Desideriamo ringraziare Miss Shin-Fun Wu per il suo aiuto negli esperimenti. Questo studio è stato sostenuto da una sovvenzione dal programma di ricerca medica di Chang Gung (CMRPG3C0371, CMRPG3C0372, CMRPG3C0373) e IRB 100-4470A3, 104-2462A3, Taiwan.

I test eseguiti in laboratorio è stato effettuato in conformità con i requisiti della clinica laboratorio miglioramento emendamenti (CLIA) del 1988, il regolamento, approvato dal Consiglio di revisione istituzionale di Chang Gung Memorial Hospital e Università (licenza n. 100 - 4470A3 e 104-2462A3). Consenso informato è stato ottenuto da tutti i pazienti.
1. raccolta di campioni di sangue
<ol><li>Prelevare il sangue intero in provette EDTA-trattati commercialmente disponibili. Mescolare delicatamente e conservare il campione di sangue a 4 ° C fino al trattamento.</li>
</ol>2. DNA estrazione da sangue periferico
Utilizzare un Kit di estrazione del DNA per l'estrazione del DNA genomico (Vedi Tabella materiali).
<ol><li>Aggiungere 10 mL di soluzione 1 per il campione di sangue di 4,0 mL. Incubare il campione in ghiaccio per 10 min.</li>
	<li>Centrifugare il campione a 2.000 x g per 5 min a 4 ° C. Rimuovere e gettare il surnatante con attenzione. Risospendere il pellet in 3 mL di soluzione 1.</li>
	<li>Centrifugare il campione a 2.000 x g per 5 min a 4 ° C nuovo ed eliminare il surnatante. Risospendere il pellet in 3 mL di soluzione 2.</li>
	<li>Aggiungere 10 µ l di soluzione madre pronase (225 mg/mL) per ottenere una concentrazione finale di 100 µ g/mL e mescolare bene. Incubare a 37 ° C durante la notte.</li>
	<li>Raffreddare il tubo sul ghiaccio per 10 min Aggiungi 0,8 mL di soluzione 3 al campione e capovolgere 3 - 5 volte. Collocare il campione in ghiaccio per 5 min.</li>
	<li>Centrifugare il campione a 3.000 x g per 15 min a 4 ° C. Trasferire con cautela il surnatante in una provetta sterile conica per centrifuga 15 mL.</li>
	<li>6 µ l di soluzione madre di RNAsi (10 mg/mL) per ottenere una concentrazione finale di 20 µ g/mL. Incubare a 37 ° C per 15 min.</li>
	<li>Aggiungere 2,5 mL di alcool isopropilico e mescolare accuratamente capovolgendo più volte per precipitare il DNA (fili di materiale bianco e fioccoso formerà). Utilizzando una pipetta di grosso calibro, trasferire il precipitante di DNA in una nuova provetta da centrifuga da 1,5 mL.</li>
	<li>Centrifugare a 12.000 x g per 3 min a 4 ° C. Gettare il surnatante con attenzione. Pellet di DNA lavare aggiungendo 500 µ l di etanolo al 70%.</li>
	<li>Centrifugare a 12.000 x g per 1 min ed eliminare il surnatante. Asciugare all'aria a pellet di DNA a temperatura ambiente. Aggiungere 100 µ l di ddH2O e incubare a 65 ° C per 15 min risospendere il DNA.</li>
</ol>3. quantificazione del DNA genomica
Utilizzare uno spettrofotometro (Vedi Tabella materiali) per rilevare la quantità e la qualità del DNA genomic.
<ol><li>Accedere al computer collegato alla macchina spettrofotometro. Aprire il software.</li>
	<li>Inizializzare la macchina spettrofotometro:<ol>
<li>Fare clic su "Acido nucleico" sul software spettrofotometro.</li>
		<li>Pulire il piedistallo con una salvietta USA e getta carta e acqua purificata.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>Lo spettrofotometro in bianco:<ol>
<li>Caricare 2 µ l di acqua purificata sul piedistallo.</li>
		<li>Abbassare il braccio superiore dello spettrofotometro e fare clic su "Vuoto" per calibrarlo.</li>
		<li>Quando è fatto, sollevare il braccio superiore e asciugare il piedistallo con un panno.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>Misura il campione:<ol>
<li>Fare clic su tipo di campione "DNA-50".</li>
		<li>Caricare 2 µ l di campione di DNA sul piedistallo.</li>
		<li>Abbassare il braccio superiore e fare clic su "Misura" per misurare il rapporto A260/A280 e la concentrazione del campione.</li>
		<li>Pulire il piedistallo tra ogni esecuzione con un panno e acqua purificata.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>Fare clic su "Print Screen" per raccogliere i dati.</li>
</ol>4. genetiche analisi delle mutazioni
Amplificare il DNA dell'obiettivo con la PCR4. Eseguire PCR in una reazione a 25 µ l miscela utilizzando una DNA polimerasi kit (Vedi Tabella materiali). La tabella 1 Mostra il gene TTR intronic primer.
<table fo:keep-together.within-page="1"><tbody>
<tr>
<td>gene</td>
			<td>Sequenza più superelegante</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>Exon1</td>
			<td>F: 5'-TCAGATTGGCAGGGATAAGC-3' R: 5'-GCAAAGCTGGAAGGAGTCAC-3'</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>Exon2</td>
			<td>F: 5'-TCTTGTTTCGCTCCAGATTTC-3' R: 5'-TCTACCAAGTGAGGGGCAAA-3'</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>Exon3</td>
			<td>F: 5'-GTGTTAGTTGGTGGGGGTGT-3' R: 5'-TGAGTAAAACTGTGCATTTCCTG-3'</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>Exon4</td>
