我々は、沿岸と外洋水の低酸素領域で進行中の研究を支援するためのイノベーション、ブリティッシュコロンビア州の知識開発基金と国立科学およびカナダの工学研究審議会（NSERC）のためのカナダの財団に感謝の意を表します。 DAWはNSERC、キラムとトゥーラ基礎微生物の多様性と進化のための資金を供給センターからの奨学金によって支えられている。

<ol><li> ろ過装置のセットアップ。 <ol><li>ろ過装置を設定するには、プレフィルターハウジングユニットにグレードGF / Dフィルタを配置するピンセットを使用してください。緩く手で住宅を締めます。経験則として、締めすぎないでくださいまたはユニットには、ポンピング開始されるとリークが発生します。 </li><li>慎重にそれに触れることなくカーボイ​​に内部チューブを挿入することにより、オートクレーブキャップと付属のチューブでカーボイキャップを交換してください。必要に応じて、カーボイにチューブを導くためにピンセットを使用してください。 </li><li>蠕動ポンプを介して外部配管を渡す。 </li><li>外部チューブ（カーボイあたりすなわち2台）の両方の端にプレフィルターハウジングユニットを取り付けます。プライヤーとの接続を締めます。 </li></ol></li><li> 海水のろ過 <ol><li>海水のフィルタリングを開始するために、ポンプをオンにし、1にフローの速度を設定します。その水が適切な方向に励起されるように監視します。 </li><li>水500mlは、プレフィルターユニットを介して、1 Lビーカーに自由に流れるようになります。 </li><li>ポンプの電源をオフにし、プレフィルターの設定の自由端にオスルアーフィッティングにSterivexフィルタを取り付けます。手でしっかりプレフィルターハウジングを締めます。 </li><li>プレフィルターハウジングでとプレフィルターハウジングとカーボイにつながるチューブの間の接続で待ってください。リークが発生した場合は、ポンプの電源をオフにし、それに応じてプレフィルターハウジングを緩め、締め。背面にポンプの電源を入れます。 </li><li> 4 Lのフラスコにろ液を集める。いったんはきれいカーボイにフラスコは、空いっぱいです。各フィルターを通過量をメモしておいてください。収集された濾液は、ウイルスのためのろ過など、さらに処理することができます。 </li><li>ない水がその他これらに残っていないまでフィルタリングを続けます。 4〜5時間/ 20 Lのカーボイの間に通常の濾過時間の範囲は、しかし、これは水の中のバイオマス量を飛躍的に依存する。 </li><li>ろ過が完了したら、ポンプの電源を切り、Sterivexフィルターを外してください。 </li></ol></li><li> フィルターの保管 <ol><li>フィルタを保存するには、まず、30〜60ミリリットルの注射器と、残りの水を排出する。 </li><li>ピペットを用いて、試薬の後に追加するためのフィルタでスペースの〜200μlの維持、フィルターに1.8ミリリットルの溶解バッファーを追加します。 </li><li>パラフィルムの小片でSterivexフィルターの底部と上部をシールし、日付とサンプルの識別とフィルタラベルを付けます。 </li><li> -80あらかじめ標識した50mlファルコンチューブにフィルターを保管° C </li><li>住宅ユニットからフィルターを外し、溶解用緩衝液2 mlを含むラベルが付いた50mlファルコンチューブに入れます。 -80これら℃にて保存してくださいを</li></ol></li><li> クリーン <ol><li>最終的なクリーンアップのために、0.1 M HClを含むフラスコにカーボイの中にあったチュ​​ーブを配置</li><li>オリジナルカーボイに4Lフラスコにつながるチューブを指示。 </li><li>ポンプのスイッチを入れると、元カーボイで実行フロースルーを収集し、3で実行する。 </li><li>最後に、オートクレーブ水でチューブをリンス。 </li></ol></li></ol> 代表的な結果：最終的な結果が2 Sterivixフィルター0.22μmと2.7μmの大きさの範囲で約10リットルの海水から微生物バイオマスを含む各で構成されています。これは、溶解バッファーに格納され、DNAの抽出のための準備ができています。さらに、この手順では、収集し、GF / Dプレフィルタで、2.7μmを超えるバイオマスを集中する。これはまた、溶解バッファーに格納され、DNAの抽出のための準備ができています。追加の処理ステップがとられるならば、フロースルー0.22μmのは、同様にウイルスの割合を収集するためにダウン濃縮することができる。

The authors have nothing to disclose.

