Questo studio è stato, in parte o in toto, supportati da National Natural Science Foundation of China (31472187 e 31672550) e The Agricultural Science e Technology Innovation Program dell'Accademia cinese delle scienze agrarie.

Tutti gli esperimenti sugli animali sono stati approvati dal comitato etico locale dell'Istituto di ricerca veterinaria di Shanghai, Accademia cinese delle scienze agricole (permesso numero: SHVRIAU-14-0101).
1. cultura in Vitro di Schistosomes
Nota: Schistosomes rappresentano un rischio biologico. I lavoratori devono indossare guanti in lattice a tutti volte quando correlate a handling vermi, sospensioni schistosomal o altri materiali biologici. Nuova Zelanda conigli sono stati infettati con ~ 2.000 cercarie via addominale dell'esposizione. Schistosomes nella fase del fegato sono stati raccolti da conigli infettati con S. japonicum cercarie a 28 giorni post-infezione di aspersione del fegato e vene mesenteriche. Le procedure di raccolta di vite senza fine sono stato fatto riferimento in precedenti pubblicazioni che riportano studi in topi18.
<ol><li>Raccogliere i parassiti in un becher da 500 mL. Lavarli accuratamente e delicatamente 3 x 200 ml di preriscaldato (37 ° C) PBS (pH 7.4).</li>
	<li>Separare le coppie di verme di ~ 200 per ogni piatto di Petri di 90 mm. Quindi lavare i parassiti accuratamente e delicatamente 2 x 50 ml di preriscaldato (37 ° C) terreno di coltura RPMI-1640 che contiene 100 U di penicillina e 100 mg/mL di streptomicina.</li>
	<li>Mantenere i parassiti in 40 mL di terreno di coltura RPMI-1640 preriscaldato senza antibiotici a 37 ° C, inferiore al 5% CO2 ad una densità di verme ~ 5 coppie/ml per 2 h a 90 millimetri Petri dish. Note: Il medium RPMI 1640 non deve contenere siero, altrimenti saranno introdotte delle vescicole extracellulari esogena.</li>
</ol>2. pre-trattati condizione Media
<ol><li>Raccogliere il terreno di coltura e poi Centrifugare il mezzo a 4 ° C a 2.000 × g per 30 min rimuovere uova e detriti tegmentale a vite senza fine.</li>
	<li>Trasferire il surnatante in una nuova provetta e quindi filtrare la soluzione utilizzando un filtro per siringa da 0,22 µm.</li>
	<li>Raccogliere la soluzione filtrata in un sacchetto di dializzato (cut-off peso molecolare: 3.5kD) e poi Dializzare la soluzione utilizzando 8% PEG8000 soluzione a 4 ° C durante la notte. Note: Questo passaggio è importante per arricchire SjEVs per aumentare il rendimento di isolamento SjEVs.</li>
</ol>3. isolamento di SjEVs
<ol><li>Trasferire la soluzione dializzata ad un nuovo tubo e quindi aggiungere 0,5 volumi del reagente esosomi totale isolamento.</li>
	<li>Miscelare la soluzione bene da Vortex o su e giù il pipettaggio per garantire l'omogeneità della soluzione.</li>
	<li>Incubare la miscela a 2 ° C-8 ° C per una notte.</li>
	<li>Centrifugare la miscela a 15.000 × g per 1 h a 2 ° C – 8 ° C.</li>
	<li>Aspirare e scartare il surnatante. Note: SVE sono contenute nel pellet nella parte inferiore del tubo (non visibile nella maggior parte dei casi).</li>
	<li>Risospendere il pellet di EVs in 2 mL di PBS e quindi conservare la soluzione di EVs a-80 ° C fino a ulteriore analisi.</li>
</ol>4. caratterizzazione del SVE mediante Western Blotting
<ol><li>Determinare la concentrazione nella proteina del campione SjEVs, per esempio, dall'analisi di BCA.</li>
	<li>Preparare 10-20 µ g di SVE in 22,5 µ l di tampone RIPA. Quindi aggiungere 7,5 µ l di 4 x caricamento buffer e calore per 5 min a 95 ° C.</li>
