この作品は、健康補助NS - 38849と糖尿病の合併症の研究のためのDK - 076160、少年糖尿病研究財団センター、神経学研究と発見とでA.アルフレッドトーブマン医学研究所のプログラムの国立研究所によってサポートされていましたミシガン大学。この作品は、形態と糖尿病および消化器腎臓病研究所から健康グラント5P60 DK - 20572の国民の協会によって資金を供給ミシガン糖尿病研究研修センター、の画像解析のコアを使用。著者は様々な彼の貴重なアドバイスのための分子プローブ/ InvitrogenからスコットT.クラークに感謝をクリックして、それがEDUの増幅技術の初期の開発を支援するためのキットや試薬の寛大な寄付をラベリングEDU。

<ol>
	<li>Chan, D. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitochondrial+fusion+and+fission+in+mammals.">Mitochondrial fusion and fission in mammals.</a> Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 22, 79-99 (2006).</li><li>Dimmer, K. S., Scorrano, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=(De)constructing+mitochondria:+what+for.">(De)constructing mitochondria: what for.</a> Physiology (Bethesda). 21, 233-241 (2006).</li><li>Suen, D. F., Norris, K. L., Youle, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitochondrial+dynamics+and+apoptosis.">Mitochondrial dynamics and apoptosis.</a> Genes Dev. 22, 1577-1590 (2008).</li><li>Clay Montier, L. L., Deng, J. J., Bai, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Number+matters:+control+of+mammalian+mitochondrial+DNA+copy+number.">Number matters: control of mammalian mitochondrial DNA copy number.</a> J. Genet. Genomics. 36 (3), 125-131 (2009).</li><li>Salic, A., Mitchison, T. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+chemical+method+for+fast+and+sensitive+detection+of+DNA+synthesis+in+vivo.">A chemical method for fast and sensitive detection of DNA synthesis in vivo.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A. 105, 2415-2420 (2008).</li><li>Buck, S. B., Bradford, J., Gee, K. R., Agnew, B. J., Clarke, S. T., Salic, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detection+of+S-phase+cell+cycle+progression+using+5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine+incorporation+with+click+chemistry,+an+alternative+to+using+5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine+antibodies.">Detection of S-phase cell cycle progression using 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine incorporation with click chemistry, an alternative to using 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine antibodies.</a> Biotechniques. 44, 927-929 (2008).</li><li>Yu, Y., Arora, A., Min, W., Roifman, C. M., Grunebaum, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=EdU+incorporation+is+an+alternative+non-radioactive+assay+to+[(3)H]thymidine+uptake+for+in+vitro+measurement+of+mice+T-cell+proliferations.">EdU incorporation is an alternative non-radioactive assay to [(3)H]thymidine uptake for in vitro measurement of mice T-cell proliferations.</a> J Immunol Methods. 350 (1-2), 29-35 (2009).</li><li>Heusden, J. V. a. n., Jong, P. d. e., Ramaekers, F., Bruwiere, H., Borgers, M., Smets, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fluorescein-labeled+tyramide+strongly+enhances+the+detection+of+low+bromodeoxyuridine+incorporation+levels.">Fluorescein-labeled tyramide strongly enhances the detection of low bromodeoxyuridine incorporation levels.