Gli autori riconoscono il programma di sterilizzazione canina a UNESP-FCAV per aver gentilmente fornito le ovaie. Questo lavoro è stato sostenuto da sovvenzioni da FAPESP (processo n. 2013/14293-0) e mantelle.

Questo esperimento è stato effettuato con le ovaie di quattro cani femminili ibridi ha donati dopo chirurgia elettiva in un programma di sterilizzazione canini. Questo esperimento è stato approvato dal comitato etico sull'uso degli animali di UNESP-FCAV (protocollo n. 026991/13).
1. preparazione sperimentale
<ol><li>Preparare o acquistare 500 mL di soluzione tampone fosfato sterile di Dulbecco (DPBS) senza calcio o magnesio.</li>
	<li>Preparare una collagenasi stock soluzione mescolando 40 µ g di enzima in 1 mL di DPBS. Filtrare usando un filtro di siringa 0,2 µm e conservare le 2 mL aliquote a-20 ° C.</li>
	<li>Preparare i terreni di coltura da glucosio basso di medium (DMEM) dell'Aquila di Dulbecco modificato con 10% siero fetale e l'1% degli antibiotici.</li>
	<li>Raccogliere materiali sterili: forbici e pinze, una boccetta di coltura del tessuto, piatti, tubi e pipette da 10 mL e 5 mL.</li>
	<li>Utilizzare attrezzature di laboratorio di cultura cella standard: una cappa di sicurezza biologica (BSC), un'incubatrice di coltura cellulare impostata in una centrifuga e 38 ° C e 5% CO2 .</li>
	<li>Pulire il BSC: con le mani guantate, sterilizzarlo con 70% EtOH, utilizzando luci UV.</li>
</ol>2. isolamento di cellule staminali mesenchimali da ovaio
<ol><li>Dopo l'intervento chirurgico, mantenere le ovaie in PBS sul ghiaccio in un tubo conico, fino al loro arrivo al laboratorio.</li>
	<li>Riempire due capsule di Petri 100 mm con 10 mL di PBS.</li>
	<li>Rimuovere le ovaie dal tubo e trasferirli il primo piatto di Petri con PBS. Lavarli con movimenti di miscelazione.</li>
	<li>Delicatamente recuperare l'ovaio e inserirlo in un altro piatto. Con forbici e pinzette sterili, tritare il tessuto in pezzi molto piccoli, circa 1 mm di dimensione.</li>
	<li>Trasferire il tessuto ovarico a un 35 mm di Petri e aggiungere 2 mL di collagenasi. Tritare il tessuto un po' di più.</li>
	<li>Posizionare la piastra di Petri nell'incubatore a 38 ° C per 3 h e agitare delicatamente la capsula di Petri con movimenti circolari ogni 20 min.</li>
	<li>Dopo 3 h, è necessario rimuovere la capsula di Petri dall'incubatrice.</li>
	<li>Trasferire il contenuto del piatto per un tubo da 15 mL. Aggiungere 5 mL di media espansione.</li>
	<li>Capovolgere delicatamente la provetta prima centrifugazione. Centrifugare la provetta a 2100 x g per 7 minuti rimuovere il surnatante e risospendere il sedimento con 3 mL di media espansione.</li>
	<li>Trasferire il pellet per una bottiglia di T25. Posizionare la bottiglia nell'incubatore con 5% CO2 a 38 ° C per 3 h. Nota: La parte più importante della procedura è quello di cambiare il supporto dopo 3 h di incubazione.</li>
	<li>Rimuovere la bottiglia dall'incubatrice e rimuovere il supporto con il tessuto rimanente. Aggiungere 3 mL di media espansione fresco alla bottiglia.</li>
	<li>Modificare i media ogni 48 h e osservare la bottiglia per cellulare confluenza. Nota: Le fasi principali della procedura possono essere osservate nella Figura 1.</li>
</ol>3. espansione di cellule staminali mesenchimali da ovaio
<ol><li>
Passaggio delle cellule
	<ol>
<li>Quando le cellule raggiungono la confluenza, rimuovere il supporto dalla bottiglia.</li>