	<li>Separare le proteine SjEVs di gel di SDS-PAGE 12%.</li>
	<li>Trasferire le proteine alla membrana PVDF e quindi sonda con anticorpi anti-CD63 (1:1, 000 diluizione), seguiti da sondare con anti-coniglio IgG-HRP (1:5, 000 diluizione).</li>
	<li>Utilizzare il reagente di rivelazione ECL per lo sviluppo della membrana e rilevare i segnali da una sistema di imaging di chemiluminescenza.</li>
</ol>5. caratterizzazione del SVE da microscopia elettronica di trasmissione
<ol><li>Aggiungere 2 µ l di SjEVs isolato a 200 mesh rivestite con formvar griglie e quindi lasciare asciugare a temperatura ambiente.</li>
	<li>Macchia con 2% acido fosfotungstico per 1 min e poi lasciare asciugare a temperatura ambiente.</li>
	<li>Caricare le griglie sul supporto del campione del microscopio elettronico a trasmissione ed esposto ad un fascio di elettroni kV 80 per l'acquisizione immagine.</li>
</ol>6. SjEVs etichetta con PKH67 e analisi di assorbimento cellulare
Note: Tutti i passaggi successivi sono stati effettuati a temperatura ambiente (20-25 ° C), se non diversamente indicato.
<ol><li>Trasferire 5 µ g SjEVs soluzione in una provetta di polipropilene fondo conico e regolare il volume di 12 mL aggiungendo medium RPMI 1640.</li>
	<li>Centrifugare il SjEVs a 110.000 × g per 90 min a 4 ° C per pellet SjEVs.</li>
	<li>Dopo la centrifugazione, aspirare accuratamente il supernatante. Nota: Il colorante etanolico di PKH67 non deve essere aggiunte direttamente per il pellet SjEV, quanto ne risulterebbe in colorazione eterogenea e vitalità cellulare ridotto.</li>
	<li>Preparare una soluzione di sospensione EV 2x aggiungendo 1 mL di diluente C al pellet di SjEV; per garantire la completa dispersione, risospendere con delicata pipettaggio.</li>
	<li>Appena prima della colorazione in diluente C, preparare un fresco 2 x soluzione colorante aggiungendo 2 µ l della soluzione etanolica tintura PKH67 a 1 mL di diluente C in una provetta da centrifuga in polipropilene e mescolando bene per disperdere.</li>
	<li>Consente di aggiungere rapidamente il 1 mL di 2 x EV sospensione (punto 6.4) a 1 mL di 2 x soluzione colorante (passo 6,5) e immediatamente mescolare il campione di pipettaggio.</li>
	<li>Incubare la miscela a temperatura ambiente per 4 min.</li>
	<li>Interrompere la colorazione con l'aggiunta di 4 mL di FBS e poi incubare per 1 min.</li>
	<li>Aggiungere il terreno RPMI1640 per regolare il volume di 12 mL e poi Centrifugare a 110.000 × g a 4 ° C per 90 min.</li>
	<li>Rimuovere il supernatante e aggiungere mezzo RPMI1640 per risospendere il PKH67 con l'etichetta SjEV pellet.</li>
	<li>Centrifugare a 110.000 × g a 4 ° C per 90 min lavare una volta e quindi aggiungere PBS per risospendere il pellet di SjEVs.</li>
</ol>7. SjEVs cella analisi di assorbimento
<ol><li>Le cellule di mammiferi di seme come NCTC clonare cellule 1469 o HEK293T cellule in piastre da 6 pozzetti (2 × 105 cellule per pozzetto) e le cellule della coltura durante la notte.</li>
	<li>Aggiungere 5 µ g SjEVs PKH67-etichettati e quindi della coltura le cellule a 37 ° C per 2-4 h.</li>
	<li>Dopo l'incubazione, rimuovere il supporto e lavare le cellule con PBS due volte.</li>
	<li>Fissare le cellule con soluzione di formaldeide 4% per 15 min e lavato due volte con PBS.</li>
	<li>Macchia i nuclei delle cellule con 4 ′, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI).</li>
	<li>Osservare le cellule mediante microscopia a fluorescenza.</li>
</ol>

