I risultati descritti sono ottenuti dal progetto sostenuto dal Centro Scientifico Nazionale in Polonia nell'ambito della sovvenzione n. 2014/13/B/HS6/03155.

<ol>
	<li>Baddeley, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Working+memory:+Looking+back+and+looking+forward.">Working memory: Looking back and looking forward.</a> Nature Reviews Neuroscience. , (2003).</li><li>Au, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improving+fluid+intelligence+with+training+on+working+memory:+a+meta-analysis.">Improving fluid intelligence with training on working memory: a meta-analysis.</a> Psychonomic Bulletin and Review. 22, 366-377 (2015).</li><li>Karbach, J., Verhaeghen, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Making+working+memory+work:+A+meta-analysis+of+executive+control+and+working+memory+training+in+younger+and+older+adults.">Making working memory work: A meta-analysis of executive control and working memory training in younger and older adults.</a> Psychological Science. 25, 11-2027 (2014).</li><li>Melby-Lerv&#229;g, M., Hulme, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Is+working+memory+training+effective?+A+meta-analytic+review.">Is working memory training effective? A meta-analytic review.</a> Developmental Psychology. , (2013).</li><li>Melby-Lerv&#229;g, M., Redick, T. S., Hulme, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Working+Memory+Training+Does+Not+Improve+Performance+on+Measures+of+Intelligence+or+Other+Measures+of+&amp;#34;Far+Transfer&amp;#34;:+Evidence+From+a+Meta-Analytic+Review.">Working Memory Training Does Not Improve Performance on Measures of Intelligence or Other Measures of &amp;#34;Far Transfer&amp;#34;: Evidence From a Meta-Analytic Review.</a> Perspectives on Psychological Science. , (2016).</li><li>Schwaighofer, M., Fischer, F., B&#252;hner, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Does+Working+Memory+Training+Transfer?+A+Meta-Analysis+Including+Training+Conditions+as+Moderators.">Does Working Memory Training Transfer? A Meta-Analysis Including Training Conditions as Moderators.</a> Educational Psychologist. , (2015).</li><li>Soveri, A., Antfolk, J., Karlsson, L., Salo, B., Laine, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Working+memory+training+revisited:+A+multi-level+meta-analysis+of+n-back+training+studies.">Working memory training revisited: A multi-level meta-analysis of n-back training studies.</a> Psychonomic Bulletin and Review. , (2017).</li><li>Au, J., Buschkuehl, M., Duncan, G. J., Jaeggi, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=There+is+no+convincing+evidence+that+working+memory+training+is+NOT+effective:+A+reply+to+Melby-Lerv&#229;g+and+Hulme+(2015).">There is no convincing evidence that working memory training is NOT effective: A reply to Melby-Lerv&#229;g and Hulme (2015).</a> Psychonomic Bulletin and Review. , (2016).</li><li>Dougherty, M. R., Hamovitz, T., Tidwell, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reevaluating+the+effectiveness+of+n-back+training+on+transfer+through+the+Bayesian+lens:+Support+for+the+null.">Reevaluating the effectiveness of n-back training on transfer through the Bayesian lens: Support for the null.</a> Psychonomic Bulletin and Review. , (2016).</li><li>L&#246;vd&#233;n, M., B&#228;ckman, L., Lindenberger, U., Schaefer, S., Schmiedek, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> A Theoretical Framework for the Study of Adult Cognitive Plasticity. , (2010).</li><li>Shinaver, C. S., Entwistle, P. C., S&#246;derqvist, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cogmed+WM+Training:+Reviewing+the+Reviews.">Cogmed WM Training: Reviewing the Reviews.</a> Applied Neuropsychology: Child. , (2014).</li><li>Shipstead, Z., Redick, T. S., Engle, R. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Does+working+memory+training+generalize?.">Does working memory training generalize?.</a> Psychologica Belgica. , (2010).</li><li>Shipstead, Z., Redick, T. S., Engle, R. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Is+working+memory+training+effective?.">Is working memory training effective?.</a> Psychological Bulletin. 138 (4), 628-654 (2012).</li><li>Weicker, J., Villringer, A., Th&#246;ne-Otto, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Can+impaired+working+memory+functioning+be+improved+by+training?+A+meta-analysis+with+a+special+focus+on+brain+injured+patients.">Can impaired working memory functioning be improved by training? A meta-analysis with a special focus on brain injured patients.</a> Neuropsychology. , (2016).</li><li>Brehmer, Y., Westerberg, H., B&#228;ckman, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Working-memory+training+in+younger+and+older+adults:+Training+gains,+transfer,+and+maintenance.">Working-memory training in younger and older adults: Training gains, transfer, and maintenance.</a> Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. , (2012).</li><li>Dahlin, E., Neely, A. S., Larsson, A., B&#228;ckman, L., Nyberg, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Transfer of learning after updating training mediated by the striatum. , (2008).