Name: a semantic priming event-related potential (erp) task to study lexico-semantic and visuo-semantic processing in autism spectrum disorder
Uploaded: 2018-04-12T14:30:00.000+00:00
Duration: 8 min 17 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Semantic Priming Event-related Potential ERP Task to Study Lexico-semantic and Visuo-semantic Processing in Autism Spectrum Disorder at JoVE.com

이 패러다임의 개발 치료 인지 신경 과학 기금과 벤자민 Adith 밀러 가족 기부 노화, 치 매, 자폐증 연구에 의해 지원 되었다.

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저자는 공개 상관이 있다.

현재 종이 탐험 의미 처리 적자 ASD 가진 개인에 대 한 그림 및 단어 자극으로 의미 못쓰게 ERP 패러다임을 개발에 중요 한 단계를 보도 했다. 주요 단계는 자극, 만들고, 프로그래밍 작업, 뇌 파 테스트 및 분석을 수행을 포함 합니다. 이 절차의 가장 시간이 많이 걸리는 부분 사이 자극 쌍, 조건, 시간과 길이, 주파수, 등 의미 relatedness 변수 형식 주의 일치 필요로 자극의 창조 될 것입니다. 따라서, 파...

인지 심리학에 있는 연구원은 오랫동안 사람들이 언어의 의미를 이해 하는 방법에 관심이 되었습니다. 언어 처리는 증가 하는 복잡성, 문자와 단어 인식에서 구문 구문 분석, 의미 처리의 단계 순서를 포함 한다. 단어, 그림, 또는 소리, 의미 처리 액세스 자극의 의미를 말합니다. 초기 단어 인식, 단어의 의미 또는 의미의 액세스의 초기 단계에 따라 언어 처리에서 중요 한 단계입니다. 의미 통합 그들의 관계를 이해 하는 자극의 의미를 통합 하는 프로세스를 말합니다 그리고 이해 문장 같은 처리 하는 상위 수준 언어에 대 한 중요 한. 뿐만 아니라 문장에서 각 단어의 의미, 액세스할 필요가지 않습니다 하지만 각 개별 단어의 의미는 문장 의미, 또는 "요점"의 일관 된 이해를 형성 하기 위하여 통합 될 필요가.
자폐증 스펙트럼 장애 (ASD) 개인 언어 이해1에서 종종 상당한 적자를 가진다. 이러한 어려움 의미 체계 처리 및 통합2,,34에 적자에서 줄기 제안 몇 가지 증거가 있다. 그러나, 다른 학문 제안 자료 아닌 언어 (예를 들어, 시각 또는 청각)에 선물 될 때 ASD 가진 개인 의미 처리 적자를 표시 하지 않습니다 형식3,5,6 . 이러한 발견은 건의 한다 의미 처리 적자 ASD에 언어 (즉, 서 면 또는 음성) 제한 될 수 있습니다 형식. 따라서, 다른 modalities 대조 접근은 의미 체계 처리 적자는 도메인 또는 보급 처리 스타일을 나타내는 범위에 대 한 통찰력을 제공할 수 있습니다. 이 문서의 목적은 동시 electrophysiological 녹음 하는 동안 의미 프라이 밍 작업을 사용 하 여 다른 modalities 사이 의미 체계 처리를 비교 하기 위한 방법론을 설명 하기 위해.
의미 못쓰게 패러다임 연구 조사 어떻게 의미 영향 하위 단어 인식7,8처리에 오랜 역사를가지고 있습니다. 전통적인 의미 프라이 밍 작업에 주요 단어를 제시 (예를 들어, 고양이) 대상 이어서 의미상으로 단어 (예를 들어, 개) 관련 또는 주요 관련이 없는 (예를 들어, 도 서). 참가자 대상 단어 실제 단어 인지 여부를 확인 하도록 요청 하는 이러한 작업은 종종 어휘 결정 작업의 맥락에서 이루어집니다. 다른 패러다임 참가자 대상 단어에서 의미 분류 작업을 수행 하거나 또는 하지 두 자극 관련 여부를 판단 할 수 있습니다. 특정 작업에 수십 년간 증거 반응 시간 (RTs)는 의미적으로 관련 되지 않은 사람에 비해 프라임 관련 대상 단어 빠르게 설립 했다.
