Name: rapid, safe, and simple manual bedside nucleic acid extraction for the detection of virus in whole blood samples
Uploaded: 2018-06-30T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Rapid, Safe, and Simple Manual Bedside Nucleic Acid Extraction for the Detection of Virus in Whole Blood Samples at JoVE.com

We thank Susanne Lopes Rasmussen and Solvej Kolbj&#248;rn Jensen for their technical assistance and for handling the clinical samples. This project is part of the EbolaMoDRAD consortium, which has received funding from the Innovative Medicine Initiative 2 Joint Undertaking under grant agreement N&#176;115843. This Joint Undertaking receives support from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program and EFPIA.

The Committee on Biomedical Research Ethics, Capital region has given informed consent, and all methods described here have been exempted from a review by the ethical committee system, in accordance with the Danish law on assay development projects.
1. Preparation of Blood Collection Vacuum Tubes for Virus Inactivation and Rapid NA Extraction
CAUTION: The buffer used for this protocol contains guanidinium thiocyanate (GITC) and a non-ionic surfactant, which are irrita...

<ol>
	<li>Lee, D., Shin, Y., Chung, S., Hwang, K. S., Yoon, D. S., Lee, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simple+and+Highly+Sensitive+Molecular+Diagnosis+of+Zika+Virus+by+Lateral+Flow+Assays.">Simple and Highly Sensitive Molecular Diagnosis of Zika Virus by Lateral Flow Assays.</a> Analytical Chemistry. 88, 12272-12278 (2016).</li><li>Benzine, J. W., Brown, K. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+Diagnostic+Field+Test+for+Point-of-Care+Detection+of+Ebola+Virus+Directly+from+Blood.">Molecular Diagnostic Field Test for Point-of-Care Detection of Ebola Virus Directly from Blood.</a> Journal of Infectious Diseases. 214 (Suppl 3), S234-S242 (2016).</li><li>Faye, O., Faye, O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+and+deployment+of+a+rapid+recombinase+polymerase+amplification+Ebola+virus+detection+assay+in+Guinea+in+2015.">Development and deployment of a rapid recombinase polymerase amplification Ebola virus detection assay in Guinea in 2015.</a> Euro Surveillance. 20 (44), 10-18 (2015).</li><li>Yang, M., Ke, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+and+Evaluation+of+a+Rapid+and+Sensitive+EBOV-RPA+Test+for+Rapid+Diagnosis+of+Ebola+Virus+Disease.">Development and Evaluation of a Rapid and Sensitive EBOV-RPA Test for Rapid Diagnosis of Ebola Virus Disease.</a> Scientific Reports. 6, (2016).</li><li>Smither, S. J., Weller, S. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Buffer+AVL+alone+does+not+inactivate+Ebola+virus+in+a+representative+clinical+sample+type.">Buffer AVL alone does not inactivate Ebola virus in a representative clinical sample type.</a> Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 53 (10), 3148-3154 (2015).</li><li>Byrnes, S., Fan, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Portable,+Pressure+Driven,+Room+Temperature+Nucleic+Acid+Extraction+and+Storage+System+for+Point+of+Care+Molecular+Diagnostics.">A Portable, Pressure Driven, Room Temperature Nucleic Acid Extraction and Storage System for Point of Care Molecular Diagnostics.</a> Analytical Methods. 