Gli autori desiderano ringraziare Cairn Research Ltd. per il loro gentile contributo finanziario che ha coperto i costi di produzione di questa pubblicazione. Inoltre, ringraziamo la signora Ines Mueller e la signora Stefanie Kestel per il loro eccellente supporto tecnico.
La ricerca degli autori è sostenuta dal Centro tedesco per la ricerca cardiovascolare (DZHK), dalla Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, Fondazione tedesca per la ricerca, VO 1568/3-1, IRTG1816 RP12, SFB1002 TPA13 e nell'ambito della strategia di eccellenza della Germania - EXC 2067/1- 390729940) e dalla Else-Kröner-Fresenius Stiftung (EKFS 2016_A20).

1. Preparati cellulari
NOTA: Le iPSC umane utilizzate in questo protocollo sono state derivate da donatori sani e differenziate in monostrati utilizzando la modulazione di piccole molecole completamente definita delle tecniche di segnalazione WNT e di purificazione del lattato come precedentemente descritto12,13,14. I CM iPSC sono stati mantenuti ogni 2-3 giorni con un terreno di coltura descritto di seguito.
<ol><li>Preparare un terreno di coltura di mezzo basale (RPMI 1640) e un supplemento al 2% (B27). Conservare a 4 °C. Utilizzare a temperatura ambiente (RT).</li>
	<li>Preparare un mezzo di placcatura di mezzo basale (RPMI 1640), supplemento al 2% (B27) e inibitore ROCK 1:2000. Conservare a 4 °C. Utilizzare in RT.</li>
	<li>Coperchi in vetro rotondo #0 da 10 mm sterilizzati con 150 μL di matrice di membrana basale libera da 1:60 fattori e incubare a 4 °C per 4 ore. NOTA: l'ottimizzazione del volume del coverslip è necessaria per garantire che l'intero vetro sia coperto mantenendo un'adeguata tensione superficiale per evitare fuoriuscite. 150 μL è consigliato per coperture rotonde da 10 mm. Le dimensioni del lotto, il tipo di coverslip, il volume del coverslip e il tipo di piastra di coltura possono essere adatti alle esigenze degli sperimentatori.</li>
	<li>Iniziare la dissociazione iPSC-CM con un reagente di dissociazione cellulare basato su EDTA. Assicurarsi che il monostrato sia completamente staccato lavando delicatamente con una pipetta da 1.000 μL.</li>
	<li>Trasferire la sospensione cellulare in un tubo da 15 ml e aggiungere un mezzo di placcatura a doppio volume. Centrifuga per 10 min a 100 x g.</li>
	<li>Risuspenare il pellet con un volume desiderato (volume di risuspensione) del mezzo di placcatura. Contare le celle manualmente o elettronicamente.</li>
	<li>Selezionare la densità ottimale per coverslip (15.000) che consentirà l'analisi cellulare isolata in un secondo momento.</li>
	<li>Calcola il volume di sospensione cellulare "attiva" (A) necessaria per placcare tutti i coverslip a questa densità desiderata. Applicare la seguente formula e prelevare in un tubo separato: <img alt="Equation 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/61890/61890equ01v2.jpg">
</li>
	<li>Calcolare il volume di mezzo di placcatura supplementare (B) necessario per accogliere ogni coverslip al volume desiderato. Applicare la seguente formula e aggiungere il volume risultante al tubo di sospensione attiva: <img alt="Equation 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/61890/61890equ02v2.jpg">
</li>
	<li>Rimuovere la matrice dai coverslip e applicare il "volume coverslip" della sospensione cellulare (A + B) su ciascun coverslip. Riaspensare regolarmente nel tubo per garantire una distribuzione cellulare uniforme.</li>
	<li>Incubare a 37 °C per 1 ora. Riempire delicatamente il pozzo con il mezzo di placcatura.</li>
	<li>Dopo 24 ore, scambiare i supporti con il normale terreno di coltura e mantenere ogni 2-3 giorni.</li>
</ol>2. Configurazione sperimentale
<ol><li>Equipaggiare un microscopio a epifluorescenza invertita con un ingrandimento 40x, una lente ad alta apertura numerica (N.A: > 0,75) per condurre esperimenti.</li>
	<li>Accoppiare un LED bianco caldo a commutazione rapida alla porta di illuminazione trasmessa del microscopio. Inserire un semplice filtro rosso a 660 nm nel percorso della luce trasmessa. NOTA: Questa luce può essere attivata durante gli esperimenti di fotometria per osservare il campione senza contaminare il segnale fluorescente verde.</li>
	<li>Montare una testina LED a commutazione rapida da 470 nm per la registrazione fotometrica. Inserire un filtro di eccitazione 470/40 sulla porta epifluorescente del microscopio per ripulire la luce generata dal LED. NOTA: per una quantificazione ottimale del segnale si consiglia un sistema di illuminazione con controllo del feedback ad alta velocità dell'uscita ottica.</li>
	<li>Inserire un cubo di microscopio contenente uno splitter a fascio passante lungo 495 nm nel carosello dell'unità a specchio all'interno del microscopio.</li>
	<li>Montare un braccio di rilevamento contenente un diaframma a campo regolabile sulla porta C-mount del microscopio per consentire la selezione della regione di interesse.</li>
	<li>Accoppiare separatamente un rilevatore di fotomoltiplicatori (PMT) e una fotocamera USB al microscopio. Questo sarà la base del sistema di rilevamento delle emissioni.</li>
	<li>Inserire un cubo filtrante contenente uno splitter a fascio passante lungo 565 nm e un filtro di emissione 535/50 nella porta PMT. Questo divide la luce di emissione tra i due rivelatori. NOTA: una telecamera collegata alla porta trasmessa del sistema di rilevamento delle emissioni è in grado di rilevare la luce trasmessa sotto il campo luminoso durante tutti gli esperimenti.</li>
	<li>Accoppiare il PMT a un alimentatore e a un amplificatore PMT. Collegare l'uscita dell'amplificatore PMT a un pin di ingresso analogico di un sistema di acquisizione dati.</li>
	<li>Filtrare i dati analogici dal PMT a 1 kHz o superiore.</li>
	<li>Digitalizzare i dati a una frequenza almeno doppia rispetto alla frequenza più alta presente nel segnale analogico (2 kHz o superiore) per soddisfare i criteri di Nyquist e prevenire l'aliasing.</li>
</ol>3. Caricamento cellulare con VF2.1Cl