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Studi recenti su EVs hanno dimostrato quel schistosome che EVS svolgono un ruolo importante nelle interazioni ospite-patogeno3,9,12,16. Per affrontare altre loro funzioni di regolamentazione, è essenziale per isolare SVE da schistosomes. Qui, descriviamo un metodo alternativo per l'isolamento di SjEV. Questo metodo restituisce una dimensione vasta gamma di SjEVs, da 100 nm a 400 nm, in adulto ...

Vescicole extracellulari (EVs) sono una popolazione di piccole vescicole di membrana-limitano incapsulato con varie proteine, lipidi e acidi nucleici. Studi recenti hanno dimostrato che EVs svolgono un ruolo cruciale nella comunicazione cellula-cellula e sono coinvolti nella regolazione di numerosi processi fisiologici, tra cui lo sviluppo delle cellule, regolazione immunitaria, angiogenesi e cella migrazione2, 3,4,5. Raccogliendo la prova indica che EVs, circolazione esosomi e loro carico di miRNA rappresenta potenziali biomarcatori di determinate malattie6.
Alcuni protozoi quali Trichomonas vaginalis, Trypanosoma cruzie Leishmania spp., hanno dimostrato di essere in grado di secernere EVs; elminti inoltre sono stati trovati per secernere EVs in vita ospita7. EVs parassita sono stati indicati per essere coinvolti nel mantenimento dell'infezione, patogenicità8e9di regolazione immunitaria. Recenti studi in schistosomes entrambi Schistosoma mansoni (S. mansoni) 10,11 e S. japonicum12 hanno indicato che adulti schistosomes secernono esosomi-come vescicole che possono essere coinvolto nei regolamenti funzionali di specifici processi biologici.
Ad oggi, sono stati utilizzati diversi metodi per isolare le vescicole extracellulari, quali ultracentrifugazione, ultrafiltrazione13, l'uso di reagenti a base di polimeri, cromatografia di esclusione dimensionale e l'isolamento di immunoaffinità. Questi metodi differenti possiedono i propri vantaggi e limitazioni14. Generalmente, ultracentrifugazione è considerato il metodo gold standard per l'isolamento delle vescicole. Tuttavia, questo metodo soffre dalla limitazione del potenziale di aggregazione EV14.
In schistosomes, sono stati segnalati un paio di metodi per l'isolamento di EV: questi includono ultracentrifugazione11,12,10 e l'uso di kit commerciali isolamento di EV16 per diverse fasi (uova16, schistosomula11, schistosomes adulto10,12,17). Dato che microvescicole sono di una vasta gamma di dimensioni da diverse centinaia di nanometri a mille nanometri, abbiamo sviluppato un metodo alternativo che si combina con l'uso della centrifuga di panca, ultrafiltrazione e un kit di isolamento commerciale EV per isolare lo SVE da adulto Schistosoma japonicum. Lo SVE isolato in genere ha posseduto un diametro di 100-400 nm e con successo sono stato interiorizzato dalle cellule del destinatario.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:1161px;" width="1160">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="31">
			<td height="31" style="height:31px;width:459px;">Material</td>
			<td style="width:196px;"></td>
			<td style="width:188px;"></td>
			<td style="width:319px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="33">
			<td height="33" style="height:33px;width:459px;">Total Exosome Isolation Reagent (from cell culture media)</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">ThermoFisher SCIENTIFIC</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">4478359</td>
			<td style="width:319px;">For isolating S. japonicum extracellular vesicles</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:459px;">PKH67</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">Sigma-aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">MINI67</td>
			<td style="width:319px;">For labeling Evs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="27">
			<td height="27" style="height:27px;">RPMI 1640 Medium</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">ThermoFisher SCIENTIFIC</td>
			<td>11875119</td>
			<td>For parasite culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="31">
			<td height="31" style="height:31px;">Penicillin-Streptomycin</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">ThermoFisher SCIENTIFIC</td>
			<td>15140122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="28">
			<td height="28" style="height:28px;">0.22&#956;m syringe filter</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">Merck</td>
			<td>SLGP033RB</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="31">
			<td height="31" style="height:31px;">SnakeSkin Dialysis Tubing</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">Thermo SCIENTIFIC</td>
			<td>68035</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="32">
			<td height="32" style="height:32px;">PEG8000</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">Sangon Biotech</td>
			<td>A100159&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="31">
			<td height="31" style="height:31px;">RIPA</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">Beyotime</td>
			<td>P0013B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="30">
			<td height="30" style="height:30px;">EMD Millipore&#8482; Immobilon&#8482; Western Chemiluminescent HRP Substrate (ECL)</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">Fisher scientific</td>
			<td>WBKLS0100&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="29">
			<td height="29" style="height:29px;">DAPI</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling Technology</td>
			<td>4083</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="29">
			<td height="29" style="height:29px;">BCA kit</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">Beyotime</td>
			<td>P0010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;">CD63 antibodies</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">Sangon Biotech</td>
			<td>D160973-0025</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="28">
			<td height="28" style="height:28px;">PVDF</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>1704273</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="33">
			<td height="33" style="height:33px;">Formvar/Carbon 400 mesh</td>
			<td>Ted Pella</td>
			<td>01754-F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="33">
			<td height="33" style="height:33px;">Phosphotungstic Acid</td>
			<td>Ted Pella</td>
			<td>19402</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="36">
			<td height="36" style="height:36px;">anti-mouse IgG-HRP</td>
			<td>CWBIO</td>
			<td>CW0102</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="37">
			<td height="37" style="height:37px;width:459px;">NCTC clone 1469 cells</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">ATCC</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">ATCC&#174; CCL-9.1&#8482;</td>
			<td style="width:319px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="37">
			<td height="37" style="height:37px;width:459px;">FBS</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">HyClone</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">SV30087.02</td>
			<td style="width:319px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="30">
			<td height="30" style="height:30px;width:459px;">Equipments</td>
			<td style="width:196px;"></td>
			<td style="width:188px;"></td>
			<td style="width:319px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;">GE chemoluminescance imaging system</td>
			<td>GE</td>
			<td>ImageQuant LAS4000mini</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="29">
			<td height="29" style="height:29px;">Transmission electron microscopy</td>
			<td>Hitachi</td>
			<td>H-7600</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="31">
			<td height="31" style="height:31px;">Milli-Q water</td>
			<td>Milli-Q</td>
			<td>Milli-Q Elix</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="31">
			<td height="31" style="height:31px;">Eppendor Centrifuge&#160;</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>Centrifuge 5804R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="29">
			<td height="29" style="height:29px;">Zetasizer Nano</td>
			<td>Malvern</td>
			<td>Zetasizer Nano ZS&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="30">
			<td height="30" style="height:30px;">Ultracentrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">Beckman</td>
			<td colspan="2">Optima L-100 XP Ultracentrifuge</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="33">
			<td height="33" style="height:33px;">Incubator</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">ESCO</td>
			<td>CCL-107B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="27">
			<td height="27" style="height:27px;">Microscope</td>
			<td style="width:196px;">Zeiss</td>
			<td>Zeiss Axin Observer Z1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