</a> J. Histochem. Cytochem. 45 (2), 315-319 (1997).</li><li>Cappella, P., Gasparri, F., Pulici, M., Moll, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+method+based+on+click+chemistry,+which+overcomes+limitations+of+cell+cycle+analysis+by+classical+determination+of+BrdU+incorporation,+allowing+multiplex+antibody+staining.">A novel method based on click chemistry, which overcomes limitations of cell cycle analysis by classical determination of BrdU incorporation, allowing multiplex antibody staining.</a> Cytometry A. 73, 626-636 (2008).</li><li>Kaiser, C. L., Kamien, A. J., Shah, P. A., Chapman, B. J., Cotanche, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=5-Ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine+labeling+detects+proliferating+cells+in+the+regenerating+avian+cochlea.">5-Ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine labeling detects proliferating cells in the regenerating avian cochlea.</a> Laryngoscope. 119, 1770-1775 (2009).</li><li>Lentz, S. I., Edwards, J. L., Backus, C., McLean, L. L., Haines, K. M., Feldman, E. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitochondrial+DNA+(mtDNA)+Biogenesis:+Visualization+and+Duel+Incorporation+of+BrdU+and+EdU+Into+Newly+Synthesized+mtDNA+In.">Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) Biogenesis: Visualization and Duel Incorporation of BrdU and EdU Into Newly Synthesized mtDNA In.</a> Vitro. J Histochem Cytochem. 58 (2), 207-218 (2010).</li><li>Edwards, J. L., Quattrini, A., Lentz, S. I., Figueroa-Romero, C., Cerri, F., Backus, C., Hong, Y., Feldman, E. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diabetes+regulates+mitochondrial+biogenesis+and+fission+in+mouse+neurons.">Diabetes regulates mitochondrial biogenesis and fission in mouse neurons.</a> Diabetologia. 53 (1), 160-169 (2010).</li><li>Davis, A. F., Clayton, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+situ+localization+of+mitochondrial+DNA+replication+in+intact+mammalian+cells.">In situ localization of mitochondrial DNA replication in intact mammalian cells.</a> J. Cell Biol. 135, 883-893 (1996).</li><li>Magnusson, J., Orth, M., Lestienne, P., Taanman, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Replication+of+mitochondrial+DNA+occurs+throughout+the+mitochondria+of+cultured+human+cells.">Replication of mitochondrial DNA occurs throughout the mitochondria of cultured human cells.</a> Exp. Cell. Res. 289, 133-142 (2003).</li><li>Amiri, M., Hollenbeck, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitochondrial+biogenesis+in+the+axons+of+vertebrate+peripheral+neurons.">Mitochondrial biogenesis in the axons of vertebrate peripheral neurons.</a> Dev. Neurobiol. 68, 1348-1361 (2008).</li></ol>

