この作品は、RO1 DK064938（THの）によってサポートされています。

<ol>
	<li>Shapiro, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Islet+transplantation+in+seven+patients+with+type+1+diabetes+mellitus+using+a+glucocorticoid-free+immunosuppressive+regimen.">Islet transplantation in seven patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus using a glucocorticoid-free immunosuppressive regimen.</a> N Engl J Med. 343, 230-238 (2000).</li><li>Weir, G. C., Bonner-Weir, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Islet+transplantation+as+a+treatment+for+diabetes.">Islet transplantation as a treatment for diabetes.</a> J Am Optom Assoc. 69, 727-732 (1998).</li><li>Gangemi, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Islet+transplantation+for+brittle+type+1+diabetes:+the+UIC+protocol.">Islet transplantation for brittle type 1 diabetes: the UIC protocol.</a> Am J Transplant. 8, 10-1111 (2008).</li><li>Zmuda, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deficiency+of+ATF3,+an+adaptive-response+gene,+protects+islets+and+ameliorates+inflammation+in+a+syngenic+transplantation+model.">Deficiency of ATF3, an adaptive-response gene, protects islets and ameliorates inflammation in a syngenic transplantation model.</a> Diabetologia. , (2010).</li><li>Bottino, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Response+of+Human+Islets+to+Isolation+Stress+and+the+Effect+of+Antioxidant+Treatment.">Response of Human Islets to Isolation Stress and the Effect of Antioxidant Treatment.</a> Diabetes. 53, 2559-2568 (2004).</li><li>Markmann, J. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effect+of+islet+cell+culture+in+vitro+at+24+degrees+C+on+graft+survival+and+MHC+antigen+expression.">The effect of islet cell culture in vitro at 24 degrees C on graft survival and MHC antigen expression.</a> Transplantation. 49, 272-277 (1990).</li><li>Terasaka, R., Lacy, P. E., Hauptfeld, V., Bucy, R. P., Davie, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effect+of+cyclosporin-A,+low-temperature+culture,+and+anti-Ia+antibodies+on+prevention+of+rejection+of+rat+islet+allografts.">The effect of cyclosporin-A, low-temperature culture, and anti-Ia antibodies on prevention of rejection of rat islet allografts.</a> Diabetes. 35, 83-88 (1986).</li><li>Ricordi, C., Lacy, P. E., Sterbenz, K., Davie, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Low-temperature+culture+of+human+islets+or+in+vivo+treatment+with+L3T4+antibody+produces+a+marked+prolongation+of+islet+human-to-mouse+xenograft+survival.">Low-temperature culture of human islets or in vivo treatment with L3T4 antibody produces a marked prolongation of islet human-to-mouse xenograft survival.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 84, 8080-8084 (1987).</li><li>Schnedl, W. J., Ferber, S., Johnson, J. H., Newgard, C. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=STZ+transport+and+cytotoxicity.+Specific+enhancement+in+GLUT2-expressing+cells.">STZ transport and cytotoxicity. Specific enhancement in GLUT2-expressing cells.</a> Diabetes. 43, 1326-1333 (1994).</li><li>Eckhard, M., Brandhorst, D., Brandhorst, H., Brendel, M. D., Bretzel, R. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimization+in+osmolality+and+range+of+density+of+a+continuous+ficoll-sodium-diatrizoate+gradient+for+isopycnic+purification+of+isolated+human+islets.">Optimization in osmolality and range of density of a continuous ficoll-sodium-diatrizoate gradient for isopycnic purification of isolated human islets.</a> Transplantation Proceedings. 36, 2849-2854 (2004).</li><li>Gores, P. F., Rabe, F., Sutherland, D. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prolonged+survival+of+intraportal+versus+subrenal+capsular+transplanted+islet+allografts.">Prolonged survival of intraportal versus subrenal capsular transplanted islet allografts.</a> Transplantation. 43, 747-749 (1987).</li><li>Nasr, I. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Testicular+Immune+Privilege+Promotes+Transplantation+Tolerance+by+Altering+the+Balance+between+Memory+and+Regulatory+T+Cells.">Testicular Immune Privilege Promotes Transplantation Tolerance by Altering the Balance between Memory and Regulatory T Cells.</a> J Immunol. 174, 6161-6168 (2005).</li><li>Merani, S., Toso, C., Emamaullee, J., Shapiro, A. M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimal+implantation+site+for+pancreatic+islet+transplantation.">Optimal implantation site for pancreatic islet transplantation.</a> British Journal of Surgery. 95, 1449-1461 (2008).</li><li>Inoue, M., Maeno, T., Hatchell, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Survival+of+allografted+pancreatic+islets+in+the+subretinal+space+in+rats.">Survival of allografted pancreatic islets in the subretinal space in rats.</a> Ophthalmic Res. 35, 48-53 (2003).</li></ol>

