Questo studio è stato supportato dalla National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant n. 81673676) e dal Dongguan Science and Technology Bureau (Grant n. 2019622101002). Gli autori ringraziano la Dott.ssa Maryrose Sullivan (Assistente professore in Chirurgia, Harvard Medical School) per la consulenza tecnica.

Tutti i protocolli sperimentali e le procedure animali sono conformi alle linee guida del principio etico del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche.
1. Preparazione dei materiali
<ol><li>Sterilizzare tutti gli strumenti e ddH2O utilizzando un'autoclave prima di eseguire l'esperimento. Gli strumenti includono ma non sono limitati a forbici chirurgiche, forbici oftalmiche, forcep, divisori a nucleo cucchiai, piatti di vetro (60-100 mm di diametro) e rompisceppi di vetro.</li>
	<li>Preparare la soluzione di Krebs come segue(tabella 1):Sciogliere tutte le sostanze chimiche insieme a ddH2O prima dell'uso. Sciogliere CaCI2 separatamente e aggiungere lentamente nella soluzione mista mescolando per evitare sedimenti.</li>
	<li>Preparare il supporto rinse, costituito da mezzi F12 con siero bovino fetale al 10% (FBS) e 1% antibiotico /antimicotico (100x). Aggiungere 5 mL di FBS e 0,5 mL di antibiotico/antimicotico a 44,5 mL di mezzi F12.</li>
	<li>Preparare il supporto neuronale A, che comprende mezzi neurobasali A con 2% B-27, 1% FBS, 1% L-glutammina, 1% antibiotico/antimicotico (100x) e 0,1% fattore neurotrofico derivato da glia (GDNF). Aggiungere 200 μL di B-27, 100 μL di FBS, 100 μL di L-glutammina, 100 μL di antibiotico/antimicotico (100x) e 10 μL di GDNF (10 μg/mL) a 9,5 mL di mezzi neurobasali A. NOTA: Preparare il supporto neuronale A entro una settimana dall'uso per garantire la freschezza di B-27, L-glutammina e GDNF.</li>
	<li>Preparare il supporto neuronale B utilizzando la stessa procedura della preparazione dei mezzi neuronali A ma senza aggiungere FBS.</li>
	<li>Preparare la soluzione di digestione 1 sciogliendo 20 mg di collagenasi di tipo II, 6 mg di albumina di siero bovino e 200 μL di antibiotico/antimicotico (100x) in 10 mL di soluzione Krebs stabile all'ossigeno.</li>
	<li>Preparare la soluzione di digestione 2 diluendo 1 mL di 0,25% di tripside con 4 mL della soluzione salina bilanciata di Hank.</li>
	<li>Preparare una piastra con copripavimenti rivestiti.<ol>
<li>Utilizzare le forcep in un banco di flusso laminare quando si posizionano le coverlips di vetro in una piastra di coltura da 48.</li>
		<li>Diluire la poli-D-llysina con ddH2O ad una concentrazione di 0,1 mg/mL come stock di poli-D-lsina. Conservare il titolo a -20 °C e scongelare prima dell'uso.</li>
		<li>Aggiungere 40 μL di poli-D-lisina sopra ogni coverlip e incubare la soluzione a temperatura ambiente per 10 minuti. NOTA: Per diverse piastre con diverse aree basali, regolare la concentrazione a 4 μg/cm2. Ad esempio, se l'area basale di un pozzo da una piastra di 24 po 'è 2 cm2, allora dovremmo trasferire 80 μL di poli-D-lisina in un pozzo. Ogni cm2 conterrebbe 4 μg di poli-D-lsina.</li>
		<li>Rimuovere la poli-D-lisina nella piastra a 48 po' e sciacquare le coperture con ddH2O tre volte.</li>
		<li>Asciugare la piastra in una cappa di flusso laminare per almeno 30 minuti per assicurarsi che la piastra sia anidra.</li>
		<li>Conservare la piastra a 4 °C prima del rivestimento di laminina per 1 giorno al massimo. Conservare la piastra a -20 °C è preferibile per lo stoccaggio a lungo termine.</li>
		<li>Scongelare laminina a 4 °C. Diluire laminina con ddH2O ad una concentrazione di 50 μg/mL come stock di laminina. Conservare il titolo a -20 °C e scongelare a 4 °C prima dell'uso.</li>
		<li>Utilizzare una pipetta per trasferire 100 μL di laminina diluita nella parte superiore di ogni coverlip e incubare la laminina a 4 °C per 1 h. NOTA: Per diverse piastre con diverse aree basali, regolare la concentrazione a 5 μg/cm2. Ad esempio, se l'area basale di un pozzo da una piastra di 24 po 'è 2 cm2, trasferire 200 μL di laminina diluita in un pozzo. Ogni cm2 conterrebbe 5 μg di laminina.</li>
		<li>Rimuovere la soluzione di laminina e sciacquare i copriscippi con ddH2O una volta. Eseguire questa operazione sul bordo del coperchio per evitare il raschiamento. NOTA: I copripasci rivestiti potrebbero essere conservati a 4 °C per al massimo 2 settimane.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>2. Raccolta vescica
<ol><li>Ottieni ratti Sprague-Dawley di cinque settimane.</li>
	<li>Infondere carbogeno (95% ossigeno, 5% CO2)nella soluzione Krebs per almeno 30 minuti in un bagno di ghiaccio per raggiungere uno stato di ossigeno stabile e un livello di pH.</li>
	<li>Dopo l'eutanasia tramite lussazione cervicale, immergere i ratti in 75% di etanolo per 30 s per la sterilizzazione.</li>