</li><li>Dorbath, L., Hasselhorn, M., Titz, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Aging+and+executive+functioning:+A+training+study+on+focus-switching.">Aging and executive functioning: A training study on focus-switching.</a> Frontiers in Psychology. , (2011).</li><li>Heinzel, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Working+memory+training+improvements+and+gains+in+non-trained+cognitive+tasks+in+young+and+older+adults.">Working memory training improvements and gains in non-trained cognitive tasks in young and older adults.</a> Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition. , (2014).</li><li>Schmiedek, F., L&#246;vd&#233;n, M., Lindenberger, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hundred+days+of+cognitive+training+enhance+broad+cognitive+abilities+in+adulthood:+Findings+from+the+COGITO+study.">Hundred days of cognitive training enhance broad cognitive abilities in adulthood: Findings from the COGITO study.</a> Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience. , (2010).</li><li>Zinke, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Working+memory+training+and+transfer+in+older+adults:+Effects+of+age,+baseline+performance,+and+training+gains.">Working memory training and transfer in older adults: Effects of age, baseline performance, and training gains.</a> Developmental Psychology. 50 (1), 304-315 (2014).</li><li>B&#252;rki, C. N., Ludwig, C., Chicherio, C., de Ribaupierre, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Individual+differences+in+cognitive+plasticity:+an+investigation+of+training+curves+in+younger+and+older+adults.">Individual differences in cognitive plasticity: an investigation of training curves in younger and older adults.</a> Psychological Research. , (2014).</li><li>Li, S. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Working+Memory+Plasticity+in+Old+Age:+Practice+Gain,+Transfer,+and+Maintenance+.">Working Memory Plasticity in Old Age: Practice Gain, Transfer, and Maintenance .</a> Psychology and Aging. , (2008).</li><li>Richmond, L. L., Morrison, A. B., Chein, J. M., Olson, I. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Working+memory+training+and+transfer+in+older+adults.">Working memory training and transfer in older adults.</a> Psychology and Aging. 26 (4), 813-822 (2011).</li><li>von Bastian, C. C., Oberauer, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+and+mechanisms+of+working+memory+training:+a+review.">Effects and mechanisms of working memory training: a review.</a> Psychological Research. 78 (6), 803-820 (2014).</li><li>Zaj&#261;c-Lamparska, L., Trempa&#322;a, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+working+memory+and+attentional+control+training+and+their+transfer+onto+fluid+intelligence+in+early+and+late+adulthood.">Effects of working memory and attentional control training and their transfer onto fluid intelligence in early and late adulthood.</a> Health Psychology Report. 4 (1), 41-53 (2016).</li><li>Verhaeghen, P., Marcoen, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=On+the+mechanisms+of+plasticity+in+young+and+older+adults+after+instruction+in+the+method+of+loci:+Evidence+for+an+amplification+model.">On the mechanisms of plasticity in young and older adults after instruction in the method of loci: Evidence for an amplification model.</a> Psychology and Aging. , (1996).</li><li>Borella, E., Carbone, E., Pastore, M., De Beni, R., Carretti, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Working+memory+training+for+healthy+older+adults:+The+role+of+individual+characteristics+in+explaining+short-+and+long-term+gains.">Working memory training for healthy older adults: The role of individual characteristics in explaining short- and long-term gains.</a> Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. , (2017).</li><li>Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Van Uzendoorn, M. H., Bradley, R. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Those+who+have,+receive:+The+matthew+effect+in+early+childhood+intervention+in+the+home+environment.">Those who have, receive: The matthew effect in early childhood intervention in the home environment.</a> Review of Educational Research. , (2005).</li><li>Foster, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Do+the+effects+of+working+memory+training+depend+on+baseline+ability+level?.">Do the effects of working memory training depend on baseline ability level?.</a> Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition. 43 (11), 1677-1689 (2017).</li><li>Kliegel, M., B&#252;rki, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Memory+training+interventions+require+a+tailor-made+approach:+Commentary+on+McDaniel+and+Bugg.">Memory training interventions require a tailor-made approach: Commentary on McDaniel and Bugg.</a> Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition. , (2012).</li><li>Sternberg, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Memory-scanning:+mental+processes+revealed+by+reaction-time+experiments.">Memory-scanning: mental processes revealed by reaction-time experiments.</a> American Scientist. , (1969).</li><li>Folstein, M. 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Gli autori non hanno nulla da rivelare.