それ以外の機器を腐食させるという塩水のいずれか残る痕跡を除去するために使用後の湿ったタオルでベンチやポンプを拭うために不可欠です。手順はシンプルですが、時間の要件は、フィルタリングされているサンプルのバイオマスや破片の濃度に応じて豊富なことができます。

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		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>Peristaltic pump</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Masterflex (Cole Palmer)</td>
<td>77913-20, 77200-62, 77200-04</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Tygon LFL tubing</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Masterflex (Cole Palmer)</td>
<td>06429-24</td>
<td>For filtration apparatus</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Hose clamps</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Cole Palmer</td>
<td>0683204</td>
<td>For filtration apparatus</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1/4&#x201D; x 3/16&#x201D; pipe adaptors</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Cole Palmer</td>
<td>31702-20</td>
<td>For filtration apparatus</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Polypropylene prefilter housing</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>ADVANTEC</td>
<td>501200</td>
<td>For filtration apparatus</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Metal luer fitting (Hose end to Male luer lock)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Cole Palmer</td>
<td>31507-27</td>
<td>For filtration apparatus</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>2&#x201C; Magnets</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>For filtration apparatus</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>3 port carboy caps</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>For filtration apparatus</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>GV 0.22 &mu;m STERIVIX filters</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Millipore</td>
<td>SVGV01R5</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>47 mm diameter 2.7 &mu;m GF/D filters</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Whatman</td>
<td>1823047</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Lysis buffer</td>
<td> Reagent</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>0.75 M sucrose, 40 mM EDTA, 50 mM Tris (pH 8.3)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>0.1 % HCl</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>For post-filtration rinse</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Autoclaved water</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>For post-filtration rinse</td>
</tr>		</tbody>
		</table>
		</div>

large volume (20l+) filtration of coastal seawater samples

ワークフローは、下流の微生物群集のための沿岸海域、栄養素と微量ガス分析の収集から始まります。この方法の場合、サンプルはサーニッチのインレットでHMSジョンストリックランドの動作のデッキから採取された。このビデオ、ドキュメント、大容量（≥20リットル）の水のカラムから、直径0.22μmと2.7μmの範囲の微生物バイオマスのろ過、、。二つの20Lのサンプルは、4つの回転ヘッドを搭載した単一のポンプユニットを使用して同時にフィルタリングすることができます。ろ過は、拡張出張、または直後の日帰り旅行の戻り時にフィールドで行われます。各sterivexフィルタユニットを通過する水の量を記録することが重要です。サンプリングの合間にバイオフィルム形成を防止するために、すべてのろ過装置を希HCl及び脱イオン水で洗浄し、使用後すぐにオートクレーブする必要があります。この手順では、約5時間に加えて、クリーンアップのための追加時間がかかります。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Large Volume 20L+ Filtration of Coastal Seawater Samples at JoVE.com

Large Volume 20L+ Filtration of Coastal Seawater Samples

このビデオ、ドキュメント、大容量（≥20リットル）の水のカラムから、直径0.22μmと2.7μmの範囲の微生物バイオマスのろ過、、。

沿岸海水サンプルの大容量（20L +）ろ過

The workflow begins with the collection of coastal marine waters for downstream microbial community, nutrient and trace gas analyses. For this method, ...

large-volume-20l-filtration-of-coastal-seawater-samples

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Large Volume (20L+) Filtration of Coastal Seawater Samples