	<li>Posizionare i ratti su un asciugamano chirurgico sterilizzato ed esporre il loro addome. Apri la cavità addominale e rivela la vescica con una serie di forbici e forcelle.</li>
	<li>Sollevare delicatamente la vescica e tagliare la vescica dal collo della vescica con un altro set di forbici e forcelle per evitare la contaminazione incrociata. Posizionare rapidamente la vescica nella soluzione Krebs stabile all'ossigeno freddo per migliorare la sopravvivenza cellulare. NOTA: Una volta rimossa la vescica, eseguire rapidamente le seguenti operazioni per migliorare la prospettiva di sopravvivenza dei neuroni.</li>
	<li>Aggiungere la soluzione Krebs in tre piatti di vetro e rompisbi.</li>
	<li>Preparare piatti in vetro e rompisbi con soluzione Krebs in un bagno di ghiaccio per il preraffreddamento.</li>
	<li>Contrassegnare questi contenitori con i numeri da 1 a 3 in modo corrispondente per evitare confusione.</li>
	<li>Abbina ogni piatto di vetro a forcep e un divisore a nucleo cucchiaio.</li>
	<li>Nel piatto di vetro 1, aprire la vescica con forbici oftalmiche e dispiegarla con forcelle e un divisore a nucleo cucchiaio.</li>
	<li>Risciacquare la vescica in un rompicapo 1 e posizionare in un piatto di vetro 2.</li>
	<li>Elimina il grasso aderente sulla superficie del tessuto usando le flessce e le forbici oftalmiche nel piatto di vetro 2.</li>
	<li>Risciacquare la vescica in un rompicapo 2 e posizionarela in un piatto di vetro 3.</li>
	<li>Raschiare delicatamente la vescica usando le forcep e il divisore del nucleo cucchiaio sul piatto di vetro 3 per rimuovere gli attacchi esogeni.</li>
	<li>Risciacquare la vescica in un demolitore di vetro 3, trasferire la vescica in un tubo di centrifuga da 15 ml con 14 ml di soluzione Krebs fredda e ruotare il campione per 1 minuto a 356 x g e 4 °C.</li>
	<li>Ripetere il passaggio precedente due volte in altri due tubi con soluzione Krebs per ridurre la contaminazione.</li>
</ol>3. Digestione della vescica in due fase
<ol><li>Trasferire la vescica dal tubo di centrifuga a una fiala da 2 ml contenente 1 ml di soluzione di digestione 1. Utilizzare forbici oftalmiche per tagliare la vescica a piccoli pezzi (più piccoli di 1 mm) in soluzione.</li>
	<li>Mescolare la soluzione della vescica con 9 mL di soluzione di digestione 1 in un piatto sterile di coltura cellulare (100 mm di diametro). Eseguire la digestione del passaggio 1 in un incubatore di scuotimenti per 1 h sotto il 5% di CO2,37 °C e 200 giri/min.</li>
	<li>Dopo la digestione del passaggio 1, centrifugare la soluzione a 356 x g a 4 °C per 8 min.</li>
	<li>Posizionare la soluzione di digestione 2 in un bagno d'acqua a 37 °C per il preriscaldamento.</li>
	<li>Dopo la centrifugazione, rimuovere il supernatante che contiene la soluzione di digestione 1 e raccogliere il sedimento cellulare. È consentito un po 'di liquido rimanente. La rimozione completa della soluzione può favorire la perdita cellulare.</li>
	<li>Mescolare i sedimenti cellulari con la soluzione di digestione calda 2 in un tubo di centrifuga da 15 ml e agitare la miscela durante la digestione in un bagno d'acqua a 37 °C per 5 minuti. Non superare i 7 minuti della digestione del passaggio 2 o i neuroni periranno.</li>
	<li>Dopo la digestione, disattivare immediatamente la tripina nella miscela con 10 mL di mezzi di risciacquo a freddo. NOTA: Eseguire i seguenti passaggi a 0 °C–4 °C. Un bagno di ghiaccio potrebbe fornire tali condizioni.</li>
	<li>Raccogliere il sedimento cellulare dopo la centrifugazione a 356 x g a 4 °C per 8 min. Rimuovere il più possibile il supporto perché la tripina rimanente è dannosa per la crescita cellulare.</li>
	<li>Resopend sedimento con 3 mL di mezzi neuronali delicatamente. Assicurarsi che le bolle d'aria non vengano generate nella soluzione contenente cellule per un alto tasso di sopravvivenza.</li>
	<li>Filtrare il supporto della miscela attraverso un colino cellulare da 70 μm in un tubo di centrifuga da 50 ml.</li>
	<li>Conservare il filtrato su uno shaker a 30 giri/min in un bagno di ghiaccio per 30 minuti. Questo passaggio non è necessario ma consigliato.</li>
	<li>Raccogliere le cellule mediante centrifugazione a 356 x g a 4 °C per 8 minuti e rimorsi delicatamente il pellet cellulare in 1 mL di mezzi neuronali A.</li>
	<li>Aggiungere 500 μL di miscela cellulare in ogni pondo della piastra preparata a 48 porsi.</li>
	<li>Cellule di coltura in un incubatore a 37 °C e 5% CO2.</li>
	<li>Sostituire tutti i supporti con il supporto neuronale B in 1 h per fornire una coltura priva di siero.</li>
	<li>Cambiare metà del mezzo neuronale B ogni 3 giorni. NOTA: I neuroni sono pronti per esperimenti immunocitochimici dopo 5-7 giorni di coltura.</li>
</ol>