Nello studio qui presentato, abbiamo esaminato se gli anziani potessero beneficiare della formazione sulla memoria di lavoro e se fosse collegato al livello iniziale della loro cognizione di base. Abbiamo utilizzato un compito n-back come intervento sperimentale e la capacità di memoria di lavoro (misurata con l'attività OSPAN) era il metodo per sondare il livello iniziale di funzionamento intellettuale dei partecipanti. Abbiamo avuto due passaggi critici nel protocollo. Il primo e più importante è stata la valutazio...

In molti studi di formazione cognitiva, il doppio compito n-back viene utilizzato come metodo di formazione sulla memoria di lavoro (WM). WM è un obiettivo comune degli interventi cognitivi a causa della sua importanza per altre funzioni intellettuali di livello superiore1. Tuttavia, l'efficacia di tale formazione e il suo potenziale per creare un miglioramento più generale della cognizione, è stato molto dibattuto (per la meta-analisi,vedi 2,3,4,5,6,7,14 e per le recensioni, vedi4,8,9,10,11,12,13). Mentre alcuni ricercatori sostengono che ''... non vi erano prove convincenti della generalizzazione della formazione sulla memoria di lavoro ad altrecompetenze'' 4, altrepresentano dati meta-analitici, che mostrano effetti altamente significativi della formazione WM2,3,5,6,11. Il problema separato è l'efficacia delle armi di distruzione di qualità nella popolazione anziana. Diversi studi di formazione wm hanno riportato maggiori benefici negli adulti più giovani rispetto agli adulti più anziani15,16,17,18,19,20, mentre altri mostrano che effetti simili possono essere osservati in entrambe le fasce dietà 21,22,23,24,25.
Si ritiene che vari elementi presci suscittero i vantaggi dell'allenamentodella memoria 26. Alcuni di questi fattori sembrano essere potenziali moderatori dell'efficacia della formazione WM21. La capacità mentale, essendo descritta come la capacità cognitiva di base o la risorsa cognitiva generale, sembra essere una delle scelte più forti per questa posizione. Al fine di valutare il ruolo del livello intellettuale iniziale, abbiamo posto un'enfasi speciale (il metodo qui descritto) sulla misurazione della capacità cognitiva prima di applicare un regime di allenamento. È stato dettato dai dati che mostrano che i partecipanti, che sono caratterizzati da una maggiore capacità cognitiva all'inizio della formazione, hanno raggiunto risultati di allenamento sostanzialmente migliori rispetto a quelli con livelli inferiori di funzione cognitivainiziale 27. Un fenomeno simile si osserva nella ricerca educativa, dove viene indicato come l'effetto Matthew28, un'osservazione che le persone con abilità inizialmente migliori migliorano ancora di più rispetto a quelle con un livello preliminare inferiore di capacità in questione.
Tuttavia, è stimolante che non siano state pubblicate così tante relazioni su questo argomento21,29. Inoltre, anche differenze individuali sostanziali, soprattutto quando si tratta della popolazione anziana, sono spesso lasciate incustodite durante l'analisi e l'interpretazionedei dati 30. Nel presente studio, esaminiamo l'impatto del livello iniziale di capacità di memoria di lavoro sul successo della formazione WM nel gruppo di anziani sani. Al fine di mantenere ogni elemento dei regimi di formazione il più simile possibile tra gruppi sperimentali e di controllo, abbiamo utilizzato un progetto di gruppo di controllo attivo. Pertanto, il contenuto del training (WM rispetto alla memoria semantica) è rimasto l'unico fattore cruciale che determina la differenza prevista nei risultati del training. Entrambi i gruppi eseguivano corsi di formazione computerizzati basati sulla casa. I membri del gruppo sperimentale sono stati assegnati a un programma di formazione dual n-back adattivo e a un gruppo di controllo attivo addestrato con un'attività basata su un quiz sulla memoria semantica. Una novità nell'approccio qui è l'enfasi sulla valutazione iniziale del livello cognitivo dei partecipanti valutando la loro capacità di memoria di lavoro (WMC). Inoltre, il metodo di valutazione del livello WMC iniziale che presentiamo in questo articolo si è dimostrato uno strumento efficace per distinguere tra persone che avranno o non avranno successo durante il successivo training della memoria di lavoro. Abbiamo precedentemente descritto e pubblicato i risultati di questo studio44. Pertanto, in questo articolo ci stiamo concentrando su una descrizione dettagliata del protocollo che abbiamo usato.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:976px;" width="976">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">GEx</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">n/a</td>
			<td style="width:289px;">authorial online platform: 
			used for N-back training, Quiz</td>
			<td style="width:349px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">IBM SPSS Statistics 26.0</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">IBM Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:289px;">SPSS software was used to compute statistical analysis.</td>
			<td style="width:349px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Inquisit version 4.0.8.0</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Millisecond Software</td>
			<td style="width:289px;">software: tool for designing and administering experiments 
			used for: The Sternberg Task, The Linear Syllogism Task and presenting the instructions for baseline EEG recording</td>
			<td style="width:349px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">MATLAB R2018b</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">The MathWorks, Inc</td>
			<td style="width:289px;">MATLAB software was used to compute statistics and to export databases and&#160; visualisation of the results</td>
			<td style="width:349px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">PsychoPy version 2 v.1.83.04</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Jonathan Peirce; supported by University of Nottingham</td>
			<td style="width:289px;">open-source software 
			used for: Go/no Go Task, The Switching Task, Running Memory Span Taskckage based on Python</td>
			<td style="width:349px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
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working memory training for older participants: a control group training regimen and initial intellectual functioning assessment