		<li>Lavare la bottiglia con 3 mL di PBS. Rimuovere il PBS.</li>
		<li>Aggiungere 1,5 mL di tripsina e mettere la bottiglia in incubatrice a 38 ° C per 3 min. Picchiettare delicatamente la bottiglia per aiutare le cellule a staccare. Nota: Le celle dovrebbero raggiungere la confluenza circa 5 - 7 d dopo la placcatura iniziale.</li>
		<li>Aggiungere 3 mL di media espansione e trasferire il contenuto in una provetta conica.</li>
		<li>Centrifugare la provetta a 2100 x g per 7 minuti rimuovere il surnatante e aggiungere 1 mL di media espansione.</li>
		<li>Mescolare delicatamente il contenuto della provetta.</li>
		<li>Prendere un'aliquota di 10 µ l di campione per eseguire cella conteggio e rimettere il tubo con le cellule in incubatrice.</li>
		<li>Posto 10 µ l della miscela nell'emocitometro.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
Contando le cellule
	<ol>
<li>Utilizzare obiettivo del microscopio 10X e concentrarsi sulle linee della griglia dell'emocitometro.</li>
		<li>Contare le celle in cinque piccole piazze (Figura 2).</li>
		<li>Moltiplicare il numero contato per 50.000 per stimare il numero di cellule per millilitro.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>4. la differenziazione delle cellule staminali mesenchimali da ovaio
Nota: Analisi di differenziazione sono state eseguite secondo le linee guida stabilite in Hill et al. 9.
<ol><li>Cellule di4 seme 1.0 x 10 per pozzetto, in triplice copia, utilizzando una piastra di coltura 4 pozzetti.</li>
	<li>Aggiungere 1 mL di media espansione.</li>
	<li>Agitare delicatamente il piatto con movimenti circolari.</li>
	<li>Dopo 24 h, sostituire i terreni di coltura con i media di differenziazione desiderabile.</li>
	<li>Per osteogenica, adipogenico e differenziazione condrogenica, incubare le cellule con il supporto di induzione per 30D, con sostituzione dei supporti ogni 3 kit di differenziazione specifica d. sono stati utilizzati per ciascuno di questi test.</li>
	<li>Per differenziazione di lignaggio neurogena, incubare le cellule per 10 d nei media ad induzione, con sostituzione dei supporti ogni d 3. I supporti utilizzati qui contenevano DMEM basso del glucosio, acido valproico 2 mM, 1 idrocortisone µM, 10 µM forskolin, cloruro di potassio di 5 mM, 5 µ g/mL insulina e 200 µM idrossianisolo butilato.</li>
	<li>Per precursori endoderma, incubare per 5 d media endoderma secondo le istruzioni del produttore dei reagenti.</li>
	<li>Per il differenziamento di cellule germinali primordiali lignaggio, incubare le cellule nei media di induzione per 14 d, con sostituzione dei supporti ogni d 3. I supporti utilizzati qui contenute DMEM 10% FBS, piruvato di sodio di 1 mM, LIF, aminoacidi non essenziali di 1 mM, 2 mM L-Glutammina, 5 µ g/mL insulina, 0,1 mM β-mercaptoetanolo, putrescina di 60 µM, transferrina di 20 µ g/mL, 10 ng/mL del mouse fattore di crescita epidermico, 1 ng/mL umano 10 ng/mL fattore di crescita di base del fibroblasto, 40 ng/mL umani glial cell fattore neurotrophic linea-derivato e penicillina 15 mg/L.</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Gazit, Z., Pelled, G., Sheyn, D., Kimelman, N., Gazit, D., Atala, A., Lanza, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mesenchymal+stem+cells.">Mesenchymal stem cells.</a> Handbook of Stem Cells (2nd Edition). , 513-527 (2013).