利害の衝突は宣言されません。

上記のセクションでは、我々はマウスの膵島を分離して移植するための詳細な手順を説明した。ここで、我々は、簡単に手続きの成功にとって重要なステップを強調表示します。 1。膵島の分離重要なステップは37の後に総胆管（2.3）、膵臓の激しい振動をcannulating、総胆管（2.2.3）の十二指腸開口部に止血クランプを配置、最適な酵素消化の時間（1.4）を識別している° Cダイジェスト（3.2）、および外分泌細胞の汚染の除去（3.3.7と3.3.16）。これらの手順は、膵島の品質、収量や純度に劇的な影響を与える。おそらく、最も技術的に困難なステップは、総胆管のカニューレです。多くのマウスでは、総胆管は、周囲の筋膜による可視化が困難になる可能性があります。したがって、試行が唯一の筋膜組織の浸透の総胆管の結果をカニューレを挿入するためにするのが一般的である。これらのインスタンスでは、リベラーゼは周囲の結合組織を埋めるために開始され、膵臓を灌流していません。これが認められる場合は、リベラーゼの流れを停止し、それが胆管の内腔に浸透するように針の位置を変更。練習すれば、それはすぐに針を配置するための最適な位置を特定し、砕けやすいのダクトに損傷を与えることなく、カニュレーションを完了することが可能です。 2。膵島移植重要なステップは、糖尿病（5.1）のSTZ誘導及び被膜下のポーチ（5.3.14-5.3.16）に膵島の効率的な配信です。 STZは、インスリン分泌細胞膵島9のβ-細胞に選択的に毒性が、天然に存在するグルコースのアナログです。しかし、この選択毒性は比較的狭い濃度範囲で発生します。これは、STZの高用量は、高血糖の存在下で急速な（2-3日）致死性をもたらすことができるという事実によって証明されています。したがって、任意の大規模な実験が開始される前に使用されているマウスの系統および年齢のためにSTZの最適な用量を識別するために注意すべきである。嚢下ポーチに小島の物理的なデリバリーも重要なステップです。一貫性のある結果を達成するために、それは彼らの配達中に膵島の損失を最小限に抑えることが不可欠です。ポーチをカバーする腎臓被膜の欠陥や涙があるかどうか注入量が大きすぎる場合に発生する可能性があります。カプセルの損傷は、と嚢下袋を準備するために滑らかなガラスのプローブを使用して穏やか、慎重に操作することで回避できます。さらに、注入量は、ステップ5.3.6.3の上清を注意深く除去して最小限に抑えることができます。上清を沈降した膵島のレベルにまで除去されている場合は、通常は400から500膵島を配置する嚢下ポーチ内に十分なスペースよりももっとあります。しかし、注入量が大きすぎると、小島は、実験の再現性を犠牲にすること、移植の過程でポーチから漏れやすくなります。 このプロトコルでは、それは手順の一部を変更しても、満足できる成果を達成することが可能です。これらは、次のとおりです（a）の膵臓を消化するためにさまざまな酵素の使用、膵臓に酵素を提供するため（b）の別の方法、（c）の連続フィコール - ナトリウム - ジアトリゾエート（FSD）のグラデ​​ーションの使用代わりに、単一の密度Histopaque1077ステップ、および腎臓の被膜下以外の場所から（d）膵島移植の。 <ol class="lalpha"><li>このプロトコルでは、リベラーゼは、膵臓内の細胞間接触を弱めるために使用されます。リベラーゼは、本質的に非常に膵臓から膵島を放出に有用な証明されているコラゲナーゼを精製の混合物である。しかし、あまり精製されたコラゲナーゼは、同様の結果を達成することが可能です。したがって、消化の条件は、高膵島品質、収量と純度を達成するために最適化されている限り、膵臓を消化するために別の市販の酵素製剤を使用することが可能です。 </li><li>それは酵素の膵管灌流することなく膵臓を消化することも可能です。総胆管を通じてリベラーゼの配信は、酵素の膵臓の表面積の最大露出することができます。膵臓と無傷の島の大放出のより均一な消化でこの結果。しかし、酵素に膵臓の表面積を増やすために他の手順を使用することができます。例えば、リベラーゼでそれをインキュベートまたは直接膵臓のカプセルを通じてリベラーゼを注入する前に刻む膵臓は、膵島を分離するために使用することができます。しかし、リベラーゼの配信の他の方法では、総胆管を介して灌流と同程度に有効ではありません。したがって、ミンチまたは直接注入は、総胆管が破損しperfusableされていない場合は、最後の手段として確保しておく必要があります。 </li><li>外分泌細胞から膵島を分離するための代替方法が含まれますHistopaque1077 10の代わりにFSDのグラデーションを使用してください。このプロトコルの外分泌細胞からの膵島の効率的な分離は、部分的に2種類の細胞型との間の密度差によるものです。 Histopaque1077は25 1.0771グラム/ mlの密度℃である。この温度で​​は、Histopaqueは外分泌細胞より小さく密度の高い島よりも密度が高いですが。したがって、遠心分離、Histopaque1077ペレット外分泌細胞の力で表面に膵島を持ち上げながら。原則として、外分泌細胞から膵島を分離できることを密度と他の物質は、このステップで使用され、FSD勾配は、そのような物質であることができる。 </li><li>膵島移植のための場所に関しては、このプロトコルで使用される腎臓被膜は、いくつかの候補地の一つです。腎臓の被膜下にマウスの移植の最も一般的に報告のサイトですが、他の移植サイトが有効であることが明らかに、彼らは肝門脈、網膜下腔、精巣、精巣上体脂肪パッド、脾臓、さらに膵臓11-14を含んされています。これらの場所のそれぞれにはそれぞれ利点と課題があります。したがって、膵島移植のためのサイトの選択は、実験の対処の質問および特定の状況によって決定されるべきである。 </li></ol>それは、膵島移植の制限を克服することができる戦略は劇的にその治療の可能性を高めると考えられています。したがって、このプロトコルで詳述するようにマウスモデルを使用すると、そのような戦略を特定するための魅力的なアプローチを提供しています。