11.7K ビュー.  University of British Columbia - UBC. このビデオ、ドキュメント、大容量（≥20リットル）の水のカラムから、直径0.22μmと2.7μmの範囲の微生物バイオマスのろ過、、。

ビデオ: Large Volume 20L+ Filtration of Coastal Seawater Samples

Large-Scale Screens of Metagenomic Libraries

Metagenomic libraries archive large fragments of contiguous genomic sequences from microorganisms without requiring prior cultivation. Generating a streamlined procedure for creating and screening metagenomic libraries is therefore useful for efficient high-throughput investigations into the genetic and metabolic properties of uncultured microbial assemblages. Here, key protocols are presented on video, which we propose is the most useful format for accurately describing a long process that alternately depends on robotic instrumentation and (human) manual interventions. First, we employed robotics to spot library clones onto high-density macroarray membranes, each of which can contain duplicate colonies from twenty-four 384-well library plates. Automation is essential for this procedure not only for accuracy and speed, but also due to the miniaturization of scale required to fit the large number of library clones into highly dense spatial arrangements. Once generated, we next demonstrated how the macroarray membranes can be screened for genes of interest using modified versions of standard protocols for probe labeling, membrane hybridization, and signal detection. We complemented the visual demonstration of these procedures with detailed written descriptions of the steps involved and the materials required, all of which are available online alongside the video.

メタゲノムライブラリの大規模スクリーン

Metagenomic libraries archive large fragments of contiguous genomic sequences from microorganisms without requiring prior cultivation.  Generating a ...

生物学

Seawater Sampling and Collection

This video documents methods for collecting coastal marine water samples and processing them for various downstream applications including biomass concentration, nucleic acid purification, cell abundance, nutrient and trace gas analyses. For today's demonstration samples were collected from the deck of the HMS John Strickland operating in Saanich Inlet. An A-frame derrick, with a multi-purpose winch and cable system, is used in combination with Niskin or Go-Flo water sampling bottles. Conductivity, Temperature, and Depth (CTD) sensors are also used to sample the underlying water mass. To minimize outgassing, trace gas samples are collected first.  Then, nutrients, water chemistry, and cell counts are determined. Finally, waters are collected for biomass filtration. The set-up and collection time for a single cast is ~1.5 hours at a maximum depth of 215 meters. Therefore, a total of 6 hours is generally needed to complete the collection series described here.

This video documents methods for collecting coastal marine water samples and processing them for various downstream applications including biomass concentration, nucleic acid purification, cell abundance, nutrient and trace gas analyses.

海水のサンプリングとコレクション

This video documents methods for collecting coastal marine water samples and processing them for various downstream applications including biomass ...

Small Volume (1-3L) Filtration of Coastal Seawater Samples

The workflow begins with the collection of coastal marine waters for downstream microbial community, nutrient and trace gas analyses. For today s demonstration samples were collected from the deck of the HMS John Strickland operating in Saanich Inlet. This video documents small volume (~1 L) filtration of microbial biomass from the water column. The protocol is an extension of the large volume sampling protocol described earlier, with one major difference: here, there is no pre-filtration step, so all size classes of biomass are collected down to the 0.22 &mu;m filter cut-off. Samples collected this way are ideal for nucleic acid analysis. The set-up, filtration, and clean-up steps each take about 20-30 minutes. If using two peristaltic pumps simultaneously, up to 8 samples may be filtered at the same time. To prevent biofilm formation between sampling trips, all filtration equipment must be rinsed with dilute HCl and deionized water and autoclaved immediately after use.

Small Volume 1-3L Filtration of Coastal Seawater Samples

This video documents small volume (~1 L) filtration of microbial biomass from the water column.

沿岸海水試料の少量（1 - 3L）のろ過

The workflow begins with the collection of coastal marine waters for downstream microbial community, nutrient and trace gas analyses. For today s ...