"" 의미 프라이 밍 효과이 이론 계정7,8메커니즘의 수 기인 했다. 하나는 의미 체계의 네트워크를 통해 자동 확산 활성화 때문에 못쓰게 효과 주요 단어의 의미의 검색 대상 단어를 포함 하 여 다른 의미적으로 관련 된 단어의 의미를 활성화. 이 다음 대상 단어의 의미 체계 활성화에 필요한 시간을 줄일 수 있습니다. 두 번째 이론적 메커니즘은 주요 단어를 보고 따라 그 posits, 기대의 참가자의 잠재적인 대상 예상된 집합을 생성 합니다. 이 세트에 포함 된 대상 단어 다음 더 신속 하 게 인식 됩니다. 마지막으로, 총리와 대상 단어 간의 의미 관계의 존재를 수립 의미 론 적 일치의 후 어휘 메커니즘의 존재 postulated가지고 다른 사람. 기본 효과 특정 메커니즘에 의미 못쓰게 의미 체계 처리 및 통합의 유용한 인덱스 수 있습니다. 이 패러다임 어휘 자극에 국한 되지 않습니다 또한 고 그림9 뿐만 아니라 크로스-모달 의미 못쓰게 (예를 들어, 단어와 그림 사이)3같은 비 언어 자극의 의미 못쓰게 조사를 사용할 수 있습니다.
의미 프라이 밍 효과 psycholinguistic 문학에서 잘 공부 그리고 프라임-대상 관계, 총리 및 대상 프레 젠 테이 션의 타이밍 그리고 다른 많은 조작8의 형식에 관해서는 조사 되었습니다. 이 효과의 electrophysiological 상호도 잘 특징이10있다. Electroencephalography (뇌 파) 두 피에서 측정 하는 전기 활동에서 변화를 통해 신경 활동을 기록 하는 방법입니다. 뇌 파 (밀리초)의 순서에 매우 좋은 시간 해상도 있기 때문에 그로 인하여 나의 부재에도 그룹 사이의 의미 체계 처리에 미묘한 차이 제공할 수 있습니다 의미 못쓰게 패러다임에 대 한 방법론의 유용한 선택 이다 행동 효과 또는 응답입니다.
사건 관련 전위 (르 프 스크 웨) 특정 자극 또는 동작에서 발생 하는 뇌 파에 시간 잠겨 변화가 있다. 타이밍 및 응답의 극성에 따라 ERP의 다른 구성 요소는 인지 처리의 다양 한 측면의 반사. N400 구성 요소 (비록 몇 가지 다른 해석이 존재10,13) 의미 처리와 시맨틱 통합11,12 의 잘 설립 마커 이다. N400 진폭 의미 통합 쉽습니다 (예: 때 프라임과 의미 못쓰게 패러다임에 대상 의미상 관련) 의미 통합은 더 때 두 단어는 관련) (같은 어려운 때에 비해 때 감소 된다. 중요 한 것은, 관련된 없는 조건 (즉, "N400 효과")의 진폭 차이 언어 아니다. N400 효과 또한 관찰 된다 비 언어 형식에서와 같은 의미상 관련과 관련 없는 사진 또는 환경 소리14,15,,1617의 쌍에 대응. N400 이므로 따라서 유용한 ERP 구성 요소 현재 패러다임의 목적에 대 한 의미 체계 처리 및 통합 능력의 양식 적임 독립적인 견적으로 사용할 수 있습니다.
개인 감소 하는 ASD 쇼 또는 의미 프라이 밍 효과 언어 자극2,3,4에 대 한 응답 N400 효과 없는 의미 체계 처리에 장애를 제안. 이러한 효과 visuo 의미에 대 한 응답에서 발견 되었습니다 그리고 오디오 의미 자극3,5,6, 대출 지원 주장 그 의미 처리는 언어 자극에 대 한 선택적으로 손상 된다. 그러나, 비교 형식은 대부분의 이전 연구는 주요한 표적 쌍 포함 어휘 자극 간 모달 못쓰게 사용. ASD 가진 개인 언어 자극의 의미 체계 처리에 적자는 제안 감안할 때, 같은 크로스-모달 자극 결과 영향을 수 있습니다. 진정으로 언어의 의미 처리 ASD 가진 개인에서 선택적으로 손상 여부 조사, 어휘 및 어휘 비 자극의 양식 적임 내 쌍을 사용 해야 합니다. 최근 연구에서 Coderre 외. 6 양식 적임 내 단어와 그림 의미 못쓰게 의미 처리 적자 ASD 가진 성인 (세 18-68)에 조사를 첫 번째 직접 비교 제공. ASD 가진 참가자와 일반적으로 개발 (TD) 참가자 사진 및 단어의 쌍을 볼 자극 관련 된 여부를 판단 하도록 요청 했다. 이 의미 못쓰게 작업 하는 동안 그들의 두뇌 활동은 뇌 파를 사용 하 여 기록 했다. 그룹 및 형식 사이의 N400 효과 비교 하 여이 패러다임 ASD 가진 개인에서 의미 처리의 자연에 대 한 통찰력을 제공 합니다.
이 문서의 목적은 의미 못쓰게 Coderre 그 외 여러분 에 의해 고용 하는 ERP 방법론을 설명 하는 6.이 패러다임 처음 공부 ASD 가진 성인에 있는 의미 체계 처리를 구현, 비록 그것 lexico 의미 및 visuo 의미 처리, 어느에 TD의 신경 상관 관계를 탐구 하고자 하는 모든 경험에 대 한 유용한 증명할 수 있습니다 개인 또는 특정 임상 인구에서.