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">	
		
		<div>
		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>RPMI 1640</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Gibco</td>
<td>31800-022</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Liberase TL</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Roche</td>
<td>05401020001</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Gibco</td>
<td>10437-028</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Histopaque1077</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
<td>10771</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Penicillin Streptomycin </td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Gibco</td>
<td>15140</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Sodium Citrate</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
<td>S4641</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Streptozotocin</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
<td>S-0130</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>HCl</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
<td>A144-212</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Isoflurane</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Vedco</td>
<td>ISOSOL</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Glass Capillary Tubes</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
<td>22362574</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Insulin Syringe</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>BD Falcon</td>
<td>329461</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>27 Gauge Syringe Needle</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>BD Falcon</td>
<td>305109</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Hamilton Syringe #1702</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
<td>14813133</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>10cm Petri Plates</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
<td>0875712</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>6cm Petri Plates</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
<td>07770212</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>6-0 Suture</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>Ethicon</td>
<td>8726H</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>PE 50 Flexible Tubing</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
<td>NC9083963</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>5ml Disposable Syringe</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>BD Falcon</td>
<td>309603</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>50ml Conical Tube</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>BD Falcon</td>
<td>352098</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>15ml Conical Tube</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>BD Falcon</td>
<td>352097</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>0.1mm Nylon Mesh</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
<td>22363549</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>0.419mm Wire Mesh</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>Newark Wire Cloth Company</td>
<td>0300241</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Water Bath Incubator</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
<td>15-462-5</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Dissecting Microscope</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>Zeiss</td>
<td>Stemi SV6</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Inverted Microscope</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>Nikon</td>
<td>TMS</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Tissue Culture Incubator</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>Napco</td>
<td>6300</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Dissecting Scissors</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>Kent Scientific</td>
<td>INS14393</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>McPherson-Vannas Scissors</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>Kent Scientific</td>
<td>INS500260</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Curved Forceps</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>Kent Scientific</td>
<td>INS15915</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Hemostatic Forceps</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>Kent Scientific</td>
<td>INS 500451</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Isoflurane Nebulizer</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>Smiths Medical Surgivet</td>
<td>ISOTech 4 OHMEDA</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Swing Bucket Centrifuge</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>Dupont &#x2013; Sorvall</td>
<td>RT6000D</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Swing Bucket Rotor</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>Dupont &#x2013; Sorvall</td>
<td>H1000B</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>pH Meter</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>Mettler Toledo/ Fisher Scientific</td>
<td>09313509</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Gel Loading Tips</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
<td>05408151</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>p200 Tips</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>USA Scientific</td>
<td>111-0730</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>		</tbody>
		</table>
		</div>

a method for murine islet isolation and subcapsular kidney transplantation

糖尿病のげっ歯類へのランゲルハンス島の移植は、血液中の血糖値を正常化することができることを実証バリンジャーとReckardの初期の先駆的な仕事以来、膵島移植は1型糖尿病の1,2の治療薬であることが提案されている。さらに最近では、人間の膵島移植の進歩は、さらにこのビュー1,3を強化している。しかし、2つの大きな制約は、広範な臨床的現実であることから、膵島移植を防ぐ：著しく影響を及ぼす深刻な潜在的な受信者の数を減らし、患者あたりの小島、多数のための（a）の要件、および重い免疫抑制のための（b）の必要性、長期の免疫抑制への脆弱性に起因する患者の小児集団。これらの制限を克服することができる戦略は、膵島移植の治療的有用性を高める可能性を秘めている。 マウスの腎被膜下膵島移植は膵島移植を向上させるために様々な戦略を調査するために広く受け入れられているモデルです。この実験は、高品質の小島と糖尿病の受信者への膵島移植の分離が必要です。両方の手順は、より良いテキストではなく映像によって示すことができる外科手術手順を実行する必要があります。ここでは、ビデオと書かれたプロトコルの両方でこれらの手順の詳細な手順を文書化します。我々はまた、簡単に別の移植モデルを説明します。同系、同種、同系自己免疫、自己免疫同種。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Method for Murine Islet Isolation and Subcapsular Kidney Transplantation at JoVE.com

A Method for Murine Islet Isolation and Subcapsular Kidney Transplantation

分離された膵島の移植は1型糖尿病の治療薬であることが提案されている。ここでは、マウスの膵臓から膵島を分離し、腎臓の被膜下のスペースにそれらを移植する方法を説明します。

マウス膵島の単離と被膜下腎移植のための方法

Since the early pioneering work of Ballinger and Reckard demonstrating that transplantation of islets of Langerhans into diabetic rodents could normalize ...