Large Insert Environmental Genomic Library Production

The vast majority of microbes in nature currently remain inaccessible to traditional cultivation methods. Over the past decade, culture-independent environmental genomic (i.e. metagenomic) approaches have emerged, enabling researchers to bridge this cultivation gap by capturing the genetic content of indigenous microbial communities directly from the environment. To this end, genomic DNA libraries are constructed using standard albeit artful laboratory cloning techniques. Here we describe the construction of a large insert environmental genomic fosmid library with DNA derived from the vertical depth continuum of a seasonally hypoxic fjord. This protocol is directly linked to a series of connected protocols including coastal marine water sampling [1], large volume filtration of microbial biomass [2] and a DNA extraction and purification protocol [3]. At the outset, high quality genomic DNA is end-repaired with the creation of 5 -phosphorylated blunt ends. End-repaired DNA is subjected to pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) for size selection and gel extraction is performed to recover DNA fragments between 30 and 60 thousand base pairs (Kb) in length. Size selected DNA is purified away from the PFGE gel matrix and ligated to the phosphatase-treated blunt-end fosmid CopyControl vector pCC1 (EPICENTRE <a href="http://www.epibio.com/item.asp?ID=385">http://www.epibio.com/item.asp?ID=385</a>). Linear concatemers of pCC1 and insert DNA are subsequently headfull packaged into phage particles by lambda terminase, with subsequent infection of phage-resistant E. coli cells. Successfully transduced clones are recovered on LB agar plates under antibiotic selection and archived in 384-well plate format using an automated colony picking robot (Qpix2, GENETIX). The current protocol draws from various sources including the CopyControl Fosmid Library Production Kit from EPICENTRE and the published works of multiple research groups [4-7]. Each step is presented with best practice in mind. Whenever possible we highlight subtleties in execution to improve overall quality and efficiency of library production. The whole process of fosmid library production and automated colony picking takes at least 7-10 days as there are many incubation steps included. However, there are several stopping points possible which are mentioned within the protocol.

Construction of a fosmid library with environmental genomic DNA isolated from the vertical depth continuum of a seasonally hypoxic fjord is described. The resulting clone library is picked into 384-well plates and archived for downstream sequencing and functional screening by the application of an automated colony picking system.

大規模な挿入環境ゲノムライブラリーの製造

The vast majority of microbes in nature currently remain inaccessible to traditional cultivation methods. Over the past decade, culture-independent ...

Measuring Peptide Translocation into Large Unilamellar Vesicles

There is an active interest in peptides that readily cross cell membranes without the assistance of cell membrane receptors1. Many of these are referred to as cell-penetrating peptides, which are frequently noted for their potential as drug delivery vectors1-3. Moreover, there is increasing interest in antimicrobial peptides that operate via non-membrane lytic mechanisms4,5, particularly those that cross bacterial membranes without causing cell lysis and kill cells by interfering with intracellular processes6,7. In fact, authors have increasingly pointed out the relationship between cell-penetrating and antimicrobial peptides1,8. A firm understanding of the process of membrane translocation and the relationship between peptide structure and its ability to translocate requires effective, reproducible assays for translocation. Several groups have proposed methods to measure translocation into large unilamellar lipid vesicles (LUVs)9-13. LUVs serve as useful models for bacterial and eukaryotic cell membranes and are frequently used in peptide fluorescent studies14,15. Here, we describe our application of the method first developed by Matsuzaki and co-workers to consider antimicrobial peptides, such as magainin and buforin II16,17. In addition to providing our protocol for this method, we also present a straightforward approach to data analysis that quantifies translocation ability using this assay. The advantages of this translocation assay compared to others are that it has the potential to provide information about the rate of membrane translocation and does not require the addition of a fluorescent label, which can alter peptide properties18, to tryptophan-containing peptides. Briefly, translocation ability into lipid vesicles is measured as a function of the Foster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) between native tryptophan residues and dansyl phosphatidylethanolamine when proteins are associated with the external LUV membrane (Figure 1). Cell-penetrating peptides are cleaved as they encounter uninhibited trypsin encapsulated with the LUVs, leading to disassociation from the LUV membrane and a drop in FRET signal. The drop in FRET signal observed for a translocating peptide is significantly greater than that observed for the same peptide when the LUVs contain both trypsin and trypsin inhibitor, or when a peptide that does not spontaneously cross lipid membranes is exposed to trypsin-containing LUVs. This change in fluorescence provides a direct quantification of peptide translocation over time.