<table><tbody><tr><td>EEG system</td><td>Electrical Geodesics, Inc. (EGI)</td><td></td><td>Geodesic EEG system (GES) 400 system: Net Amps 400 amplifier, NetStation 5.3, 128-channel HydroCel Geodesic Sensor nets</td></tr><tr><td>Potassium chloride</td><td>Electrical Geodesics, Inc. (EGI)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Plastic bucket</td><td>Electrical Geodesics, Inc. (EGI)</td><td></td><td>EGI provides a plastic bucket for mixing electrolyte but any clean container can be used</td></tr><tr><td>Baby shampoo</td><td>Johnson&#039;s</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>GNU Image Manipulation Program (GIMP)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

a semantic priming event-related potential (erp) task to study lexico-semantic and visuo-semantic processing in autism spectrum disorder

자폐증 스펙트럼 장애 (ASD)를 가진 개인 이해 하는 언어의 의미 또는 의미 체계 처리에 특성 적자를 가진다. 그러나, 몇 가지 증거 비 언어적 자극의 의미 처리 의미 적자 언어 관련 될 수 있습니다 제안, 그대로 임을 나타냅니다. 의미 체계 처리 적자 ASD, 내-모달 언어 (예를 들어, 단어를 서 면)의 비교를 가진 개인에서 적절 하 게 특성 및 비 언어적 자극 (예를 들어, 사진)가 필요. 이 문서 사용 하 여 만드는 의미 못쓰게 패러다임의 electroencephalographic (뇌 파) 데이터의 동시 녹음 하는 동안 이러한 방법론을 설명 합니다. 뇌 파 행동 수준에서 관찰 되지 않을 수 있습니다 의미 처리의 미묘한 차이 특성에 적합 하는 두뇌 활동의 동적 측정을 제공 합니다. 의미 못쓰게 패러다임 선물 주요 그림 이나 단어 (예를 들어, 개) 대상 그림 이나 단어 중 하나를 (예를 들어, 고양이) 관련 또는 무관 한 (예를 들어, 연필) 주요. 이 패러다임 다른 modalities에 걸쳐 의미 체계 처리를 평가 하 고 ASD와 어떻게 그들이 TD 개인에서 다 수 개인 lexico 의미 및 visuo 의미 처리 능력 비교에 따라서 사용할 수 있습니다. 뇌 파 검사 및 뇌 파 데이터 분석을 수행 하는 자극을 만드는 관련 된 특정 단계를 설명 합니다. 대표 결과 어떻게 이벤트 관련 잠재력 (ERP)의 N400 구성 요소는 감소 다음 의미적으로 관련 된 주요한 표적 쌍 없는 쌍에 비해 보여줍니다. 조건, 형식 및 그룹 간의 N400의 비교 의미 처리의 성공의 견적을 제공할 수 있으며 그로 인하여 의미 적자 ASD 또는 다른 임상 인구 개인에 특성을 사용할 수 있습니다.