a-method-for-murine-islet-isolation-subcapsular-kidney

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

62.9K ビュー.  The Ohio State University. 分離された膵島の移植は1型糖尿病の治療薬であることが提案されている。ここでは、マウスの膵臓から膵島を分離し、腎臓の被膜下のスペースにそれらを移植する方法を説明します。

ビデオ: A Method for Murine Islet Isolation and Subcapsular Kidney Transplantation

Development of Obliterative Bronchiolitis in a Murine Model of Orthotopic Lung Transplantation

Orthotopic lung transplantation in rats was first reported by Asimacopoulos and colleagues in 1971 1. Currently, this method is well accepted and standardized not only for the study of allo-rejection but also between syngeneic strains for examining mechanisms of ischemia-reperfusion injury after lung transplantation. Although the application of the rat and other large animal model 2 contributed significantly to the elucidation of these studies, the scope of those investigations is limited by the scarcity of knockout and transgenic rats. Due to no effective therapies for obliterative bronchiolitis, the leading cause of death in lung transplant patients, there has been an intensive search for pre-clinical models that replicate obliterative bronchiolitis. The tracheal allograft model is the most widely used and may reproduce some of the histopathologic features of obliterative bronchiolitis 3. However, the lack of an intact vasculature with no connection to the recipient's conducting airways, and incomplete pathologic features of obliterative bronchiolitis limit the utility of this model 4. Unlike transplantation of other solid organs, vascularized mouse lung transplants have only recently been reported by Okazaki and colleagues for the first time in 2007 5. Applying the basic principles of the rat lung transplant, our lab initiated the obliterative bronchiolitis model using minor histoincompatible antigen murine orthotopic single-left lung transplants which allows the further study of obliterative bronchiolitis immunopathogenesis6.

Obliterative bronchiolitis is the key impediment to the long-term survival of lung transplant recipients and the lack of a robust preclinical model precludes examining obliterative bronchiolitis immunopathogenesis. Unlike other solid organ transplants, vascularized mouse lung transplantation has only recently been developed. Here we show our independently developed obliterative bronchiolitis model after murine orthotopic single-lung transplantation.

同所性肺移植のマウスモデルにおける閉塞性細気管支炎の開発

Orthotopic lung transplantation in rats was first reported by Asimacopoulos and colleagues in 1971 1. Currently, this method is well accepted and ...

医学

Murine Heterotopic Heart Transplant Technique

It is now over forty years since this technique was first reported by Corry, Wynn and Russell. Although it took some years for other labs to become proficient in and utilize this technique, it is now widely used by many laboratories around the world. A significant refinement to the original technique was developed and reported in 2001 by Niimi. Described here are the techniques that have evolved over more than a decade in the hands of three surgeons (Plenter, Grazia, Pietra) in our center. These techniques are now being passed on to a younger generation of surgeons and researchers.
Based largely on the Niimi experience, the procedures used have evolved in the fine details - details which we will endeavor to relate here in such a way that others may be able to use this very useful model. Like Niimi, we have found that a video aid to learning is a priceless resource for the beginner.

The manuscript describes the steps required to perform the heterotopic heart transplant in the mouse.

ネズミ異心臓移植技術

It is now over forty years since this technique was first reported by Corry, Wynn and Russell. Although it took some years for other labs to become ...

Mouse Kidney Transplantation: Models of Allograft Rejection

Rejection of the transplanted kidney in humans is still a major cause of morbidity and mortality. The mouse model of renal transplantation closely replicates both the technical and pathological processes that occur in human renal transplantation. Although mouse models of allogeneic rejection in organs other than the kidney exist, and are more technically feasible, there is evidence that different organs elicit disparate rejection modes and dynamics, for instance the time course of rejection in cardiac and renal allograft differs significantly in certain strain combinations. This model is an attractive tool for many reasons despite its technical challenges. As inbred mouse strain haplotypes are well characterized it is possible to choose donor and recipient combinations to model acute allograft rejection by transplanting across MHC class I and II loci. Conversely by transplanting between strains with similar haplotypes a chronic process can be elicited were the allograft kidney develops interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy. We have modified the surgical technique to reduce operating time and improve ease of surgery, however a learning curve still needs to be overcome in order to faithfully replicate the model. This study will provide key points in the surgical procedure and aid the process of establishing this technique.