L'efficacia degli interventi di formazione cognitiva è recentemente molto dibattuta. Non c'è consenso sul tipo di regime di formazione più efficace. Inoltre, le caratteristiche individuali come predittori dei risultati della formazione sono ancora in fase di studio. In questo articolo viene mostrato il tentativo di risolvere questo problema esaminando non solo l'impatto della formazione sulla memoria di lavoro (WM) sull'efficacia cognitiva negli adulti più anziani, ma anche l'influenza della capacità WMC iniziale sul risultato della formazione. Descriviamo in dettaglio come eseguire 5 settimane di un allenamento dual n-back adattivo con un gruppo di controllo attivo (quiz sulla memoria). Ci stiamo concentrando sugli aspetti tecnici della formazione e sulla valutazione iniziale del WMC dei partecipanti. La valutazione delle prestazioni pre e post allenamento di altre dimensioni cognitive si è basata sui risultati dei test di aggiornamento della memoria, inibizione, spostamento dell'attenzione, memoria a breve termine (STM) e ragionamento. Abbiamo scoperto che il livello iniziale di WMC prevede l'efficienza dell'intervento di formazione n-back. Abbiamo anche notato il miglioramento post-allenamento in quasi tutti gli aspetti del funzionamento cognitivo che abbiamo misurato, ma questi effetti erano per lo più indipendenti dall'intervento.

Effetti relativi alla formazione
85 soggetti hanno partecipato allo studio (29 erano maschi) e avevano in media 66,7 anni. A causa di problemi tecnici, i dati di un partecipante al gruppo di formazione n-back non sono stati registrati. Infine, sono stati analizzati i dati di 43 partecipanti al gruppo di formazione n-back e 42 nel gruppo di formazione Quiz. L'analisi multivariata della varianza (MANOVA) con misur...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Working Memory Training for Older Participants: A Control Group Training Regimen and Initial Intellectual Functioning Assessment at JoVE.com

Working Memory Training for Older Participants: A Control Group Training Regimen and Initial Intellectual Functioning Assessment

Viene presentato un intervento di formazione cognitiva nella popolazione anziana insieme alla valutazione delle capacità cognitive pre-allenamento. Mostriamo due versioni di allenamento - controllo sperimentale e attivo - e dimostriamo i loro effetti sulla gamma di test cognitivi.