5 (13), 3177-3184 (2013).</li><li>Rosenstierne, M. W., Karlberg, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+bedside+inactivation+of+Ebola+virus+for+safe+nucleic+acid+tests.">Rapid bedside inactivation of Ebola virus for safe nucleic acid tests.</a> Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 54 (10), 2521-2529 (2016).</li><li>Vinner, L., Fomsgaard, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inactivation+of+orthopoxvirus+for+diagnostic+PCR+analysis.">Inactivation of orthopoxvirus for diagnostic PCR analysis.</a> Journal of Virological Methods. 146, 401-404 (2007).</li><li>Schmitz, H., K&#246;hler, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Monitoring+of+clinical+and+laboratory+data+in+two+cases+of+imported+Lassa+fever.">Monitoring of clinical and laboratory data in two cases of imported Lassa fever.</a> Microbes and Infection. 4 (1), 43-50 (2002).</li><li>De La Vega, M. A., Caleo, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ebola+viral+load+at+diagnosis+associates+with+patient+outcome+and+outbreak+evolution.">Ebola viral load at diagnosis associates with patient outcome and outbreak evolution.</a> Journal of Clinical Investigation. 125 (12), 4421-4428 (2015).</li><li>Hasanoglu, I., Guner, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamics+of+viral+load+in+Crimean+Congo+hemorrhagic+fever.">Dynamics of viral load in Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever.</a> Journal of Medical Virology. 90 (4), 639-643 (2017).</li><li>Biava, M., Colavita, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+a+rapid+and+sensitive+RT-qPCR+assay+for+the+detection+of+Ebola+Virus.">Evaluation of a rapid and sensitive RT-qPCR assay for the detection of Ebola Virus.</a> Journal of Virological Methods. 252, 70-74 (2018).</li><li>Fern&#225;ndez-Carballo, B. L., McBeth, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Continuous-flow,+microfluidic,+qRT-PCR+system+for+RNA+virus+detection.">Continuous-flow, microfluidic, qRT-PCR system for RNA virus detection.</a> Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 410 (1), 33-43 (2017).</li><li>Weller, S. A., Bailey, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+the+Biofire+FilmArray+Biothreat+E-test+(v2.5)+for+rapid+identification+of+Ebola+virus+disease+in+heat-treated+blood+samples+obtained+in+Sierra+Leone+and+United+Kingdom.">Evaluation of the Biofire FilmArray Biothreat E-test (v2.5) for rapid identification of Ebola virus disease in heat-treated blood samples obtained in Sierra Leone and United Kingdom.</a> Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 54 (1), 114-119 (2015).</li><li>Semper, A. E., Broadhurst, M. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Performance+of+the+GeneXpert+Ebola+Assay+for+Diagnosis+of+Ebola+Virus+Disease+in+Sierra+Leone:+A+Field+Evaluation+Study.">Performance of the GeneXpert Ebola Assay for Diagnosis of Ebola Virus Disease in Sierra Leone: A Field Evaluation Study.</a> PLoS Medicine. 13 (3), e1001980 (2016).</li><li>Biocartis. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Instructions for Use: Idylla TM Ebola Virus Triage Test. , (2016).</li><li>MPLC. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Total Nucleic Acid Isolation Kit. Safety data sheet version 1.7. , (2015).</li></ol>