This protocol details a method for the quantitative measure of peptide translocation into large unilamellar lipid vesicles. This method also provides information about the rate of membrane translocation and can be used to identify peptides that efficiently and spontaneously cross lipid bilayers.

大型単層小胞へのペプチドの転座の測定

There is an active interest in peptides that readily cross cell membranes without the assistance of cell membrane receptors1.  Many of these are referred ...

A High-throughput Method for Measurement of Glomerular Filtration Rate in Conscious Mice

The measurement of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the gold standard in kidney function assessment. Currently, investigators determine GFR by measuring the level of the endogenous biomarker creatinine or exogenously applied radioactive labeled inulin (3H or 14C). Creatinine has the substantial drawback that proximal tubular secretion accounts for ~50% of total renal creatinine excretion and therefore creatinine is not a reliable GFR marker. Depending on the experiment performed, inulin clearance can be determined by an intravenous single bolus injection or continuous infusion (intravenous or osmotic minipump). Both approaches require the collection of plasma or plasma and urine, respectively. Other drawbacks of radioactive labeled inulin include usage of isotopes, time consuming surgical preparation of the animals, and the requirement of a terminal experiment. Here we describe a method which uses a single bolus injection of fluorescein isothiocyanate-(FITC) labeled inulin and the measurement of its fluorescence in 1-2 &mu;l of diluted plasma. By applying a two-compartment model, with 8 blood collections per mouse, it is possible to measure GFR in up to 24 mice per day using a special work-flow protocol. This method only requires brief isoflurane anesthesia with all the blood samples being collected in a non-restrained and awake mouse. Another advantage is that it is possible to follow mice over a period of several months and treatments (i.e. doing paired experiments with dietary changes or drug applications). We hope that this technique of measuring GFR is useful to other investigators studying mouse kidney function and will replace less accurate methods of estimating kidney function, such as plasma creatinine and blood urea nitrogen.

Measurement of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the gold standard for kidney function assessment. Here we describe a high-throughput method which allows the determination of GFR in conscious mice by using a single bolus injection, determination of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-inulin in plasma and calculation of GFR by a two-phase exponential decay model.

意識マウスにおける糸球体濾過率の測定のためのハイスループット法

The measurement of  glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the gold standard in kidney function  assessment. Currently, investigators determine GFR by ...

Rapid Isolation And Purification Of Mitochondria For Transplantation By Tissue Dissociation And Differential Filtration

Previously described mitochondrial isolation methods using differential centrifugation and/or Ficoll gradient centrifugation require 60 to 100 min to complete. We describe a method for the rapid isolation of mitochondria from mammalian biopsies using a commercial tissue dissociator and differential filtration. In this protocol, manual homogenization is replaced with the tissue dissociator&#8217;s standardized homogenization cycle. This allows for uniform and consistent homogenization of tissue that is not easily achieved with manual homogenization. Following tissue dissociation, the homogenate is filtered through nylon mesh filters, which eliminate repetitive centrifugation steps. As a result, mitochondrial isolation can be performed in less than 30 min. This isolation protocol yields approximately 2 x 1010 viable and respiration competent mitochondria from 0.18 &#177; 0.04 g (wet weight) tissue sample.

A method for rapid isolation of mitochondria from mammalian tissue biopsies is described. Rat liver or skeletal muscle preparations were homogenized with a commercial tissue dissociator and mitochondria were isolated by differential filtration through nylon mesh filters. Mitochondrial isolation time is &#60;30 min compared to 60 - 100 min using alternative methods.