			<td>F: 5'-GACTTCCGGTGGTCAGTCAT-3' R: 5'-GCGTTCTGCCCAGATACTTT-3'</td>
		</tr>
</tbody></table>Tabella 1. Gli iniettori introniche del gene TTR. (Sequenza di Riferimento NCBI: NC_000018.10)
<ol><li>Aggiungere i reagenti nella tabella 2 in una provetta PCR 0,2 mL.</li>
</ol><table fo:keep-together.within-page="1"><tbody>
<tr>
<td>Componenti</td>
			<td>Volume (µ l)</td>
			<td>Concentrazione finale</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>10 x Buffer</td>
			<td>2.5</td>
			<td>1 x</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>MgCl2 (25 mM)</td>
			<td>1.5</td>
			<td>1,5 mM</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>360 GC Enhancer</td>
			<td>1</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>Polimerasi del DNA 360</td>
			<td>0.2</td>
			<td>2 U/reazione</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>dNTP Mix (25 mM)</td>
			<td>2</td>
			<td>2 mM ogni</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>Primer F (10 µM)</td>
			<td>1</td>
			<td>0,4 ΜM</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>Primer R (10 µM)</td>
			<td>1</td>
			<td>0,4 ΜM</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>DNA (100 ng)</td>
			<td>2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>Acqua di PCR-grado</td>
			<td>13,8</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>Volume totale</td>
			<td>25</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
</tbody></table>Tabella 2. Condizioni di reazione di PCR.
<ol start="2"><li>Mescolare delicatamente e centrifugare brevemente su una centrifuga da banco per raccogliere tutti i componenti alla parte inferiore del tubo. Posizionare il tubo in un termociclatore.</li>
	<li>Eseguire PCR per 30 cicli. Ogni ciclo è costituito da una fase di denaturazione per 30 s a 94 ° C, primer di ricottura per 30 s a 58 ° C e l'estensione della polimerasi per 45 s a 72 ° C (Vedi tabella 3).</li>
</ol><table fo:keep-together.within-page="1"><tbody>
<tr>
<td>Passo</td>
			<td>Temperatura (° C)</td>
			<td>Tempo</td>
			<td>ciclo</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>Denaturazione iniziale</td>
			<td>95</td>
			<td>5 min</td>
			<td>1</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>Denaturazione del DNA</td>
			<td>94</td>
			<td>30 s</td>
			<td>30 cicli</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>Punto di ricottura di primer</td>
			<td>58</td>
			<td>30 s</td>
			<td>30 cicli</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>Passaggio di estensione della polimerasi</td>
			<td>72</td>
			<td>45 s</td>
			<td>30 cicli</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>Passo di allungamento post</td>
			<td>72</td>
			<td>10 min</td>
			<td>1</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>Fine della PCR in bicicletta</td>
			<td>4</td>
			<td>Tempo indeterminato</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
</tbody></table>Tabella 3. Ciclismo condizioni per amplificare i prodotti di PCR.
<ol start="4"><li>Convalidare il prodotto PCR visualizzando con elettroforesi su gel:<ol>
<li>Preparare un gel di agarosio all'1.2%:<ol>
<li>Mescolare 1,2 g di agarosio in polvere con 100 mL di 0.5 x TBE in un fiasco di microwavable. Forno a microonde per 2 minuti fino a quando l'agarosio è completamente sciolto. Raffreddare la miscela di agarosio a 55 ° C.</li>
			<li>Aggiungere 2 µ l di una soluzione di bromuro di etidio (10 mg/mL) alla miscela di agarosio e mescolare delicatamente. Versare il composto di agarosio in un cassetto del gel per circa 5-7 mm, quindi aggiungere il comb(s) luogo. Lasciare solidificare (almeno 30 min) e rimuovere con attenzione comb(s).</li>
		</ol>
</li>
		<li>Campioni di caricare ed eseguire un gel dell'agarosi:<ol>
<li>Inserire la cella di elettroforesi su gel e vassoio. Riempire la cella di elettroforesi con 0,5 x TBE fino a quando il gel è coperto.</li>
			<li>Accuratamente caricare 2 µ l di una 100 bp DNA ladder (Vedi Tabella materiali) in una corsia del gel come marcatore molecolare. Miscela di tintura/campione di carico (5 µ l di miscela del prodotto di PCR con 1 µ l 6 x caricamento tintura) nelle corsie aggiuntive.</li>
			<li>Accendere l'alimentazione. Esegua il gel per 25 min a 100 V.</li>
			<li>Rimuovere il gel dalla cella elettroforesi. Visualizzare i frammenti di DNA sotto UV luce in un sistema di imaging.</li>
		</ol>
</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>5. sequenziamento
<ol><li>Purificare i prodotti di PCR utilizzando un kit commerciale e commercialmente o con un sequenziatore automatico di sequenza (Vedi Tabella materiali).</li>
	<li>Inviare sequenze nucleotidiche al server NCBI BLAST per confrontare la query del nucleotide al nucleotide database10. Dopo i risultati vengono visualizzati, eseguire allineamenti di sequenza e identificare la mutazione prevista.</li>
</ol>