만약 자극 관련된 없는 조건으로 적절 하 게 정렬 되었습니다, N400 효과 단어와 그림 자극 (그림 2)에 대 한 관찰 해야. 이것은 비관련된 조건 관련에 비해 조건에서 더 큰 부정적인 진폭으로 식별입니다. 단어 자극에 대 한 효과 중앙 또는 센트-정수 리 두 피6,10에 300-500 ms에서 수행 되어야 합니다. 그림 자극...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Semantic Priming Event-related Potential ERP Task to Study Lexico-semantic and Visuo-semantic Processing in Autism Spectrum Disorder at JoVE.com

A Semantic Priming Event-related Potential ERP Task to Study Lexico-semantic and Visuo-semantic Processing in Autism Spectrum Disorder

이 종이 자폐증 스펙트럼 장애 (ASD)와 개인에 의미 체계 처리를 조사 하기 위해 사진과 단어의 양식 적임 내 쌍을 사용 하 여 의미 못쓰게 ERP 작업을 설명 합니다.

의미 못쓰게 이벤트 관련 잠재력 (ERP) 작업을 자폐증 스펙트럼 장애에서 Lexico 의미 및 Visuo 의미 체계 처리를 공부

Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have characteristic deficits in understanding the meaning of language, or semantic processing. However, ...

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Behavior

A Semantic Priming Event-related Potential (ERP) Task to Study Lexico-semantic and Visuo-semantic Processing in Autism Spectrum Disorder

10.5K 조회수.  University of Vermont. 이 종이 자폐증 스펙트럼 장애 (ASD)와 개인에 의미 체계 처리를 조사 하기 위해 사진과 단어의 양식 적임 내 쌍을 사용 하 여 의미 못쓰게 ERP 작업을 설명 합니다.

비디오: A Semantic Priming Event-related Potential ERP Task to Study Lexico-semantic and Visuo-semantic Processing in Autism Spectrum Disorder

Investigating the Effects of Antipsychotics and Schizotypy on the N400 Using Event-Related Potentials and Semantic Categorization

Within the field of cognitive neuroscience, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a popular method of visualizing brain function. This is in part because of its excellent spatial resolution, which allows researchers to identify brain areas associated with specific cognitive processes. However, in the quest to localize brain functions, it is relevant to note that many cognitive, sensory, and motor processes have temporal distinctions that are imperative to capture, an aspect that is left unfulfilled by fMRI&#8217;s suboptimal temporal resolution. To better understand cognitive processes, it is thus advantageous to utilize event-related potential (ERP) recording as a method of gathering information about the brain. Some of its advantages include its fantastic temporal resolution, which gives researchers the ability to follow the activity of the brain down to the millisecond. It also directly indexes both excitatory and inhibitory post-synaptic potentials by which most brain computations are performed. This sits in contrast to fMRI, which captures an index of metabolic activity. Further, the non-invasive ERP method does not require a contrast condition: raw ERPs can be examined for just one experimental condition, a distinction from fMRI where control conditions must be subtracted from the experimental condition, leading to uncertainty in associating observations with experimental or contrast conditions. While it is limited by its poor spatial and subcortical activity resolution, ERP recordings&#8217; utility, relative cost-effectiveness, and associated advantages offer strong rationale for its use in cognitive neuroscience to track rapid temporal changes in neural activity. In an effort to foster increase in its use as a research imaging method, and to ensure proper and accurate data collection, the present article will outline &#8211; in the framework of a paradigm using semantic categorization to examine the effects of antipsychotics and schizotypy on the N400 &#8211; the procedure and key aspects associated with ERP data acquisition.