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Gli autori non dichiarano alcun conflitto di interessi di grande importanza.

Preparazione piastra L'uso di coverlips in vetro in piastre di coltura da 6, 12 o 48 pozzi per esperimenti di imaging immunofluorescente o di calcio è un'operazione economica e parsimonioso. Le cellule crescono bene in piastre senza coverlips durante la preparazione di colture cellulari primarie. Pertanto, le coverlips sono dispensabili in esperimenti, come la macchia occidentale o la reazione a catena della polimerasi. Inoltre, il rivestimento è un passo necessario prima di placcare le celle, con o...

Il tratto urinario inferiore ha due funzioni principali: conservazione periodica delle urine e micturizione1. Il sistema nervoso del tratto urinario inferiore (LUTNS) controlla queste funzioni ed è delicato e suscettibile a molte neuropatie, che possono essere innate (porfiria), acquisite (malattia di Lyme), secondarie agli stati di malattia (cistopatia diabetica), indotte da farmaci (cistite emorragica), chirurgia causata (resezione addominoperineale) o lesioni causate (lesione traumatica del midollo spinale)2,3,4,5,6,7. Negli studi fisiologici/patologici, gli esperimenti in vivo e in vitro sono ugualmente importanti. Mentre la ricerca in vivo sull'LUTNS è stata condotta a livello di organo, cellulare e molecolare per qualche tempo, la ricerca in vitro sui neuroni primari della vescica urinaria è quasi inesistente8,9. Sebbene il presente studio sia limitato, speriamo di essere pionieri della ricerca in questo settore in modo che altri ricercatori possano migliorarla. In questo modo, questa co-coltura può portare a una comprensione cellulare della disfunzione fisiologica nei fenotipi, come la disfunzione neuronale della vescica.
A differenza dei muscoli enterici con una chiara direzionalità delle cellule muscolari in strati discreti, i muscoli della vescica sono disorganizzati10. Pertanto, invece di staccare lo strato esterno della vescica, questo metodo propone di digerire l'intera vescica per ridurre la difficoltà di funzionamento e abbreviare i tempi di pre-elaborazione per un alto tasso di sopravvivenza cellulare.
Seguendo questo metodo, possiamo ottenere una coltura mista di neuroni e altre cellule. Le altre cellule sono indispensabili perché la loro presenza imita un ambiente in vivo11. Inoltre, tali cellule forniscono le sostanze che non sono disponibili nel mezzo.
Questo metodo prevede due passaggi per la digestione. In primo luogo, la collagenasi di tipo II viene utilizzata per idrolizzare il collagene, seguita dalla tripparina, per dissociare il tessuto nelle cellule10. In questo modo, i tessuti della vescica vengono dispersi in singole cellule e quindi crescono relativamente indipendenti. Quando la coltura dei neuroni matura, i neuroni possono essere utilizzati per l'imaging o test funzionali.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:1061px;" width="1061">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:368px;">0.25% trypsin</td>
			<td style="width:279px;">Gibico</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15050065</td>
			<td style="width:296px;">Enzyme digestion</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">48-well culture plate</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">3548</td>
			<td>Coating dish</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">antibiotic/antimycotic</td>
			<td>Gibico</td>
			<td>15240062</td>
			<td>Culture media/Rinse media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Anti-Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein Antibody</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz</td>
			<td>sc-33673</td>
			<td>ICC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">B-27</td>
			<td>Gibico</td>
			<td>17504044</td>
			<td>Culture media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">BSA Fraction V</td>
			<td>Gibico</td>
			<td>332</td>
			<td>Enzyme digestion</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Choline Acetyltransferase Antibody</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab18736</td>
			<td>ICC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">CO2 Incubator</td>
			<td>Heraeus</td>
			<td>B16UU</td>
			<td>Cells culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Collagenase type II</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>2593923</td>
			<td>Enzyme digestion</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:25px;">DMEM/F-12</td>
			<td>Gibico</td>
			<td>11330032</td>
			<td>Rinse media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">DYNLL2 Antibody</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz</td>
			<td>sc-13969</td>
			<td>ICC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td>Gibico</td>
			<td>10100147</td>
			<td>Culture media/Rinse media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Forceps</td>
			<td>Shanghai Jin Zhong Medical Devices</td>
			<td>1383</td>
			<td>10 cm; Sterile operation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Glass breakers</td>