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B., Lundgren, E., Westermark, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=One+mutation,+two+distinct+disease+variants:+Unravelling+the+impact+of+transthyretin+amyloid+fibril+composition.">One mutation, two distinct disease variants: Unravelling the impact of transthyretin amyloid fibril composition.</a> Journal of Internal Medicine. 281 (4), 337-347 (2017).</li><li>Vil&#224;-Rico, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+analysis+of+post-translational+modifications+in+human+serum+transthyretin+associated+with+familial+amyloidotic+polyneuropathy+by+targeted+LC-MS+and+intact+protein+MS.">Quantitative analysis of post-translational modifications in human serum transthyretin associated with familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy by targeted LC-MS and intact protein MS.</a> Journal of Proteomics. 127, 234-246 (2015).</li></ol>

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Ci sono due passaggi critici all'interno del protocollo. In primo luogo, al fine di avere un numero sufficiente di cellule bianche del sangue, un esemplare di hemodiluted dovrebbe essere evitato11. In secondo luogo, l'uso appropriati degli iniettori di PCR è fondamentale per ottenere risultati affidabili12. Abbiamo utilizzato lo strumento web di Primer-BLAST per progettare il primer4,13; un minimo di 40 paia di bas...

Amiloidosi da transtiretina (TTR) (ATTR) sono la forma più comune di amiloidosi sistemica1e possono essere causato da una mutazione dominante ereditata autosomal in gene transtiretina (TTR)2. Mutazioni di TTR destabilizzano la struttura della proteina tetramerica e portano alla sua dissociazione nei monomeri che ricompone in fibrille amiloidi2. Più di 100 mutazioni di TTR amiloidogeniche sono stati segnalati in tutto il mondo1. Analisi genetiche con metodi di reazione a catena (PCR) polimerasi confermano la presenza di mutazione di punto TTR e presentano vantaggi tra cui evitare la manipolazione della sonda marcata radioattivamente a rispetto del sud della macchia3. PCR è una tecnica veloce, facile, economico e affidabile che è stata applicata in numerosi campi in scienze moderne4.
La diagnosi precoce di questa malattia progressiva e fatale è impegnativa, data la sua eterogeneità fenotipica. Con l'aumento dell'attenzione e riconoscimento più ampio su manifestazioni iniziali di ATTR, nonché i trattamenti emergenti5, studi diagnostici adatti tra cui test genetico TTR sono quindi criticamente fondamentali per migliorare la prognosi. Inoltre, mutazioni differenti sono associate con diversa penetranza del tratto, l'età di esordio, i modelli di progressione, sopravvivenza mediana, la gravità della malattia e l'efficacia di trapianto del fegato, o TTR stabilizzatori2,6, e gradi variabili di coinvolgimento neurologico e cardiologico, che hanno grandi implicazioni per la consulenza genetica7,8,9. Inoltre, un accurato test genetico è l'unico strumento che differenzia i due tipi distinti di ATTR: ereditaria (mutante) e wild type (forma non mutante, amiloidosi sistemica senile, SSA)7. È indispensabile per confermare i tipi di ATTR, perché le terapie variano ampiamente2. Di conseguenza, c'è una crescente necessità di descrivere il protocollo graduale del test genetico TTR.
L'approccio molecolare per rilevare la mutazione sarà illustrato utilizzando Ala97Ser, la mutazione più comune endemica in Taiwan, come esempio. Modifiche in fase di estrazione di DNA ridurre la quantità delle tre soluzioni utilizzate e produce una quantità sufficiente di DNA. In questo protocollo, tutti e quattro gli essoni TTR sono stati analizzati, mentre le regioni tra cui 5' a Monte, 3' a valle, promotori, introni, e regioni non tradotte (UTR) non sono state sequenziate.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:951px;" width="951">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:213px;">EDTA-treated tubes</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:347px;"></td>
			<td style="width:192px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:213px;">DNA Extraction Kit</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Stratagen</td>
			<td style="width:347px;">200600</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:213px;">NanoDrop ND2000 spectrophotometer&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:347px;">NanoDrop 2000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:213px;">Delicate Task Wipers</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Kimberly-Clark</td>
