Il lavoro è stato sostenuto da sovvenzioni dal Deustche Forschungsgemeinschaft DFG e il Leibniz-Institut per Neurobiologia. Ringraziamo Maria-Marina Zempeltzi e Kathrin Ohl per l&#39;assistenza tecnica.

<ol>
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W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Auditory+cortical+activity+after+intracortical+microstimulation+and+its+role+for+sensory+processing+and+learning.">Auditory cortical activity after intracortical microstimulation and its role for sensory processing and learning.</a> The Journal of Neuroscience. 29 (50), 15898-15909 (2009).</li><li>DeYoe, E. A., Lewine, J. D., Doty, R. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laminar+variation+in+threshold+for+detection+of+electrical+excitation+of+striate+cortex+by+macaques.">Laminar variation in threshold for detection of electrical excitation of striate cortex by macaques.</a> Journal of Neurophysiology. 94 (5), 3443-3450 (2005).</li><li>Tehovnik, E. J., Slocum, W. M., Schiller, P. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Delaying+visually+guided+saccades+by+microstimulation+of+macaque+V1:+spatial+properties+of+delay+fields.">Delaying visually guided saccades by microstimulation of macaque V1: spatial properties of delay fields.</a> The European Journal of Neuroscience. 22 (10), 2635-2643 (2005).</li><li>Wetzel, W., Wagner, T., Ohl, F. W., Scheich, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Categorical+discrimination+of+direction+in+frequency-modulated+tones+by+Mongolian+gerbils.">Categorical discrimination of direction in frequency-modulated tones by Mongolian gerbils.</a> Behavioural Brain Research. 91, 29-39 (1998).</li><li>Cain, C. K., LeDoux, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Escape+from+fear:+a+detailed+behavioral+analysis+of+two+atypical+responses+reinforced+by+CS+termination.">Escape from fear: a detailed behavioral analysis of two atypical responses reinforced by CS termination.</a> Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal behavior processes. 33, 451-463 (2007).</li><li>Stark, H., Rothe, T., Deliano, M., Scheich, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamics+of+cortical+theta+activity+correlates+with+stages+of+auditory+avoidance+strategy+formation+in+a+shuttle-box.">Dynamics of cortical theta activity correlates with stages of auditory avoidance strategy formation in a shuttle-box.</a> Neuroscience. 151, 467-475 (2008).</li><li>Ohl, F. 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Electrophysiological mapping of frequency representation and distinction of fields.</a> The European journal of neuroscience. 5, 882-897 (1993).</li><li>Budinger, E., Heil, P., Scheich, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+organization+of+auditory+cortex+in+the+Mongolian+gerbil+(Meriones+unguiculatus).+III.+Anatomical+subdivisions+and+corticocortical+connections.">Functional organization of auditory cortex in the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus). III. Anatomical subdivisions and corticocortical connections.</a> European Journal of Neuroscience. 12, 2425-2451 (2000).</li><li>Langford, D. 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Questo protocollo descrive un metodo di ICMS simultanei site-specific e registrazioni elettrofisiologiche multicanale in un animale di apprendimento utilizzando un avversivo piede-shock sistema di navetta-box controllato a doppio senso. Il protocollo sottolinea concetti tecnici chiave per tale combinazione e sottolinea l&#39;importanza della messa a terra della animale solo tramite l&#39;elettrodo di un terreno comune, lasciando il gridfloor ad una tensione fluttuante. Qui, uditivo apprendimento navetta-box è stato app...