NOTA: Tutte le fasi che coinvolgono questo colorante devono essere eseguite in condizioni di scarsa illuminazione.
<ol><li>Preparare una soluzione da bagno di Tyrode di (in mM): 140 NaCl, 10 HEPES, 10 Glucosio, 4 KCl, 1 MgCl2, 2 CaCl2, pH = 7,35 e caldo a 37 °C.</li>
	<li>Preparare un'aliquota della soluzione di carico in un tubo di microcentrifuga mescolando 5 μL di 1.000x VF2.1Cl e 50 μL di soluzione di poloxamer solubilizzante al 20%.</li>
	<li>Applicare 5 μL della soluzione di carico a 5 mL di soluzione di Tyrode riscaldata (concentrazione totale di colorante 0,1x) in una capsula di Petri da 20 mm. NOTA: la concentrazione finale del colorante è 0,1x. Questo è 1/10di quello suggerito dal produttore. Ciò preserva le risorse, garantisce una citotossicità trascurabile e, soprattutto, conserva ancora chiari segnali ottici da cellule caricate con elevati rapporti segnale/rumore.</li>
	<li>Aggiungere un singolo coperchio iPSC-CM al piatto e incubare a 37 °C per 20 minuti.</li>
	<li>Assemblare una camera di imaging a cellule vive riscaldata. Montare sullo stadio del microscopio e riempire con 500 μL di soluzione di Tyrode fresca.</li>
	<li>Lavare il coperchio con la soluzione fresca di Tyrode a 37 °C.</li>
	<li>Applicare con attenzione il coverslip iPSC-CM sulla camera da bagno preriscaldata utilizzando una pinna a punto fine. NOTA: Assicurarsi che la camera e il suo contenuto siano sempre riscaldati a temperature fisiologiche. Se lo si desidera, iniziare con una perfusione continua della soluzione di Tyrode riscaldata.</li>
</ol>4. Stimolazione elettrica del campo
NOTA: L'attivazione esterna di iPSC-CM è facoltativa ma utile per la standardizzazione della dinamica cellulare e dei parametri sperimentali. Aumenta la facilità di analisi e consente l'indagine degli effetti dipendenti dalla frequenza.
<ol><li>Collegare un inserto di stimolazione con due elettrodi di platino distanziati di 5 mm nella camera di registrazione.</li>
	<li>Collegare uno stimolatore esterno all'inserto di stimolazione. Impostare su impulsi di campo bipolare da 5 ms a 0,5 Hz.</li>
	<li>Determinare la tensione di stimolazione ottimale aumentando lo stimolo da 1 V in su. Lo stimolo di soglia è definito come la tensione più bassa alla quale le cellule iniziano a contrarsi. Applicare tensioni di circa il 25% al di sopra di questa soglia. L'intervallo normale è compreso tra 1 V e 30 V.</li>
	<li>Fissa la frequenza di stimolazione con lo stimolatore esterno o attivala con un software di acquisizione.</li>
</ol>5. Acquisizione del potenziale d'azione ottico
NOTA: questo protocollo utilizza un software commerciale per l'acquisizione e l'analisi.
<ol><li>Visualizza i miociti in vista a campo luminoso utilizzando il percorso della luce trasmessa e la telecamera USB.</li>
	<li>Selezionare una cella isolata e ritagliare strettamente il suo percorso ottico con il diaframma di campo assicurando che venga monitorata solo la luce proveniente dalla cella di interesse.</li>
	<li>Attivare l'amplificatore PMT e impostare l'alimentazione PMT su 750 V.</li>
	<li>Eseguire il protocollo di stimolazione (vedere il passaggio 4) insieme al software di acquisizione e contemporaneamente attivare la luce di eccitazione a 470 nm. Quest'ultimo può essere fatto tramite un pannello remoto o automatizzato ad un'intensità fissa (segnale TTL).</li>
	<li>Regolare il guadagno e l'offset dell'amplificatore PMT per assicurarsi che il segnale non si saturi e sia ottimizzato per il raggio di rilevamento del sistema di registrazione.</li>
	<li>Registra 10 sweep assicurando che vengano rilevati potenziali d'azione stabili.</li>
	<li>Continuare a registrare e spostare immediatamente lo stadio del microscopio per acquisire brevemente il segnale di fondo da una regione priva di cellule. Spegnere la spia di eccitazione. NOTA: questo valore di sfondo(offset F) verrà utilizzato per tenere conto di qualsiasi fluorescenza di fondo.</li>
	<li>Se lo si desidera, perfondere localmente farmaci di riferimento come la nifedipina da 1 μM per identificare le risposte cellulari alla manipolazione farmacologica.</li>
	<li>In modo sequenziale, ripetere i passaggi da 5.2 a 5.7, ogni volta selezionando una nuova cella. Sostituire le coverslip se lo si desidera per garantire un elevato turnover sperimentale in una singola seduta. NOTA: i protocolli di caricamento e acquisizione delle immagini sono descritti nella Figura 2.</li>
</ol>6. Analisi dei dati
<ol><li>Apri una registrazione salvata con il software di analisi e in media 10 sweep contenenti potenziali d'azione stimolati da una singola cella.</li>
	<li>Prendi una media del segnale di base che rappresental'offset F e sottrai questo dalla traccia mediata.</li>
	<li>Calcola ∆F/F0 con la seguente formula (dove F è misurata la fluorescenza e F0 è la fluorescenza diastolica): <img alt="Equation 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/61890/61890equ03v2.jpg">
</li>
	<li>Identificare la traccia basale (diastolica) e l'area di interesse (AP) e misurare i parametri del potenziale d'azione cardiaco desiderati. Ciò include, ma non è limitato al tempo di decadimento per la ripolarizzazione del 50% (APD50)e del 90% (APD90).</li>
	<li>Esporta i dati da questa singola cella a un software per fogli di calcolo.</li>
	<li>Ripetere i passaggi 6.1 – 6.5 per tutte le registrazioni. Valutare i risultati con appropriati test non accoppiati o analisi della varianza.</li>
</ol><img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/61890/61890fig2v2.jpg"> Figura 2: Protocolli di caricamento e acquisizione delle immagini. (A) Diagramma di flusso del protocollo di carico VF2.1Cl completo per iPSC-CM e cardiomiociti nativi. (B) Schema semplificato di beam splitter (BS) e configurazioni di filtri utilizzati in questo protocollo per l'eccitazione e il rilevamento dell'emissione di VF2.1Cl in risposta alle variazioni della tensione transmembrana. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/61890/61890fig2v2large.jpg" target="_blank">Fare clic qui per visualizzare una versione più grande di questa figura.</a>