			<td style="width:347px;">Kimtech Science Kimwipes</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:213px;">AmpliTaq Gold 360 DNA Polymerase kit</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Applied Biosystems</td>
			<td style="width:347px;">4398823</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:213px;">TTR gene intronic primers&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Exon1</td>
			<td style="width:347px;">F: 5&#8217;-TCAGATTGGCAGGGATAAGC-3&#8217;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:213px;"></td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Exon1</td>
			<td style="width:347px;">R: 5&#8217;-GCAAAGCTGGAAGGAGTCAC-3&#8217;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:213px;"></td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Exon2</td>
			<td style="width:347px;">F: 5&#8217;-TCTTGTTTCGCTCCAGATTTC-3&#8217;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:213px;"></td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Exon2</td>
			<td style="width:347px;">R: 5&#8217;-TCTACCAAGTGAGGGGCAAA-3&#8217;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:213px;"></td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Exon3</td>
			<td style="width:347px;">F: 5&#8217;-GTGTTAGTTGGTGGGGGTGT-3&#8217;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:213px;"></td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Exon3</td>
			<td style="width:347px;">R: 5&#8217;-TGAGTAAAACTGTGCATTTCCTG-3&#8217;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:213px;"></td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Exon4</td>
			<td style="width:347px;">F: 5&#8217;-GACTTCCGGTGGTCAGTCAT-3&#8217;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:213px;"></td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Exon4</td>
			<td style="width:347px;">R: 5&#8217;-GCGTTCTGCCCAGATACTTT-3&#8217;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:213px;">thermocycler</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Applied Biosystems</td>
			<td style="width:347px;">GeneAmp PCR System 9700</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:213px;">electrophoresis cell&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">ADVANCE</td>
			<td style="width:347px;">Mupid-2plus</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:213px;">DNA ladder</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Protech</td>
			<td style="width:347px;">PT-M1-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:213px;">dye</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">BioLabs</td>
			<td style="width:347px;">B7021</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:213px;">AlphaImager EC</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Alpha Innotech</td>
			<td style="width:347px;">AlphaImager EC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:213px;">automatic sequencer&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Applied Biosystems</td>
			<td style="width:347px;">3730xl DNA Analyzer</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

genetic analysis of hereditary transthyretin ala97ser related amyloidosis

Test genetici è la prova più affidabile per transthyretin ereditario legate amiloidosi e deve essere eseguita nella maggior parte dei casi di amiloidosi da transtiretina (ATTR). ATTR è una malattia rara ma fatale con fenotipi eterogenei; di conseguenza, la diagnosi a volte è in ritardo. Con l'aumento dell'attenzione e riconoscimento più ampio su manifestazioni iniziali di ATTR, nonché trattamenti emergenti, studi diagnostici appropriati, tra cui la transtiretina (TTR) genetica test, per confermare i tipi e varianti di ATTR sono pertanto fondamentale per migliorare la prognosi. Analisi genetiche con metodi di reazione a catena (PCR) polimerasi confermano la presenza di mutazioni puntiformi TTR molto più rapidamente e più sicuro rispetto ai metodi tradizionali come la macchia del sud. Qui, dimostriamo la conferma genetica della mutazione ATTR Ala97Ser, la mutazione più comune endemica in Taiwan. Il protocollo comprende quattro fasi principali: raccolta dei campioni di sangue intero, estrazione del DNA, l'analisi genetica di tutti e quattro gli essoni TTR con PCR e sequenziamento del DNA.