isolation and characterization of extracellular vesicles from adult schistosoma japonicum

Vescicole extracellulari (EVs) sono membranose vescicole rilasciate da una varietà di cellule nel microambiente extracellulare. SVE rappresentano una popolazione di vescicole eterogenee, cui intervallo di grandezza tra 40 e 1.000 nm. Prove accumulate indicavano che EVs svolgere ruoli importanti regolatori in interazioni ospite-patogeno. Una profonda comprensione di schistosome EVs dovrebbe fornire i meccanismi alla base di interazioni di schistosome-ospite, che permette lo sviluppo di nuove strategie contro la schistosomiasi: intuizioni. Qui, ci proponiamo di studiare ulteriormente funzioni di EVs in schistosomes presentando un protocollo per l'isolamento e la caratterizzazione del SVE da adulto Schistosoma japonicum (S. japonicum). SVE sono state isolate da in vitro mezzo di coltura mediante centrifugazione combinato con un kit di isolamento commerciale esosomi. L' isolato S. japonicum EVs (SjEVs) in genere possiedono un diametro di 100-400 nm e sono caratterizzate da microscopia elettronica di trasmissione e western blotting. L'utilizzo di PKH67 tingere-contrassegnati SjEVs ha dimostrato che SjEVs sono interiorizzati dalle cellule del destinatario. Nel complesso, il nostro protocollo fornisce un metodo alternativo per isolare SVE da adulto schistosomes; il SjEVs isolato può essere adatto per l'analisi funzionale.

Per quantificare il rendimento di SjEVs isolato utilizzando il protocollo descritto, abbiamo usato l'analisi della proteina di BCA per accedere la concentrazione nella proteina del SjEVs isolato da schistosomes adulto 28 giorni. Come illustrato nella tabella 1, la concentrazione di proteina SjEV ha variata da 208 µ g a 250 µ g / 100 mL di terreno (tabella 1). La dimensione delle particelle, come determinato mediante analisi di nanoparticelle di Malvern,...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation and Characterization of Extracellular Vesicles from Adult Schistosoma japonicum at JoVE.com

Isolation and Characterization of Extracellular Vesicles from Adult Schistosoma japonicum

Isolamento e caratterizzazione di vescicole extracellulari da adulto Schistosoma japonicum

Qui, presentiamo un protocollo per descrivere isolamento di vescicole extracellulari (SVE) nel mezzo di coltura in vitro da adulto Schistosoma japonicum.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous vesicles released by a variety of cells into the extracellular microenvironment. EVs represent a population of ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Isolation and Characterization of Extracellular Vesicles from Adult Schistosoma japonicum

7.8K Views.  Ministry of Agriculture. Qui, presentiamo un protocollo per descrivere isolamento di vescicole extracellulari (SVE) nel mezzo di coltura in vitro da adulto Schistosoma japonicum.