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O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Voltage-sensitive+fluorescence+of+amphiphilic+hemicyanine+dyes+in+neuron+membrane.">Voltage-sensitive fluorescence of amphiphilic hemicyanine dyes in neuron membrane.</a> Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1150 (2), 111-122 (1993).</li><li>Salama, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Properties+of+new,+long-wavelength,+voltage-sensitive+dyes+in+the+heart.">Properties of new, long-wavelength, voltage-sensitive dyes in the heart.</a> Journal of Membrane Biology. 208 (2), 125-140 (2005).</li><li>Jin, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single+action+potentials+and+subthreshold+electrical+events+imaged+in+neurons+with+a+fluorescent+protein+voltage+probe.">Single action potentials and subthreshold electrical events imaged in neurons with a fluorescent protein voltage probe.</a> Neuron. 75 (5), 779-785 (2012).</li><li>Kralj, J. M., Douglass, A. D., Hochbaum, D. R., MacLaurin, D., Cohen, A. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optical+recording+of+action+potentials+in+mammalian+neurons+using+a+microbial+rhodopsin.">Optical recording of action potentials in mammalian neurons using a microbial rhodopsin.</a> Nature Methods. 9 (1), 90-95 (2012).</li><li>Tsutsui, H., Karasawa, S., Okamura, Y., Miyawaki, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improving+membrane+voltage+measurements+using+FRET+with+new+fluorescent+proteins.">Improving membrane voltage measurements using FRET with new fluorescent proteins.</a> Nature Methods. 5 (8), 683-685 (2008).</li><li>Lundby, A., Mutoh, H., Dimitrov, D., Akemann, W., Kn&#246;pfel, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Engineering+of+a+genetically+encodable+fluorescent+voltage+sensor+exploiting+fast+Ci-VSP+voltage-sensing+movements.">Engineering of a genetically encodable fluorescent voltage sensor exploiting fast Ci-VSP voltage-sensing movements.</a> PLoS One. 3 (6), 2514 (2008).</li><li>Bradley, J., Luo, R., Otis, T. S., DiGregorio, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Submillisecond+optical+reporting+of+membrane+potential+in+situ+using+a+neuronal+tracer+dye.">Submillisecond optical reporting of membrane potential in situ using a neuronal tracer dye.</a> The Journal of neuroscience. 29 (29), 9197-9209 (2009).</li><li>Herron, T. J., Lee, P., Jalife, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optical+imaging+of+voltage+and+calcium+in+cardiac+cells+&amp;+tissues.">Optical imaging of voltage and calcium in cardiac cells &amp; tissues.</a> Circulation Research. 110 (4), 609-623 (2012).</li><li>Kappadan, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-resolution+optical+measurement+of+cardiac+restitution,+contraction,+and+fibrillation+dynamics+in+beating+vs.+blebbistatin-uncoupled+isolated+rabbit+hearts.">High-resolution optical measurement of cardiac restitution, contraction, and fibrillation dynamics in beating vs. blebbistatin-uncoupled isolated rabbit hearts.</a> Frontiers in Physiology. 11, 464 (2020).</li><li>Kettlewell, S., Walker, N. L., Cobbe, S. M., Burton, F. L., Smith, G. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+electrophysiological+and+mechanical+effects+of+2,3-butane-dione+monoxime+and+cytochalasin-D+in+the+Langendorff+perfused+rabbit+heart.">The electrophysiological and mechanical effects of 2,3-butane-dione monoxime and cytochalasin-D in the Langendorff perfused rabbit heart.</a> Experimental Physiology. 89 (2), 163-172 (2004).</li><li>K&#233;pir&#243;, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=para-Nitroblebbistatin,+the+non-cytotoxic+and+photostable+Myosin+inhibitor.">para-Nitroblebbistatin, the non-cytotoxic and photostable Myosin inhibitor.</a> Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 53 (31), 8211-8215 (2014).</li></ol>

Cairn Research Ltd ha supportato questa pubblicazione coprendo i costi di produzione del file video.

Qui descriviamo un protocollo di base per acquisire facilmente profili AP dettagliati da iPSC-CM isolati adatti per la modellazione elettrofisiologica e lo screening di farmaci cardiaci. Rileviamo AP regolari e robusti dai nostri iPSC-CM scarsamente seminati, il che suggerisce sia la funzionalità dell'indicatore che la fedeltà metodologica.
A causa dell'ampio spettro di metodologie commerciali per la riprogrammazione iPSC e della mancanza di standardizzazione per i protocolli di differenziaz...