Formazione sulla memoria di lavoro per i partecipanti più anziani: un regime di formazione del gruppo di controllo e una valutazione iniziale del funzionamento intellettuale

The efficacy of cognitive training interventions is recently highly debated. There is no consensus on what kind of training regimen is the most effective. ...

working-memory-training-for-older-participants-control-group-training

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

4.5K Views.  SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities. Viene presentato un intervento di formazione cognitiva nella popolazione anziana insieme alla valutazione delle capacità cognitive pre-allenamento. Mostriamo due versioni di allenamento - controllo sperimentale e attivo - e dimostriamo i loro effetti sulla gamma di test cognitivi.

Video: Working Memory Training for Older Participants: A Control Group Training Regimen and Initial Intellectual Functioning Assessment

Training Synesthetic Letter-color Associations by Reading in Color

Synesthesia is a rare condition in which a stimulus from one modality automatically and consistently triggers unusual sensations in the same and/or other modalities. A relatively common and well-studied type is grapheme-color synesthesia, defined as the consistent experience of color when viewing, hearing and thinking about letters, words and numbers. We describe our method for investigating to what extent synesthetic associations between letters and colors can be learned by reading in color in nonsynesthetes. Reading in color is a special method for training associations in the sense that the associations are learned implicitly while the reader reads text as he or she normally would and it does not require explicit computer-directed training methods. In this protocol, participants are given specially prepared books to read in which four high-frequency letters are paired with four high-frequency colors. Participants receive unique sets of letter-color pairs based on their pre-existing preferences for colored letters. A modified Stroop task is administered before and after reading in order to test for learned letter-color associations and changes in brain activation. In addition to objective testing, a reading experience questionnaire is administered that is designed to probe for differences in subjective experience. A subset of questions may predict how well an individual learned the associations from reading in color. Importantly, we are not claiming that this method will cause each individual to develop grapheme-color synesthesia, only that it is possible for certain individuals to form letter-color associations by reading in color and these associations are similar in some aspects to those seen in developmental grapheme-color synesthetes. The method is quite flexible and can be used to investigate different aspects and outcomes of training synesthetic associations, including learning-induced changes in brain function and structure.

Reading in color is a new method for training letter-color associations that are typically found only in grapheme-color synesthetes. It involves an implicit form of training that has potential for long-term associative training methods&#160;because the training is a byproduct of reading and any text can be colored.

Formazione Associazioni Lettera colori sinestetica leggendo in Color

Synesthesia is a rare condition in which a stimulus from one modality automatically and consistently triggers unusual sensations in the same and/or other ...

Ricerca

Comportamento

A Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate Interference in Working Memory by Distractions and Interruptions

Goal-directed behavior is often impaired by interference from the external environment, either in the form of distraction by irrelevant information that one attempts to ignore, or by interrupting information that demands attention as part of another (secondary) task goal. Both forms of external interference have been shown to detrimentally impact the ability to maintain information in working memory (WM). Emerging evidence suggests that these different types of external interference exert different effects on behavior and may be mediated by distinct neural mechanisms. Better characterizing the distinct neuro-behavioral impact of irrelevant distractions versus attended interruptions is essential for advancing an understanding of top-down attention, resolution of external interference, and how these abilities become degraded in healthy aging and in neuropsychiatric conditions. This manuscript describes a novel cognitive paradigm developed the Gazzaley lab that has now been modified into several distinct versions used to elucidate behavioral and neural correlates of interference, by to-be-ignored distractors versus to-be-attended interruptors. Details are provided on variants of this paradigm for investigating interference in visual and auditory modalities, at multiple levels of stimulus complexity, and with experimental timing optimized for electroencephalography (EEG) or functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies. In addition, data from younger and older adult participants obtained using this paradigm is reviewed and discussed in the context of its relationship with the broader literatures on external interference and age-related neuro-behavioral changes in resolving interference in working memory.

A novel cognitive paradigm is developed to elucidate behavioral and neural correlates of interference by to-be-ignored distractors versus interference by to-be-attended interruptors during a working memory task. In this manuscript, several variants of this paradigm are detailed, and data obtained with this paradigm in younger/older adult participants is reviewed.