Un obiettivo fondamentale di neuroscienza comportamentale è di stabilire legami specifici tra neuronali proprietà strutturali e funzionali, l&#39;apprendimento, e la percezione. Attività neurale associata con la percezione e l&#39;apprendimento può essere studiato dalla registrazione elettrofisiologica dei potenziali d&#39;azione e potenziali di campo locale in diverse strutture cerebrali in più siti. Mentre registrazioni elettrofisiologiche forniscono associazioni correlativi tra l&#39;attività e il comportamento neuronale, microstimolazione diretta elettrica intracorticale (ICMS) da oltre un secolo è stato il metodo più diretto per i rapporti di prova causali delle popolazioni di neuroni eccitati e dei loro effetti sul comportamento e percettivi 1 - 3. Molti studi hanno dimostrato che gli animali sono in grado di fare uso di varie proprietà spaziali e temporali di stimoli elettrici in compiti percettivi seconda del sito di stimolazione entro per esempio retinotopica 4, tonotopic 5, o somatotopica 6 regioni della corteccia. Propagazione di attività elettricamente evocata nella corteccia è determinato principalmente dalla disposizione delle fibre assonali e la loro connettività sinaptica distribuito 2 che, nella corteccia, è chiaramente layer-7 dipendenti. L&#39;attivazione polisinaptici risultante evocata dalla ICMS è ormai molto più diffuso di effetti diretti della 2,8,9 campo elettrico. Questo spiega perché le soglie di effetti percettivi indotte da microstimolazione intracorticale possono essere fortemente dipendente dal livello di 8,10,11 e il sito-dipendente 9. Uno studio recente ha dimostrato in dettaglio che la stimolazione di strati superiori ha prodotto più diffusa attivazione di circuiti corticocorticali in strati principalmente supragranular, mentre la stimolazione di strati più profondi della corteccia risultato in una focale, corticoefferent ricorrente intracolumnar attivazione. Esperimenti comportamentali parallele rivelato che quest&#39;ultimo ha di gran lunga inferiore thr rilevamento percettivoesholds 8. Pertanto, il vantaggio di site-specific ICMS stimoli come condizionato è stato sfruttato in combinazione con registrazioni elettrofisiologiche di mettere in relazione causale specifiche attivazioni circuiti corticali 8 a misure comportamentali di apprendimento e percezione nella shuttle-box. La navetta-box paradigma a due vie è un apparecchio da laboratorio consolidata per studiare elusione apprendimento 12. Una navetta-scatola è composta da 2 vani separati da un ostacolo o di porta. Un stimolo condizionato (CS) che è rappresentato da un segnale adatto come una luce o il suono, è potenzialmente seguito da uno stimolo incondizionato avversivo (US), come ad esempio uno shock piedi su un pavimento griglia metallica. I soggetti possono imparare ad evitare USA da spola da un compartimento shuttle-box all&#39;altra in risposta al CS. Apprendimento Shuttle-box comporta una sequenza di fasi di apprendimento distinguibili 13,14: In primo luogo,soggetti imparano a prevedere gli Stati Uniti dal CS dal condizionamento classico e di fuggire dagli Stati Uniti dal condizionamento strumentale, come gli Stati Uniti è terminata sulla spola. In una fase successiva, i soggetti apprendono evitare USA complessivamente da spola in risposta alla prima CS US insorgenza (reazione evitamento). In generale, l&#39;apprendimento di navetta-box coinvolge condizionamento classico, condizionamento strumentale, così come un comportamento goal-directed seconda fase 14 di apprendimento. La procedura di shuttle-box può essere installato facilmente e in generale produce un comportamento affidabile dopo alcune sedute di allenamento giornaliere di 15 - 17. Oltre alla semplice evasione condizionata (rilevamento), lo shuttle-box può essere ulteriormente utilizzato per studiare la discriminazione stimolo impiegando paradigmi go / Nogo. Qui, gli animali sono addestrati per evitare USA da una risposta condizionata (CR) (go comportamento; navetta nel vano opposta) in risposta ad un &lt;strong&gt; go-stimolo (CS +) e da comportamenti nogo (rimanere nel vano corrente, senza CR) in risposta ad una di Nogo-stimolo (CS) microstimolazione parallelo e la registrazione di attività neurale con gli array multielettrodico alta densità permetterà di studiare. i meccanismi fisiologici alla base di apprendimento di successo. Numerosi dettagli tecnici che sono fondamentali per le combinazioni di successo della formazione di navetta-box, ICMS e elettrofisiologia parallelo, saranno discussi.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Teflon-insulated stainless steel wire</td>
			<td>California Fine Wire</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>diam. 50&#181;m w/ isolation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pin connector system&#160;</td>
			<td>Molex Holding GmbH</td>
			<td>510470200</td>
			<td>1.25 mm pitch PicoBlade</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TEM grid Quantifoil</td>
			<td>Science Services</td>
			<td>EQ225-N27</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dental acrylic Paladur</td>
			<td>Heraeus Kulzer</td>
			<td>64707938</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hand-held drill OmniDrill35</td>
			<td>WPI&#160;</td>
			<td>503599</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ketamine 500mg/10ml</td>
			<td>Ratiopharm GmbH</td>
			<td>7538837</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rompun 2%, 25ml</td>
			<td>Bayer Vital GmbH</td>
			<td>5066.0</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium-Chloride 0.9%, 10ml</td>
			<td>B.Braun AG&#160;</td>
			<td>PRID00000772</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lubricant KY-Jelly</td>
			<td>Johnson &#38; Johnson</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Shuttle-box E10-E15</td>
			<td>Coulbourn Instruments</td>
			<td>H10-11M-SC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stimulus generator MCS STG 2000</td>
			<td>Multichannel Systems</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plexon Headstage cable 32V-G20</td>
			<td>Plexon Inc.</td>
			<td>HSC/32v-G20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plexon Headstage&#160; 32V-G20</td>
			<td>Plexon Inc.</td>
			<td>HST/32v-G20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBX preamplifier 32 channels</td>
			<td>Plexon Inc.</td>
			<td>32PBX box</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multichannel Acquisition System</td>
			<td>Plexon Inc.</td>
			<td>MAP 32/HLK2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cryostate CM3050 S</td>
			<td>Leica Microsystems GmbH</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Signal processing Card Ni-Daq</td>
			<td>National Instruments</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lab StandardTM Stereotaxic Instruments</td>
			<td>Stoelting Co.&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Audio attenator g.pah</td>
			<td>g.pah Guger technologies</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cresyl violet acetate</td>
			<td>Roth GmbH</td>
			<td>7651.2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Roticlear&#160;</td>
			<td>Roth GmbH</td>
			<td>A538.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium acetate trihydrate</td>
			<td>Roth GmbH</td>
			<td>6779.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium hexacyanoferrat(II) trihydrate</td>
			<td>Roth GmbH</td>
			<td>7974.2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Di-sodium hydrogen phospahte dihydrate</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td align="right">1,065,801,000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ICM Impedance Conditioning Module</td>
			<td>FHC</td>
			<td>55-70-0</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Animal Temperarture Controler</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>ATC2000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
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combined shuttle-box training with electrophysiological cortex recording and stimulation as a tool to study perception and learning