			<td>Huan Qiu Medical Devices</td>
			<td>1101</td>
			<td>50 ml; Sterile operation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Glass coverslips</td>
			<td>WHB Scientific</td>
			<td>WHB-48-CS</td>
			<td>Coating dish</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Glass dishes</td>
			<td>Huan Qiu Medical Devices</td>
			<td>1177</td>
			<td>100 mm; Sterile operation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Goat Anti-Rat IgG(H+L), Mouse ads-Alexa Fluor 488</td>
			<td>Southernbiotech</td>
			<td>3050-30</td>
			<td>ICC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Goat Anti-Rat IgG(H+L), Mouse ads-Alexa Fluor 555</td>
			<td>Southernbiotech</td>
			<td>3050-30</td>
			<td>ICC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Hoechst 33342</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>561908</td>
			<td>ICC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Laminar flow bench</td>
			<td>Su Jie Medical Devices</td>
			<td>CB 1400V</td>
			<td>Sterile operation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Laminin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>L2020</td>
			<td>Coating dish</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">L-glutamine</td>
			<td>Gibico</td>
			<td>25030081</td>
			<td>Culture media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MAP-2 Antibody</td>
			<td>Affinity</td>
			<td>AF5156</td>
			<td>ICC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Murine GDNF</td>
			<td>Peprotech</td>
			<td>AF45044</td>
			<td>Culture media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Neurobasal-A Medium</td>
			<td>Gibico</td>
			<td>10888022</td>
			<td>Culture media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ophthalmic scissors</td>
			<td>Shanghai Jin Zhong Medical Devices</td>
			<td>J21010</td>
			<td>12.5 cm; Sterile operation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Pipettes</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">3120000240</td>
			<td>100-1000 ul; Reagent and sample pipetting</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Pipettes</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">3120000267</td>
			<td>10-100 ul; Reagent and sample pipetting</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Poly-D-lysine</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P7280</td>
			<td>Coating dish</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Refrigerated centrifuge</td>
			<td>Ping Fan Instrument</td>
			<td>TGL-16A</td>
			<td>Enzyme digestion</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Shaking incubator</td>
			<td>Haimen Kylin-Bell Lab Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">T8-1</td>
			<td>Enzyme digestion</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">SLC17A9 Antibody</td>
			<td>MBL International</td>
			<td>BMP079</td>
			<td>ICC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Spoons nucleus divider</td>
			<td>Shanghai Jin Zhong Medical Devices</td>
			<td>YZR030</td>
			<td>12 cm; Sterile operation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Substance P Antibody</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz</td>
			<td>sc-58591</td>
			<td>ICC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Surgical scissors</td>
			<td>Shanghai Jin Zhong Medical Devices</td>
			<td>J21130</td>
			<td>16 cm; Sterile operation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Surgical towel</td>
			<td>Fu Kang Medical Devices</td>
			<td>5002</td>
			<td>40 x 50 cm; Sterile operation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Synapsin-1 Antibody</td>
			<td>CST</td>
			<td>5297T</td>
			<td>ICC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Tubulin beta Antibody(&#946;-III-tubulin)</td>
			<td>Affinity</td>
			<td>AF7011</td>
			<td>ICC</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

isolation and culture of primary neurons and glia from adult rat urinary bladder

Il tratto urinario inferiore ha due funzioni principali, vale a dire la conservazione periodica delle urine e la micturizione; queste funzioni sono mediate attraverso la neuroregolazione centrale e periferica. Sebbene sia stata condotta un'ampia ricerca sul sistema nervoso del tratto urinario inferiore, la maggior parte degli studi si è concentrata sulla cultura primaria. Questo protocollo introduce un metodo per l'isolamento e la coltura dei neuroni vescicali e degli glia dei ratti Sprague-Dawley. In questo metodo, i neuroni e glia sono stati incubati in un incubatore di 37 °C, 5% CO2 per 5-7 giorni. Di conseguenza, sono cresciuti in forme mature adatte ai successivi esperimenti di immunofluorescenza correlati. Le cellule sono state osservate morfologicamente usando un microscopio ottico. Neuroni, vescicole sinaptiche e glia sono stati identificati rispettivamente da β-III-tubulina e MAP-2, Synapsin-1 e GFAP. Nel frattempo, l'immunocitochimica è stata eseguita su diverse proteine correlate al neurotrasmettitore, come la colina acetiltransferasi, DYNLL2 e SLC17A9.