Here, we present a protocol to study the immunology of rejection. The surgical model presented reports a short operating time and a concise technique. Depending on the donor-recipient strain combination, the transplanted kidney may develop acute cellular rejection or chronic allograft damage, defined by interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy.

マウス腎臓移植：同種移植片拒絶のモデル

Rejection of the transplanted kidney in humans is still a major cause of morbidity and mortality. The mouse model of renal transplantation closely ...

Murine Kidney Transplant Technique

The first mouse kidney transplant technique was published in 19731 by the Russell laboratory. Although it took some years for other labs to become proficient in and utilize this technique, it is now widely used by many laboratories around the world. A significant refinement to the original technique using the donor aorta to form the arterial anastomosis instead of the renal artery was developed and reported in 1993 by Kalina and Mottram 2 with a further advancement coming from the same laboratory in 1999 3. While one can become proficient in this model, a search of the literature reveals that many labs still experience a high proportion of graft loss due to arterial thrombosis. We describe here a technique that was devised in our laboratory that vastly reduces the arterial thrombus reported by others 4,5. This is achieved by forming a heel-and-toe cuff of the donor infra-renal aorta that facilitates a larger anastomosis and straighter blood flow into the kidney.

The goal of this manuscript is to describe the steps required to perform a kidney transplant in a mouse, paying particular attention to the details of the arterial anastomosis.

マウスの腎臓移植​​技術

The first mouse kidney transplant technique was published in 19731 by the Russell laboratory. Although it took some years for other labs to become ...

Normothermic Ex Vivo Kidney Perfusion for the Preservation of Kidney Grafts prior to Transplantation

Kidney transplantation has become a well-established treatment option for patients with end-stage renal failure. The persisting organ shortage remains a serious problem. Therefore, the acceptance criteria for organ donors have been extended leading to the usage of marginal kidney grafts. These marginal organs tolerate cold storage poorly resulting in increased preservation injury and higher rates of delayed graft function. To overcome the limitations of cold storage, extensive research is focused on alternative normothermic preservation methods.
Ex vivo normothermic organ perfusion is an innovative preservation technique. The first experimental and clinical trials for ex vivo lung, liver, and kidney perfusions demonstrated favorable outcomes.
In addition to the reduction of cold ischemic injury, the method of normothermic kidney storage offers the opportunity for organ assessment and repair. This manuscript provides information about kidney retrieval, organ preservation techniques, and isolated ex vivo normothermic kidney perfusion (NEVKP) in a porcine model. Surgical techniques, set up for the perfusion solution and the circuit, potential assessment options, and representative results are demonstrated.

Normothermic Ex Vivo Kidney Perfusion for the Preservation of Kidney Grafts prior to Transplantation

The severe organ shortage has resulted in increased use of marginal kidney grafts for transplantation. This has triggered interest in alternative storage methods, since marginal grafts especially tolerate cold storage poorly. The technique of normothermic ex vivo kidney perfusion (NEVKP) represents a novel preservation method for kidney grafts prior to &#160;transplantation.

正常温度の<em&gt;エクスビボ</em&gt;腎臓の保全のための腎臓の灌流は移植前の移植片

Kidney transplantation has become a well-established treatment option for patients with end-stage renal failure. The persisting organ shortage remains a ...