Un paradigma cognitivo per Indagare interferenze nella memoria di lavoro da distrazioni e interruzioni

Goal-directed behavior is often impaired by interference from the external environment, either in the form of distraction by irrelevant information that ...

Vision Training Methods for Sports Concussion Mitigation and Management

There is emerging evidence supporting the use vision training, including light board training tools, as a concussion baseline and neuro-diagnostic tool and potentially as a supportive component to concussion prevention strategies. This paper is focused on providing detailed methods for select vision training tools and reporting normative data for comparison when vision training is a part of a sports management program. The overall program includes standard vision training methods including tachistoscope, Brock&#8217;s string, and strobe glasses, as well as specialized light board training algorithms. Stereopsis is measured as a means to monitor vision training affects. In addition, quantitative results for vision training methods as well as baseline and post-testing *A and Reaction Test measures with progressive scores are reported. Collegiate athletes consistently improve after six weeks of training in their stereopsis, *A and Reaction Test scores. When vision training is initiated as a team wide exercise, the incidence of concussion decreases in players who participate in training compared to players who do not receive the vision training. Vision training produces functional and performance changes that, when monitored, can be used to assess the success of the vision training and can be initiated as part of a sports medical intervention for concussion prevention.

This paper describes a protocol to conduct, quantitatively monitor, and assess the success of vision training initiated as part of a sports medical management program including intervention for concussion prevention and performance enhancement.

Metodi di visione di formazione per Sport Commozione cerebrale mitigazione e gestione

There is emerging evidence supporting the use vision training, including light board training tools, as a concussion baseline and neuro-diagnostic tool ...

Combined Shuttle-Box Training with Electrophysiological Cortex Recording and Stimulation as a Tool to Study Perception and Learning

Shuttle-box avoidance learning is a well-established method in behavioral neuroscience and experimental setups were traditionally custom-made; the necessary equipment is now available by several commercial companies. This protocol provides a detailed description of a two-way shuttle-box avoidance learning paradigm in rodents (here Mongolian gerbils; Meriones unguiculatus) in combination with site-specific electrical intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) and simultaneous chronical electrophysiological in vivo recordings. The detailed protocol is applicable to study multiple aspects of learning behavior and perception in different rodent species.
Site-specific ICMS of auditory cortical circuits as conditioned stimuli here is used as a tool to test the perceptual relevance of specific afferent, efferent and intracortical connections. Distinct activation patterns can be evoked by using different stimulation electrode arrays for local, layer-dependent ICMS or distant ICMS sites. Utilizing behavioral signal detection analysis it can be determined which stimulation strategy is most effective for eliciting a behaviorally detectable and salient signal. Further, parallel multichannel-recordings using different electrode designs (surface electrodes, depth electrodes, etc.) allow for investigating neuronal observables over the time course of such learning processes. It will be discussed how changes of the behavioral design can increase the cognitive complexity (e.g. detection, discrimination, reversal learning).

Shuttle-box avoidance learning is well-established in behavioral neuroscience. This protocol describes how shuttle-box learning in rodents can be combined with site-specific electrical intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) and simultaneous chronical in vivo recordings as a tool to study multiple aspects of learning and perception.

Combinato Shuttle-Box Training con elettrofisiologiche Cortex registrazione e stimolazione come strumento per studiare percezione e apprendimento

Shuttle-box avoidance learning is a well-established method in behavioral neuroscience and experimental setups were traditionally custom-made; the ...

Pavlovian Conditioned Approach Training in Rats

Cues that are contingently paired with unconditioned, rewarding stimuli can acquire rewarding properties themselves through a process known as the attribution of incentive salience, or the transformation of neutral stimuli into attractive, &#34;wanted&#39; stimuli capable of motivating behavior. Pavlovian conditioned approach (PCA) develops after the response-independent presentation of a conditioned stimulus (CS; e.g., a lever) that predicts the delivery of an unconditioned stimulus (US; e.g., a food pellet) and can be used to measure incentive salience. During training, three patterns of conditioned responses (CRs) can develop: sign-tracking behavior (CS-directed CR), goal-tracking behavior (US-directed CR), and an intermediate response (both CRs). Sign-trackers attribute incentive salience to reward-related cues and are more vulnerable to cue-induced reinstatement of drug-seeking as well as other addiction-related behaviors, making PCA a potentially valuable procedure for studying addiction vulnerability. Here, we describe materials and methods used to elicit PCA behavior from rats as well as analyze and interpret PCA behavior in individual experiments.