</li><li>Zipori, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+nature+of+stem+cells:+state+rather+than+entity.">The nature of stem cells: state rather than entity.</a> Nature Reviews Genetics. 5 (11), 873-878 (2004).</li><li>Auersperg, N., Wong, A. S., Choi, K. C., Kang, S. K., Leung, P. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ovarian+surface+epithelium:+biology,+endocrinology,+and+pathology.">Ovarian surface epithelium: biology, endocrinology, and pathology.</a> Endocrine Reviews. 22 (2), 255-288 (2001).</li><li>Ahmed, N., Thompson, E. W., Quinn, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epithelial-mesenchymal+interconversions+in+normal+ovarian+surface+epithelium+and+ovarian+carcinomas:+an+exception+to+the+norm.">Epithelial-mesenchymal interconversions in normal ovarian surface epithelium and ovarian carcinomas: an exception to the norm.</a> Journal of Cellular Physiology. 213 (3), 581-588 (2007).</li><li>Bukovsky, A., Svetlikova, M., Caudle, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oogenesis+in+cultures+derived+from+adult+human+ovaries.">Oogenesis in cultures derived from adult human ovaries.</a> Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology. 3 (1), 17 (2005).</li><li>Gong, S. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Embryonic+stem+cell-like+cells+established+by+culture+of+adult+ovarian+cells+in+mice.">Embryonic stem cell-like cells established by culture of adult ovarian cells in mice.</a> Fertility and Sterility. 93 (8), 2594-2601 (2010).</li><li>Johnson, J., Canning, J., Kaneko, T., Pru, J. K., Tilly, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Germline+stem+cells+and+follicular+renewal+in+the+postnatal+mammalian+ovary.">Germline stem cells and follicular renewal in the postnatal mammalian ovary.</a> Nature. 428 (6979), 145 (2004).</li><li>Deans, R. J., Moseley, A. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mesenchymal+stem+cells:+biology+and+potential+clinical+uses.">Mesenchymal stem cells: biology and potential clinical uses.</a> Experimental Hematology. 28 (8), 875-884 (2000).</li><li>Trinda Hill, A. B. T., Therrien, J., Garcia, J. M., Smith, L. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mesenchymal-like+stem+cells+in+canine+ovary+show+high+differentiation+potential.">Mesenchymal-like stem cells in canine ovary show high differentiation potential.</a> Cell Proliferation. 50 (6), 12391 (2017).</li><li>Dominici, M. L. B. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Minimal+criteria+for+defining+multipotent+mesenchymal+stromal+cells.+The+International+Society+for+Cellular+Therapy+position+statement.">Minimal criteria for defining multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells. The International Society for Cellular Therapy position statement.</a> Cytotherapy. 8, 4315-4317 (2006).</li><li>Friedenstein, A. J., Piatetzky-Shapiro, I. I., Petrakova, K. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Osteogenesis+in+transplants+of+bone+marrow+cells.">Osteogenesis in transplants of bone marrow cells.</a> Development. 16 (3), 381-390 (1966).</li><li>Kuznetsov, S. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single-colony+derived+strains+of+human+marrow+stromal+fibroblasts+form+bone+after+transplantation+in+vivo.">Single-colony derived strains of human marrow stromal fibroblasts form bone after transplantation in vivo.</a> Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 12 (9), 1335-1347 (1997).</li></ol>