Using event-related EEG potentials (ERPs), we investigate the effects of antipsychotic medications on abnormal semantic brain activations in healthy individuals with schizotypal traits. We use ERPs to track distinct changes in brain activity, shedding insight into the cognitive processes associated with semantic categorization.

Within the field of cognitive neuroscience, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a popular method of visualizing brain function. This is in ...

연구

행동분석학

Event-related Potentials During Target-response Tasks to Study Cognitive Processes of Upper Limb Use in Children with Unilateral Cerebral Palsy

Unilateral Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is a very common cause of disability in childhood. It is characterized by unilateral motor impairments that are frequently dominated in the upper limb. In addition to a reduced movement capacity of the affected upper limb, several children with unilateral CP show a reduced awareness of the remaining movement capacity of that limb. This phenomenon of disregarding the preserved capacity of the affected upper limb is regularly referred to as Developmental Disregard (DD). Different theories have been postulated to explain DD, each suggesting slightly different guidelines for therapy. Still, cognitive processes that might additionally contribute to DD in children with unilateral CP have never been directly studied. The current protocol was developed to study cognitive aspects involved in upper limb control in children with unilateral CP with and without DD. This was done by recording event-related potentials (ERPs) extracted from the ongoing EEG during target-response tasks asking for a hand-movement response. ERPs consist of several components, each of them associated with a well-defined cognitive process (e.g., the N1 with early attention processes, the N2 with cognitive control and the P3 with cognitive load and mental effort). Due to its excellent temporal resolution, the ERP technique enables to study several covert cognitive processes preceding overt motor responses and thus allows insight into the cognitive processes that might contribute to the phenomenon of DD. Using this protocol adds a new level of explanation to existing behavioral studies and opens new avenues to the broader implementation of research on cognitive aspects of developmental movement restrictions in children.

Several children with unilateral Cerebral Palsy seem to disregard the preserved capacity of their affected upper limb. This Developmental Disregard is extensively described in the literature but the involved cognitive processes have not been studied. To study underlying cognitive factors of upper limb control, an event-related potential protocol was developed.

대상 - 응답 작업하는 동안 이벤트 관련 전위를 일방적 뇌성 마비 아동의 상지 사용의인지 과정을 연구하기 위해

Unilateral Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is a very common cause of disability in childhood. It is characterized by unilateral ...

Portable Intermodal Preferential Looking (IPL): Investigating Language Comprehension in Typically Developing Toddlers and Young Children with Autism

One of the defining characteristics of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is difficulty with language and communication.1 Children with ASD's onset of speaking is usually delayed, and many children with ASD consistently produce language less frequently and of lower lexical and grammatical complexity than their typically developing (TD) peers.6,8,12,23 However, children with ASD also exhibit a significant social deficit, and researchers and clinicians continue to debate the extent to which the deficits in social interaction account for or contribute to the deficits in language production.5,14,19,25
Standardized assessments of language in children with ASD usually do include a comprehension component; however, many such comprehension tasks assess just one aspect of language (e.g., vocabulary),5 or include a significant motor component (e.g., pointing, act-out), and/or require children to deliberately choose between a number of alternatives. These last two behaviors are known to also be challenging to children with ASD.7,12,13,16
We present a method which can assess the language comprehension of young typically developing children (9-36 months) and children with autism.2,4,9,11,22 This method, Portable Intermodal Preferential Looking (P-IPL), projects side-by-side video images from a laptop onto a portable screen. The video images are paired first with a 'baseline' (nondirecting) audio, and then presented again paired with a 'test' linguistic audio that matches only one of the video images. Children's eye movements while watching the video are filmed and later coded. Children who understand the linguistic audio will look more quickly to, and longer at, the video that matches the linguistic audio.2,4,11,18,22,26
This paradigm includes a number of components that have recently been miniaturized (projector, camcorder, digitizer) to enable portability and easy setup in children's homes. This is a crucial point for assessing young children with ASD, who are frequently uncomfortable in new (e.g., laboratory) settings. Videos can be created to assess a wide range of specific components of linguistic knowledge, such as Subject-Verb-Object word order, wh-questions, and tense/aspect suffixes on verbs; videos can also assess principles of word learning such as a noun bias, a shape bias, and syntactic bootstrapping.10,14,17,21,24 Videos include characters and speech that are visually and acoustically salient and well tolerated by children with ASD.