Apprendimento Shuttle-box evasione è un metodo consolidato in neuroscienze comportamentali e sperimentali messe a punto sono stati tradizionalmente su misura; l&#39;attrezzatura necessaria è ora disponibile da diverse società commerciali. Questo protocollo fornisce una descrizione dettagliata di una navetta-box evitare paradigma di apprendimento nei due sensi nei roditori (gerbilli qui Mongolia; Meriones unguiculatus) in combinazione con microstimolazione site-specific elettrica intracorticale (ICMS) e simultanee elettrofisiologici vivo registrazioni croniche in. Il protocollo dettagliato è applicabile per studiare molteplici aspetti del comportamento di apprendimento e la percezione di diverse specie di roditori. ICMS site-specific dei circuiti corticali uditive come stimoli condizionati qui viene utilizzato come strumento per testare la rilevanza percettiva di specifici afferenti, efferenti e connessioni intracorticali. Pattern di attivazione distinti possono essere evocati da utilizzando diversi arr elettrodi di stimolazioneays per, ICMS strato dipendenti locali o siti distanti ICMS. Utilizzando analisi comportamentale di rilevamento del segnale si può determinare quale strategia stimolazione è più efficace per suscitare un segnale comportamentale rilevabile e saliente. Inoltre, multicanale registrazioni parallele utilizzando diversi modelli di elettrodi (elettrodi di superficie, elettrodi di profondità, etc.) consentono di indagare osservabili neuronali nel corso tempo di tali processi di apprendimento. Esso verrà discusso come i cambiamenti del design comportamentale può aumentare la complessità cognitiva (ad esempio il rilevamento, la discriminazione, l&#39;apprendimento di inversione).