Here, we present a protocol to elicit Pavlovian conditioned approach behavior in rats. This procedure can be used to measure individual differences in the tendency to approach and attribute incentive salience to reward-related cues and investigate addiction vulnerability.

Pavloviano Training Approach condizionati in Rats

Cues that are contingently paired with unconditioned, rewarding stimuli can acquire rewarding properties themselves through a process known as the ...

Assessing Working Memory in Children: The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children &#8211; Working Memory (CABC-WM)

The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children - Working Memory (CABC-WM) is a computer-based battery designed to assess different components of working memory in young school-age children. Working memory deficits have been identified in children with language-based learning disabilities, including dyslexia1,2 and language impairment3,4, but it is not clear whether these children exhibit deficits in subcomponents of working memory, such as visuospatial or phonological working memory. The CABC-WM is administered on a desktop computer with a touchscreen interface and was specifically developed to be engaging and motivating for children. Although the long-term goal of the CABC-WM is to provide individualized working memory profiles in children, the present study focuses on the initial success and utility of the CABC-WM for measuring central executive, visuospatial, phonological loop, and binding constructs in children with typical development. Immediate next steps are to administer the CABC-WM to children with specific language impairment, dyslexia, and comorbid specific language impairment and dyslexia.

Assessing Working Memory in Children: The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children &amp;#8211; Working Memory (CABC-WM)

Working memory predicts a significant amount of variance for a variety of cognitive tasks, including speaking, reading, and writing. However, few tools are available to assess working memory in children. We present an innovative, computer-based battery that comprehensively assesses different components of working memory in school-age children.

Valutazione della memoria di lavoro nei bambini: la batteria di valutazione completa per i bambini - memoria di lavoro (CABC-WM)

The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children - Working Memory (CABC-WM) is a computer-based battery designed to assess different components of ...

Introducing Clicker Training as a Cognitive Enrichment for Laboratory Mice

Establishing new refinement strategies in laboratory animal science is a central goal in fulfilling the requirements of Directive 2010/63/EU. Previous research determined a profound impact of gentle handling protocols on the well-being of laboratory mice. By introducing clicker training to the keeping of mice, not only do we promote the amicable treatment of mice, but we also enable them to experience cognitive enrichment. Clicker training is a form of positive reinforcement training using a conditioned secondary reinforcer, the "click" sound of a clicker, which serves as a time bridge between the strengthened behavior and an upcoming reward. The effective implementation of the clicker training protocol with a cohort of 12 BALB/c inbred mice of each sex proved to be uncomplicated. The mice learned rather quickly when challenged with tasks of the clicker training protocol, and almost all trained mice overcame the challenges they were given (100% of female mice and 83% of male mice). This study has identified that clicker training for mice strongly correlates with reduced fear in the mice during human-mice interactions, as shown by reduced anxiety-related behaviors (e.g., defecation, vocalization, and urination) and fewer depression-like behaviors (e.g., floating). By developing a reliable protocol that can be easily integrated into the daily routine of the keeping of laboratory mice, the lifetime experience of welfare in the mice can be improved substantially.

The development of new refinement strategies for laboratory mice is a challenging task that contributes towards fulfilling the 3R principle. This protocol introduces clicker training as a cognitive enrichment program for laboratory mice.

L&#39;introduzione di Clicker Training come un arricchimento conoscitivo per topi di laboratorio

Establishing new refinement strategies in laboratory animal science is a central goal in fulfilling the requirements of Directive 2010/63/EU. Previous ...

Reducing State Anxiety Using Working Memory Maintenance

The purpose of this protocol is to explain how to examine the relationship between working memory processes and anxiety by combining the Sternberg Working Memory (WM) and the threat of shock paradigms. In the Sternberg WM paradigm, subjects are required to maintain a series of letters in the WM for a brief interval and respond by identifying whether the position of a given letter in the series matches a numerical prompt. In the threat of shock paradigm, subjects are exposed to alternating blocks where they are either at risk of receiving unpredictable presentations of a mild electric shock or are safe from the shock. Anxiety is probed throughout the safe and threat blocks using the acoustic startle reflex, which is potentiated under threat (Anxiety-Potentiated Startle (APS)). By conducting the Sternberg WM paradigm during the threat of shock and probing the startle response during either the WM maintenance interval or the intertrial interval, it is possible to determine the effect of WM maintenance on APS.