利害の衝突は宣言されません。

我々は、EDUのチラミド信号増幅を使用して、個々の細胞内で新しく合成されたミトコンドリアDNAを標識するために感度の高いアッセイを開発した。このプロトコルの最適化中の最大の問題の1つは、カバーグラスの間に一貫性のない結果だった。変更は、個々のカバーガラス上で少量を混合し、すべてのカバーガラスに使用するマスターソリューションを避けるためにインビトロジェンのキットのプロトコールに行われました。各12ミリメートルの円形のガラスカバースリップのために使用される75から80μLのサンプル間で一貫性のある結果を得るために十分なソリューションを提供しながら、完全に表面の面積をカバーする理想的なボリュームです。インキュベーション時間と試薬の濃度が最適化されたが、改善は、それらの調整と見られるかもしれません。 プロトコルは、一度、各プロセスを実行するように設計されています。しかし、ステップのいくつかは最初の試みの後に失敗したサンプルを回収する新しいソリューションで繰り返されてきた。特に、EDUのクリック反応のステップ（3.4から3.6）は、バックグラウンドの蛍光が大幅に増加することなく繰り返されてきた。抗オレゴングリーン- HRP抗体のインキュベーション（4.1から4.3）とチラミド増幅（4.4〜4.5）の手順では、また繰り返されて、しかし、増加するため、バックグラウンド蛍光の雑音比と劣悪な信号でより頻繁に結果している。 最も敏感な試薬は、Click - IT EDUマイクロプレートアッセイキットからクリックして- IT EDUバッファ添加物（成分G）とウサギ抗オレゴングリーン- HRP抗体（成分I）です。 4℃で保存されていると6-12ヶ月の間にかなり暗くするときにクリックして- IT EDUバッファの添加剤は、徐々に黄色に変わります。 -20℃でクリックして- IT EDUバッファの添加剤の保管は、Cは、この問題を軽減します。ラベリングとチラミド増幅ステップは、ウサギ抗オレゴングリーン- HRP抗体をミリQのdH 2 Oにそれを再構成するの4-6ヶ月以内に使用されているときに最高の仕事 mtDNAのEDUの軽度のラベリングは、追加の細胞マーカー9月11日との直接比較が可能で、そのような過酷な治療が回復するために必要な5 -ブロモ-2 -デオキシウリジン（BrdU）、などの他のチミジン類似体以上この手法の有用性を、強化さDNA内のそのエピトープ。当研究室で11月12日 、他は13から15を正常ミトコンドリアDNAを標識するためにBrdUを使用している。 BrdU標識法は、EDUのために使用されるものと似ていますが、いくつか重要な違い（図5）があります。 （3.1から3.2まで）上記の透過化工程の後に、BrdUをエピトープが変性ステップ（37℃で30分間2 N塩酸° Cの1X PBSで3回洗浄が続く）で回収される。 BrdUのはその後のBrdUに対する一次抗体で標識されている（ベクターラボラトリーズは、TSAキットから1％ブロッキング液で1:50に希釈し、4℃で一晩インキュベート）。二次抗体のステップの前に（ヤギ抗マウスIgG 1パーセントブロッキング溶液で1:100に希釈しTSAキット＃2と＃5、からHRPにコンジュゲートと、室温で45分間インキュベート）のBrdU信号を増幅するために必要ですTSAの手順（上記4.3から4.5）。ラベルのミトコンドリアDNAに2つのチミジン類似体、EDUとBrdUを、持つことのmtDNAを順次パルスラベリングのパラダイム11で標識することができるデュアルラベル実験を行うために有利で ​​ある。 当研究室では、糖尿病性神経障害、糖尿病の一般的な合併症の文脈におけるミトコンドリア生合成の調節を検討するEDUとミトコンドリアDNAのBrdU標識を使用しています。私たちは正常に個々のニューロン11-12のミトコンドリアDNA生合成の変化を測定するために信号増幅を使用している。この手法は、mtDNAの複製と売上高のかミトコンドリアDNAの合成を阻害する薬剤を識別するためのメカニズムを探求するように設計された他の実験で有用であろう。さらに、EDUとBrdU信号を増幅の基本原理は、他​​の研究でその小節のDNA複製や修復に適用することができる。

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<td>12 mm coverslips</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
<td>12-545-82</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>245 mm x 245 mm BioAssay Dish</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Corning</td>
<td>431111</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>Parafilm M</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
<td>PM-996</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>paraformaldehye</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
<td>P6148</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>Triton X-100</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
<td>T-8532</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>Phosphate buffered saline 10X solution</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
<td>BP399</td>
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<td>Transfer Pipet</td>
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<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
<td>13-711-7M</td>
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<td>Hydrogen peroxide, 30% in water</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
<td>BP2633</td>
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<td>Click-iT EdU Microplate Assay Kit</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>C10214</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>TSA Kit #12, with HRP&#x2014;goat anti-rabbit IgG and Alexa Fluor 488 tyramide</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>T20922</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>TSA Kit #15, with HRP&#x2013;goat anti-rabbit IgG and Alexa Fluor 594 tyramide</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>T20925</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>ProLong Gold antifade reagent with DAPI</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>P-36931</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>Polyclonal rabbit Neurofilament antibody</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Chemicon</td>
<td>AB1981</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>Mouse monoclonal anti-BrdU antibody</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Vector Laboratories</td>
<td>VP-B209</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>TSA Kit #2, with HRP&#x2014;goat anti-mouse IgG and Alexa Fluor 488 tyramide</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>T20912</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>TSA Kit #5, with HRP&#x2014;goat anti-mouse IgG and Alexa Fluor 594 tyramide</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>T20915</td>
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visualization of mitochondrial dna replication in individual cells by edu signal amplification