Questa sezione illustra un esempio rappresentativo di apprendimento shuttle-box in un gerbillo mongolo. Il soggetto è stato addestrato per discriminare il sito ICMS tra due elettrodi di stimolazione impiantato 700 micron uno dall&#39;altro nella corteccia uditiva (figure 1 e 2). Array di stimolazione possono essere personalizzati in diversi modelli spaziali (Figura 1). Qui, la discriminazione dei due siti ICMS è appreso entro 3 allenamenti con la presentazione di 30 CS + e CS-ciascuno...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Combined Shuttle-Box Training with Electrophysiological Cortex Recording and Stimulation as a Tool to Study Perception and Learning at JoVE.com

Combined Shuttle-Box Training with Electrophysiological Cortex Recording and Stimulation as a Tool to Study Perception and Learning

Shuttle-box apprendimento evitamento è ben consolidata in neuroscienze comportamentali. Questo protocollo descrive come navetta-box di apprendimento nei roditori può essere combinata con microstimolazione site-specific elettrica intracorticale (ICMS) e croniche simultanea nelle registrazioni vivo come strumento per studiare molteplici aspetti dell&#39;apprendimento e della percezione.

Combinato Shuttle-Box Training con elettrofisiologiche Cortex registrazione e stimolazione come strumento per studiare percezione e apprendimento

Shuttle-box avoidance learning is a well-established method in behavioral neuroscience and experimental setups were traditionally custom-made; the ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

10.2K Views.  Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.  Shuttle-box apprendimento evitamento è ben consolidata in neuroscienze comportamentali. Questo protocollo descrive come navetta-box di apprendimento nei roditori può essere combinata con microstimolazione site-specific elettrica intracorticale (ICMS) e croniche simultanea nelle registrazioni vivo come strumento per studiare molteplici aspetti dell'apprendimento e della percezione. 

Video: Combined Shuttle-Box Training with Electrophysiological Cortex Recording and Stimulation as a Tool to Study Perception and Learning

Compensatory Limb Use and Behavioral Assessment of Motor Skill Learning Following Sensorimotor Cortex Injury in a Mouse Model of Ischemic Stroke

Mouse models have become increasingly popular in the field of behavioral neuroscience, and specifically in studies of experimental stroke. As models advance, it is important to develop sensitive behavioral measures specific to the mouse. The present protocol describes a skilled motor task for use in mouse models of stroke. The Pasta Matrix Reaching Task functions as a versatile and sensitive behavioral assay that permits experimenters to collect accurate outcome data and manipulate limb use to mimic human clinical phenomena including compensatory strategies (i.e., learned non-use) and focused rehabilitative training. When combined with neuroanatomical tools, this task also permits researchers to explore the mechanisms that support behavioral recovery of function (or lack thereof) following stroke. The task is both simple and affordable to set up and conduct, offering a variety of training and testing options for numerous research questions concerning functional outcome following injury. Though the task has been applied to mouse models of stroke, it may also be beneficial in studies of functional outcome in other upper extremity injury models.

Mouse models have become increasingly popular in studies of behavioral neuroscience. As models advance, it is important to develop sensitive behavioral measures specific to the mouse. This protocol describes the Pasta Matrix Reaching Task, which is a skilled motor task for use in mouse models of stroke.