Elettroforesi del gel dell'agarosi di due pazienti e un sano singole bande ha rivelato delle dimensioni previste, tra cui un prodotto PCR di bp 454 per esone 4 del gene TTR (Figura 1).
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57743/57743fig1.jpg"> Figura 1 . Elettroforesi del gel raffigurante PCR amplificato gene TTR. Normale: un in...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Genetic Analysis of Hereditary Transthyretin Ala97Ser Related Amyloidosis at JoVE.com

Genetic Analysis of Hereditary Transthyretin Ala97Ser Related Amyloidosis

Qui, presentiamo un protocollo per confermare la presenza di mutazione di punto per la diagnosi di amiloidosi ereditaria da transtiretina, utilizzando Ala97Ser, la mutazione più comune endemica in Taiwan, come esempio.

L'analisi genetica di ereditario Transthyretin Ala97Ser relative amiloidosi

Genetic testing is the most reliable test for hereditary transthyretin related amyloidosis and should be performed in most cases of transthyretin ...

genetic-analysis-hereditary-transthyretin-ala97ser-related

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

7.6K Views.  Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Medical Center and Chang Gung University College of Medicine. Qui, presentiamo un protocollo per confermare la presenza di mutazione di punto per la diagnosi di amiloidosi ereditaria da transtiretina, utilizzando Ala97Ser, la mutazione più comune endemica in Taiwan, come esempio.

Video: Genetic Analysis of Hereditary Transthyretin Ala97Ser Related Amyloidosis

FISH for Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis

Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) is an established alternative to pre-natal diagnosis, and involves selecting pre-implantation embryos from a cohort generated by assisted reproduction technology (ART). This selection may be required because of familial monogenic disease (e.g. cystic fibrosis), or because one partner carries a chromosome rearrangement (e.g. a two-way reciprocal translocation). PGD is available for couples who have had previous affected children, and/or in the case of chromosome rearrangements, recurrent miscarriages, or infertility. Oocytes aspirated following ovarian stimulation are fertilized by in vitro immersion in semen (IVF) or by intracytoplasmic injection of an individual spermatozoon (ICSI). Pre-implantation cleavage-stage embryos are biopsied, usually by the removal of a single cell on day 3 post-fertilization, and the biopsied cell is tested to establish the genetic status of the embryo. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) on the fixed nuclei of biopsied cells with target-specific DNA probes is the technique of choice to detect chromosome imbalance associated with chromosome rearrangements, and to select female embryos in families with X-linked disease for which there is no mutation-specific test. FISH has also been used to screen embryos for spontaneous chromosome aneuploidy (also known as PGS or PGD-AS) in order to try and improve the efficiency of assisted reproduction; however, the predictive value of this test using the spreading and FISH technique described here is likely to be unacceptably low in most people's hands and it is not recommended for routine clinical use. We describe the selection of suitable probes for single-cell FISH, spreading techniques for blastomere nuclei, and in situ hybridization and signal scoring, applied to PGD in a clinical setting.

This article describes the selection of suitable probes for single-cell FISH, spreading techniques for blastomere nuclei, and in situ hybridization and signal scoring, applied to pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) in a clinical setting.

FISH per preimpianto Diagnosi Genetica

Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) is an established alternative to pre-natal diagnosis, and involves selecting pre-implantation embryos from a ...

Ricerca

Medicina

Examining the Characteristics of Episodic Memory using Event-related Potentials in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease

Our laboratory uses event-related EEG potentials (ERPs) to understand and support behavioral investigations of episodic memory in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Whereas behavioral data inform us about the patients' performance, ERPs allow us to record discrete changes in brain activity. Further, ERPs can give us insight into the onset, duration, and interaction of independent cognitive processes associated with memory retrieval. In patient populations, these types of studies are used to examine which aspects of memory are impaired and which remain relatively intact compared to a control population. The methodology for collecting ERP data from a vulnerable patient population while these participants perform a recognition memory task is reviewed. This protocol includes participant preparation, quality assurance, data acquisition, and data analysis. In addition to basic setup and acquisition, we will also demonstrate localization techniques to obtain greater spatial resolution and source localization using high-density (128 channel) electrode arrays.

The methodology for collecting high-density event-related potential data while patients with Alzheimer's disease perform a recognition memory task is reviewed. This protocol will include subject preparation, quality assurance, data acquisition, and data analysis.

Esaminando le caratteristiche della memoria episodica con potenziali evento-correlati nei pazienti con malattia di Alzheimer

Our laboratory uses event-related EEG potentials (ERPs) to understand and support behavioral investigations of episodic memory in patients with amnestic ...