組織解離と差動濾過により移植のためにミトコンドリアの迅速な単離および精製

Previously described mitochondrial isolation methods using differential centrifugation and/or Ficoll gradient centrifugation require 60 to 100 min to ...

Physiology Lab Demonstration: Glomerular Filtration Rate in a Rat

Measurements of glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and the fractional excretion of sodium (Na) and potassium (K) are critical in assessing renal function in health and disease. GFR is measured as the steady state renal clearance of inulin which is filtered at the glomerulus, but not secreted or reabsorbed along the nephron. The fractional excretion of Na and K can be determined from the concentration of Na and K in plasma and urine. The renal clearance of inulin can be demonstrated in an anesthetized animal which has catheters in the femoral artery, femoral vein and bladder. The equipment and supplies used for this procedure are those commonly available in a research core facility, and thus makes this procedure a practical means for measuring renal function. The purpose of this video is to demonstrate the procedures required to perform a lab demonstration in which renal function is assessed before and after a diuretic drug. The presented technique can be utilized to assess renal function in rat models of renal disease.

The purpose of this protocol is to demonstrate the principles and techniques for measuring and calculating glomerular filtration rate, urine flow rate, and excretion of sodium and potassium in a rat. This demonstration can be used to provide students with an overall conceptual understanding of how to measure renal function.

生理学ラボデモンストレーション：ラットにおける糸球体濾過率

Measurements of glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and the fractional excretion of sodium (Na) and potassium (K) are critical in assessing renal function ...

Measuring Pressure Volume Loops in the Mouse

Understanding the causes and progression of heart disease presents a significant challenge to the biomedical community. The genetic flexibility of the mouse provides great potential to explore cardiac function at the molecular level. The mouse&#39;s small size does present some challenges in regards to performing detailed cardiac phenotyping. Miniaturization and other advancements in technology have made many methods of cardiac assessment possible in the mouse. Of these, the simultaneous collection of pressure and volume data provides a detailed picture of cardiac function that is not available through any other modality. Here a detailed procedure for the collection of pressure-volume loop data is described. Included is a discussion of the principles underlying the measurements and the potential sources of error. Anesthetic management and surgical approaches are discussed in great detail as they are both critical to obtaining high quality hemodynamic measurements. The principles of hemodynamic protocol development and relevant aspects of data analysis are also addressed.

This manuscript describes a detailed protocol for the collection of pressure-volume data from the mouse.

マウスで圧力ボリュームループを測定します

Understanding the causes and progression of heart disease presents a significant challenge to the biomedical community. The genetic flexibility of the ...

Filtration Isolation of Nucleic Acids:  A Simple and Rapid DNA Extraction Method

FINA, filtration isolation of nucleic acids, is a novel extraction method which utilizes vertical filtration via a separation membrane and absorbent pad to extract cellular DNA from whole blood in less than 2 min. The blood specimen is treated with detergent, mixed briefly and applied by pipet to the separation membrane. The lysate wicks into the blotting pad due to capillary action, capturing the genomic DNA on the surface of the separation membrane. The extracted DNA is retained on the membrane during a simple wash step wherein PCR inhibitors are wicked into the absorbent blotting pad. The membrane containing the entrapped DNA is then added to the PCR reaction without further purification. This simple method does not require laboratory equipment and can be easily implemented with inexpensive laboratory supplies. Here we describe a protocol for highly sensitive detection and quantitation of HIV-1 proviral DNA from 100 &#181;l whole blood as a model for early infant diagnosis of HIV that could readily be adapted to other genetic targets.

We describe here a simple and rapid paper-based DNA extraction method of HIV proviral DNA from whole blood detected by quantitative PCR. This protocol can be extended for use in detecting other genetic markers or using alternative amplification methods.

核酸の濾過単離：簡易迅速DNA抽出方法

FINA, filtration isolation of nucleic acids, is a novel extraction method which utilizes vertical filtration via a separation membrane and absorbent pad ...