La modellazione elettrofisiologica dei cardiomiociti e la costruzione di piattaforme efficienti per lo screening dei farmaci cardiaci è essenziale per lo sviluppo di strategie terapeutiche per una varietà di disturbi aritmici. La rapida espansione della tecnologia delle cellule staminali pluripotenti indotte (iPSC) ha prodotto promettenti incursioni nella modellizzazione delle malattie umane e nell'indagine farmacologica utilizzando cardiomiociti derivati da pazienti isolati (iPSC-CM). Le tecniche "Gold standard" per la caratterizzazione elettrofisiologica di queste cellule attraverso patch-clamp (current-clamp) possono quantificare la morfologia e la durata del potenziale d'azione (AP), tuttavia, questo metodo è incredibilmente complesso e lento e non adatto per l'acquisizione di dati ad alto rendimento1. IPSC-CM sono regolarmente segnalati per avere un aumento del potenziale di membrana diastolica e una maggiore corrente di dispersione rispetto ai cardiomiociti nativi adulti2. Si suggerisce che le dimensioni più piccole delle cellule e la ridotta capacità della membrana osservata nelle iPSC-CM possano produrre qualche errore sistematico quando si utilizza la tecnica del morsetto di corrente, forse spiegando queste deviazioni3. Al fine di massimizzare l'utilità di una piattaforma iPSC-CM, un metodo aggiuntivo è prezioso per aumentare la produttività e garantire l'accuratezza dei dati quando si caratterizzano le variazioni di tensione transmembrana a livello di singola cella in iPSC-CM.
I coloranti sensibili alla tensione (VSD) sono stati a lungo un metodo proposto per fornire un'analisi più rapida, non invasiva ed equivalente della cinetica AP cardiaca rispetto a quelle delle tecniche tradizionali4. Un recente studio ha dimostrato l'idoneità della fotometria della sonda sensibile alla tensione di tensione per quantificare con precisione l'AP5 cardiaco. Inoltre, la capacità di scalare prontamente gli approcci di fotometria ottica conferisce questa tecnica a schermi cardiotossicità su larga scala critici nello sviluppo di farmaci terapeutici (ad esempio, CiPA). Lo sviluppo di protocolli di cardiotossicità standardizzati in uno studio multi-sito in cieco utilizzando array di microelettrodi e tecniche ottiche di rilevamento della tensione ha dimostrato il valore chiave di questo approccio6.
Molti coloranti potenziometrici sono disponibili in commercio e lo sviluppo sintetico in corso di nuove sonde mostra un potenziale entusiasmante per semplificare la loro efficacia in una varietà di costrutti cardiaci e neurali. Il VSD ideale avrà una cinetica e una sensibilità aumentate, mentre mostra una diminuzione del carico capacitivo, del fotoscissicità e della citotossicità. Il VF2.1Cl (FluoVolt) recentemente sintetizzato esprime molte di queste proprietà benefiche in gran parte grazie alla sua nuova struttura molecolare a filo, condivisa da altri membri della nuova famiglia VoltageFluor (VF)7. In contrasto con i comuni VSD elettrocromici in cui semplici sonde si coniugano molecolarmente ed elettricamente alla membrana plasmatica, questo colorante è costituito da un filo sintetico inserito passivamente, che abbraccia la membrana che accoppia un donatore ricco di elettroni con un fluoroforo di fluoresceina modificato (FITC). I dettagli meccanicistici sono forniti nella Figura 1. Questo colorante dimostra un'eccellente sensibilità alle fluttuazioni di tensione della membrana, mostrando una variazione del 27% dell'intensità di emissione per 100 mV rispetto a ~ 10% osservata in altre sonde comuni a velocità comparabili7. Inoltre, i sistemi PeT a filo non interagiscono direttamente con il campo elettrico cellulare che produce interferenze elettriche minime e cambiamenti trascurabili nel carico capacitivo cellulare.
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/61890/61890fig01.jpg"> Figura 1: Parametri chimici, spettrali e meccanicistici del colorante VF2.1Cl. (A) Struttura chimica di VF2.1Cl. Le caratteristiche molecolari da notare includono più gruppi alchilici all'interno del filo molecolare fenilene vinilene che facilitano l'inserimento nella membrana plasmatica. Un gruppo di acido solfonico caricato negativamente coniugato alla sonda FITC assicura la stabilizzazione del fluoroforo sulla superficie extracellulare e aiuta vicino all'inserzione perpendicolare rispetto al campo elettrico del doppio strato lipidico. (B) Schema semplificato dell'incorporazione perpendicolare di VF2.1Cl nella membrana plasmatica di una cellula bersaglio. (C) Spettri di assorbimento ed emissione del colorante VF2.1Cl. Gli spettri sono identici a quello delle sonde FITC e GFP standard. (D) Rappresentazione del meccanismo d'azione di VF2.1Cl. In condizioni di riposo (iperpolarizzato), tensioni intracellulari negative guidano gli elettroni liberi verso il fluoroforo rostrale. L'abbondanza di elettroni assicura che il trasferimento di elettroni fotoindotto (PeT) sia favorito come via d'uscita dallo stato eccitato dopo l'eccitazione ottica, spegnendo efficacemente la fluorescenza. Al contrario, un potenziale di membrana depolarizzato influenza il movimento verso il basso degli elettroni favorendo la fluorescenza all'eccitazione ottica. La risposta fluorescente risultante è linearmente correlata alla tensione di membrana e può essere utilizzata con precisione per raccogliere informazioni temporali dettagliate sulla cinetica elettrofisiologica cellulare. (E) Immagini rappresentative a campo luminoso (superiore) e fluorescenza a 470 nm (inferiore) di cardiomiociti leporina caricati con pila VF2.1Cl. (F) Z di un singolo cardiomiocita caricato. Le frecce indicano aree di chiara localizzazione di VF2.1Cl alla membrana cellulare. Le immagini sono state acquisite con un sistema confocale a disco rotante costituito da una testa confocale a disco rotante X-lightv3 con un modello stenopeico da 50 μm; Illuminatore LDI-7; Fotocamera Prime95B e obiettivo PlanApo Lambda 100x. Barra della scala: 20 μm. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/61890/61890fig01large.jpg" target="_blank">Fare clic qui per visualizzare una versione più grande di questa figura.</a>
La sonda FITC coniugata a VF2.1Cl assicura che possa essere utilizzata efficacemente nelle configurazioni standard e dei filtri GFP e richiede solo un sistema di acquisizione a canale singolo, entrambe caratteristiche comuni delle piattaforme di imaging fluorescenti. Analisi di monostrati iPSC-CM umani densi con questo colorante è stata recentemente riportata8,9,10,11. Il nostro protocollo differisce da questi studi a causa della nostra indagine su singoli iPSC-CM isolati, imperturbabili dalle influenze elettriche e paracrine di densi monostrati sinciziali e dal nostro uso di un sistema di fotometria economico e personalizzabile rispetto a complesse disposizioni di imaging confocale o ad ampio campo.
Qui, descriviamo il nostro protocollo per l'acquisizione rapida e l'analisi di robusti AP ottici da cardiomiociti umani isolati derivati da iPSC e cardiomiociti nativi (vedi File supplementare). Utilizziamo VF2.1Cl abbinato a una piattaforma all'avanguardia personalizzabile per misure fotometriche a cella singola. Questi protocolli sperimentali sono stati approvati dal comitato etico del Centro medico universitario di Gottinga (n. 10/9/15).