Video: Isolation and Characterization of Extracellular Vesicles from Adult Schistosoma japonicum

Using Eggs from Schistosoma mansoni as an In vivo Model of Helminth-induced Lung Inflammation

Schistosoma parasites are blood flukes that infect an estimated 200 million people worldwide 1. In chronic infection with Schistosoma, the severe pathology, including liver fibrosis and splenomegaly, is caused by the immune response to the parasite eggs rather than the parasite itself 2. Parasite eggs induce a Th2 response characterized by the production of IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13, the alternative activation of macrophages and the recruitment of eosinophils. Here, we describe injection of Schistosoma mansoni eggs as a model to examine parasite-specific Th2 cytokine responses in the lung and draining lymph nodes, the formation of pulmonary granulomas surrounding the egg, and airway inflammation. 
Following intraperitoneal sensitization and intravenous challenge, S. mansoni eggs are transported to the lung via the pulmonary arteries where they are trapped within the lung parenchyma by granulomas composed of lymphocytes, eosinophils and alternatively activated macrophages 3-6. Associated with granuloma formation, inflammation in the broncho-alveolar spaces, expansion of the draining lymph nodes and CD4 T cell activation can be observed. Here we detail the protocol for isolating Schistosoma mansoni eggs from infected livers (modified from 7), sensitizing and challenging mice, and recovering the organs (broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL), lung and draining lymph nodes) for analysis. We also include representative histologic and immunologic data and suggestions for additional immunologic analysis. 
Overall, this method provides an in vivo model to investigate helminth-induced immunologic responses in the lung, which is broadly applicable to the study of Th2 inflammatory diseases including helminth infection, fibrotic diseases, allergic inflammation and asthma. Advantages of this model for the study of type 2 inflammation in the lung include the reproducibility of a potent Th2 inflammatory response in the lung and draining lymph nodes, the ease of assessment of inflammation by histologic examination of the granulomas surrounding the egg, and the potential for long-term storage of the parasite eggs.

Using Eggs from Schistosoma mansoni as an In vivo Model of Helminth-induced Lung Inflammation

Schistosoma mansoni eggs are potent stimulators of the T helper type 2 (Th2) immune response, characteristic of parasite infection, asthma and allergic inflammation. This protocol utilizes S. mansoni egg injection to generate a CD4 Th2 cytokine-induced inflammatory response in the lung, characterized by lung granuloma formation around the egg, eosinophilia and macrophage alternative activation.

Con ovuli<em&gt; Schistosoma mansoni</em&gt; Come<em&gt; In vivo</em&gt; Modello di elminti-indotta infiammazione polmonare

Schistosoma parasites are blood flukes that infect an estimated 200 million people worldwide 1. In chronic infection with Schistosoma, the severe ...

Ricerca

Immunologia e infezioni

Isolation and Characterization of Dendritic Cells and Macrophages from the Mouse Intestine

Within the intestine reside unique populations of innate and adaptive immune cells that are involved in promoting tolerance towards commensal flora and food antigens while concomitantly remaining poised to mount inflammatory responses toward invasive pathogens1,2. Antigen presenting cells, particularly DCs and macrophages, play critical roles in maintaining intestinal immune homeostasis via their ability to sense and appropriately respond to the microbiota3-14. Efficient isolation of intestinal DCs and macrophages is a critical step in characterizing the phenotype and function of these cells. While many effective methods of isolating intestinal immune cells, including DCs and macrophages, have been described6,10,15-24, many rely upon long digestions times that may negatively influence cell surface antigen expression, cell viability, and/or cell yield. Here, we detail a methodology for the rapid isolation of large numbers of viable, intestinal DCs and macrophages. Phenotypic characterization of intestinal DCs and macrophages is carried out by directly staining isolated intestinal cells with specific fluorescence-labeled monoclonal antibodies for multi-color flow cytometric analysis. Furthermore, highly pure DC and macrophage populations are isolated for functional studies utilizing CD11c and CD11b magnetic-activated cell sorting beads followed by cell sorting.

Here, we detail a methodology for the rapid isolation of mouse intestinal dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages. Phenotypic characterization of intestinal DCs and macrophages is performed using multi-color flow cytometric analysis while magnetic bead enrichment followed by cell sorting is used to yield highly pure populations for functional studies.

Isolamento e caratterizzazione di cellule dendritiche ei macrofagi dall&#39;intestino mouse

Within the intestine reside unique populations of innate and adaptive immune cells that are involved in promoting tolerance towards commensal flora and ...

