquisition.

Using event-related EEG potentials (ERPs), we investigate the effects of antipsychotic medications on abnormal semantic brain activations in healthy individuals with schizotypal traits. We use ERPs to track distinct changes in brain activity, shedding insight into the cognitive processes associated with semantic categorization.

Lo studio degli effetti degli antipsicotici e schizotipia sulla N400 Utilizzando potenziali evento-correlati e la categorizzazione semantica

Within the field of cognitive neuroscience, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a popular method of visualizing brain function. This is in ...

Infant Auditory Processing and Event-related Brain Oscillations

Rapid auditory processing and acoustic change detection abilities play a critical role in allowing human infants to efficiently process the fine spectral and temporal changes that are characteristic of human language. These abilities lay the foundation for effective language acquisition; allowing infants to hone in on the sounds of their native language. Invasive procedures in animals and scalp-recorded potentials from human adults suggest that simultaneous, rhythmic activity (oscillations) between and within brain regions are fundamental to sensory development; determining the resolution with which incoming stimuli are parsed. At this time, little is known about oscillatory dynamics in human infant development. However, animal neurophysiology and adult EEG data provide the basis for a strong hypothesis that rapid auditory processing in infants is mediated by oscillatory synchrony in discrete frequency bands. In order to investigate this, 128-channel, high-density EEG responses of 4-month old infants to frequency change in tone pairs, presented in two rate conditions (Rapid: 70 msec ISI and Control: 300 msec ISI) were examined. To determine the frequency band and magnitude of activity, auditory evoked response averages were first co-registered with age-appropriate brain templates. Next, the principal components of the response were identified and localized using a two-dipole model of brain activity. Single-trial analysis of oscillatory power showed a robust index of frequency change processing in bursts of Theta band (3 - 8 Hz) activity in both right and left auditory cortices, with left activation more prominent in the Rapid condition. These methods have produced data that are not only some of the first reported evoked oscillations analyses in infants, but are also, importantly, the product of a well-established method of recording and analyzing clean, meticulously collected, infant EEG and ERPs. In this article, we describe our method for infant EEG net application, recording, dynamic brain response analysis, and representative results.

High-density electroencephalography (dEEG) is being used increasingly to study brain development and plasticity in the early years of life. Here we present an application of sophisticated analysis techniques that builds on traditional EEG recording to understand the oscillatory dynamics of rapid auditory processing in the infant brain.

Infant elaborazione uditiva e oscillazioni cerebrali eventi correlati

Rapid auditory processing and acoustic change detection abilities play a critical role in allowing human infants to efficiently process the fine spectral ...

Testing Sensory and Multisensory Function in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

In addition to impairments in social communication and the presence of restricted interests and repetitive behaviors, deficits in sensory processing are now recognized as a core symptom in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Our ability to perceive and interact with the external world is rooted in sensory processing. For example, listening to a conversation entails processing the auditory cues coming from the speaker (speech content, prosody, syntax) as well as the associated visual information (facial expressions, gestures). Collectively, the &#8220;integration&#8221; of these multisensory (i.e., combined audiovisual) pieces of information results in better comprehension. Such multisensory integration has been shown to be strongly dependent upon the temporal relationship of the paired stimuli. Thus, stimuli that occur in close temporal proximity are highly likely to result in behavioral and perceptual benefits &#8211; gains believed to be reflective of the perceptual system&#39;s judgment of the likelihood that these two stimuli came from the same source. Changes in this temporal integration are expected to strongly alter perceptual processes, and are likely to diminish the ability to accurately perceive and interact with our world. Here, a battery of tasks designed to characterize various aspects of sensory and multisensory temporal processing in children with ASD is described. In addition to its utility in autism, this battery has great potential for characterizing changes in sensory function in other clinical populations, as well as being used to examine changes in these processes across the lifespan.

We describe how to implement a battery of behavioral tasks to examine the processing and integration of sensory stimuli in children with ASD. The goal is to characterize individual differences in temporal processing of simple auditory and visual stimuli and relate these to higher order perceptual skills like speech perception.

Test funzione sensoriale e multisensoriale in bambini con disturbo dello spettro autistico

In addition to impairments in social communication and the presence of restricted interests and repetitive behaviors, deficits in sensory processing are ...