A Novel Clinical Grade Isolation Method for Human Kidney Perivascular Stromal Cells

Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs) are tissue homeostatic and immune modulatory cells that have shown beneficial effects in kidney diseases and transplantation. Perivascular Stromal Cells (PSCs) share characteristics with bone marrow MSCs (bmMSCs). However, they also possess, most likely due to local imprinting, tissue-specific properties and play a role in local tissue homeostasis. This tissue specificity may result in tissue specific repair, also within the human kidney. We previously showed that human kidney PSCs (kPSCs) have enhanced kidney epithelial wound healing whereas bmMSCs did not have this potential. Moreover, kPSCs can ameliorate kidney injury in vivo. Therefore, kPSCs constitute an interesting source for cell therapy, particularly for kidney diseases and renal transplantation. Here we show the detailed isolation and culture method for kPSCs from transplant-grade human kidneys based on whole-organ perfusion of digestive enzymes via the renal artery and enrichment for the perivascular marker NG2. In this way, large cell quantities can be obtained that are suitable for cellular therapy.

Here we present a novel clinical grade isolation and culture method for kidney Perivascular Stromal Cells (kPSCs) based on whole organ perfusion with digestive enzymes and NG2-cell enrichment. With this method, it is possible to acquire sufficient cell numbers for cellular therapy.

ひと腎臓血管周囲間質細胞の新規臨床等級分離法

Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs) are tissue homeostatic and immune modulatory cells that have shown beneficial effects in kidney diseases and ...

Orthotopic Rat Kidney Transplantation: A Novel and Simplified Surgical Approach

Kidney transplantation offers increased survival rates and improved quality of life for patients with end-stage renal disease, as compared to any type of renal replacement therapy. Over the past few decades, the rat kidney transplantation model has been used to study the immunological phenomena of rejection and tolerance. This model has become an indispensable tool to test new immunomodulatory pharmaceuticals and regimens prior to proceeding with expensive preclinical large animal studies.
This protocol provides a detailed overview of how to reliably perform orthotopic kidney transplantation in rats. This protocol includes three distinctive steps that increase the probability of success: perfusion of the donor kidney by flushing through the portal vein and the use of a cuff system to anastomose the renal veins and ureters, thereby decreasing cold and warm ischemia times. Using this technique, we have achieved survival rates beyond 6 months with normal serum creatinine in animals with syngeneic or tolerant kidney transplants. Depending on the aim of the study, this model can be modified by pre- or posttransplant treatments to study the acute, chronic, cellular, or antibody-mediated rejection. It is a reproducible, reliable, and cost-effective animal model to study different aspects of kidney transplantation.

The purpose of this manuscript and protocol is to explain and demonstrate in detail the surgical procedure of orthotopic kidney transplantation in rats. This method is simplified to achieve the correct perfusion of the donor kidney and shorten the reperfusion time by using the venous and ureteral cuff anastomosis technique.

Orthotopic ラット腎移植: 新規かつ簡便な外科的アプローチ

Kidney transplantation offers increased survival rates and improved quality of life for patients with end-stage renal disease, as compared to any type of ...

Orthotopic Kidney Auto-Transplantation in a Porcine Model Using 24 Hours Organ Preservation And Continuous Telemetry

In the present era of organ transplantation with critical organ shortage, various strategies are employed to expand the pool of available allografts for kidney transplantation (KT). Even though, the use of allografts from extended criteria donors (ECD) could partially ease the shortage of organ donors, ECD organs carry a potentially higher risk for inferior outcomes and postoperative complications. Dynamic organ preservation techniques, modulation of ischemia-reperfusion and preservation injury, and allograft therapies are in the spotlight of scientific interest in an effort to improve allograft utilization and patient outcomes in KT.
Preclinical animal experiments are playing an essential role in translational research, especially in the medical device and drug development. The major advantage of the porcine orthotopic auto-transplantation model over ex vivo or small animal studies lies within the surgical-anatomical and physiological similarities to the clinical setting. This allows the investigation of new therapeutic methods and techniques and ensures a facilitated clinical translation of the findings. This protocol provides a comprehensive and problem-oriented description of the porcine orthotopic kidney auto-transplantation model, using a preservation time of 24 hours and telemetry monitoring. The combination of sophisticated surgical techniques with highly standardized and state-of-the-art methods of anesthesia, animal housing, perioperative follow up, and monitoring ensure the reproducibility and success of this model.