Portable Intermodal Preferential Looking IPL: Investigating Language Comprehension in Typically Developing Toddlers and Young Children with Autism

A reliable home-based way to assess the language comprehension of very young typically developing children, as well as those with autism, is described. The method analyzes children's eye gaze while viewing side-by-side images but hearing an audio that matches only one image. Stimuli are designed with young participants in mind.

휴대용 Intermodal 찾고 우대 (IPL) : 일반적으로 유아와 자폐증이있는 어린 아이들을 개발 조사 언어 이해

One  of the defining characteristics of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is difficulty  with language and communication.1  Children with ASD's onset of ...

의학

An Electrophysiology Protocol to Measure Reward Anticipation and Processing in Children

We present a protocol designed to measure the neural correlates of reward in children. The protocol allows researchers to measure both reward anticipation and processing. Its purpose is to create a reward task that is appropriate for young children with and without autism while controlling reward properties between two conditions: social and nonsocial. The current protocol allows for comparisons of brain activity between social and nonsocial reward conditions while keeping the reward itself identical between conditions. Using this protocol, we found evidence that neurotypical children demonstrate enhanced anticipatory brain activity during the social condition. Furthermore, we found that neurotypical children anticipate social reward more robustly than children with autism diagnoses. As the task uses snacks as a reward, it is most appropriate for young children. However, the protocol may be adapted for use with adolescent or adult populations if snacks are replaced by monetary incentives. The protocol is designed to measure electrophysiological events (event-related potentials), but it may be customized for use with eye-tracking or fMRI.

This protocol is designed to measure reward anticipation and processing in young children with and without autism. Specifically, the protocol is designed to study the neural correlates of reward during social and nonsocial conditions while controlling for reward between conditions.

측정 보상 기대와 아이 들에서 처리 하는 전기 생리학 프로토콜

We present a protocol designed to measure the neural correlates of reward in children. The protocol allows researchers to measure both reward anticipation ...

Using the Visual World Paradigm to Study Sentence Comprehension in Mandarin-Speaking Children with Autism

Sentence comprehension relies on the ability to rapidly integrate different types of linguistic and non-linguistic information. However, there is currently a paucity of research exploring how preschool children with autism understand sentences using different types of cues. The mechanisms underlying sentence comprehension remains largely unclear. The present study presents a protocol to examine the sentence comprehension abilities of preschool children with autism. More specifically, a visual world paradigm of eye-tracking is used to explore the moment-to-moment sentence comprehension in the children. The paradigm has multiple advantages. First, it is sensitive to the time course of sentence comprehension and thus can provide rich information about how sentence comprehension unfolds over time. Second, it requires minimal task and communication demands, so it is ideal for testing children with autism. To further minimize the computational burden of children, the present study measures eye movements that arise as automatic responses to linguistic input rather than measuring eye movements that accompany conscious responses to spoken instructions.

We present a protocol to examine the use of morphological cues during real-time sentence comprehension by children with autism.

자폐증을 가진 아이 들 중국어 말하기에서 문장 독 해 공부를 시각적인 세계 패러다임을 사용 하 여

Sentence comprehension relies on the ability to rapidly integrate different types of linguistic and non-linguistic information. However, there is ...