Simplified Human Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) Isolation and Handling

Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) have been recently identified as part of the neutrophil&#8217;s antimicrobial armamentarium. Apart from their role in fighting infections, recent research has demonstrated that they may be involved in many other disease processes, including cancer progression. Isolating purified NETs is a crucial element to allow the study of these functions.
In this video, we demonstrate a simplified method of cell free NET isolation from human whole blood using readily available reagents. Isolated NETs can then be used for immunofluorescence staining, blotting or various functional assays. This enables an assessment of their biologic properties in the absence of the potential confounding effects of neutrophils themselves.
A density gradient separation technique is employed to isolate neutrophils from healthy donor whole blood. Isolated neutrophils are then stimulated by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) to induce NETosis. Activated neutrophils are then discarded, and a cell-free NET stock is obtained.
We then demonstrate how isolated NETs can be used in an adhesion assay with A549 human lung cancer cells. The NET stock is used to coat the wells of a 96 well cell culture plate O/N, and after ensuring an adequate NET monolayer formation on the bottom of the wells, CFSE labeled A549 cells are added. Adherent cells are quantified using a Nikon TE300 fluorescent microscope. In some wells, 1000U DNAse1 is added 10 min before counting to degrade NETs

Simplified Human Neutrophil Extracellular Traps NETs Isolation and Handling

In the following protocol, we describe a very simple way to isolate Neutrophil Extracellular traps (NETs) from human whole blood using readily available reagents. We then demonstrate how the isolated NETs can be used in an in vitro adhesion assay with cancer cells.

Semplificato umani neutrofili extracellulari Traps (NET) Isolamento e Manipolazione

Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) have been recently identified as part of the neutrophil&#8217;s antimicrobial armamentarium. Apart from their role ...

Isolation and Characterization of Neutrophils with Anti-Tumor Properties

Neutrophils, the most abundant of all white blood cells in the human circulation, play an important role in the host defense against invading microorganisms. In addition, neutrophils play a central role in the immune surveillance of tumor cells. They have the ability to recognize tumor cells and induce tumor cell death either through a cell contact-dependent mechanism involving hydrogen peroxide or through antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). Neutrophils with anti-tumor activity can be isolated from peripheral blood of cancer patients and of tumor-bearing mice. These neutrophils are termed tumor-entrained neutrophils (TEN) to distinguish them from neutrophils of healthy subjects or na&#239;ve mice that show no significant tumor cytotoxic activity. Compared with other white blood cells, neutrophils show different buoyancy making it feasible to obtain a &#62; 98% pure neutrophil population when subjected to a density gradient. However, in addition to the normal high-density neutrophil population (HDN), in cancer patients, in tumor-bearing mice, as well as under chronic inflammatory conditions, distinct low-density neutrophil populations (LDN) appear in the circulation. LDN co-purify with the mononuclear fraction and can be separated from mononuclear cells using either positive or negative selection strategies. Once the purity of the isolated neutrophils is determined by flow cytometry, they can be used for in vitro and in vivo functional assays. We describe techniques for monitoring the anti-tumor activity of neutrophils, their ability to migrate and to produce reactive oxygen species, as well as monitoring their phagocytic capacity ex vivo. We further describe techniques to label the neutrophils for in vivo tracking, and to determine their anti-metastatic capacity in vivo. All these techniques are essential for understanding how to obtain and characterize neutrophils with anti-tumor function.

Neutrophils play an important role not only in host defense against invading microorganisms, but are also involved in the immune surveillance of tumor cells. Here, we describe techniques related to the isolation of neutrophils with anti-tumor properties and methods for monitoring anti-tumor neutrophil function in vitro and in vivo.

Isolamento e caratterizzazione di neutrofili con proprietà antitumorali

Neutrophils, the most abundant of all white blood cells in the human circulation, play an important role in the host defense against invading ...

Isolation, Characterization and Functional Examination of the Gingival Immune Cell Network

Immune cell networks in tissues play a vital role in mediating local immunity and maintaining tissue homeostasis, yet little is known of the resident immune cell populations in the oral mucosa and gingiva. We have established a technique for the isolation and study of immune cells from murine gingival tissues, an area of constant microbial exposure and a vulnerable site to a common inflammatory disease, periodontitis. Our protocol allows for a detailed phenotypic characterization of the immune cell populations resident in the gingiva, even at steady state. Our procedure also yields sufficient cells with high viability for use in functional studies, such as the assessment of cytokine secretion ex vivo. This combination of phenotypic and functional characterization of the gingival immune cell network should aid towards investigating the mechanisms involved in oral immunity and periodontal homeostasis, but will also advance our understanding of the mechanisms involved in local immunopathology.

We have established a technique for the isolation, phenotypic characterization and functional analysis of immune cells from murine gingiva.

Isolamento, caratterizzazione e esame funzionale della cella di rete gengivale immunitario

Immune cell networks in tissues play a vital role in mediating local immunity and maintaining tissue homeostasis, yet little is known of the resident ...