Identification of Disease-related Spatial Covariance Patterns using Neuroimaging Data

The scaled subprofile model (SSM)1-4 is a multivariate PCA-based algorithm that identifies major sources of variation in patient and control group brain image data while rejecting lesser components (Figure 1). Applied directly to voxel-by-voxel covariance data of steady-state multimodality images, an entire group image set can be reduced to a few significant linearly independent covariance patterns and corresponding subject scores. Each pattern, termed a group invariant subprofile (GIS), is an orthogonal principal component that represents a spatially distributed network of functionally interrelated brain regions. Large global mean scalar effects that can obscure smaller network-specific contributions are removed by the inherent logarithmic conversion and mean centering of the data2,5,6. Subjects express each of these patterns to a variable degree represented by a simple scalar score that can correlate with independent clinical or psychometric descriptors7,8. Using logistic regression analysis of subject scores (i.e. pattern expression values), linear coefficients can be derived to combine multiple principal components into single disease-related spatial covariance patterns, i.e. composite networks with improved discrimination of patients from healthy control subjects5,6. Cross-validation within the derivation set can be performed using bootstrap resampling techniques9. Forward validation is easily confirmed by direct score evaluation of the derived patterns in prospective datasets10. Once validated, disease-related patterns can be used to score individual patients with respect to a fixed reference sample, often the set of healthy subjects that was used (with the disease group) in the original pattern derivation11. These standardized values can in turn be used to assist in differential diagnosis12,13 and to assess disease progression and treatment effects at the network level7,14-16. We present an example of the application of this methodology to FDG PET data of Parkinson's Disease patients and normal controls using our in-house software to derive a characteristic covariance pattern biomarker of disease.

Multivariate techniques including principal component analysis (PCA) have been used to identify signature patterns of regional change in functional brain images. We have developed an algorithm to identify reproducible network biomarkers for the diagnosis of neurodegenerative disorders, assessment of disease progression, and objective evaluation of treatment effects in patient populations.

Identificazione delle malattie legate Patterns covarianza spaziale utilizzando i dati Neuroimmagine

The scaled subprofile model (SSM)1-4 is a multivariate PCA-based algorithm that identifies major sources of variation in patient and control group brain ...

The Monoiodoacetate Model of Osteoarthritis Pain in the Mouse

A major symptom of patients with osteoarthritis (OA) is pain that&#160;is triggered by peripheral as well as central changes within the pain pathways. The current treatments for OA pain such as NSAIDS or opiates are neither sufficiently effective nor devoid of detrimental side effects. Animal models of OA are being developed to improve our understanding of OA-related pain mechanisms and define novel pharmacological targets for therapy. Currently available models of OA in rodents include surgical and chemical interventions into one knee joint. The monoiodoacetate (MIA) model has become a standard for modelling joint disruption in OA in both rats and mice. The model, which is easier to perform in the rat, involves injection of MIA into a knee joint that induces rapid pain-like responses in the ipsilateral limb, the level of which can be controlled by injection of different doses. Intra-articular injection of MIA disrupts chondrocyte glycolysis by inhibiting glyceraldehyde-3-phosphatase dehydrogenase and results in chondrocyte death, neovascularization, subchondral bone necrosis and collapse, as well as inflammation. The morphological changes of the articular cartilage and bone disruption are reflective of some aspects of patient pathology. Along with joint damage, MIA injection induces referred mechanical sensitivity in the ipsilateral hind paw and weight bearing deficits that are measurable and quantifiable. These behavioral changes resemble some of the symptoms reported by the patient population, thereby validating the MIA injection in the knee as a useful and relevant pre-clinical model of OA pain.
The aim of this article is to describe the methodology of intra-articular injections of MIA and the behavioral recordings of the associated development of hypersensitivity with a mind to highlight the necessary steps to give consistent and reliable recordings.

Osteoarthritis (OA), or degenerative joint disease, is a debilitating condition associated with pain that remains only partially controlled by available analgesics. Animal models are being developed to improve our understanding of OA-related pain mechanisms. Here we describe the methodology for the monoiodoacetate model of OA pain in the mouse.

Il modello Monoiodoacetate di osteoartrite Pain in the mouse

A major symptom of patients with osteoarthritis (OA) is pain that&#160;is triggered by peripheral as well as central changes within the pain pathways. The ...