Event-related Potentials During Target-response Tasks to Study Cognitive Processes of Upper Limb Use in Children with Unilateral Cerebral Palsy

Unilateral Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is a very common cause of disability in childhood. It is characterized by unilateral motor impairments that are frequently dominated in the upper limb. In addition to a reduced movement capacity of the affected upper limb, several children with unilateral CP show a reduced awareness of the remaining movement capacity of that limb. This phenomenon of disregarding the preserved capacity of the affected upper limb is regularly referred to as Developmental Disregard (DD). Different theories have been postulated to explain DD, each suggesting slightly different guidelines for therapy. Still, cognitive processes that might additionally contribute to DD in children with unilateral CP have never been directly studied. The current protocol was developed to study cognitive aspects involved in upper limb control in children with unilateral CP with and without DD. This was done by recording event-related potentials (ERPs) extracted from the ongoing EEG during target-response tasks asking for a hand-movement response. ERPs consist of several components, each of them associated with a well-defined cognitive process (e.g., the N1 with early attention processes, the N2 with cognitive control and the P3 with cognitive load and mental effort). Due to its excellent temporal resolution, the ERP technique enables to study several covert cognitive processes preceding overt motor responses and thus allows insight into the cognitive processes that might contribute to the phenomenon of DD. Using this protocol adds a new level of explanation to existing behavioral studies and opens new avenues to the broader implementation of research on cognitive aspects of developmental movement restrictions in children.

Several children with unilateral Cerebral Palsy seem to disregard the preserved capacity of their affected upper limb. This Developmental Disregard is extensively described in the literature but the involved cognitive processes have not been studied. To study underlying cognitive factors of upper limb control, an event-related potential protocol was developed.

Potenziali evento-correlati durante le attività target-risposta per studiare i processi cognitivi di Upper Limb uso nei bambini con paralisi cerebrale unilaterale

Unilateral Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is a very common cause of disability in childhood. It is characterized by unilateral ...

Use of a Psychophysiological Script-driven Imagery Experiment to Study Trauma-related Dissociation in Borderline Personality Disorder

This protocol offers a detailed description of a psychophysiological experiment using script-driven trauma-related imagery and standardized clinical instruments within a comparative design assessing physiological and psychopathological features of individuals with BPD. This method aims at studying the psychological and physiological effects of trauma-related dissociation. Since the psychodiagnostic classification of trauma-related disorders relies on the observation of evolutionarily determined responses to life-threat, an integrated assessment paradigm for the study of reactions to traumatic memories proposes a very appropriate methodological approach.
The employed script-driven imagery paradigm uses individual recall instructions to activate trauma-related memory networks and prompt associated emotional and physiological responses. These responses are measured by means of self-rating scales and physiological assessments. During the individual recall, participants are asked to vividly imagine traumatic and everyday experiences and other situations triggered by short personalized verbal scripts they authored beforehand together with the experimenters. A wide range of affective reactions and different physiological parameters can be measured. We used this paradigm to investigate dissociative states in BPD and to find physiological and affective correlates of dissociative states. Some of the participants were having severe traumatic antecedents.
To investigate different reaction patterns within the same diagnostic group, participants with different levels of traumatic histories, symptom severities, and co-morbidities should be included. By using short verbal scripts, the level of stress induced to participants is held as low as possible without affecting the validity of the object of investigation.

We present a protocol of personalized script-driven trauma-related imagery and clinical assessments within a comparison design for investigating peritraumatic dissociation (PD), psychophysiological reactions, i.e. heart rate (HR) and skin conductance (SC), and psychological features of often severely traumatized individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD).

Uso di un esperimento di psicofisiologica immaginario guidato da Script per studiare Trauma-relativa dissociazione nel disturbo Borderline di personalità

This protocol offers a detailed description of a psychophysiological experiment using script-driven trauma-related imagery and standardized clinical ...

Using the Visual World Paradigm to Study Sentence Comprehension in Mandarin-Speaking Children with Autism

Sentence comprehension relies on the ability to rapidly integrate different types of linguistic and non-linguistic information. However, there is currently a paucity of research exploring how preschool children with autism understand sentences using different types of cues. The mechanisms underlying sentence comprehension remains largely unclear. The present study presents a protocol to examine the sentence comprehension abilities of preschool children with autism. More specifically, a visual world paradigm of eye-tracking is used to explore the moment-to-moment sentence comprehension in the children. The paradigm has multiple advantages. First, it is sensitive to the time course of sentence comprehension and thus can provide rich information about how sentence comprehension unfolds over time. Second, it requires minimal task and communication demands, so it is ideal for testing children with autism. To further minimize the computational burden of children, the present study measures eye movements that arise as automatic responses to linguistic input rather than measuring eye movements that accompany conscious responses to spoken instructions.

We present a protocol to examine the use of morphological cues during real-time sentence comprehension by children with autism.