Gli autori non hanno nulla a rivelare.

Qui forniamo la prova che MSCs possono essere isolate da tessuto ovarico canino, che è considerato un rifiuto biologico dopo l'ovariectomia. Dovuto al fatto che molti tipi di cellule possono essere trovati nell'ovaia, abbiamo proposto un protocollo per selezionare MSCs basato sulla loro aderenza rapida alla plastica, che ha selezionato correttamente le cellule che si è sviluppato in un monostrato con una morfologia di fibroblasto-come.
Il primo rapporto della derivazione di cellule staminali...

Il numero degli studi pubblicati che lo stato attivo sulle cellule staminali è aumentato notevolmente nell'ultimo decennio, uno sforzo di ricerca che è stato alimentato dall'obiettivo collettivo di scoprire terapie potente medicina rigenerativa. Le cellule staminali hanno due marcatori definizione primari: auto - rinnovamento e differenziazione. Cellule staminali mesenchimali sono responsabili del suo fatturato regolare del tessuto e hanno una più limitata capacità di differenziazione rispetto alle cellule staminali embrionali1. Recentemente, molti studi hanno dimostrato una vasta gamma di differenziazione di cellule staminali mesenchimali, e un argomento in discussione è se esistono differenze tra cellule staminali embrionali ed adulte a tutti2.
L'epitelio di superficie ovarium è un commit strato di cellule, relativamente meno differenziato, che esprime entrambi marcatori epiteliali e mesenchimali3, mantenendo la capacità di differenziarsi in diversi tipi di cellule in risposta a segnali ambientali4. La posizione esatta delle cellule staminali nell'ovaia non è ben nota; Tuttavia, è stato proposto che bipotential progenitori in tunica albuginea dare origine a cellule germinali5. Gli studi immunologici hanno ipotizzato che queste cellule hanno un origine stromal6 o si trovano in o prossimale alla superficie dell'ovaia7. Poiché le cellule staminali mesenchimali esprimono numerosi recettori che svolgono un ruolo importante nella cellula adesione8, un esperimento è stato progettato per verificare l'ipotesi che la selezione di una popolazione di cellule con adesione rapida isolerebbero chiaramente una popolazione di cellule caratterizzabili come mesenchymal in natura. Recentemente, il nostro gruppo ha riferito la derivazione di cellule staminali mesenchimali da tessuto ovarico basata sulla loro capacità di aderenza alla superficie plastica del piatto cultura dei primi 3 h di cultura, al fine di ottenere una popolazione purificata delle cellule che esibiscono adesione rapida9. Qui, descriviamo il metodo sviluppato per l'isolamento di cellule staminali mesenchimali da tessuto ovarico.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:665px;" width="666">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;">DPBS&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">14190144</td>
			<td style="width:171px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;">Collagenase I</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">17100017</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;">Tissue flask</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">CLS3056</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;">DMEM low glucose</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">11054020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;">FBS</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">12484-010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;">TrypLE express</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">12604021</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:221px;">StemPro Adipogenesis Differentiation Kit</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">A1007001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:221px;">StemPro Chondrogenesis Differentiation Kit</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">A1007101</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:221px;">StemPro Osteogenesis Differentiation Kit</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">A1007201</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:221px;">STEMdiff Definitive Endoderm Kit</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">StemCell</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">5110</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;">Penicillin-Streptomycin</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">15070063</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;">CD45</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">AbD Serotec</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">MCA 2035S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;">CD34</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">AbD Serotec</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">MCA 2411GA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;">CD90</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">AbD Serotec</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">MCA 1036G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;">CD44</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">AbD Serotec</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">MCA 1041</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;">Nestin</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Milipore</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">MAB353</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;">&#946;-Tubulin&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Milipore</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">MAB1637</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;">DDX4</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">PA5 -23378</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;">IgG- FITC</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">AbD Serotec</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">STAR80F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:221px;">IgG- FITC</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">AbD Serotec</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">STAR120F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

derivation and differentiation of canine ovarian mesenchymal stem cells

Interesse in cellule staminali mesenchimali (MSCs) è aumentato nell'ultimo decennio grazie alla loro facilità di isolamento, espansione e cultura. Recentemente, gli studi hanno dimostrato la capacità di vasta differenziazione che queste cellule possiedono. Ovaia rappresenta un candidato di promessa per le terapie basate sulle cellule dovuto al fatto che è ricco di MSCs e che viene spesso ignorata dopo interventi chirurgici ovariectomia come rifiuti biologici. Questo articolo vengono descritte le procedure per l'isolamento, espansione e differenziazione di cellule staminali mesenchimali derivate dall'ovaia canino, senza la necessità di ordinamento delle cellule tecniche. Questo protocollo rappresenta un importante strumento per la medicina rigenerativa a causa l'ampia applicabilità di queste cellule altamente differenziabile in studi clinici e usi terapeutici.

Isolamento di cellule staminali mesenchimali da ovaio canino:
La procedura di isolamento MSC ovarica è riassunto nella Figura 1. Dopo chirurgia, tessuto tritacarne, digestione della collagenosi e un cambiamento di media 3 h dopo l'inizio della cultura, una popolazione di MSC putativa con rapida plastica-adesivo proprietà era correttamente isolata da tessuto ovaric...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Derivation and Differentiation of Canine Ovarian Mesenchymal Stem Cells at JoVE.com

Derivation and Differentiation of Canine Ovarian Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Qui, descriviamo un metodo per l'isolamento, espansione e differenziazione delle cellule staminali mesenchimali da tessuto ovarico canino.