Isolation and Flow Cytometric Characterization of Murine Small Intestinal Lymphocytes

The intestines &#8212; which contain the largest number of immune cells of any organ in the body &#8212; are constantly exposed to foreign antigens, both microbial and dietary. Given an increasing understanding that these luminal antigens help shape the immune response and that education of immune cells within the intestine is critical for a number of systemic diseases, there has been increased interest in characterizing the intestinal immune system. However, many published protocols are arduous and time-consuming. We present here a simplified protocol for the isolation of lymphocytes from the small-intestinal lamina propria, intraepithelial layer, and Peyer&#39;s patches that is rapid, reproducible, and does not require laborious Percoll gradients. Although the protocol focuses on the small intestine, it is also suitable for analysis of the colon. Moreover, we highlight some aspects that may need additional optimization depending on the specific scientific question. This approach results in the isolation of large numbers of viable lymphocytes that can subsequently be used for flow cytometric analysis or alternate means of characterization.

There is growing interest in the quantitative characterization of intestinal lymphocytes owing to increasing recognition that these cells play a critical role in a variety of intestinal and systemic diseases. In this protocol, we describe how to isolate single cell populations from different small-intestinal compartments for subsequent flow cytometric characterization.

Isolamento e caratterizzazione citometria a flusso di Murine Piccolo intestinale Linfociti

The intestines &#8212; which contain the largest number of immune cells of any organ in the body &#8212; are constantly exposed to foreign antigens, both ...

Flow Virometry to Analyze Antigenic Spectra of Virions and Extracellular Vesicles

Cells release small extracellular vesicles (EVs) into the surrounding media. Upon virus infection cells also release virions that have the same size of some of the EVs. Both virions and EVs carry proteins of the cells that generated them and are antigenically heterogeneous. In spite of their diversity, both viruses and EVs were characterized predominantly by bulk analysis. Here, we describe an original nanotechnology-based high throughput method that allows the characterization of antigens on individual small particles using regular flow cytometers. Viruses or extracellular vesicles were immunocaptured with 15 nm magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) coupled to antibodies recognizing one of the surface antigens. The captured virions or vesicles were incubated with fluorescent antibodies against other surface antigens. The resultant complexes were separated on magnetic columns from unbound antibodies and analyzed with conventional flow cytometers triggered on fluorescence. This method has wide applications and can be used to characterize the antigenic composition of any viral- and non-viral small particles generated by cells in vivo and in vitro. Here, we provide examples of the usage of this method to evaluate the distribution of host cell markers on individual HIV-1 particles, to study the maturation of individual Dengue virions (DENV), and to investigate extracellular vesicles released into the bloodstream.

Viruses or extracellular vesicles were immunocaptured with 15 nm magnetic nanoparticles coupled to antibodies recognizing surface antigens. The captured virions or vesicles were labeled with fluorescent antibodies against other surface antigens. The resultant complexes were separated in high magnetic field and analyzed with conventional flow cytometers triggered on fluorescence.

Flusso Virometry per analizzare antigenica spettri di virioni e extracellulare vescicole

Cells release small extracellular vesicles (EVs) into the surrounding media. Upon virus infection cells also release virions that have the same size of ...

Legionella pneumophila Outer Membrane Vesicles: Isolation and Analysis of Their Pro-inflammatory Potential on Macrophages

Bacteria are able to secrete a variety of molecules via various secretory systems. Besides the secretion of molecules into the extracellular space or directly into another cell, Gram-negative bacteria can also form outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). These membrane vesicles can deliver their cargo over long distances, and the cargo is protected from degradation by proteases and nucleases. 
Legionella pneumophila (L. pneumophila) is an intracellular, Gram-negative pathogen that causes a severe form of pneumonia. In humans, it infects alveolar macrophages, where it blocks lysosomal degradation and forms a specialized replication vacuole. Moreover, L. pneumophila produces OMVs under various growth conditions. To understand the role of OMVs in the infection process of human macrophages, we set up a protocol to purify bacterial membrane vesicles from liquid culture. The method is based on differential ultracentrifugation. The enriched OMVs were subsequently analyzed with regard to their protein and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) amount and were then used for the treatment of a human monocytic cell line or murine bone marrow-derived macrophages. The pro-inflammatory responses of those cells were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Furthermore, alterations in a subsequent infection were analyzed. To this end, the bacterial replication of L. pneumophila in macrophages was studied by colony-forming unit assays. 
Here, we describe a detailed protocol for the purification of L. pneumophila OMVs from liquid culture by ultracentrifugation and for the downstream analysis of their pro-inflammatory potential on macrophages.