Induction of Accelerated Atherosclerosis in Mice: The "Wire-Injury" Model

Atherosclerosis is a proliferative fibro-inflammatory disease developing in the arterial wall, inducing a deficient blood flow or a lack of blood flow. Moreover, by rupture of the defective vascular wall, atherosclerosis induces occlusive thrombus formation, which represents the main cause of myocardial infarction or stroke and the most frequent cause of death. Despite the advances in the cardiovascular field, many questions remain unanswered, and additional basic research is essential to improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms during atherosclerosis and its effects. Due to limited clinical studies, there is a need for representative animal models recreating atherosclerotic conditions such as neointima formation after stent implantation, balloon angioplasty, or endarterectomy. Since the mouse presents many advantages and is the most frequently used model for studying molecular processes, the current study proposes an invasive procedure of endothelial denudation, also known as the wire-injury model, which is representative of the human condition of neointima formation in arteries after revascularization procedures.

This study describes an invasive procedure for the induction of accelerated atherosclerosis in mice. In comparison to other methods using electric- or cryo-induced injury, mechanical-induced injury mimics the human condition of restenosis after revascularization therapies and is ideal for the study of the molecular mechanisms involved.

Induzione di aterosclerosi accelerata nei topi: il modello "Wire-Injury"

Atherosclerosis is a proliferative fibro-inflammatory disease developing in the arterial wall, inducing a deficient blood flow or a lack of blood flow. ...

Fluorescence-mediated Tomography for the Detection and Quantification of Macrophage-related Murine Intestinal Inflammation

Murine models of disease are indispensable to scientific research. However, many diagnostic tools such as endoscopy or tomographic imaging are not routinely employed in animal models. Conventional experimental readouts often rely on post mortem and ex vivo analyses, which prevent intra-individual follow-up examinations and increase the number of study animals needed. Fluorescence-mediated tomography enables the non-invasive, repetitive, quantitative, three-dimensional assessment of fluorescent probes. It is highly sensitive and permits the use of molecular makers, which allows for the specific detection and characterization of distinct molecular targets. In particular, targeted probes represent an innovative tool for analyzing gene activation and protein expression in inflammation, autoimmune disease, infection, vascular disease, cell migration, tumorigenesis, etc. In this article, we provide step-by-step instructions on this sophisticated imaging technology for the in vivo detection and characterization of inflammation (i.e., F4/80-positive macrophage infiltration) in a widely used murine model of intestinal inflammation. This technique might also be used in other research areas, such as immune cell or stem cell tracking.

Target-specific probes represent an innovative tool for analyzing molecular mechanisms, such as protein expression in various types of disease (e.g., inflammation, infection, and tumorigenesis). In this study, we describe a quantitative three-dimensional tomographic assessment of intestinal macrophage infiltration in a murine model of colitis using F4/80-specific fluorescence-mediated tomography.

Fluorescenza-mediata di tomografia per la rilevazione e la quantificazione di infiammazione intestinale murina del macrofago-correlati

Murine models of disease are indispensable to scientific research. However, many diagnostic tools such as endoscopy or tomographic imaging are not ...

Intravital Microscopy of Monocyte Homing and Tumor-Related Angiogenesis in a Murine Model of Peripheral Arterial Disease

The therapeutic goal for peripheral arterial disease and ischemic heart disease is to increase blood flow to ischemic areas caused by hemodynamic stenosis. Vascular surgery is a viable option in selected cases, but for patients without indications for surgery such as progression to rest pain, critical limb ischemia, or major disruptions to life or work, there are few possibilities for mitigating their disease. Cell therapy via monocyte-enhanced perfusion through the stimulation of collateral formation is one of a few non-invasive options.
Our group examines arteriogenesis after monocyte transplantation into mice using the hindlimb ischemia model. Previously, we have demonstrated improvement in hindlimb perfusion using tetanus-stimulated syngeneic monocyte transplantation. In addition to the effects on the collateral formation, tumor growth could be affected by this therapy as well. To investigate these effects, we use a basement membrane-like matrix mouse model by injecting the extracellular matrix of the Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm sarcoma into the flank of the mouse, after occlusion of the femoral artery.
After the artificial tumor studies, we use intravital microscopy to study in vivo tumor-angiogenesis and monocyte homing within collateral arteries. Previous studies have described the histological examination of animal models, which presupposes subsequent analysis to post-mortem artifacts. Our approach visualizes monocyte homing to areas of collateralization in real time sequences, is easy to perform, and investigates the process of arteriogenesis and tumor angiogenesis in vivo.

Monocytes are important mediators of arteriogenesis in the context of peripheral arterial disease. Using a basement membrane-like matrix and intravital microscopy, this protocol investigates monocyte homing and tumor-related angiogenesis after monocyte injection in the femoral artery ligation murine model.