ミトコンドリア細胞のエネルギーとミトコンドリアの生合成の重要な調節因子は1-3健康な細胞のミトコンドリア数を調節するのに不可欠なコンポーネントですがあります。ミトコンドリア発生を監視するための一つのアプローチは、ミトコンドリアDNA（mtDNA）の複製4の速度を測定することです。我々は、ミトコンドリアDNAの生合成を研究するために、個々の細胞で新たに合成されたミトコンドリアDNAを標識するために感度の高い手法を開発した。テクニックは、ニューロンの細胞内コンパートメント内にミトコンドリアDNAの複製を視覚化するチラミドシグナル増幅（TSA）8プロトコル5-7 5 -エチニル-2&#39; -デオキシウリジン（EDU）の混入を兼ね備えています。 EDU 5-7をラベル付けするために最初のクリックの反応がBrdUのエピトープを露出させるために必要とされるその過酷な酸処理または酵素消化を必要としないため、EDUは、例えば5 -ブロモ-2 -デオキシウリジン（BrdU）のような他のチミジン類似体よりも優れている。 EDUの穏やかなラベリングは、他の細胞のマーカー90から10と、その設立の直接比較が可能になります。ミトコンドリアDNAの生合成を可視化し定量化する能力は、ミトコンドリアの生合成を調節するために、薬剤の毒性、老化、がんや神経変性疾患に関連付けられている病因への洞察を提供する使用されるメカニズムを調査するための不可欠なツールを提供しています。私たちの技術は、感覚神経だけでなく、他のタイプの細胞に適用可能です。ミトコンドリアDNAの生合成を測定するためにこのテクニックの使用は、両方とも正常な細胞生理学だけでなく、障害者の疾病状態の理解をすすめるための重要な意味を持っている。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Visualization of Mitochondrial DNA Replication in Individual Cells by EdU Signal Amplification at JoVE.com

Visualization of Mitochondrial DNA Replication in Individual Cells by EdU Signal Amplification

我々は、ミトコンドリアDNAの生合成を研究するために、個々の細胞内で新しく合成されたミトコンドリアDNA（mtDNA）を標識するために感度の高い手法を開発した。テクニックは、ニューロンの細胞内コンパートメント内にミトコンドリアDNAの複製を視覚化するチラミドシグナル増幅（TSA）プロトコルと一緒にEDUの取り込みを兼ね備えています。

EDU信号増幅による個別細胞におけるミトコンドリアDNAの複製の可視化

Mitochondria are key regulators of cellular energy and mitochondrial biogenesis is an essential component of regulating mitochondria numbers in healthy ...

visualization-mitochondrial-dna-replication-individual-cells-edu

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

22.9K ビュー.  University of Michigan. 我々は、ミトコンドリアDNAの生合成を研究するために、個々の細胞内で新しく合成されたミトコンドリアDNA（mtDNA）を標識するために感度の高い手法を開発した。テクニックは、ニューロンの細胞内コンパートメント内にミトコンドリアDNAの複製を視覚化するチラミドシグナル増幅（TSA）プロトコルと一緒にEDUの取り込みを兼ね備えています。

ビデオ: Visualization of Mitochondrial DNA Replication in Individual Cells by EdU Signal Amplification

Automated Interactive Video Playback for Studies of Animal Communication

Video playback is a widely-used technique for the controlled manipulation and presentation of visual signals in animal communication. In particular, parameter-based computer animation offers the opportunity to independently manipulate any number of behavioral, morphological, or spectral characteristics in the context of realistic, moving images of animals on screen. A major limitation of conventional playback, however, is that the visual stimulus lacks the ability to interact with the live animal. Borrowing from video-game technology, we have created an automated, interactive system for video playback that controls animations in response to real-time signals from a video tracking system. We demonstrated this method by conducting mate-choice trials on female swordtail fish, Xiphophorus birchmanni. Females were given a simultaneous choice between a courting male conspecific and a courting male heterospecific (X. malinche) on opposite sides of an aquarium. The virtual male stimulus was programmed to track the horizontal position of the female, as courting males do in the wild. Mate-choice trials on wild-caught X. birchmanni females were used to validate the prototype's ability to effectively generate a realistic visual stimulus.