Nel processo di coltura cellulare primaria, le cellule acquisite erano rotonde con limiti luminosi e chiari prima dello stato attaccato. Man mano che i neuroni crescevano, dendriti e assoni cominciavano ad essere distinti. Dopo 5-7 giorni di coltura, i neuroni hanno raggiunto una forma matura con proiezioni lunghe, ideali per l'imaging o gli studi di funzione. Sebbene la maggior parte delle impurità e dei detriti cellulari potessero essere rimossi a causa del cambiamento dei mezzi, alcuni residui attaccati al rivestimen...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation and Culture of Primary Neurons and Glia from Adult Rat Urinary Bladder at JoVE.com

Isolation and Culture of Primary Neurons and Glia from Adult Rat Urinary Bladder

Questo protocollo tenta di stabilire un protocollo ripetibile per i neuroni primari e l'isolamento degli glia dalla vescica del ratto per ulteriori esperimenti cellulari.

Isolamento e cultura dei neuroni primari e degli glia dalla vescica urinaria del ratto adulto

The lower urinary tract has two main functions, namely, periodic urine storage and micturition; these functions are mediated through central and ...

isolation-culture-primary-neurons-glia-from-adult-rat-urinary

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

3.8K Views.  Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine. Questo protocollo tenta di stabilire un protocollo ripetibile per i neuroni primari e l'isolamento degli glia dalla vescica del ratto per ulteriori esperimenti cellulari.

Video: Isolation and Culture of Primary Neurons and Glia from Adult Rat Urinary Bladder

Nucleofection and Primary Culture of Embryonic Mouse Hippocampal and Cortical Neurons

Hippocampal and cortical neurons have been used extensively to study central nervous system (CNS) neuronal polarization, axon/dendrite outgrowth, and synapse formation and function. An advantage of culturing these neurons is that they readily polarize, forming distinctive axons and dendrites, on a two dimensional substrate at very low densities. This property has made them extremely useful for determining many aspects of neuronal development. Furthermore, by providing glial conditioning for these neurons they will continue to develop, forming functional synaptic connections and surviving for several months in culture. In this protocol we outline a technique to dissect, culture and transfect embryonic mouse hippocampal and cortical neurons. Transfection is accomplished by electroporating DNA into the neurons before plating via nucleofection. This protocol has the advantage of expressing fluorescently-tagged fusion proteins early in development (~4-8hrs after plating) to study the dynamics and function of proteins during polarization, axon outgrowth and branching. We have also discovered that this single transfection before plating maintains fluorescently-tagged fusion protein expression at levels appropriate for imaging throughout the lifetime of the neuron (&gt; 2 months in culture). Thus, this methodology is useful for studying protein localization and function throughout CNS development with little or no disruption of neuronal function.

This protocol outlines the steps required to dissect, transfect via electroporation and culture mouse hippocampal and cortical neurons. Short-term cultures may be used for studies of axon outgrowth and guidance, while long-term cultures can be used for studies of synaptogenesis and dendritic spine analysis.

Nucleofection e cultura primaria di neuroni embrionali di topo ippocampale e corticale

Hippocampal and cortical neurons have been used extensively to study central nervous system (CNS) neuronal polarization, axon/dendrite outgrowth, and ...

Ricerca

Neuroscienze

Bilaminar Co-culture of Primary Rat Cortical Neurons and Glia

This video will guide you through the process of culturing rat cortical neurons in the presence of a glial feeder layer, a system known as a bilaminar or co-culture model. This system is suitable for a variety of experimental needs requiring either a glass or plastic growth substrate and can also be used for culture of other types of neurons.
Rat cortical neurons obtained from the late embryonic stage (E17) are plated on glass coverslips or tissue culture dishes facing a feeder layer of glia grown on dishes or plastic coverslips (known as Thermanox), respectively. The choice between the two configurations depends on the specific experimental technique used, which may require, or not, that neurons are grown on glass (e.g. calcium imaging versus Western blot). The glial feeder layer, an astroglia-enriched secondary culture of mixed glia, is separately prepared from the cortices of newborn rat pups (P2-4) prior to the neuronal dissection.
A major advantage of this culture system as compared to a culture of neurons only is the support of neuronal growth, survival, and differentiation provided by trophic factors secreted from the glial feeder layer, which more accurately resembles the brain environment in vivo. Furthermore, the co-culture can be used to study neuronal-glial interactions1.
At the same time, glia contamination in the neuronal layer is prevented by different means (low density culture, addition of mitotic inhibitors, lack of serum and use of optimized culture medium) leading to a virtually pure neuronal layer, comparable to other established methods1-3. Neurons can be easily separated from the glial layer at any time during culture and used for different experimental applications ranging from electrophysiology4, cellular and molecular biology5-8, biochemistry5, imaging and microscopy4,6,7,9,10. The primary neurons extend axons and dendrites to form functional synapses11, a process which is not observed in neuronal cell lines, although some cell lines do extend processes.
A detailed protocol of culturing rat hippocampal neurons using this co-culture system has been described previously4,12,13. Here we detail a modified protocol suited for cortical neurons. As approximately 20x106 cells are recovered from each rat embryo, this method is particularly useful for experiments requiring large numbers of neurons (but not concerned about a highly homogenous neuronal population). The preparation of neurons and glia needs to be planned in a time-specific manner. We will provide the step-by-step protocol for culturing rat cortical neurons as well as culturing glial cells to support the neurons.