Derivazione e differenziazione delle cellule mesenchimali ovarico canini

Interest in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has increased over the past decade due to their ease of isolation, expansion, and culture. Recently, studies ...

L'obiettivo generale di questa procedura è isolare, espandere e differenziare gli steli mesenchimali venduti derivati dal tessuto ovarico canino. Questo esperimento è stato eseguito con le ovaie di quattro cani femmina bastardi donati dopo un intervento chirurgico elettivo in un programma di sterilizzazione canina. Questo esperimento è stato approvato dal Comitato Etico sull'uso di animali dell'Università Statale di San Paolo, FVAC.Risultati rappresentativi. Discussione.Conclusione.

derivation-differentiation-canine-ovarian-mesenchymal-stem

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Developmental Biology

5.6K Views.  São Paulo State University (UNESP). L'obiettivo generale di questa procedura è isolare, espandere e differenziare gli steli mesenchimali venduti derivati dal tessuto ovarico canino. Questo esperimento è stato eseguito con le ovaie di quattro cani femmina bastardi donati dopo un intervento chirurgico elettivo in un programma di sterilizzazione canina. Questo esperimento è stato approvato dal Comitato Etico sull'uso di animali dell'Università Statale di San Paolo, FVAC.Risultati rappresentativi. Discussione.Conclusione...

Video: Derivation and Differentiation of Canine Ovarian Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Derivation of Cardiac Progenitor Cells from Embryonic Stem Cells

Cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) have the capacity to differentiate into cardiomyocytes, smooth muscle cells (SMC), and endothelial cells and hold great promise in cell therapy against heart disease. Among various methods to isolate CPCs, differentiation of embryonic stem cell (ESC) into CPCs attracts great attention in the field since ESCs can provide unlimited cell source. As a result, numerous strategies have been developed to derive CPCs from ESCs. In this protocol, differentiation and purification of embryonic CPCs from both mouse and human ESCs is described. Due to the difficulty of using cell surface markers to isolate embryonic CPCs, ESCs are engineered with fluorescent reporters activated by CPC-specific cre recombinase expression. Thus, CPCs can be enriched by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). This protocol illustrates procedures to form embryoid bodies (EBs) from ESCs for CPC specification and enrichment. The isolated CPCs can be subsequently cultured for cardiac lineage differentiation and other biological assays. This protocol is optimized for robust and efficient derivation of CPCs from both mouse and human ESCs.

In this protocol, derivation of cardiac progenitor cells from both mouse and human embryonic stem cells will be illustrated. A major strategy in this protocol is to enrich cardiac progenitor cells with flow cytometry using fluorescent reporters engineered into the embryonic stem cell lines.

Derivazione di cellule cardiache progenitrici di cellule staminali embrionali

Cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) have the capacity to differentiate into cardiomyocytes, smooth muscle cells (SMC), and endothelial cells and hold great ...

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Biologia dello sviluppo

Efficient Derivation of Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells from Stem Cells

No cure has been discovered for age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of vision loss in people over the age of 55. AMD is complex multifactorial disease with an unknown etiology, although it is largely thought to occur due to death or dysfunction of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), a monolayer of cells that underlies the retina and provides critical support for photoreceptors. RPE cell replacement strategies may hold great promise for providing therapeutic relief for a large subset of AMD patients, and RPE cells that strongly resemble primary human cells (hRPE) have been generated in multiple independent labs, including our own. In addition, the uses for iPS-RPE are not limited to cell-based therapies, but also have been used to model RPE diseases. These types of studies may not only elucidate the molecular bases of the diseases, but also serve as invaluable tools for developing and testing novel drugs. We present here an optimized protocol for directed differentiation of RPE from stem cells. Adding nicotinamide and either Activin A or IDE-1, a small molecule that mimics its effects, at specific time points, greatly enhances the yield of RPE cells. Using this technique we can derive large numbers of low passage RPE in as early as three months.

Stem cell-derived retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells may be used for multiple applications including cell-based therapies for retinal degeneration, disease modeling, and drug studies. Here we present a simple protocol for reproducibly deriving RPE from stem cells.