Comparing Eye-tracking Data of Children with High-functioning ASD, Comorbid ADHD, and of a Control Watching Social Videos

Children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are known to have sensory-perceptual processing deficits that weaken their abilities to attend and perceive social stimuli in daily living contexts. Since daily social episodes consist of subtle dynamic changes in social information, any failure to attend to or process subtle human nonverbal cues, such as facial expression, postures, and gestures, might lead to inappropriate social interaction. Traditional behavioral rating scales or assessment tools based on static social scenes have limitations in capturing the moment-to-moment changes in social scenarios. An eye-tracking assessment, which can be administered in a video-based mode, is therefore preferred, to augment clinical observation. In this study, using the single-case comparison design, the eye-tracking data of three participants, a child with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), another with comorbid attention deficit-hyperactive disorder (ADHD), and a neurotypical control, are captured while they view a video of social scenarios. The eye-tracking experiment has helped answer the research question: How does social attention differ between the three participants? By predefining areas of interest (AOIs), their visual attention on relevant or irrelevant social stimuli, how fast each participant attends to the first social stimuli appearing in the videos, for how long each participant continues to attend to those stimuli within the AOIs, and the gaze shifts between multiple social stimuli appearing concurrently in the same social scene are captured, compared, and analyzed in a video-based eye-tracking experiment.

This is a qualitative comparative case study analysis of eye-tracking data on the first moments of social video scenes as viewed by three participants: one with autism spectrum disorder, one with comorbid attention deficit-hyperactive disorder, and one neurotypical control.

눈-추적 데이터 높은 기능 ASD, Comorbid ADHD 어린이의 및 사회 동영상 보고 제어의 비교

Children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are known to have sensory-perceptual processing deficits that weaken their abilities to attend and perceive ...

Lexical Decision Task for Studying Written Word Recognition in Adults with and without Dementia or Mild Cognitive Impairment

Older adults are slower at recognizing visual objects than younger adults. The same is true for recognizing that a letter string is a real word. People with Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD) or Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) demonstrate even longer responses in written word recognition than elderly controls. Despite the general tendency towards slower recognition in aging and neurocognitive disorders, certain characteristics of words influence word recognition speed regardless of age or neuropathology (e.g., a word&#8217;s frequency of use). We present here a protocol for examining the influence of lexical characteristics on word recognition response times in a simple lexical decision experiment administered to younger and older adults and people with MCI or AD. In this experiment, participants are asked to decide as quickly and accurately as possible whether a given letter string is an actual word or not. We also describe mixed-effects models and principal components analysis that can be used to detect the influence of different types of lexical variables or individual characteristics of participants on word recognition speed.

This article describes how to implement a simple lexical decision experiment to assess written word recognition in neurologically healthy participants and in individuals with dementia and cognitive decline. We also provide a detailed description of reaction time analysis using principal components analysis (PCA) and mixed-effects modeling.

치매 또는 경도 인지 장애가 있거나 없는 성인에서 서면 단어 인식을 연구하기위한 어휘 결정 작업

Older adults are slower at recognizing visual objects than younger adults. The same is true for recognizing that a letter string is a real word. People ...

Interaction between Phonological and Semantic Processes in Visual Word Recognition using Electrophysiology

Controversies have always existed in research related to reading abilities; on whether printed words are perceived in a feedforward manner based on orthographic information after which, other representations, such as phonology and semantics are activated, or whether these are fully interactive and high-level semantic information affects early processing. An interference paradigm was implemented in the presented protocol of phonological and semantic judgment tasks that utilized the same precede-target pairs to explore the relative order of phonological and semantic activation. The high- and low-frequency target words were preceded with three conditions: semantically related, phonological-related (homophones), or unrelated. The results showed that the induced P200 component of low-frequency word pairs was significantly greater than high-frequency words in both the semantic and phonological tasks. In addition, both the homophones in the semantic task and the semantically related pairs in the phonological task caused reduction in N400 when compared to the the control condition, word frequency-independently. It is worth noting that for the low-frequency pairs in the phonological judgment task, the P200 released by the semantically related word pairs was significantly larger than that in the control condition. Overall, semantic processing in phonological tasks and phonological processing in semantic tasks were found in both high- and low-frequency words, suggesting that the interaction between semantics and phonology may operate in a task-independent manner. However, the specific time this interaction occurred may have been affected by the task and frequency.

We present a protocol to explore the relative activation sequence of phonology and semantics in visual word recognition. The results show that consistent with interactive accounts, semantic and phonological representations may be processed interactively, and higher-level linguistic representations may affect early processing.