In this report, we describe a safe, rapid, and simple manual bedside NA extraction method for the downstream molecular detection of a virus in lysis/binding buffer-inactivated whole blood. The described NA extraction method was developed to be performed directly on whole blood samples collected in vacuum blood collection tubes containing the lysis/binding buffer (Table of Materials)7. This specific buffer inactivates EBOV7 and is the critical component in t...

In virus outbreak situations, when patients are confined to the hospital isolation wards or when a fast diagnosis is needed, a safe, simple, and accurate point-of-care molecular diagnosis is imperative for the patient care and risk containment. The two recent viral outbreaks, of the Ebola virus (EBOV) in West Africa (2013) and the Zika virus in South America (2015), have increased the interest in improved point-of-care molecular diagnostic tests, such as reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP)1,2 and recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA)3,4. Both RT-LAMP and RPA are rapid, sensitive, and specific molecular tests that can be performed on simplified sample preparations. For the Zika virus, RT-LAMP has been combined with a lateral flow assay (LFA), which can detect Zika virus in non-purified whole blood samples within 30 min1; however, for EBOV, which is classified as a risk group 4 pathogen and is highly contagious, the samples need to be handled under biosafety level 4 (BSL-4) conditions and inactivated before any safe diagnostic procedures can be performed.
Simplified inactivation methods for EBOV, such as the addition of lysis buffers to the sample2,3,4,5, were used during the outbreak; however, these methods require&#160;handling under BSL-4 conditions with laboratory equipment, such as BSL-3 biosafety cabinets, centrifuges, heating blocks, and pipettes, at a minimum. This equipment is normally not present in isolation wards or out in field hospitals. To overcome this challenge, attempts have been made to perform diagnostics in suitcases3, and several portable devices and machines have been developed [e.g., a portable device for nucleic acid (NA) extraction]6. However, EBOV-positive samples still need to be inactivated before these devices can be used.
We have previously reported a rapid bedside virus inactivation method for the EBOV7, Vaccinia virus, and Cowpox virus8 by addition of a commercial lysis/binding buffer to ordinary vacuum blood collection tubes, allowing for the direct transfer of blood from the patient into the inactivation buffer7. This direct and immediate inactivation in a closed system eliminates the need for handling the samples using any rigorous containment, such as BSL-4 conditions7, and the samples can be handled under normal BSL-2 conditions. This inactivation method is compatible with several NA extraction systems, such as robots and hand purification kits7; however, these methods require laboratory equipment, such as robots, centrifuges, and electricity, which are not always present in field settings or inside hospital isolation wards.
In this report, we describe a safe, rapid, and simplified manual NA extraction method for the subsequent molecular detection of a virus in lysis/binding buffer-inactivated whole blood. The NA extraction method does not require any equipment other than a magnet/magnetic holder. No centrifuges, heating blocks, or electricity are needed for the NA extraction. Hence, this method is not dependent on laboratory facilities and can easily be used anywhere (e.g., in field hospitals, in hospital isolation wards, or with low-resource settings). The NA extraction method is rapid and simple and can be used directly in any downstream NA tests, such as qPCR, RT-qPCR, LAMP, or RT-LAMP. When this NA extraction method is combined with LAMP and a portable battery-driven isothermal instrument, a bedside diagnosis can be obtained within 40 min of the blood collection.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:1080px;" width="1081">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:544px;">Vacutainer K2 EDTA tubes (4 mL)</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">368861</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Plus Blood Collection</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">362725</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">23G x 1 needle&#160;</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">300800</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">LUER LOK syringe (3 mL)</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">309658</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Butterfly needle with small-bore extension tubing</td>
			<td style="width:251px;">J&#248;rgen Kruuse A/S</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">121714</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">1% Virkon&#160;</td>
			<td>Nomeco A/S</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">849265</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MagNA Pure LC DNA Isolation Kit I - Lysis/Binding Buffer - Refill</td>
			<td>Roche Diagnostics A/S</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">03246752001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MagNA Pure LC Total Nucleic Acid Isolation Kit</td>
			<td>Roche Diagnostics A/S</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">3038505001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Nunc&#8482; Biobanking and Cell Culture Cryogenic Tubes (1,8 mL)&#160;</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">375418</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Nunc&#8482; Biobanking and Cell Culture Cryogenic Tubes (3,6 mL)&#160;</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">379189</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Nunc&#8482; Biobanking and Cell Culture Cryogenic Tubes (4,5 mL)</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">379146</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">DynaMag&#8482;-5 Magnet</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">12303D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Transfer pipette (3.5 mL)</td>
			<td>Sarstedt</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">86.1171.010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Thermo Scientific&#8482; Samco&#8482; Fine Tip Transfer Pipettes (1.5 mL)</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">231</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;">Thermo Scientific&#8482; Nunc&#8482; 50 mL Conical Sterile Polypropylene Centrifuge Tubes</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">339652</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

rapid, safe, and simple manual bedside nucleic acid extraction for the detection of virus in whole blood samples

The rapid diagnosis of an infection is essential for the outbreak management, risk containment, and patient care. We have previously shown a method for the rapid bedside inactivation of the Ebola virus during blood sampling for safe nucleic acid (NA) tests by adding a commercial lysis/binding buffer directly into the vacuum blood collection tubes. Using this bedside inactivation approach, we have developed a safe, rapid, and simplified bedside NA extraction method for the subsequent detection of a virus in lysis/binding buffer-inactivated whole blood. The NA extraction is directly performed in the blood collection tubes and requires no equipment or electricity. 
After the blood is collected into the lysis/binding buffer, the contents are mixed by flipping the tube by hand, and the mixture is incubated for 20 min at room temperature. Magnetic glass particles (MGPs) are added to the tube, and the contents are mixed by flipping the collection tube by hand. The MGPs are then collected on the side of the blood collection tube using a magnetic holder or a magnet and a rubber band. The MGPs are washed three times, and after the addition of elution buffer directly into the collection tube, the NAs are ready for NA tests, such as qPCR or isothermal loop amplification (LAMP), without the removal of the MGPs from the reaction. The NA extraction method is not dependent on any laboratory facilities and can easily be used anywhere (e.g., in field hospitals and hospital isolation wards). When this NA extraction method is combined with LAMP and a portable instrument, a diagnosis can be obtained within 40 min of the blood collection.