Derivazione efficiente di cellule retiniche epitelio pigmentato da cellule staminali

No cure has been discovered for age-related macular degeneration  (AMD), the leading cause of vision loss in people over the age of 55. AMD is complex ...

Derivation of Highly Purified Cardiomyocytes from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Using Small Molecule-modulated Differentiation and Subsequent Glucose Starvation

Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) have become an important cell source to address the lack of primary cardiomyocytes available for basic research and translational applications. To differentiate hiPSCs into cardiomyocytes, various protocols including embryoid body (EB)-based differentiation and growth factor induction have been developed. However, these protocols are inefficient and highly variable in their ability to generate purified cardiomyocytes. Recently, a small molecule-based protocol utilizing modulation of Wnt/&#946;-Catenin signaling was shown to promote cardiac differentiation with high efficiency. With this protocol, greater than 50%-60% of differentiated cells were cardiac troponin-positive cardiomyocytes were consistently observed. To further increase cardiomyocyte purity, the differentiated cells were subjected to glucose starvation to specifically eliminate non-cardiomyocytes based on the metabolic differences between cardiomyocytes and non-cardiomyocytes. Using this selection strategy, we consistently obtained a greater than 30% increase in the ratio of cardiomyocytes to non-cardiomyocytes in a population of differentiated cells. These highly purified cardiomyocytes should enhance the reliability of results from human iPSC-based in vitro disease modeling studies and drug screening assays.

Here, we describe a robust protocol for human cardiomyocyte derivation that combines small molecule-modulated cardiac differentiation and glucose deprivation-mediated cardiomyocyte purification, enabling production of purified cardiomyocytes for the purposes of cardiovascular disease modeling and drug screening.

Derivazione di Cardiomyocytes altamente purificato da cellule staminali umane pluripotenti indotte utilizzando piccoli Differenziazione Molecola-modulato e successiva glucosio Starvation

Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) have become an important cell source to address the lack of primary cardiomyocytes ...

Feeder-free Derivation of Melanocytes from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) represent a platform to study human development in vitro under both normal and disease conditions. Researchers can direct the differentiation of hPSCs into the cell type of interest by manipulating the culture conditions to recapitulate signals seen during development. One such cell type is the melanocyte, a pigment-producing cell of neural crest (NC) origin responsible for protecting the skin against UV irradiation. This protocol presents an extension of a currently available in vitro Neural Crest differentiation protocol from hPSCs to further differentiate NC into fully pigmented melanocytes. Melanocyte precursors can be enriched from the Neural Crest protocol via a timed exposure to activators of WNT, BMP, and EDN3 signaling under dual-SMAD-inhibition conditions. The resultant melanocyte precursors are then purified and matured into fully pigmented melanocytes by culture in a selective medium. The resultant melanocytes are fully pigmented and stain appropriately for proteins characteristic of mature melanocytes.

This work describes an in vitro differentiation protocol to produce pigmented, mature melanocytes from human pluripotent stem cells via a neural crest and melanoblast intermediate stage using a feeder-free, 25 day protocol.

Derivazione senza alimentatore di melanociti da cellule staminali umane pluripotenti

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) represent a platform to study human development in vitro under both normal and disease conditions. Researchers can ...

Epigenetic Regulation of Cardiac Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells and Tissues

Specific gene transcription is a key biological process that underlies cell fate decision during embryonic development. The biological process is mediated by transcription factors which bind genomic regulatory regions including enhancers and promoters of cardiac constitutive genes. DNA is wrapped around histones that are subjected to chemical modifications. Modifications of histones further lead to repressed, activated or poised gene transcription, thus bringing another level of fine tuning regulation of gene transcription. Embryonic Stem cells (ES cells) recapitulate within embryoid bodies (i.e., cell aggregates) or in 2D culture the early steps of cardiac development. They provide in principle enough material for chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), a technology broadly used to identify gene regulatory regions. Furthermore, human ES cells represent a human cell model of cardiogenesis. At later stages of development, mouse embryonic tissues allow for investigating specific epigenetic landscapes required for determination of cell identity. Herein, we describe protocols of ChIP, sequential ChIP followed by PCR or ChIP-sequencing using ES cells, embryoid bodies and cardiac specific embryonic regions. These protocols allow to investigating the epigenetic regulation of cardiac gene transcription.