Video playback is a widely used technique in animal behavior. We created and evaluated a program that applies rules-based, interactive playback of 3-D computer animations in response to real-time, automated data on subject behavior.

アニマルコミュニケーションの研究のための自動化されたインタラクティブなビデオ再生

Video playback is a widely-used technique for the controlled manipulation and presentation of visual signals in animal communication. In particular, ...

神経科学

Transfection of Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells by in vivo Electroporation

The targeting and refinement of RGC projections to the midbrain is a popular and powerful model system for studying how precise patterns of neural connectivity form during development. In mice, retinofugal projections are arranged in a topographic manner and form eye-specific layers in the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (dLGN) of the thalamus and the Superior Colliculus (SC). The development of these precise patterns of retinofugal projections has typically been studied by labeling populations of RGCs with fluorescent dyes and tracers, such as horseradish peroxidase1-4. However, these methods are too coarse to provide insight into developmental changes in individual RGC axonal arbor morphology that are the basis of retinotopic map formation. They also do not allow for the genetic manipulation of RGCs.
Recently, electroporation has become an effective method for providing precise spatial and temporal control for delivery of charged molecules into the retina5-11. Current retinal electroporation protocols do not allow for genetic manipulation and tracing of retinofugal projections of a single or small cluster of RGCs in postnatal mice. It has been argued that postnatal in vivo electroporation is not a viable method for transfecting RGCs since the labeling efficiency is extremely low and hence requires targeting at embryonic ages when RGC progenitors are undergoing differentiation and proliferation6. 
In this video we describe an in vivo electroporation protocol for targeted delivery of genes, shRNA, and fluorescent dextrans to murine RGCs postnatally. This technique provides a cost effective, fast and relatively easy platform for efficient screening of candidate genes involved in several aspects of neural development including axon retraction, branching, lamination, regeneration and synapse formation at various stages of circuit development. In summary we describe here a valuable tool which will provide further insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying sensory map development.

Transfection of Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells by in vivo Electroporation

We demonstrate an in vivo electroporation protocol for transfecting single or small clusters of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and other retinal cell types in postnatal mice over a wide range of ages. The ability to label and genetically manipulate postnatal RGCs in vivo is a powerful tool for developmental studies.

によるマウス網膜神経節細胞のトランスフェクション in vivoでエレクトロポレーション

The targeting and refinement of RGC projections to the midbrain is a popular and powerful model system for studying how precise patterns of neural ...

Live-cell Imaging of Sensory Organ Precursor Cells in Intact Drosophila Pupae

Since the discovery of Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP), there has been a revolutionary change in the use of live-cell imaging as a tool for understanding fundamental biological mechanisms. Striking progress has been particularly evident in Drosophila, whose extensive toolkit of mutants and transgenic lines provides a convenient model to study evolutionarily-conserved developmental and cell biological mechanisms. We are interested in understanding the mechanisms that control cell fate specification in the adult peripheral nervous system (PNS) in Drosophila. Bristles that cover the head, thorax, abdomen, legs and wings of the adult fly are individual mechanosensory organs, and have been studied as a model system for understanding mechanisms of Notch-dependent cell fate decisions. Sensory organ precursor (SOP) cells of the microchaetes (or small bristles), are distributed throughout the epithelium of the pupal thorax, and are specified during the first 12 hours after the onset of pupariation. After specification, the SOP cells begin to divide, segregating the cell fate determinant Numb to one daughter cell during mitosis. Numb functions as a cell-autonomous inhibitor of the Notch signaling pathway.
Here, we show a method to follow protein dynamics in SOP cell and its progeny within the intact pupal thorax using a combination of tissue-specific Gal4 drivers and GFP-tagged fusion proteins 1,2.This technique has the advantage over fixed tissue or cultured explants because it allows us to follow the entire development of an organ from specification of the neural precursor to growth and terminal differentiation of the organ. We can therefore directly correlate changes in cell behavior to changes in terminal differentiation. Moreover, we can combine the live imaging technique with mosaic analysis with a repressible cell marker (MARCM) system to assess the dynamics of tagged proteins in mitotic SOPs under mutant or wildtype conditions. Using this technique, we and others have revealed novel insights into regulation of asymmetric cell division and the control of Notch signaling activation in SOP cells (examples include references 1-6,7 ,8).