Compensativa Limb uso e comportamentale valutazione delle abilità di apprendimento Motor seguito Sensomotoria Cortex Infortunio in un modello murino di ictus ischemico

Mouse models have become increasingly popular in the field of behavioral neuroscience, and specifically in studies of experimental stroke. As models ...

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Stimulating the Lip Motor Cortex with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has proven to be a useful tool in investigating the role of the articulatory motor cortex in speech perception. Researchers have used single-pulse and repetitive TMS to stimulate the lip representation in the motor cortex. The excitability of the lip motor representation can be investigated by applying single TMS pulses over this cortical area and recording TMS-induced motor evoked potentials (MEPs) via electrodes attached to the lip muscles (electromyography; EMG). Larger MEPs reflect increased cortical excitability. Studies have shown that excitability increases during listening to speech as well as during&#160;viewing speech-related movements. TMS can be used also to disrupt the lip motor representation. A 15-min train of low-frequency sub-threshold repetitive stimulation has been shown to suppress motor excitability for a further 15-20 min. This TMS-induced disruption of the motor lip representation impairs subsequent performance in demanding speech perception tasks and modulates auditory-cortex responses to speech sounds. These findings are consistent with the suggestion that the motor cortex contributes to speech perception. This article describes how to localize the lip representation in the motor cortex and how to define the appropriate stimulation intensity for carrying out both single-pulse and repetitive TMS experiments.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has proven to be a useful tool in investigating the role of the articulatory motor cortex in speech perception.&#160; This article describes how to record motor evoked potentials (MEPs) from the lip muscles and how to disrupt the motor lip representation using repetitive TMS.

Stimolare il Lip Motor Cortex con la Stimolazione Magnetica Transcranica

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has proven to be a useful tool in investigating the role of the articulatory motor cortex in speech perception. ...

Vagus Nerve Stimulation as a Tool to Induce Plasticity in Pathways Relevant for Extinction Learning

Extinction describes the process of attenuating behavioral responses to neutral stimuli when they no longer provide the reinforcement that has been maintaining the behavior. There is close correspondence between fear and human anxiety, and therefore studies of extinction learning might provide insight into the biological nature of anxiety-related disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder, and they might help to develop strategies to treat them. Preclinical research aims to aid extinction learning and to induce targeted plasticity in extinction circuits to consolidate the newly formed memory. Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is a powerful approach that provides tight temporal and circuit-specific release of neurotransmitters, resulting in modulation of neuronal networks engaged in an ongoing task. VNS enhances memory consolidation in both rats and humans, and pairing VNS with exposure to conditioned cues enhances the consolidation of extinction learning in rats. Here, we provide a detailed protocol for the preparation of custom-made parts and the surgical procedures required for VNS in rats. Using this protocol we show how VNS can facilitate the extinction of conditioned fear responses in an auditory fear conditioning task. In addition, we provide evidence that VNS modulates synaptic plasticity in the pathway between the infralimbic (IL) medial prefrontal cortex and the basolateral complex of the amygdala (BLA), which is involved in the expression and modulation of extinction memory.

Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) has emerged as a tool to induce targeted synaptic plasticity in the forebrain to modify a range of behaviors. This protocol describes how to implement VNS to facilitate the consolidation of fear extinction memory.

Stimolazione del nervo vago come strumento per indurre plasticità Percorsi rilevanti per l&#39;apprendimento Extinction

Extinction describes the process of attenuating behavioral responses to neutral stimuli when they no longer provide the reinforcement that has been ...