A fine tuning regulation of gene transcription underlies embryonic cell fate decision. Herein, we describe chromatin immunoprecipitation assays used to investigate epigenetic regulation of both cardiac differentiation of stem cells and cardiac development of mouse embryos.

Regolazione epigenetica del Cardiac differenziazione delle cellule staminali embrionali e Tessuti

Specific gene transcription is a key biological process that underlies cell fate decision during embryonic development. The biological process is mediated ...

Isolation and Expansion of Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells Derived from Human Placenta Tissue

Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) are promising candidates for use in cell-based therapies. In most cases, therapeutic response appears to be cell-dose dependent. Human term placenta is rich in MSC and is a physically large tissue that is generally discarded following birth. Placenta is an ideal starting material for the large-scale manufacture of multiple cell doses of allogeneic MSC. The placenta is a fetomaternal organ from which either fetal or maternal tissue can be isolated. This article describes the placental anatomy and procedure to dissect apart the decidua (maternal), chorionic villi (fetal), and chorionic plate (fetal) tissue. The protocol then outlines how to isolate MSC from each dissected tissue region, and provides representative analysis of expanded MSC derived from the respective tissue types. These methods are intended for pre-clinical MSC isolation, but have also been adapted for clinical manufacture of placental MSC for human therapeutic use.

Herein we describe methods for the dissection of fetal and maternal tissues from human term placenta, followed by isolation and expansion of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) from these tissues.

Isolamento e l&#39;espansione delle staminali mesenchimali stromali derivate / cellule da placenta umana Tissue

Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) are promising candidates for use in cell-based therapies. In most cases, therapeutic response appears to be cell-dose ...

In Vitro Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells into Functional Cardiomyocyte-like Cells

Myocardial infarction and the subsequent ischemic cascade result in the extensive loss of cardiomyocytes, leading to congestive heart failure, the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a promising option for cell-based therapies to replace current, invasive techniques. MSCs can differentiate into mesenchymal lineages, including cardiac cell types, but complete differentiation into functional cells has not yet been achieved. Previous methods of differentiation were based on pharmacological agents or growth factors. However, more physiologically relevant strategies can also enable MSCs to undergo cardiomyogenic transformation. Here, we present a differentiation method using MSC aggregates on cardiomyocyte feeder layers to produce cardiomyocyte-like contracting cells.
Human umbilical cord perivascular cells (HUCPVCs) have been shown to have a greater differentiation potential than commonly investigated MSC types, such as bone marrow MSCs (BMSCs). As an ontogenetically younger source, we investigated the cardiomyogenic potential of first-trimester (FTM) HUCPVCs compared to older sources. FTM HUCPVCs are a novel, rich source of MSCs that retain their in utero immunoprivileged properties when cultured in vitro. Using this differentiation protocol, FTM and term HUCPVCs achieved significantly increased cardiomyogenic differentiation compared to BMSCs, as indicated by the increased expression of cardiomyocyte markers (i.e., myocyte enhancer factor 2C, cardiac troponin T, heavy chain cardiac myosin, signal regulatory protein &#945;, and connexin 43). They also maintained significantly lower immunogenicity, as demonstrated by their lower HLA-A expression and higher HLA-G expression. Applying aggregate-based differentiation, FTM HUCPVCs showed increased aggregate formation potential and generated contracting cells clusters within 1 week of co-culture on cardiac feeder layers, becoming the first MSC type to do so. 
Our results demonstrate that this differentiation strategy can effectively harness the cardiomyogenic potential of young MSCs, such as FTM HUCPVCs, and suggests that in vitro pre-differentiation could be a potential strategy to increase their regenerative efficacy in vivo.

In Vitro Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells into Functional Cardiomyocyte-like Cells

Here, we present a method to efficiently harness the cardiac differentiation potential of young sources of human mesenchymal stem cells in order to generate functional, contracting, cardiomyocyte-like cells in vitro.

In Vitro Differenziazione delle cellule staminali mesenchimali umane in funzionale del Cardiomyocyte-come le cellule

Myocardial infarction and the subsequent ischemic cascade result in the extensive loss of cardiomyocytes, leading to congestive heart failure, the leading ...