Live-cell Imaging of Sensory Organ Precursor Cells in Intact Drosophila Pupae

In this video, we describe a method for live cell imaging of asymmetrically dividing sensory organ progenitor cells and epidermal cells in intact Drosophila pupae

無傷の感覚器官の前駆細胞の生細胞イメージングショウジョウバエ蛹

Since the discovery of Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP), there has been a revolutionary change in the use of live-cell imaging as a tool for understanding ...

Visualization of Proprioceptors in Drosophila Larvae and Pupae

Proprioception is the ability to sense the motion, or position, of body parts by responding to stimuli arising within the body. In fruitflies and other insects proprioception is provided by specialized sensory organs termed chordotonal organs (ChOs) 2. Like many other organs in Drosophila, ChOs develop twice during the life cycle of the fly. First, the larval ChOs develop during embryogenesis. Then, the adult ChOs start to develop in the larval imaginal discs and continue to differentiate during metamorphosis.
The development of larval ChOs during embryogenesis has been studied extensively 10,11,13,15,16. The centerpiece of each ChO is a sensory unit composed of a neuron and a scolopale cell. The sensory unit is stretched between two types of accessory cells that attach to the cuticle via specialized epidermal attachment cells 1,9,14. When a fly larva moves, the relative displacement of the epidermal attachment cells leads to stretching of the sensory unit and consequent opening of specific transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV) channels at the outer segment of the dendrite 8,12. The elicited signal is then transferred to the locomotor central pattern generator circuit in the central nervous system.
Multiple ChOs have been described in the adult fly 7. These are located near the joints of the adult fly appendages (legs, wings and halters) and in the thorax and abdomen. In addition, several hundreds of ChOs collectively form the Johnston's organ in the adult antenna that transduce acoustic to mechanical energy 3,5,17,4.
In contrast to the extensive knowledge about the development of ChOs in embryonic stages, very little is known about the morphology of these organs during larval stages. Moreover, with the exception of femoral ChOs 18 and Johnston's organ, our knowledge about the development and structure of ChOs in the adult fly is very fragmentary.
Here we describe a method for staining and visualizing ChOs in third instar larvae and pupae. This method can be applied together with genetic tools to better characterize the morphology and understand the development of the various ChOs in the fly.

Visualization of Proprioceptors in Drosophila Larvae and Pupae

A method to immunostain and visualize chordotonal organs in larvae and pupae of Drosophila melanogaster is described.

でProprioceptorsの可視化<em&gt;ショウジョウバエ</em&gt;幼虫および蛹

Proprioception is the ability to sense the motion, or position, of body parts by responding to stimuli arising within the body. In fruitflies and other ...

Targeted Labeling of Neurons in a Specific Functional Micro-domain of the Neocortex by Combining Intrinsic Signal and Two-photon Imaging

