Isolation of Mouse Retinal Capillaries and Subendothelial Matrix for Stiffness Measurement Using Atomic Force Microscopy

Summary

We recently identified retinal capillary stiffening as a new paradigm for retinal dysfunction associated with diabetes. This protocol elaborates the steps for isolation of mouse retinal capillaries and the subendothelial matrix from retinal endothelial cultures, followed by a description of the stiffness measurement technique using atomic force microscopy.

Abstract

Retinal capillary degeneration is a clinical hallmark of the early stages of diabetic retinopathy (DR). Our recent studies have revealed that diabetes-induced retinal capillary stiffening plays a crucial and previously unrecognized causal role in inflammation-mediated degeneration of retinal capillaries. The increase in retinal capillary stiffness results from the overexpression of lysyl oxidase, an enzyme that crosslinks and stiffens the subendothelial matrix. Since tackling DR at the early stage is expected to prevent or slow down DR progression and associated vision loss, subendothelial matrix, and capillary stiffness represent relevant and novel therapeutic targets for early DR management. Further, direct measurement of retinal capillary stiffness can serve as a crucial preclinical validation step for the development of new imaging techniques for non-invasive assessment of retinal capillary stiffness in animal and human subjects. With this view in mind, we here provide a detailed protocol for the isolation and stiffness measurement of mouse retinal capillaries and subendothelial matrix using atomic force microscopy.

Introduction

Retinal capillaries are essential for maintaining retinal homeostasis and visual function. Indeed, their degeneration in early diabetes is strongly implicated in the development of vision-threatening complications of diabetic retinopathy (DR), a microvascular condition that affects nearly 40% of all individuals with diabetes¹. Vascular inflammation contributes significantly to retinal capillary degeneration in DR. Past studies have demonstrated an important role for aberrant molecular and biochemical cues in diabetes-induced retinal vascular inflammation^2,3. Howeve....

Protocol

All animal procedures were performed in accordance with the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO) Statement for the Use of Animals in Ophthalmic and Vision Research and approved by the Institutional Animal and Care Use Committees (IACUC; protocol number ARC-2020-030) at the University of California, Los Angeles (OLAW institution animal welfare assurance number A3196-01). The following protocol has been performed using retinal capillaries isolated from adult (20-week-old) male C57BL/6J mice weighing .......

Discussion

AFM has been widely used to measure disease-associated changes in the stiffness of larger vessels, such as the aorta and arteries¹⁶. These findings have helped establish the role of endothelial mechanobiology in cardiovascular complications such as atherosclerosis¹⁷. Based on these findings, we have begun to investigate the previously unrecognized role of endothelial mechanobiology in the development of retinal microvascular lesions in early DR. Success in this pursuit, how.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Retinal Capillary Isolation
0.22 µm PVDF syringe filter	Merck Millipore	SLGVM33RS	Low Protein Binding Durapore
10X Dulbecco's Phosphate Buffered Saline without calcium % magnesium	Corning	20-031-CV	Final concentration 1X, pH 7.4
12-well plate	Falcon Corning	353043
15 mL centrifuge tube	Corning	430791	Rnase-Dnase-free, Nonpyrogenic
20 mL Luer-Lok TIP syringe	BD	302830
5 3/4 inch Disposable Borosilicate Glass/Non-sterile Pasteur pipette	FisherBrand	13-678-20A
60x15 mm Tissue Culture Dish	Falcon Corning	353002
6-well plate	Falcon Corning	353046
Aqua-Hold 2 Pap - 13 mL Pen	Scientific Device Laboratory	9804-02
Blade holder	X-ACTO
Carbon Steel Surgical Blade #10	Bard-Parker	371110
Dental Wax	Electron Microscopy Sciences	50-949-027
Dissecting microscope	Am-scope
Formalin solution, neutral buffered, 10%	Millipore Sigma	HT501128-4L	Final concentration 5% (v/v)
Kimwipes - wiper tissue	Kimtech Science	34133
Micro spatula	Fine Science Tools	10089-11
Orbital Shaker	Lab Genius	SK-O180
PELCO Economy #7 Stainless Steel 115mm  Tweezer	Ted Pella, Inc.	5667
Phase contrast microscope	Nikon TS2
Purifier Logic+ Class II, Type A2 Biosafety Cabinet	Labconco	302380001
Safe-Lock microcentrifuge tubes 2 mL	Eppendorf	22363352
Stereoscope	AmScope	SM-3 Series Zoom Trinocular Stereomicroscope 3.5X-90X
Superfrost Plus microscopy slide - White tab - Pre-cleaned - 25x75x1.0 mm	FisherBrand	1255015
Tris Buffer, 0.1M solution, pH 7.4 - Biotechnology Grade	VWR	E553-500ML	pH 8 for trypsin solution
Trypsin 1:250 powder Tissue Culture Grade	VWR	VWRV0458-25G	10 % (w/v) trypsin solution
Water Molecular Biology Grade	Corning	46-000-CM
Subendothelial Matrix
10X PBS	Corning	20-031-CV
1X PBS with calcium and magnesium	Thermo Fisher Scientific	14040-117	pH 7.4
Ammonium hydroxide	Sigma-Aldrich	338818
Ascorbic Acid	Sigma-Aldrich	A4034
Collagen IV antibody	Novus Biologicals	NBP1-26549
DNase I	Qiagen	79254
Ethanolamine	Sigma-Aldrich	398136
Fibronectin antibody	Sigma-Aldrich	F6140
Fluoromount	Invitrogen-Thermo Fisher Scientific	00-4958-02
Gelatin	Sigma-Aldrich	G1890
Glass coverslips (12mm)	Fisher	12-541-000
Glutaraldehyde	Electron microscopy Sciences	16220
Human retinal endothelial cells (HREC)	Cell Systems Corp	ACBRI 181
MCDB131 medium	Corning	15-100-CV
Mouse retinal endothelial cells (mREC)	Cell Biologics	C57-6065
Triton X-100	Thermo Fisher Scientific	BP151-100
Trypsin	Gibco-Thermo Fisher Scientific	25200-056
AFM Measurement
1 µm Probe	Bruker	SAA-SPH-1UM	A 19 micron tall hemispherical probe with 1 micron end radius, Spring constant 0.25N/m
70 nm LC probe	Bruker	PFQNM-LC-V2	A 19 micron tall hemispherical probe with 70nm end radius,  Spring constant 0.1N/m
camera	XCAM family	Toupcam	1080P HDMI
Desktop to run the camera	Asus	Asus desktop	Intel i5-6600 CPU , 8GB RAM
Dish holder for coverslip	Cellvis	D29-14-1.5-N	29mm glass bottom dish with  14 mm micro-well
Nanowizard 4	Bruker	Nanowizard 4	Bioscience atomic force microscope mounted on an optical microscope for sensitive measurement of the mechanostructural properties (stiffness and topography) of soft biological samples
Phase contrast micrscope	Zeiss	Axiovert 200	Inverted microscope with 10X objective