Integration Free Derivation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Using Laminin 521 Matrix

Xeno-free and fully defined conditions are key parameters for robust and reproducible generation of homogenous human induced pluripotent stem (hiPS) cells. Maintenance of hiPS cells on feeder cells or undefined matrices are susceptible to batch variances, pathogenic contamination and risk of immunogenicity. Utilizing the defined recombinant human laminin 521 (LN-521) matrix in combination with xeno-free and defined media formulations reduces variability and allows for the consistent generation of hiPS cells. The Sendai virus (SeV) vector is a non-integrating RNA-based system, thus circumventing concerns associated with the potential disruptive effect on genome integrity integrating vectors can have. Furthermore, these vectors have demonstrated relatively high efficiency in the reprogramming of dermal fibroblasts. In addition, enzymatic single cell passaging of cells facilitates homogeneous maintenance of hiPS cells without substantial prior experience of stem cell culture. Here we describe a protocol that has been extensively tested and developed with a focus on reproducibility and ease of use, providing a robust and practical way to generate defined and xeno-free human hiPS cells from fibroblasts.

Robust derivation of human induced pluripotent stem (hiPS) cells was achieved by using non-integrating Sendai virus (SeV) vector mediated reprogramming of dermal fibroblasts. hiPS cell maintenance and clonal expansion was performed using xeno-free and chemically defined culture conditions with recombinant human laminin 521 (LN-521) matrix and Essential E8 (E8) Medium.

Derivazione libera dell&#39;integrazione delle cellule staminali pluripotenti indotte dall&#39;uomo usando la matrice Laminina 521

Xeno-free and fully defined conditions are key parameters for robust and reproducible generation of homogenous human induced pluripotent stem (hiPS) ...

Rapid, Directed Differentiation of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells from Human Embryonic or Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

We describe a robust method to direct the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE). The purpose of providing a detailed and thorough protocol is to clearly demonstrate each step and to make this readily available to researchers in the field. This protocol results in a homogenous layer of RPE with minimal or no manual dissection needed. The method presented here has been shown to be effective for induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) and human embryonic stem cells. Additionally, we describe methods for cryopreservation of intermediate cell banks that allow long-term storage. RPE generated using this protocol might be useful for iPSC disease-in-a-dish modeling or clinical application.

This protocol describes how to produce retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE) from pluripotent stem cells. The method uses a combination of growth factors and small molecules to direct the differentiation of stem cells into immature RPE in fourteen days and mature, functional RPE after three months.

Rapida, regia di differenziazione delle cellule epiteliali del pigmento retinico da cellule staminali pluripotenti umane embrionali o indotto

We describe a robust method to direct the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE). The purpose of providing ...

Computational Analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans Germline to Study the Distribution of Nuclei, Proteins, and the Cytoskeleton

The Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) germline is used to study several biologically important processes including stem cell development, apoptosis, and chromosome dynamics. While the germline is an excellent model, the analysis is often two dimensional due to the time and labor required for three-dimensional analysis. Major readouts in such studies are the number/position of nuclei and protein distribution within the germline. Here, we present a method to perform automated analysis of the germline using confocal microscopy and computational approaches to determine the number and position of nuclei in each region of the germline. Our method also analyzes germline protein distribution that enables the three-dimensional examination of protein expression in different genetic backgrounds. Further, our study shows variations in cytoskeletal architecture in distinct regions of the germline that may accommodate specific spatial developmental requirements. Finally, our method enables automated counting of the sperm in the spermatheca of each germline. Taken together, our method enables rapid and reproducible phenotypic analysis of the C. elegans germline.

Computational Analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans Germline to Study the Distribution of Nuclei, Proteins, and the Cytoskeleton

We present an automated method for three-dimensional reconstruction of the Caenorhabditis elegans germline. Our method determines the number and position of each nucleus within the germline and analyses germline protein distribution and cytoskeletal structure.

Analisi computazionale della linea germinale Caenorhabditis elegans di studiare la distribuzione dei Nuclei, le proteine ed il citoscheletro

The Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) germline is used to study several biologically important processes including stem cell development, apoptosis, and ...