In the primary visual cortex of non-rodent mammals, neurons are clustered according to their preference for stimulus features such as orientation1-4, direction5-7, ocular dominance8,9 and binocular disparity9. Orientation selectivity is the most widely studied feature and a continuous map with a quasi-periodic layout for preferred orientation is present across the entire primary visual cortex10,11. Integrating the synaptic, cellular and network contributions that lead to stimulus selective responses in these functional maps requires the hybridization of imaging techniques that span sub-micron to millimeter spatial scales. With conventional intrinsic signal optical imaging, the overall layout of functional maps across the entire surface of the visual cortex can be determined12. The development of in vivo two-photon microscopy using calcium sensitive dyes enables one to determine the synaptic input arriving at individual dendritic spines13 or record activity simultaneously from hundreds of individual neuronal cell bodies6,14. Consequently, combining intrinsic signal imaging with the sub-micron spatial resolution of two-photon microscopy offers the possibility of determining exactly which dendritic segments and cells contribute to the micro-domain of any functional map in the neocortex. Here we demonstrate a high-yield method for rapidly obtaining a cortical orientation map and targeting a specific micro-domain in this functional map for labeling neurons with fluorescent dyes in a non-rodent mammal. With the same microscope used for two-photon imaging, we first generate an orientation map using intrinsic signal optical imaging. Then we show how to target a micro-domain of interest using a micropipette loaded with dye to either label a population of neuronal cell bodies or label a single neuron such that dendrites, spines and axons are visible in vivo. Our refinements over previous methods facilitate an examination of neuronal structure-function relationships with sub-cellular resolution in the framework of neocortical functional architectures.

A method is described for labeling neurons with fluorescent dyes in predetermined functional micro-domains of the neocortex. First, intrinsic signal optical imaging is used to obtain a functional map. Then two-photon microscopy is used to label and image neurons within a micro-domain of the map.

特定の機能的内因性シグナルの組み合わせによる新皮質のミクロドメインと二光子イメージングにおけるニューロンの標的標識

In the primary visual cortex of non-rodent mammals, neurons are clustered according to their preference for stimulus features such as orientation1-4, ...

A Method for High Fidelity Optogenetic Control of Individual Pyramidal Neurons In vivo

Optogenetic methods have emerged as a powerful tool for elucidating neural circuit activity underlying a diverse set of behaviors across a broad range of species. Optogenetic tools of microbial origin consist of light-sensitive membrane proteins that are able to activate (e.g., channelrhodopsin-2, ChR2) or silence (e.g., halorhodopsin, NpHR) neural activity ingenetically-defined cell types over behaviorally-relevant timescales. We first demonstrate a simple approach for adeno-associated virus-mediated delivery of ChR2 and NpHR transgenes to the dorsal subiculum and prelimbic region of the prefrontal cortex in rat. Because ChR2 and NpHR are genetically targetable, we describe the use of this technology to control the electrical activity of specific populations of neurons (i.e., pyramidal neurons) embedded in heterogeneous tissue with high temporal precision. We describe herein the hardware, custom software user interface, and procedures that allow for simultaneous light delivery and electrical recording from transduced pyramidal neurons in an anesthetized in vivo preparation. These light-responsive tools provide the opportunity for identifying the causal contributions of different cell types to information processing and behavior.

A Method for High Fidelity Optogenetic Control of Individual Pyramidal Neurons In vivo

The recent development of neuroscience tools that combine genetics and optics, termed "optogenetics", enables control over neural circuit activity with an unprecedented level of spatial and temporal resolution. Here we provide a protocol for integrating in vivo recording with optogenetic manipulation of genetically-defined subsets of prefrontal cortical and subicular pyramidal neurons.

個々の錐体細胞のハイフィデリティOptogenetic制御法<em&gt;インビボ</em

Optogenetic methods  have emerged as a powerful tool for elucidating neural circuit activity  underlying a diverse set of behaviors across a broad range ...