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	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Reagents</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.25 Trypsin EDTA&#160;</td>
			<td>Gibco&#160;</td>
			<td>25200056</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>B27 Supplement&#160;</td>
			<td>Gibco&#160;</td>
			<td>17504044</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CaCl2</td>
			<td>Carl Roth&#160;</td>
			<td>HN04.2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D(+)-Glucose anhydrous&#160;BioChemica</td>
			<td>ITW Reagents</td>
			<td>A1422</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum&#160;</td>
			<td>Gibco&#160;</td>
			<td>10270-106</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FluoVolt Membrane Potential Kit&#160;</td>
			<td>Invitrogen&#160;</td>
			<td>F10488</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES</td>
			<td>Carl Roth&#160;</td>
			<td>HN77.4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KCl</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>6781.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lamanin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>114956-81-9</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Matrigel&#160;</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>354230</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>9265.2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nifedipine&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>21829-25-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin/Streptomycin</td>
			<td>Invitrogen&#160;</td>
			<td>15140</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ROCK Inhibitor Y27632</td>
			<td>Stemolecule</td>
			<td>04-0012-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI 1640 Medium&#160;</td>
			<td>Gibco&#160;</td>
			<td>61870010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Versene EDTA&#160;</td>
			<td>Gibco&#160;</td>
			<td>15040033</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Equipment</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>495LP Dichroic Beamsplitter&#160;</td>
			<td>Chroma Technology</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Axopatch 200B Amplifier&#160;</td>
			<td>Molecular Devices</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Circle Coverslips, Thickness 0</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>CB00100RA020MNT0</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Digidata 1550B</td>
			<td>Molecular Devices</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dual OptoLED Power Supply&#160;</td>
			<td>Cairn Research&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ET470/40x Excitation Filter&#160;</td>
			<td>Chroma Technology</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ET535/50m</td>
			<td>Chroma Technology</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Etched Neubauer Hemacytometer</td>
			<td>Hausser Scientific</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Filter Cubes&#160;</td>
			<td>Cairn Research&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IX73 Inverted Microscope&#160;</td>
			<td>Olympus&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MonoLED</td>
			<td>Cairn Research&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multiport Adaptors&#160;</td>
			<td>Cairn Research&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Myopacer Cell Stimulator&#160;</td>
			<td>IonOptix</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Optomask Shutter&#160;</td>
			<td>Cairn Research&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Optoscan System Controller</td>
			<td>Cairn Research&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PH-1 Temperature Controlled Platform&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>Warner Instruments&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Photomultiplier Detector&#160;</td>
			<td>Cairn Research&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PMT Amplifier Insert</td>
			<td>Cairn Research&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PMT Supply Insert</td>
			<td>Cairn Research&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RC-26G Open Bath Chamber&#160;</td>
			<td>Warner Instruments&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SA-OLY/2AL Stage Adaptor&#160;</td>
			<td>Olympus&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T565lpxr Dichroic Beamsplitter&#160;</td>
			<td>Chroma Technology</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T660lpxr Dichroic Beamsplitter</td>
			<td>Chroma Technology</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TC-20 Dual Channel Temperature Controller&#160;</td>
			<td>npi Electronic</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UPLFLN 40X Objective</td>
			<td>Olympus&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>USB 3.0 Colour Camera&#160;</td>
			<td>Imaging Source</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Software</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Clampex 11.1</td>
			<td>Molecular Devices&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Clampfit 11.1</td>
			<td>Molecular Devices&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IC Capture 2.4&#160;</td>
			<td>Imaging Source&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Prism 8</td>
			<td>Graphpad</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

single-cell optical action potential measurement in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes

Le tecniche convenzionali di microelettrodi intracellulari per quantificare l'elettrofisiologia dei cardiomiociti sono estremamente complesse, ad alta intensità di lavoro e tipicamente eseguite a bassa produttività. La rapida e continua espansione della tecnologia delle cellule staminali pluripotenti indotte (iPSC) presenta un nuovo standard nella ricerca cardiovascolare e sono ora necessari metodi alternativi per aumentare la produttività dei dati elettrofisiologici a livello di singola cellula. VF2.1Cl è un colorante sensibile alla tensione di recente derivazione che fornisce una rapida risposta a canale singolo e di alta grandezza alle fluttuazioni del potenziale di membrana. Possiede una cinetica superiore a quella di altri indicatori di tensione esistenti e rende disponibili dati funzionali equivalenti a quelli delle tecniche tradizionali di microelettrodo. Qui, dimostriamo la caratterizzazione semplificata e non invasiva del potenziale d'azione nei cardiomiociti umani derivati da iPSC a ritmo esterno utilizzando un sistema di fotometria modulare e altamente conveniente.

<img alt="Figure 3" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/61890/61890fig03.jpg"> Figura 3: Profili del potenziale d'azione ottico (AP) di cardiomiociti nativi isolati e cardiomiociti derivati da cellule staminali pluripotenti indotte dall'uomo (iPSC-CM). (A) AP ottico rappresentativo di un singolo cardiomiocita murino (al centro) con SEM ± media di APD50 e APD90 (n = 7, destra). (B) AP ottico rappresentativo di ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Single-Cell Optical Action Potential Measurement in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes at JoVE.com

Single-Cell Optical Action Potential Measurement in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes

Qui descriviamo l'acquisizione ottica e la caratterizzazione di potenziali d'azione da cardiomiociti derivati da cellule staminali pluripotenti indotte utilizzando un sistema di fotometria modulare ad alta velocità.

Misurazione del potenziale d'azione ottico a singola cellula in cardiomiociti derivati da cellule staminali pluripotenti indotte umane

Conventional intracellular microelectrode techniques to quantify cardiomyocyte electrophysiology are extremely complex, labor intensive, and typically ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

4.0K Views.  University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany. Qui descriviamo l'acquisizione ottica e la caratterizzazione di potenziali d'azione da cardiomiociti derivati da cellule staminali pluripotenti indotte utilizzando un sistema di fotometria modulare ad alta velocità.

Video: Single-Cell Optical Action Potential Measurement in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes

Optical Mapping of Action Potentials and Calcium Transients in the Mouse Heart

The mouse heart is a popular model for cardiovascular studies due to the existence of low cost technology for genetic engineering in this species. Cardiovascular physiological phenotyping of the mouse heart can be easily done using fluorescence imaging employing various probes for transmembrane potential (Vm), calcium transients (CaT), and other parameters. Excitation-contraction coupling is characterized by action potential and intracellular calcium dynamics; therefore, it is critically important to map both Vm and CaT simultaneously from the same location on the heart1-4. Simultaneous optical mapping from Langendorff perfused mouse hearts has the potential to elucidate mechanisms underlying heart failure, arrhythmias, metabolic disease, and other heart diseases. Visualization of activation, conduction velocity, action potential duration, and other parameters at a myriad of sites cannot be achieved from cellular level investigation but is well solved by optical mapping1,5,6. In this paper we present the instrumentation setup and experimental conditions for simultaneous optical mapping of Vm and CaT in mouse hearts with high spatio-temporal resolution using state-of-the-art CMOS imaging technology. Consistent optical recordings obtained with this method illustrate that simultaneous optical mapping of Langendorff perfused mouse hearts is both feasible and reliable.