Investigating Motor Skill Learning Processes with a Robotic Manipulandum

Skilled reaching tasks are commonly used in studies of motor skill learning and motor function under healthy and pathological conditions, but can be time-intensive and ambiguous to quantify beyond simple success rates. Here, we describe the training procedure for reach-and-pull tasks with ETH Pattus, a robotic platform for automated forelimb reaching training that records pulling and hand rotation movements in rats. Kinematic quantification of the performed pulling attempts reveals the presence of distinct temporal profiles of movement parameters such as pulling velocity, spatial variability of the pulling trajectory, deviation from midline, as well as pulling success. We show how minor adjustments in the training paradigm result in alterations in these parameters, revealing their relation to task difficulty, general motor function or skilled task execution. Combined with electrophysiological, pharmacological and optogenetic techniques, this paradigm can be used to explore the mechanisms underlying motor learning and memory formation, as well as loss and recovery of function (e.g. after stroke).

A paradigm is presented for training and analysis of an automated skilled reaching task in rats. Analysis of pulling attempts reveals distinct subprocesses of motor learning.

Indagare abilità motorie processi di apprendimento con un robot Manipulandum

Skilled reaching tasks are commonly used in studies of motor skill learning and motor function under healthy and pathological conditions, but can be ...

Introducing Clicker Training as a Cognitive Enrichment for Laboratory Mice

Establishing new refinement strategies in laboratory animal science is a central goal in fulfilling the requirements of Directive 2010/63/EU. Previous research determined a profound impact of gentle handling protocols on the well-being of laboratory mice. By introducing clicker training to the keeping of mice, not only do we promote the amicable treatment of mice, but we also enable them to experience cognitive enrichment. Clicker training is a form of positive reinforcement training using a conditioned secondary reinforcer, the "click" sound of a clicker, which serves as a time bridge between the strengthened behavior and an upcoming reward. The effective implementation of the clicker training protocol with a cohort of 12 BALB/c inbred mice of each sex proved to be uncomplicated. The mice learned rather quickly when challenged with tasks of the clicker training protocol, and almost all trained mice overcame the challenges they were given (100% of female mice and 83% of male mice). This study has identified that clicker training for mice strongly correlates with reduced fear in the mice during human-mice interactions, as shown by reduced anxiety-related behaviors (e.g., defecation, vocalization, and urination) and fewer depression-like behaviors (e.g., floating). By developing a reliable protocol that can be easily integrated into the daily routine of the keeping of laboratory mice, the lifetime experience of welfare in the mice can be improved substantially.

The development of new refinement strategies for laboratory mice is a challenging task that contributes towards fulfilling the 3R principle. This protocol introduces clicker training as a cognitive enrichment program for laboratory mice.

L&#39;introduzione di Clicker Training come un arricchimento conoscitivo per topi di laboratorio

Establishing new refinement strategies in laboratory animal science is a central goal in fulfilling the requirements of Directive 2010/63/EU. Previous ...

Using a Virtual Store As a Research Tool to Investigate Consumer In-store Behavior

People&#39;s responses to products and/or choice environments are crucial to understanding in-store consumer behaviors. Currently, there are various approaches (e.g., surveys or laboratory settings) to study in-store behaviors, but the external validity of these is limited by their poor capability to resemble realistic choice environments. In addition, building a real store to meet experimental conditions while controlling for undesirable effects is costly and highly difficult. A virtual store developed by virtual reality techniques potentially transcends these limitations by offering the simulation of a 3D virtual store environment in a realistic, flexible, and cost-efficient way. In particular, a virtual store interactively allows consumers (participants) to experience and interact with objects in a tightly controlled yet realistic setting. This paper presents the key elements of using a desktop virtual store to study in-store consumer behavior. Descriptions of the protocol steps to: 1) build the experimental store, 2) prepare the data management program, 3) run the virtual store experiment, and 4) organize and export data from the data management program are presented. The virtual store enables participants to navigate through the store, choose a product from alternatives, and select or return products. Moreover, consumer-related shopping behaviors (e.g., shopping time, walking speed, and number and type of products examined and bought) can also be collected. The protocol is illustrated with an example of a store layout experiment showing that shelf length and shelf orientation influence shopping- and movement-related behaviors. This demonstrates that the use of a virtual store facilitates the study of consumer responses. The virtual store can be especially helpful when examining factors that are costly or difficult to change in real life (e.g., overall store layout), products that are not presently available in the market, and routinized behaviors in familiar environments.