Here we provide a protocol for culturing rat cortical neurons in the presence of a glial feeder layer. The cultured neurons establish polarity and create synapses, and can be separated from the glia for use in various applications, such as electrophysiology, calcium imaging, cell survival assays, immunocytochemistry, and RNA/DNA/protein isolation.

Bilaminar co-coltura di neuroni corticali primari di ratto e Glia

This video will guide you through the process of culturing rat cortical neurons in the presence of a glial feeder layer, a system known as a bilaminar or ...

Isolation and Culture of Hippocampal Neurons from Prenatal Mice

Primary cultures of rat and murine hippocampal neurons are widely used to reveal cellular mechanisms in neurobiology. By isolating and growing individual neurons, researchers are able to analyze properties related to cellular trafficking, cellular structure and individual protein localization using a variety of biochemical techniques. Results from such experiments are critical for testing theories addressing the neural basis of memory and learning. However, unambiguous results from these forms of experiments are predicated on the ability to grow neuronal cultures with minimum contamination by other brain cell types. In this protocol, we use specific media designed for neuron growth and careful dissection of embryonic hippocampal tissue to optimize growth of healthy neurons while minimizing contaminating cell types (i.e. astrocytes). Embryonic mouse hippocampal tissue can be more difficult to isolate than similar rodent tissue due to the size of the sample for dissection. We show detailed dissection techniques of hippocampus from embryonic day 19 (E19) mouse pups. Once hippocampal tissue is isolated, gentle dissociation of neuronal cells is achieved with a dilute concentration of trypsin and mechanical disruption designed to separate cells from connective tissue while providing minimum damage to individual cells. A detailed description of how to prepare pipettes to be used in the disruption is included. Optimal plating densities are provided for immuno-fluorescence protocols to maximize successful cell culture. The protocol provides a fast (approximately 2 hr) and efficient technique for the culture of neuronal cells from mouse hippocampal tissue.

We provide a protocol for the culture of highly purified hippocampal neurons from prenatal mouse brains without the use of a feeder glial cell layer.

Isolamento e la coltura di neuroni ippocampali da topi prenatali

Primary cultures of rat and murine hippocampal neurons are widely used to reveal cellular mechanisms in neurobiology. By isolating and growing individual ...

An In-vitro Preparation of Isolated Enteric Neurons and Glia from the Myenteric Plexus of the Adult Mouse

The enteric nervous system is a vast network of neurons and glia running the length of the gastrointestinal tract that functionally controls gastrointestinal motility. A procedure for the isolation and culture of a mixed population of neurons and glia from the myenteric plexus is described. The primary cultures can be maintained for over 7 days, with connections developing among the neurons and glia. The longitudinal muscle strip with the attached myenteric plexus is stripped from the underlying circular muscle of the mouse ileum or colon and subjected to enzymatic digestion. In sterile conditions, the isolated neuronal and glia population are preserved within the pellet following centrifugation and plated on coverslips. Within 24-48 hr, neurite outgrowth occurs and neurons can be identified by pan-neuronal markers. After two days in culture, isolated neurons fire action potentials as observed by patch clamp studies. Furthermore, enteric glia can also be identified by GFAP staining. A network of neurons and glia in close apposition forms within 5 - 7 days. Enteric neurons can be individually and directly studied using methods such as immunohistochemistry, electrophysiology, calcium imaging, and single-cell PCR. Furthermore, this procedure can be performed in genetically modified animals. This methodology is simple to perform and inexpensive. Overall, this protocol exposes the components of the enteric nervous system in an easily manipulated manner so that we may better discover the functionality of the ENS in normal and disease states.

An In-vitro Preparation of Isolated Enteric Neurons and Glia from the Myenteric Plexus of the Adult Mouse

We demonstrate a cell culture protocol for the direct study of neuronal and glial components of the enteric nervous system. A neuron/glia mixed culture on coverslips is prepared from the myenteric plexus of adult mouse providing the ability to examine individual neuron and glia function by electrophysiology, immunohistochemical, etc.