Legionella pneumophila Outer Membrane Vesicles: Isolation and Analysis of Their Pro-inflammatory Potential on Macrophages

Here, we describe the purification of Legionella pneumophila (L. pneumophila) outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) from liquid cultures. These purified vesicles are then used for the treatment of macrophages to analyze their pro-inflammatory potential.

Legionella pneumophila membrana esterna Vescicole: Isolamento e analisi del loro potenziale pro-infiammatori sui macrofagi

Bacteria are able to secrete a variety of molecules via various secretory systems. Besides the secretion of molecules into the extracellular space or ...

Isolation, Characterization, and Purification of Macrophages from Tissues Affected by Obesity-related Inflammation

Obesity promotes a chronic inflammatory state that is largely mediated by tissue-resident macrophages as well as monocyte-derived macrophages. Diet-induced obesity (DIO) is a valuable model in studying the role of macrophage heterogeneity; however, adequate macrophage isolations are difficult to acquire from inflamed tissues. In this protocol, we outline the isolation steps and necessary troubleshooting guidelines derived from our studies for obtaining a suitable population of tissue-resident macrophages from mice following 18 weeks of high-fat (HFD) or high-fat/high-cholesterol (HFHCD) diet intervention. This protocol focuses on three hallmark tissues studied in obesity and atherosclerosis including the liver, white adipose tissues (WAT), and the aorta. We highlight how dualistic usage of flow cytometry can achieve a new dimension of isolation and characterization of tissue-resident macrophages. A fundamental section of this protocol addresses the intricacies underlying tissue-specific enzymatic digestions and macrophage isolation, and subsequent cell-surface antibody staining for flow cytometric analysis. This protocol addresses existing complexities underlying fluorescent-activated cell sorting (FACS) and presents clarifications to these complexities so as to obtain broad range characterization from adequately sorted cell populations. Alternate enrichment methods are included for sorting cells, such as the dense liver, allowing for flexibility and time management when working with FACS. In brief, this protocol aids the researcher to evaluate macrophage heterogeneity from a multitude of inflamed tissues in a given study and provides insightful troubleshooting tips that have been successful for favorable cellular isolation and characterization of immune cells in DIO-mediated inflammation.

This protocol allows a researcher to isolate and characterize tissue-resident macrophages in various hallmark inflamed tissues extracted from diet-induced models of metabolic disorders.

Isolamento, caratterizzazione e purificazione dei macrofagi dai tessuti colpiti da infiammazione obesità

Obesity promotes a chronic inflammatory state that is largely mediated by tissue-resident macrophages as well as monocyte-derived macrophages. ...

Isolation and Characterization of Neutrophil-derived Microparticles for Functional Studies

Polymorphonuclear neutrophil-derived microparticles (PMN)-MPs) are lipid bilayer, spherical microvesicles with sizes ranging from 50&#8211;1,000 nm in diameter. MPs are a newly evolving, important part of cell-to-cell communication and signaling machinery. Because of their size and the nature of their release, until recently MP existence was overlooked. However, with improved technology and analytical methods their function in health and disease is now emerging. The protocols presented here are aimed at isolating and characterizing PMN-MPs by flow cytometry and immunoblotting. Moreover, several implementation examples are given. These protocols for MP isolation are fast, low-cost, and do not require the use of expensive kits. Furthermore, they allow for the labeling of MPs following isolation, as well as pre-labeling of source cells prior to MP release, using a membrane-specific fluorescent dye for visualization and analysis by flow cytometry. These methods, however, have several limitations including purity of PMNs and MPs and the need for sophisticated analytical instrumentation. A high-end flow cytometer is needed to reliably analyze MPs and minimize false positive reads due to noise or auto-fluorescence. The described protocols can be used to isolate and define MP biogenesis, and characterize their markers and variation in composition under different stimulating conditions. Size heterogeneity can be exploited to investigate whether the content of membrane particles versus exosomes is different, and whether they fulfill different roles in tissue homeostasis. Finally, following isolation and characterization of MPs, their function in cellular responses and various disease models (including, PMN-associated inflammatory disorders, such as Inflammatory Bowel Diseases or Acute Lung Injury) can be explored.

New protocols are described here to isolate and characterize microparticles derived from human and mouse neutrophils. These protocols utilize ultracentrifugation, flow cytometry, and immunoblotting techniques to analyze microparticle content, and they can be used to study the role of microparticles derived from various cell types in cellular function.

Isolamento e caratterizzazione delle microparticelle neutrofilo per studi funzionali

Polymorphonuclear neutrophil-derived microparticles (PMN)-MPs) are lipid bilayer, spherical microvesicles with sizes ranging from 50&#8211;1,000 nm in ...