Large animal models play an essential role in preclinical transplantation research. Due to its similarities to the clinical setup, the porcine model of orthotopic kidney auto-transplantation described in this article provides an excellent in vivo setting for the testing of organ preservation techniques and therapeutic interventions.

24時間臓器保存と連続テレメトリを用いた豚モデルにおける異形性腎臓自動移植

In the present era of organ transplantation with critical organ shortage, various strategies are employed to expand the pool of available allografts for ...

Fat-Covered Islet Transplantation Using Epididymal White Adipose Tissue

Islet transplantation is a cellular replacement therapy for severe diabetes mellitus. The intraperitoneal cavity is typically the transplant site for this procedure. However, intraperitoneal islet transplantation has some limitations, including poor transplant efficacy, difficult graft detection ability, and a lack of graftectomy capability for post-transplant analysis. In this paper, "fat-covered islet transplantation", an intraperitoneal islet transplantation method that utilizes epididymal white adipose tissue, is used to assess the therapeutic effects of bioengineered islets. The simplicity of the method lies in the seeding of islets onto epididymal white adipose tissue and using the tissue to cover the islets. While this method can be categorized as an intraperitoneal islet transplantation technique, it shares characteristics with intra-adipose tissue islet transplantation. The fat-covered islet transplantation method demonstrates more robust therapeutic effects than intra-adipose tissue islet transplantation, however, including the improvement of blood glucose and plasma insulin levels and the potential for graft removal. We recommend the adoption of this method for assessing the mechanisms of islet engraftment into white adipose tissue and the therapeutic effects of bioengineered islets.

This fat-covered islet transplantation method is suitable for the detection of engrafted islets in the intraperitoneal cavity. Notably, it does not require the use of biobinding agents or suturing.

精巣上体白色脂肪組織を用いた脂肪被覆膵島移植

Islet transplantation is a cellular replacement therapy for severe diabetes mellitus. The intraperitoneal cavity is typically the transplant site for this ...

Robot-Assisted Kidney Transplantation

This paper describes robot-assisted kidney transplantation (RAKT) from a living donor. The robot is docked between the parted legs of the patient, placed in the supine Trendelenburg position. Kidney allografts are provided by a living donor. Before vascular anastomosis, the kidney allograft is prepared by inserting a double-J stent in the ureter, and the temperature for the anastomosis is lowered by wrapping it in an ice-packed gauze. A 12 mm or 8 mm port for the robotic camera and three 8 mm ports for robotic arms are placed. A peritoneal pouch is created for the kidney allograft by raising the peritoneal flaps on both sides over the psoas muscle before dissecting the iliac vessels and bladder. A 6 cm Pfannenstiel incision is made to insert the kidney into the peritoneal pouch, lateral to the right iliac vessels. 
After clamping the external iliac vein with Bulldogs clamps, a venotomy is performed, and the graft renal vein is anastomosed to the external iliac vein in an end-to-side continuous manner with a 6/0 polytetrafluoroethylene suture. After clamping the graft renal vein, the iliac vein is declamped. This is followed by clamping of the external iliac artery, arteriotomy, arterial anastomosis with a 6/0 polytetrafluoroethylene suture, clamping of the graft renal artery, and declamping of the external iliac artery. Reperfusion is then carried out, and ureteroneocystostomy is performed using the Lich-Gregoir technique. The peritoneum is closed at a few locations with polymer locking clips, and a closed-suction drain is placed through one of the working ports. After deflating the pneumoperitoneum, all incisions are closed.

This paper provides technical details for robot-assisted kidney transplantation from a living donor.

ロボット支援腎移植

This paper describes robot-assisted kidney transplantation (RAKT) from a living donor. The robot is docked between the parted legs of the patient, placed ...