Un<em&gt; In-vitro</em&gt; Preparazione dei neuroni enterici isolati e glia dal plesso mienterico del topo adulto

The enteric nervous system is a vast network of neurons and glia running the length of the gastrointestinal tract that functionally controls ...

Primary Culture of Mouse Dopaminergic Neurons

Dopaminergic neurons represent less than 1% of the total number of neurons in the brain. This low amount of neurons regulates important brain functions such as motor control, motivation, and working memory. Nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons selectively degenerate in Parkinson&#39;s disease (PD). This progressive neuronal loss is unequivocally associated with the motors symptoms of the pathology (bradykinesia, resting tremor, and muscular rigidity). The main agent responsible of dopaminergic neuron degeneration is still unknown. However, these neurons appear to be extremely vulnerable in diverse conditions. Primary cultures constitute one of the most relevant models to investigate properties and characteristics of dopaminergic neurons. These cultures can be submitted to various stress agents that mimic PD pathology and to neuroprotective compounds in order to stop or slow down neuronal degeneration. The numerous transgenic mouse models of PD that have been generated during the last decade further increased the interest of researchers for dopaminergic neuron cultures. Here, the video protocol focuses on the delicate dissection of embryonic mouse brains. Precise excision of ventral mesencephalon is crucial to obtain neuronal cultures sufficiently rich in dopaminergic cells to allow subsequent studies. This protocol can be realized with embryonic transgenic mice and is suitable for immunofluorescence staining, quantitative PCR, second messenger quantification, or neuronal death/survival assessment.

Dopaminergic neurons play a vital regulatory role in the brain. Their loss is associated with Parkinson's disease. In this video, we show how to generate primary cultures of central dopaminergic neurons from embryonic mouse mesencephalon. Such cultures are useful to study the extreme vulnerability of these neurons to various stresses.

Cultura primario di topo neuroni dopaminergici

Dopaminergic neurons represent less than 1% of the total number of neurons in the brain. This low amount of neurons regulates important brain functions ...

Isolation and Culture of Dissociated Sensory Neurons From Chick Embryos

Neurons are multifaceted cells that carry information essential for a variety of functions including sensation, motor movement, learning, and memory. Studying neurons in vivo can be challenging due to their complexity, their varied and dynamic environments, and technical limitations. For these reasons, studying neurons in vitro can prove beneficial to unravel the complex mysteries of neurons. The well-defined nature of cell culture models provides detailed control over environmental conditions and variables. Here we describe how to isolate, dissociate, and culture primary neurons from chick embryos. This technique is rapid, inexpensive, and generates robustly growing sensory neurons. The procedure consistently produces cultures that are highly enriched for neurons and has very few non-neuronal cells (less than 5%). Primary neurons do not adhere well to untreated glass or tissue culture plastic, therefore detailed procedures to create two distinct, well-defined laminin-containing substrata for neuronal plating are described. Cultured neurons are highly amenable to multiple cellular and molecular techniques, including co-immunoprecipitation, live cell imagining, RNAi, and immunocytochemistry. Procedures for double immunocytochemistry on these cultured neurons have been optimized and described here.

Cell culture models provide detailed control over environmental conditions and thus provide a powerful platform to elucidate numerous aspects of neuronal cell biology. We describe a rapid, inexpensive, and reliable method to isolate, dissociate, and culture sensory neurons from chick embryos. Details of substrata preparation and immunocytochemistry are also provided.

Isolamento e Cultura della dissociato neuroni sensoriali da embrioni di gallina

Neurons are multifaceted cells that carry information essential for a variety of functions including sensation, motor movement, learning, and memory. ...

Isolation, Culture and Long-Term Maintenance of Primary Mesencephalic Dopaminergic Neurons From Embryonic Rodent Brains

Degeneration of mesencephalic dopaminergic (mesDA) neurons is the pathological hallmark of Parkinson&#8217;s diseae. Study of the biological processes involved in physiological functions and vulnerability and death of these neurons is imparative to understanding the underlying causes and unraveling the cure for this common neurodegenerative disorder. Primary cultures of mesDA neurons provide a tool for investigation of the molecular, biochemical and electrophysiological properties, in order to understand the development, long-term survival and degeneration of these neurons during the course of disease. Here we present a detailed method for the isolation, culturing and maintenance of midbrain dopaminergic neurons from E12.5 mouse (or E14.5 rat) embryos. Optimized cell culture conditions in this protocol result in presence of axonal and dendritic projections, synaptic connections and other neuronal morphological properties, which make the cultures suitable for study of the physiological, cell biological and molecular characteristics of this neuronal population.

The causes of degeneration of midbrain dopaminergic neurons during Parkinson&#8217;s disease are not fully understood. Cellular culture systems provide an essential tool for study of the neurophysiological properties of these neurons. Here we present an optimized protocol, which can be utilized for in vitro modeling of neurodegeneration.