전기 생리학을 사용하여 시각 단어 인식에서 음과 및 의미론 프로세스 사이의 상호 작용

Controversies have always existed in research related to reading abilities; on whether printed words are perceived in a feedforward manner based on ...

A Familiarization Protocol Facilitates the Participation of Children with ASD in Electrophysiological Research

This paper includes a detailed description of a familiarization protocol, which is used as an integral component of a larger research protocol to collect electroencephalography (EEG) data and Event-Related Potentials (ERPs). At present, the systems available for the collection of high-quality EEG/ERP data make significant demands on children with developmental disabilities, such as those with an Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Children with ASD may have difficulty adapting to novel situations, tolerating uncomfortable sensory stimuli, and sitting quietly. This familiarization protocol uses Evidence-Based Practices (EBPs) to increase research participants&#39; knowledge and understanding of the specific activities and steps of the research protocol. The tools in this familiarization protocol are a social narrative, a visual schedule, the Premack principle, role-playing, and modeling. The goal of this familiarization protocol is to increase understanding and agency and to potentially reduce anxiety for child participants, resulting in a greater likelihood of the successful completion of the research protocol for the collection of EEG/ERP data.

Electrophysiological research is an important tool for identifying biomarkers of developmental disorders, including Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD), but data collection in these populations remains challenging. This work presents a familiarization protocol to accompany research that includes electroencephalography (EEG) to improve the likelihood of collecting EEG data from children with ASD.

익숙 함 프로토콜은 ASD를 가진 아이들의 전기 생리학 연구 참여 촉진

This paper includes a detailed description of a familiarization protocol, which is used as an integral component of a larger research protocol to collect ...

신경과학

Executive Function in Autism Spectrum Disorder

Source: Laboratories of Jonas T. Kaplan and Sarah I. Gimbel&#8212;University of Southern California
Attention, working-memory, planning, impulse control, inhibition, and mental flexibility are important components of human cognition that are often referred to as executive functions. Autism spectrum disorder is a developmental disorder that is characterized by impairments in social interaction, communication, and repetitive behaviors. It is a disorder that lasts a lifetime, and is thought to affect 0.6% of the population. The symptoms of autism suggest a deficit in executive function, which may be assessed by specialized neuropsychological tests. By employing several tests that each emphasize different aspects of executive function, we can gain a more complete picture of the cognitive profile of the disorder. 
One such task, known as the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), is a cognitively complex task used widely in research and clinical studies as a highly sensitive measure of deficits in executive function. It tests a person's ability to shift attention and tests their flexibility with changing rules and reinforcement.1 In the WCST, a participant is presented with four stimulus cards, incorporating three stimulus parameters: color, shape, and number. The participant is asked to sort response cards according to different principles, changing their sorting criteria based on feedback from the experimenter. Participants try out different rules until they find the correct method for sorting the cards. Patients with executive dysfunction tend to get stuck in the card sorting task, unable to change their sorting strategy. This persistence with an incorrect strategy is called perseveration. 
A second task, The Tower of London (ToL) is a test dependent on complex planning, re-evaluation, and updating of planned moves. Individuals with autism have been reported to be impaired on tasks involving planning.2 In the ToL task, individuals must move disks from a prearranged sequence on three pegs to match a goal state in as few moves as possible, following specific rules. 
A third task, known as the Stroop test, targets cognitive inhibition. In this task participants are shown a name of a color, written in a different color, and are asked to identify the color the word is written in. For example, in an incongruent condition, the word blue would be written in green. Individuals with inhibition difficulty should not perform as well as typically developing individuals on this task involving inhibition of the written word.
In this video, we show how to administer the WCST, ToL, and Stroop task to compare flexibility, planning, and inhibition in children with autism spectrum disorder and typically developing counterparts, and explore how each of these groups performs on these different aspects of executive function.

Behavioral Tests to Assess Executive Functions in Children with ASD

자폐 스펙트럼 장애의 실행 기능

Source: Laboratories of Jonas T. Kaplan and Sarah I. Gimbel&#8212;University of Southern California
Attention, working-memory, planning, impulse control, ...