This paper describes the use of a desktop virtual store to create virtual shopping environments to investigate in-store consumer behavior. A description of the protocol to build and run experiments, example results from an experiment concerning store layout, and important considerations when conducting virtual store experiments are presented.

Utilizzo di un negozio virtuale come strumento di ricerca per indagare il comportamento dei consumatori nei negozi

People&#39;s responses to products and/or choice environments are crucial to understanding in-store consumer behaviors. Currently, there are various ...

A Wireless, Bidirectional Interface for In Vivo Recording and Stimulation of Neural Activity in Freely Behaving Rats

In vivo electrophysiology is a powerful technique to investigate the relationship between brain activity and behavior at a millisecond and micrometer scale. However, current methods mostly rely on tethered cable recordings or only use unidirectional systems, allowing either recording or stimulation of neural activity, but not at the same time or same target. Here, a new wireless, bidirectional device for simultaneous multichannel recording and stimulation of neural activity in freely behaving rats is described. The system operates through a single portable head stage that both transmits recorded activity and can be targeted in real-time for brain stimulation using a telemetry-based multichannel software. The head stage is equipped with a preamplifier and a rechargeable battery, allowing stable long-term recordings or stimulation for up to 1 h. Importantly, the head stage is compact, weighs 12 g (including battery) and thus has minimal impact on the animal&#180;s behavioral repertoire, making the method applicable to a broad set of behavioral tasks. Moreover, the method has the major advantage that the effect of brain stimulation on neural activity and behavior can be measured simultaneously, providing a tool to assess the causal relationships between specific brain activation patterns and behavior. This feature makes the method particularly valuable for the field of deep brain stimulation, allowing precise assessment, monitoring, and adjustment of stimulation parameters during long-term behavioral experiments. The applicability of the system has been validated using the inferior colliculus as a model structure.

A Wireless, Bidirectional Interface for In Vivo Recording and Stimulation of Neural Activity in Freely Behaving Rats

A wireless, bidirectional system for multi-channel neural recordings and stimulation in freely behaving rats is introduced. The system is light and compact, thus having minimal impact on the animal&#180;s behavioral repertoire. Moreover, this bidirectional system provides a sophisticated tool to assess causal relationships between brain activation patterns and behavior.

Una connessione Wireless, interfaccia bidirezionale per registrazione In Vivo e la stimolazione dell'attività neurale a comportarsi liberamente ratti

In vivo electrophysiology is a powerful technique to investigate the relationship between brain activity and behavior at a millisecond and micrometer ...

Paradigms of Lower Extremity Electrical Stimulation Training After Spinal Cord Injury

Skeletal muscle atrophy, increased adiposity and reduced physical activity are key changes observed after spinal cord injury (SCI) and are associated with numerous cardiometabolic health consequences. These changes are likely to increase the risk of developing chronic secondary conditions and impact the quality of life in persons with SCI. Surface neuromuscular electrical stimulation evoked resistance training (NMES-RT) was developed as a strategy to attenuate the process of skeletal muscle atrophy, decrease ectopic adiposity, improve insulin sensitivity and enhance mitochondrial capacity. However, NMES-RT is limited to only a single muscle group. Involving multiple muscle groups of the lower extremities may maximize the health benefits of training. Functional electrical stimulation-lower extremity cycling (FES-LEC) allows for the activation of 6 muscle groups, which is likely to evoke greater metabolic and cardiovascular adaptation. Appropriate knowledge of the stimulation parameters is key to maximizing the outcomes of electrical stimulation training in persons with SCI. Adopting strategies for long-term use of NMES-RT and FES-LEC during rehabilitation may maintain the integrity of the musculoskeletal system, a pre-requisite for clinical trials aiming to restore walking after injury. The current manuscript presents a combined protocol using NMES-RT prior to FES-LEC. We hypothesize that muscles conditioned for 12 weeks prior to cycling will be capable of generating greater power, cycle against higher resistance and result in greater adaptation in persons with SCI.