Isolamento, cultura e lungo termine Manutenzione di primaria mesencefalico neuroni dopaminergici Da Brains embrionali dei roditori

Degeneration of mesencephalic dopaminergic (mesDA) neurons is the pathological hallmark of Parkinson&#8217;s diseae. Study of the biological processes ...

Isolation and Culture of Adult Neural Stem Cells from the Mouse Subcallosal Zone

Adult neural stem cells (aNSCs) can be used for the regeneration of damaged brain tissue. NSCs have the potential for differentiation and proliferation into three types of cells: neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. Identifying aNSC-derived regions and characterizing the aNSC properties are critical for the potential use of aNSCs and for the elucidation of their role in neural regeneration. The subcallosal zone (SCZ), located between white matter and the hippocampus, has recently been reported to contain aNSCs and continuously give rise to neuroblasts. A low percentage of aNSCs from the SCZ is differentiated into neurons; most cells are differentiated into glial cells, such as oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. These cells are suggested to have a therapeutic potential for traumatic cortical injury. This protocol describes in detail the process to generate SCZ-aNSCs from an adult mouse brain. A brain matrix with intervals of 1 mm is used to obtain the SCZ-containing coronal slices and to precisely dissect the SCZ from the whole brain. The SCZ sections are initially subjected to a neurosphere culture. A well-developed culture system allows for the verification of their characteristics and can increase research on NSCs. A neurosphere culture system provides a useful tool for determining proliferation and collecting the genuine NSCs. A monolayer culture is also an in vitro system to assay proliferation and differentiation. Significantly, this culture system provides a more homogenous environment for NSCs than the neurosphere culture system. Thus, using a discrete brain region, these culture systems will be helpful for expanding our knowledge about aNSCs and their applications for therapeutic uses.

Establishing culture systems for the expansion of adult neural stem cells (aNSCs) allows for the examination and application of aNSCs for therapy. The subcallosal zone (SCZ) has recently been recognized as a novel neuroblast-forming region in adult mice. Here, methods for the isolation, expansion, and differentiation of SCZ-aNSCs are described.

Isolamento e la coltura di adulti neurali cellule staminali dal Subcallosal Zona mouse

Adult neural stem cells (aNSCs) can be used for the regeneration of damaged brain tissue. NSCs have the potential for differentiation and proliferation ...

Spinal Cord Neurons Isolation and Culture from Neonatal Mice

We present a protocol for the isolation and culture of spinal cord neurons. The neurons are obtained from neonatal C57BL/6 mice and are isolated on postnatal day 1-3. A mouse litter, usually 4-10 pups born from one breeding pair, is gathered for one experiment, and spinal cords are collected individually from each mouse after euthanasia with isoflurane. The spinal column is dissected out and then the spinal cord is released from the column. The spinal cords are then minced to increase the surface area of delivery for an enzymatic protease that allows for the neurons and other cells to be released from the tissue. Trituration is then used to release the cells into solution. This solution is subsequently fractionated in a density gradient to separate the various cells in solution, allowing for neurons to be isolated. Approximately 1-2.5 x 106 neurons can be isolated from one litter group. The neurons are then seeded onto wells coated with adhesive factors that allow for proper growth and maturation. The neurons take approximately 7 days to reach maturity in the growth and culture medium and can be used thereafter for treatment and analysis.

This study presents a technique for the isolation of neurons from WT neonatal mice. It requires the careful dissection of the spinal cord from the neonatal mouse, followed by the separation of neurons from the spinal cord tissue through mechanical and enzymatic cleavage.

Isolamento e cultura dei neuroni del midollo spinale da topi neonatali

We present a protocol for the isolation and culture of spinal cord neurons. The neurons are obtained from neonatal C57BL/6 mice and are isolated on ...

Primary Culture of Neurons Isolated from Embryonic Mouse Cerebellum

The use of primary cell cultures has become one of the major tools to study the nervous system in vitro. The ultimate goal of using this simplified model system is to provide a controlled microenvironment and maintain the high survival rate and the natural features of dissociated neuronal and nonneuronal cells as much as possible under in vitro conditions. In this article, we demonstrate a method of isolating primary neurons from the developing mouse cerebellum, placing them in an in vitro environment, establishing their growth, and monitoring their viability and differentiation for several weeks. This method is applicable to embryonic neurons dissociated from cerebellum between embryonic days 12&ndash;18.

Conducting in vitro experiments to reflect in vivo conditions as adequately as possible is not an easy task. The use of primary cell cultures is an important step toward understanding cell biology in a whole organism. The provided protocol outlines how to successfully grow and culture embryonic mouse cerebellar neurons.

Cultura primaria dei neuroni isolata dal cerbellello del topo embrionale

The use of primary cell cultures has become one of the major tools to study the nervous system in vitro. The ultimate goal of using this simplified model ...