This paper details the dissection procedure, instrumental setup, and experimental conditions during optical mapping of transmembrane potential (Vm) and intracellular calcium transient (CaT) in intact isolated Langendorff perfused mouse hearts.

Mappatura ottico dei potenziali d&#39;azione e transitori Calcio nel Cuore mouse

The mouse heart is a popular model for cardiovascular studies due to the existence of low cost technology for genetic engineering in this species. ...

Ricerca

Bioingegneria

Development, Expansion, and In vivo Monitoring of Human NK Cells from Human Embryonic Stem Cells (hESCs) and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs)

We present a method for deriving natural killer (NK) cells from undifferentiated hESCs and iPSCs using a feeder-free approach. This method gives rise to high levels of NK cells after 4 weeks culture and can undergo further 2-log expansion with artificial antigen presenting cells. hESC- and iPSC-derived NK cells developed in this system have a mature phenotype and function. The production of large numbers of genetically modifiable NK cells is applicable for both basic mechanistic as well as anti-tumor studies. Expression of firefly luciferase in hESC-derived NK cells allows a non-invasive approach to follow NK cell engraftment, distribution, and function. We also describe a dual-imaging scheme that allows separate monitoring of two different cell populations to more distinctly characterize their interactions in vivo. This method of derivation, expansion, and dual in vivo imaging provides a reliable approach for producing NK cells and their evaluation which is necessary to improve current NK cell adoptive therapies.

Development, Expansion, and In vivo Monitoring of Human NK Cells from Human Embryonic Stem Cells hESCs and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells iPSCs

This protocol describes the development, expansion, and in vivo imaging of NK cells derived from hESCs and iPSCs.

Sviluppo, di espansione, e<em&gt; In vivo</em&gt; Monitoraggio delle cellule NK umane da cellule staminali embrionali umane (hESC) ed e cellule staminali pluripotenti indotte (iPSCs)

We present a method for deriving natural killer (NK) cells from undifferentiated hESCs and iPSCs using a feeder-free approach. This method gives rise to ...

Transplantation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Mesoangioblast-like Myogenic Progenitors in Mouse Models of Muscle Regeneration

Patient-derived iPSCs could be an invaluable source of cells for future autologous cell therapy protocols. iPSC-derived myogenic stem/progenitor cells similar to pericyte-derived mesoangioblasts (iPSC-derived mesoangioblast-like stem/progenitor cells: IDEMs) can be established from iPSCs generated from patients affected by different forms of muscular dystrophy. Patient-specific IDEMs can be genetically corrected with different strategies (e.g. lentiviral vectors, human artificial chromosomes) and enhanced in their myogenic differentiation potential upon overexpression of the myogenesis regulator MyoD. This myogenic potential is then assessed in vitro with specific differentiation assays and analyzed by immunofluorescence. The regenerative potential of IDEMs is further evaluated in vivo, upon intramuscular and intra-arterial transplantation in two representative mouse models displaying acute and chronic muscle regeneration. The contribution of IDEMs to the host skeletal muscle is then confirmed by different functional tests in transplanted mice. In particular, the amelioration of the motor capacity of the animals is studied with treadmill tests. Cell engraftment and differentiation are then assessed by a number of histological and immunofluorescence assays on transplanted muscles. Overall, this paper describes the assays and tools currently utilized to evaluate the differentiation capacity of IDEMs, focusing on the transplantation methods and subsequent outcome measures to analyze the efficacy of cell transplantation.

Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived myogenic progenitors are promising candidates for cell therapy strategies to treat muscular dystrophies. This protocol describes transplantation and functional measurements required to evaluate the engraftment and differentiation of iPSC-derived mesoangioblasts (a type of muscle progenitors) in mouse models of acute and chronic muscle regeneration.

Trapianto di progenitori miogenici pluripotenti derivati da cellule staminali indotte simili a mesoangioblasti nei modelli di topo di rigenerazione muscolare

Patient-derived iPSCs could be an invaluable source of cells for future autologous cell therapy protocols. iPSC-derived myogenic stem/progenitor cells ...

Human iPSC-Derived Cardiomyocyte Networks on Multiwell Micro-electrode Arrays for Recurrent Action Potential Recordings

Cardiac safety screening is of paramount importance for drug discovery and therapeutics. Therefore, the development of novel high-throughput electrophysiological approaches for hiPSC-derived cardiomyocyte (hiPSC-CM) preparations is much needed for efficient drug testing. Although multielectrode arrays (MEAs) are frequently employed for field potential measurements of excitable cells, a recent publication by Joshi-Mukherjee and colleagues described and validated its application for recurrent action potential (AP) recordings from the same hiPSC-CM preparation over days. The aim here is to provide detailed step-by-step methods for seeding CMs and for measuring AP waveforms via electroporation with high precision and a temporal resolution of 1 &#181;s. This approach addresses the lack of easy-to-use methodology to gain intracellular access for high-throughput AP measurements for reliable electrophysiological investigations. A detailed work flow and methods for plating of hiPSC-CMs on multiwell MEA plates are discussed emphasizing critical steps wherever relevant. In addition, a custom-built MATLAB script for rapid data handling, extraction and analysis is reported for comprehensive investigation of the waveform analysis to quantify subtle differences in morphology for various AP duration parameters implicated in arrhythmia and cardiotoxicity.

This article contains a set of protocols for the development of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocyte (hiPSC-CM) networks cultured on multiwell MEA plates to reversibly electroporate the cell membrane for action potential measurements. High-throughput recordings are obtained from the same cell sites repeatedly over days.

Reti di cardiomiociti derivati da umani da iPSC su array di microelettrodi multiwell per registrazioni di potenziali azioni ricorrenti

Cardiac safety screening is of paramount importance for drug discovery and therapeutics. Therefore, the development of novel high-throughput ...