Microscopia intravital del monocito Homing e l'angiogenesi tumore-relativa in un modello murino della malattia arteriosa periferica

The therapeutic goal for peripheral arterial disease and ischemic heart disease is to increase blood flow to ischemic areas caused by hemodynamic ...

Comparing Bibliometric Analysis Using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science Databases

Literature databases (i.e., PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science) differ in terms of their coverage, focus, and the tool they provide. PubMed focuses mainly on life sciences and biomedical disciplines, whereas Scopus and Web of Science are multidisciplinary. The protocol described in the current study was used to search for publications from Jordanian authors in the years 2013-2017. In this protocol, how to use each database to conduct this type of search is explained in detail. A Scopus search resulted in the highest number of documents (11,444 documents), followed by a Web of Science search (10,943 documents). PubMed resulted in a smaller number of documents due to its narrower scope and coverage (4,363 documents). The results also show a yearly trend in: (1) the number of publications, (2) the disciplines that have the most publications, (3) the countries of collaboration, and (4) the number of open access publications. In contrast, PubMed has a sophisticated keyword optimization service (i.e., Medical Subject Heading, or MeSH), while both Scopus and Web of Science provide search analysis tools that can produce representative figures. Finally, the features of each database are explained in detail and several indices that can be extracted using the search results are provided. This study provides a base for using literature databases for bibliometric analysis.

Literature databases are commonly used to assess publications in a certain subject, discipline, country, or region of the world, a practice known as bibliometric analysis. The current protocol details how to use PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases to do bibliometric analysis.

Confronto dell'analisi bibliometrica con PubMed, Scopus e Web of Science Databases

Literature databases (i.e., PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science) differ in terms of their coverage, focus, and the tool they provide. PubMed focuses mainly ...

Integrating Augmented Reality Tools in Breast Cancer Related Lymphedema Prognostication and Diagnosis

Breast cancer related lymphedema (BCRL) is a detrimental condition characterized by fluid accumulation in the upper limb in breast cancer patients subjected to axillary surgery and/or radiations. Its etiology is multifactorial and include also tumor-specific pathological features, such as lymphovascular invasion (LVI) and extranodal extension (ENE). To date, no widely employed guidelines for the early diagnosis of BCRL are available. Here, we illustrate a protocol for a digitally assisted BCRL assessment using a 3D laser scanner (3DLS) and a tablet computer. It has been specifically optimized in a discovery cohort of high-risk breast cancer patients. This study provides a proof-of-principle that augmented reality tools, such as 3DLS, can be incorporated into the clinical workup of BCRL to allow for a precise, reproducible, reliable, and cheap diagnosis.

Breast cancer related lymphedema is frequent in breast cancer survivors, but there are not widely employed guidelines for its diagnosis and quantification. Here, we introduce a reliable and cost-effective protocol to define, quantify, and compare upper limb volume in breast cancer patients.

Integrazione degli strumenti di realtà aumentata nella linfostica e diagnosi legate al cancro al seno

Breast cancer related lymphedema (BCRL) is a detrimental condition characterized by fluid accumulation in the upper limb in breast cancer patients ...

A Non-Invasive Method for Generating the Cyclic Loading-Induced Intra-Articular Cartilage Lesion Model of the Rat Knee

The pathophysiology of primary osteoarthritis (OA) remains unclear. However, a specific subclassification of OA in relatively younger age groups is likely correlated with a history of articular cartilage damage and ligament avulsion. Surgical animal models of OA of the knee play an important role in understanding the onset and progression of post-traumatic OA and aid in the development of novel therapies for this disease. However, non-surgical models have been recently considered to avoid traumatic inflammation that could affect the evaluation of the intervention. 
In this study, an intra-articular cartilage lesion rat model induced by in vivo cyclic compressive loading was developed, which allowed researchers to (1) determine the optimal magnitude, speed, and duration of load that could cause focal cartilage damage; (2) assess post-traumatic spatiotemporal pathological changes in chondrocyte vitality; and (3) evaluate the histological expression of destructive or protective molecules that are involved in the adaptation and repair mechanisms against joint compressive loads. This report describes the experimental protocol for this novel cartilage lesion in a rat model.

Here, we present the cyclic loading-induced intra-articular cartilage lesion model of the rat knee, generated by 60 cyclic compressions over 20 N, resulting in damage to the femoral condylar cartilage in rats.

Un metodo non invasivo per generare il modello di lesione cartilaginea intra-articolare indotta dal carico ciclico del ginocchio di ratto

The pathophysiology of primary osteoarthritis (OA) remains unclear. However, a specific subclassification of OA in relatively younger age groups is likely ...