This protocol demonstrates how to measure anxiety-potentiated startle during the Sternberg Working Memory paradigm.

Ridurre l&#39;ansia di Stato utilizzando la manutenzione della memoria di lavoro

The purpose of this protocol is to explain how to examine the relationship between working memory processes and anxiety by combining the Sternberg Working ...

Paradigms of Lower Extremity Electrical Stimulation Training After Spinal Cord Injury

Skeletal muscle atrophy, increased adiposity and reduced physical activity are key changes observed after spinal cord injury (SCI) and are associated with numerous cardiometabolic health consequences. These changes are likely to increase the risk of developing chronic secondary conditions and impact the quality of life in persons with SCI. Surface neuromuscular electrical stimulation evoked resistance training (NMES-RT) was developed as a strategy to attenuate the process of skeletal muscle atrophy, decrease ectopic adiposity, improve insulin sensitivity and enhance mitochondrial capacity. However, NMES-RT is limited to only a single muscle group. Involving multiple muscle groups of the lower extremities may maximize the health benefits of training. Functional electrical stimulation-lower extremity cycling (FES-LEC) allows for the activation of 6 muscle groups, which is likely to evoke greater metabolic and cardiovascular adaptation. Appropriate knowledge of the stimulation parameters is key to maximizing the outcomes of electrical stimulation training in persons with SCI. Adopting strategies for long-term use of NMES-RT and FES-LEC during rehabilitation may maintain the integrity of the musculoskeletal system, a pre-requisite for clinical trials aiming to restore walking after injury. The current manuscript presents a combined protocol using NMES-RT prior to FES-LEC. We hypothesize that muscles conditioned for 12 weeks prior to cycling will be capable of generating greater power, cycle against higher resistance and result in greater adaptation in persons with SCI.

Spinal cord injury is a traumatic medical condition that may result in elevated risks of chronic secondary metabolic disorders. Here, we presented a protocol using surface neuromuscular electrical stimulation-resistance training in conjunction with functional electrical stimulation-lower extremities cycling as a strategy to ameliorate several of these medical problems.

Paradigmi della formazione di stimolazione elettrica dell'arto inferiore dopo la ferita del midollo spinale

Skeletal muscle atrophy, increased adiposity and reduced physical activity are key changes observed after spinal cord injury (SCI) and are associated with ...

A Vibrotactile Feedback Device for Seated Balance Assessment and Training

Postural perturbations, motion tracking, and sensory feedback are modern techniques used to challenge, assess, and train upright sitting, respectively. The goal of the developed protocol is to construct and operate a sitting platform that can be passively destabilized while an inertial measurement unit quantifies its motion and vibrating elements deliver tactile feedback to the user. Interchangeable seat attachments alter the stability level of the device to safely challenge sitting balance. A built-in microcontroller allows fine-tuning of the feedback parameters to augment sensory function. Posturographic measures, typical of balance assessment protocols, summarize the motion signals acquired during timed balance trials. No dynamic sitting protocol to date provides variable challenge, quantification, and sensory feedback free of laboratory constraints. Our results demonstrate that non-disabled users of the device exhibit significant changes in posturographic measures when balance difficulty is altered or vibrational feedback provided. The portable, versatile device has potential applications in rehabilitation (following skeletal, muscular, or neurological injury), training (for sports or spatial awareness), entertainment (via virtual or augmented reality), and research (of sitting-related disorders).

A sitting platform has been developed and assembled that passively destabilizes sitting posture in humans. During the user&#39;s stabilizing task, an inertial measurement unit records the device&#39;s motion, and vibrating elements deliver performance-based feedback to the seat. The portable, versatile device may be used in rehabilitation, assessment, and training paradigms.

Un dispositivo di Vibrotactile Feedback per la valutazione di equilibrio seduti e formazione

Postural perturbations, motion tracking, and sensory feedback are modern techniques used to challenge, assess, and train upright sitting, respectively. ...