Guided Differentiation of Mature Kidney Podocytes from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Under Chemically Defined Conditions

Kidney disease affects more than 10% of the global population and costs billions of dollars in federal expenditures. The most severe forms of kidney disease and eventual end-stage renal failure are often caused by the damage to the glomerular podocytes, which are the highly specialized epithelial cells that function together with endothelial cells and the glomerular basement membrane to form the kidney&#8217;s filtration barrier. Advances in renal medicine have been hindered by the limited availability of primary tissues and the lack of robust methods for the derivation of functional human kidney cells, such as podocytes. The ability to derive podocytes from renewable sources, such as stem cells, could help advance current understanding of the mechanisms of human kidney development and disease, as well as provide new tools for therapeutic discovery. The goal of this protocol was to develop a method to derive mature, post-mitotic podocytes from human induced pluripotent stem (hiPS) cells with high efficiency and specificity, and under chemically defined conditions. The hiPS cell-derived podocytes produced by this method express lineage-specific markers (including nephrin, podocin, and Wilm&#8217;s Tumor 1) and exhibit the specialized morphological characteristics (including primary and secondary foot processes) associated with mature and functional podocytes. Intriguingly, these specialized features are notably absent in the immortalized podocyte cell line widely used in the field, which suggests that the protocol described herein produces human kidney podocytes that have a developmentally more mature phenotype than the existing podocyte cell lines typically used to study human kidney biology.

Presented here is a chemically defined protocol for the derivation of human kidney podocytes from induced pluripotent stem cells with high efficiency (&#62;90%) and independent of genetic manipulations or subpopulation selection. This protocol produces the desired cell type within 26 days and could be useful for nephrotoxicity testing and disease modeling.

Differenziazione guidata di podociti renali maturi da cellule staminali pluripotenti indotte umane in condizioni chimicamente definite

Kidney disease affects more than 10% of the global population and costs billions of dollars in federal expenditures. The most severe forms of kidney ...

Isogenic Kidney Glomerulus Chip Engineered from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects 15% of the U.S. adult population, but the establishment of targeted therapies has been limited by the lack of functional models that can accurately predict human biological responses and nephrotoxicity. Advancements in kidney precision medicine could help overcome these limitations. However, previously established in vitro models of the human kidney glomerulus-the primary site for blood filtration and a key target of many diseases and drug toxicities-typically employ heterogeneous cell populations with limited functional characteristics and unmatched genetic backgrounds. These characteristics significantly limit their application for patient-specific disease modeling and therapeutic discovery. 
This paper presents a protocol that integrates human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell-derived glomerular epithelium (podocytes) and vascular endothelium from a single patient to engineer an isogenic and vascularized microfluidic kidney glomerulus chip. The resulting glomerulus chip is comprised of stem cell-derived endothelial and epithelial cell layers that express lineage-specific markers, produce basement membrane proteins, and form a tissue-tissue interface resembling the kidney's glomerular filtration barrier. The engineered glomerulus chip selectively filters molecules and recapitulates drug-induced kidney injury. The ability to reconstitute the structure and function of the kidney glomerulus using isogenic cell types creates the opportunity to model kidney disease with patient specificity and advance the utility of organs-on-chips for kidney precision medicine and related applications.

Presented here is a protocol to engineer a personalized organ-on-a-chip system that recapitulates the structure and function of the kidney glomerular filtration barrier by integrating genetically matched epithelial and vascular endothelial cells differentiated from human induced pluripotent stem cells. This bioengineered system can advance kidney precision medicine and related applications.

Chip glomerulo renale isogenico ingegnerizzato da cellule staminali pluripotenti indotte umane

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects 15% of the U.S. adult population, but the establishment of targeted therapies has been limited by the lack of ...

Evaluation of Cardiac Contractility Modulation Therapy in 2D Human Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes

Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) are currently being explored for multiple in vitro applications and have been used in regulatory submissions. Here, we extend their use to cardiac medical device safety or performance assessments. We developed a novel method to evaluate cardiac medical device contractile properties in robustly contracting 2D hiPSC-CMs monolayers plated on a flexible extracellular matrix (ECM)-based hydrogel substrate. This tool enables the quantification of the effects of cardiac electrophysiology device signals on human cardiac function (e.g., contractile properties) with standard laboratory equipment. The 2D hiPSC-CM monolayers were cultured for 2-4 days on a flexible hydrogel substrate in a 48-well format.
The hiPSC-CMs were exposed to standard cardiac contractility modulation (CCM) medical device electrical signals and compared to control (i.e., pacing only) hiPSC-CMs. The baseline contractile properties of the 2D hiPSC-CMs were quantified by video-based detection analysis based on pixel displacement. The CCM-stimulated 2D hiPSC-CMs plated on the flexible hydrogel substrate displayed significantly enhanced contractile properties relative to baseline (i.e., before CCM stimulation), including an increased peak contraction amplitude and accelerated contraction and relaxation kinetics. Furthermore, the utilization of the flexible hydrogel substrate enables the multiplexing of the video-based cardiac-excitation contraction coupling readouts (i.e., electrophysiology, calcium handling, and contraction) in healthy and diseased hiPSC-CMs. The accurate detection and quantification of the effects of cardiac electrophysiological signals on human cardiac contraction is vital for cardiac medical device development, optimization, and de-risking. This method enables the robust visualization and quantification of the contractile properties of the cardiac syncytium, which should be valuable for nonclinical cardiac medical device safety or effectiveness testing. This paper describes, in detail, the methodology to generate 2D hiPSC-CM hydrogel substrate monolayers.

Here, we demonstrate a non-invasive cardiac medical device contractility evaluation method using 2D human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocyte (hiPSC-CM) monolayers, plated on a flexible substrate, coupled with video-based microscopy. This tool will be useful for the in vitro evaluation of the contractile properties of cardiac electrophysiology devices.

Valutazione della terapia di modulazione della contrattilità cardiaca in cardiomiociti 2D derivati da cellule staminali umane

Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) are currently being explored for multiple in vitro applications and have been used ...