Spinal cord injury is a traumatic medical condition that may result in elevated risks of chronic secondary metabolic disorders. Here, we presented a protocol using surface neuromuscular electrical stimulation-resistance training in conjunction with functional electrical stimulation-lower extremities cycling as a strategy to ameliorate several of these medical problems.

Paradigmi della formazione di stimolazione elettrica dell'arto inferiore dopo la ferita del midollo spinale

Skeletal muscle atrophy, increased adiposity and reduced physical activity are key changes observed after spinal cord injury (SCI) and are associated with ...

Using Electroencephalography Measurements and High-quality Video Recording for Analyzing Visual Perception of Media Content

This article explores a method to detect differences in visual perception in humans. The method used is based on the psychological (or "cognitive") function of eyeblinks. Participants' eyeblinks are detected and acquired while watching videos specifically created for the investigation. The detection and acquisition of eyeblinks are carried out with the help of a 20-channel electroencephalographic (EEG) wireless device. The international 10-20 system for electrode placement is followed. A high-definition (HD) video camera is used to record participants' facial expressions, for contrast purposes. Instead of using pre-existing media content, purpose-made video content has been created following specific criteria of interest for this investigation, with stimuli enabling researchers to manage the precise parameters of interest. Otherwise, results could be contaminated with uncontrolled variables. The synchronization of the presentation of video stimuli with EEG recordings needs to be done in milliseconds. Analysis of collected data is performed with robust software for working with big matrices. Statistically significant differences in eyeblink rate related to media professionalization and editing style are found with the reported experimental procedures.

We present detection, acquisition, and analysis of eyeblink rates while watching media content.

Utilizzando misure di elettroencefalografia e registrazione Video di alta qualità per l'analisi di percezione visiva del contenuto multimediale

This article explores a method to detect differences in visual perception in humans. The method used is based on the psychological (or "cognitive") ...

Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation of the Posterior Medial Frontal Cortex to Experimentally Reduce Ideological Threat Responses

Decades of behavioral science research have documented functional shifts in attitudes and ideological adherence in response to various challenges, but little work to date has illuminated the neural mechanisms underlying these dynamics. This paper describes how continuous theta burst transcranial magnetic stimulation may be employed to experimentally assess the causal contribution of cortical regions to threat-related ideological shifts. In the example protocol provided here, participants are exposed to a threat prime-an explicit reminder of their own inevitable death and bodily decomposition-following a downregulation of the posterior medial frontal cortex (pMFC) or a sham stimulation. Next, disguised within a series of distracter tasks, participants' relative degree of ideological adherence is assessed-in the present example, with regard to coalitional prejudice and religious belief. Participants for whom the pMFC has been downregulated exhibit less coalitionally biased responses to an immigrant critical of the participants' national in-group, and less conviction in positive afterlife beliefs (i.e., God, angels, and heaven), despite having recently been reminded of death. These results complement prior findings that continuous theta burst stimulation of the pMFC influences social conformity and sharing and illustrate the feasibility of investigating the neural basis of high-level social cognitive shifts using transcranial magnetic stimulation.

Threats reliably evoke shifts in high-level ideological investment, but little work to date has explored the neural mechanisms underlying these dynamics. This paper describes how continuous theta burst transcranial magnetic stimulation may be employed to test the contribution of the posterior medial frontal cortex (and/or other regions) to threat-related ideological shifts.

Continuo Theta Burst stimolazione della corteccia frontale mediale posteriore per ridurre la minaccia ideologica risposte sperimentalmente

Decades of behavioral science research have documented functional shifts in attitudes and ideological adherence in response to various challenges, but ...