The protocol presented here is simple and efficient and can be broadly applied to any molecular assay to be performed on infectious whole blood samples inactivated with the lysis/binding buffer. The workflow for the blood inactivation and NA extraction is shown in Figure 1, including the preparation of blood collection vacuum tubes7 (Figure 1A), the blood collection7 (<strong class=...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Rapid, Safe, and Simple Manual Bedside Nucleic Acid Extraction for the Detection of Virus in Whole Blood Samples at JoVE.com

Rapid, Safe, and Simple Manual Bedside Nucleic Acid Extraction for the Detection of Virus in Whole Blood Samples

Here, we present a protocol for the rapid virus nucleic acid extraction from the virus-inactivated whole blood. The extraction is performed directly in the blood collection tubes and requires no equipment or electricity. The method is not dependent on laboratory facilities and can be used anywhere (e.g., in field hospitals).

The rapid diagnosis of an infection is essential for the outbreak management, risk containment, and patient care. We have previously shown a method for ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Combination of Adhesive-tape-based Sampling and Fluorescence in situ Hybridization for Rapid Detection of Salmonella on Fresh Produce

Combination of Adhesive-tape-based Sampling and Fluorescence in situ Hybridization for Rapid Detection of Salmonella on Fresh Produce

This protocol describes a simple approach for adhesive-tape-based sampling of tomato and other fresh produce surfaces, followed by on-tape fluorescence in ...

High-throughput Detection Method for Influenza Virus

Influenza virus is a respiratory pathogen that causes a high degree of morbidity and mortality every year in multiple parts of the world. Therefore, ...

Locked Nucleic Acid Flow Cytometry-fluorescence in situ Hybridization (LNA flow-FISH): a Method for Bacterial Small RNA Detection

Locked Nucleic Acid Flow Cytometry-fluorescence in situ Hybridization LNA flow-FISH: a Method for Bacterial Small RNA Detection

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is a powerful technique that is used to detect and localize specific nucleic acid sequences in the cellular ...

Neutrophil Isolation and Analysis to Determine their Role in Lymphoma Cell Sensitivity to Therapeutic Agents

Neutrophils are the most abundant (40% to 75%) type of white blood cells and among the first inflammatory cells to migrate towards the site of ...

A Simple and Efficient Approach to Construct Mutant Vaccinia Virus Vectors

The CRISPR-associated endonuclease Cas9 can edit particular genomic loci directed by a single guide RNA (gRNA). The CRISPR/Cas9 system has been ...

A Simple Flow Cytometric Method to Measure Glucose Uptake and Glucose Transporter Expression for Monocyte Subpopulations in Whole Blood

Monocytes are innate immune cells that can be activated by pathogens and inflammation associated with certain chronic inflammatory diseases. Activation of ...

Fast and Specific Assessment of the Halogenating Peroxidase Activity in Leukocyte-enriched Blood Samples

In this paper a protocol for the quick and standardized enrichment of leukocytes from small whole blood samples is described. This procedure is based on ...

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Natural Killer Cell Lytic Activity in Human Whole Blood

NK cell cytotoxicity is a widely used measure to determine the effect of outside intervention on NK cell function. However, the accuracy and ...

Magnetic Stirrer Method for the Detection of Trichinella Larvae in Muscle Samples

Magnetic Stirrer Method for the Detection of Trichinella Larvae in Muscle Samples

Trichinellosis is a debilitating disease in humans and is caused by the consumption of raw or undercooked meat of animals infected with the nematode ...

Characterization of Human Monocyte Subsets by Whole Blood Flow Cytometry Analysis

Monocytes are key contributors in various inflammatory disorders and alterations to these cells, including their subset proportions and functions, can ...