Generation of Human Blood Vessel Organoids from Pluripotent Stem Cells

An organoid is defined as an engineered multicellular in vitro tissue that mimics its corresponding in vivo organ such that it can be used to study defined aspects of that organ in a tissue culture dish. The breadth and application of human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived organoid research have advanced significantly to include the brain, retina, tear duct, heart, lung, intestine, pancreas, kidney, and blood vessels, among several other tissues. The development of methods for the generation of human microvessels, specifically, has opened the way for modeling human blood vessel development and disease in vitro and for the testing and analysis of new drugs or tissue tropism in virus infections, including SARS-CoV-2. Complex and lengthy protocols lacking visual guidance hamper the reproducibility of many stem cell-derived organoids. Additionally, the inherent stochasticity of organoid formation processes and self-organization necessitates the generation of optical protocols to advance the understanding of cell fate acquisition and programming. Here, a visually guided protocol is presented for the generation of 3D human blood vessel organoids (BVOs) engineered from hPSCs. Presenting a continuous basement membrane, vascular endothelial cells, and organized articulation with mural cells, BVOs exhibit the functional, morphological, and molecular features of human microvasculature. BVO formation is initiated through aggregate formation, followed by mesoderm and vascular induction. Vascular maturation and network formation are initiated and supported by embedding aggregates in a 3D collagen and solubilized basement membrane matrix. Human vessel networks form within 2-3 weeks and can be further grown in scalable culture systems. Importantly, BVOs transplanted into immunocompromised mice anastomose with the endogenous mouse circulation and specify into functional arteries, veins, and arterioles. The present visually guided protocol will advance human organoid research, particularly in relation to blood vessels in normal development, tissue vascularization, and disease.

This protocol describes the generation of self-organizing blood vessels from human pluripotent and induced pluripotent stem cells. These blood vessel networks exhibit an extensive and connected endothelial network surrounded by pericytes, smooth muscle actin, and a continuous basement membrane.

Generazione di organoidi dei vasi sanguigni umani da cellule staminali pluripotenti

An organoid is defined as an engineered multicellular in vitro tissue that mimics its corresponding in vivo organ such that it can be used to study ...

Generation, High-Throughput Screening, and Biobanking of Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiac Spheroids

Human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) are of paramount importance for human cardiac disease modeling and therapeutics. We recently published a cost-effective strategy for the massive expansion of hiPSC-CMs in two dimensions (2D). Two major limitations are cell immaturity and a lack of three-dimensional (3D) arrangement and scalability in high-throughput screening (HTS) platforms. To overcome these limitations, the expanded cardiomyocytes form an ideal cell source for the generation of 3D cardiac cell culture and tissue engineering techniques. The latter holds great potential in the cardiovascular field, providing more advanced and physiologically relevant HTS. Here, we describe an HTS-compatible workflow with easy scalability for the generation, maintenance, and optical analysis of cardiac spheroids (CSs) in a 96-well-format. These small CSs are essential to fill the gap present in current in vitro disease models and/or generation for 3D tissue engineering platforms. The CSs present a highly structured morphology, size, and cellular composition. Furthermore, hiPSC-CMs cultured as CSs display increased maturation and several functional features of the human heart, such as spontaneous calcium handling and contractile activity. By automatization of the complete workflow, from the generation of CSs to functional analysis, we increase intra- and inter-batch reproducibility as demonstrated by high-throughput (HT) imaging and calcium handling analysis. The described protocol allows modeling of cardiac diseases and assessing drug/therapeutic effects at the single-cell level within a complex 3D cell environment in a fully automated HTS workflow. In addition, the study describes a straightforward procedure for long-term preservation and biobanking of whole-spheroids, thereby providing researchers the opportunity to create next-generation functional tissue storage. HTS combined with long-term storage will substantially contribute to translational research in a wide range of areas, including drug discovery and testing, regenerative medicine, and the development of personalized therapies.

Presented here is a set of protocols for the generation and cryopreservation of cardiac spheroids (CSs) from human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes cultured in a high-throughput, multidimensional format. This three-dimensional model functions as a robust platform for disease modeling, high-throughput screenings, and maintains its functionality after cryopreservation.

Generazione, screening ad alto rendimento e biobanca di sferoidi cardiaci derivati da cellule staminali pluripotenti indotte dall'uomo

Human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) are of paramount importance for human cardiac disease modeling and therapeutics. We ...

High-Throughput Cardiotoxicity Screening Using Mature Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocyte Monolayers

Human induced stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) are used to replace and reduce the dependence on animals and animal cells for preclinical cardiotoxicity testing. In two-dimensional monolayer formats, hiPSC-CMs recapitulate the structure and function of the adult human heart muscle cells when cultured on an optimal extracellular matrix (ECM). A human perinatal stem cell-derived ECM (maturation-inducing extracellular matrix-MECM) matures the hiPSC-CM structure, function, and metabolic state in 7 days after plating. 
Mature hiPSC-CM monolayers also respond as expected to clinically relevant medications, with a known risk of causing arrhythmias and cardiotoxicity. The maturation of hiPSC-CM monolayers was an obstacle to the widespread adoption of these valuable cells for regulatory science and safety screening, until now. This article presents validated methods for the plating, maturation, and high-throughput, functional phenotyping of hiPSC-CM electrophysiological and contractile function. These methods apply to commercially available purified cardiomyocytes, as well as stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes generated in-house using highly efficient, chamber-specific differentiation protocols. 
High-throughput electrophysiological function is measured using either voltage-sensitive dyes (VSDs; emission: 488 nm), calcium-sensitive fluorophores (CSFs), or genetically encoded calcium sensors (GCaMP6). A high-throughput optical mapping device is used for optical recordings of each functional parameter, and custom dedicated software is used for electrophysiological data analysis. MECM protocols are applied for medication screening using a positive inotrope (isoprenaline) and human Ether-a-go-go-related gene (hERG) channel-specific blockers. These resources will enable other investigators to successfully utilize mature hiPSC-CMs for high-throughput, preclinical cardiotoxicity screening, cardiac medication efficacy testing, and cardiovascular research.

Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) offer an alternative to using animals for preclinical cardiotoxicity screening. A limitation to the widespread adoption of hiPSC-CMs in preclinical toxicity screening is the immature, fetal-like phenotype of the cells. Presented here are protocols for robust and rapid maturation of hiPSC-CMs.

Screening della cardiotossicità ad alto rendimento utilizzando monostrati di cardiomiociti pluripotenti indotti da cellule staminali umane mature

Human induced stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) are used to replace and reduce the dependence on animals and animal cells for preclinical ...