One Mouse, Two Cultures: Isolation and Culture of Adult Neural Stem Cells from the Two Neurogenic Zones of Individual Mice

The neurosphere assay and the adherent monolayer culture system are valuable tools to determine the potential (proliferation or differentiation) of adult neural stem cells in vitro. These assays can be used to compare the precursor potential of cells isolated from genetically different or differentially treated animals&#160;to determine the effects of exogenous factors on neural precursor cell proliferation and differentiation and to generate neural precursor cell lines that can be assayed over continuous passages. The neurosphere assay is traditionally used for the post-hoc identification of stem cells, primarily due to the lack of definitive markers with which they can be isolated from primary tissue&#160;and has the major advantage of giving a quick estimate of precursor cell numbers in brain tissue derived from individual animals. Adherent monolayer cultures, in contrast, are not traditionally used to compare proliferation between individual animals, as each culture is generally initiated from the combined tissue of between 5-8 animals. However, they have the major advantage that, unlike neurospheres, they consist of a mostly homogeneous population of precursor cells and are useful for following the differentiation process in single cells. Here, we describe, in detail, the generation of neurosphere cultures and, for the first time, adherent cultures from individual animals. This has many important implications including paired analysis of proliferation and/or differentiation potential in both the subventricular zone (SVZ) and dentate gyrus (DG) of treated or genetically different mouse lines, as well as a significant reduction in animal usage.

Here we describe a detailed protocol for the simultaneous generation of neural precursor cell cultures, as either adherent monolayers or neurospheres, from the subventricular zone and dentate gyrus of individual adult mice.

マウスを一回、二つの文化：個々のマウスの二つの神経原性のゾーンから成体神経幹細胞の単離および培養

The neurosphere assay and the adherent monolayer culture system are valuable tools to determine the potential (proliferation or differentiation) of adult ...

Evaluation of Bioenergetic Function in Cerebral Vascular Endothelial Cells

The integrity of the blood-brain-barrier (BBB) is critical to prevent brain injury. Cerebral vascular endothelial (CVE) cells are one of the cell types that comprise the BBB; these cells have a very high-energy demand, which requires optimal mitochondrial function. In the case of disease or injury, the mitochondrial function in these cells can be altered, resulting in disease or&#160;the opening of the BBB. In this manuscript, we introduce a method to measure mitochondrial function in CVE cells by using whole, intact cells and a bioanalyzer. A mito-stress assay is used to challenge the cells that have been perturbed, either physically or chemically, and evaluate their bioenergetic function. Additionally, this method also provides a useful way to screen new therapeutics that have direct effects on mitochondrial function. We have optimized the cell density necessary to yield oxygen consumption rates that allow for the calculation of a variety of mitochondrial parameters, including ATP production, maximal respiration, and spare capacity. We also show the sensitivity of the assay by demonstrating that the introduction of the&#160;microRNA, miR-34a, leads to a pronounced and detectable decrease in mitochondrial activity. While the data shown in this paper is optimized for the bEnd.3 cell line, we have also optimized the protocol for primary CVE cells, further suggesting the utility in preclinical and clinical models.

Endothelial cell mitochondria are critical to maintain blood-brain-barrier integrity. We introduce a protocol to measure bioenergetic function in cerebral vascular endothelial cells.

脳血管内皮細胞での生体エネルギー機能の評価

The integrity of the blood-brain-barrier (BBB) is critical to prevent brain injury. Cerebral vascular endothelial (CVE) cells are one of the cell types ...

Ratiometric Calcium Imaging of Individual Neurons in Behaving Caenorhabditis Elegans

It has become increasingly clear that neural circuit activity in behaving animals differs substantially from that seen in anesthetized or immobilized animals. Highly sensitive, genetically encoded fluorescent reporters of Ca2+ have revolutionized the recording of cell and synaptic activity using non-invasive optical approaches in behaving animals. When combined with genetic and optogenetic techniques, the molecular mechanisms that modulate cell and circuit activity during different behavior states can be identified.
Here we describe methods for ratiometric Ca2+ imaging of single neurons in freely behaving Caenorhabditis elegans worms. We demonstrate a simple mounting technique that gently overlays worms growing on a standard Nematode Growth Media (NGM) agar block with a glass coverslip, permitting animals to be recorded at high-resolution during unrestricted movement and behavior. With this technique, we use the sensitive Ca2+ reporter GCaMP5 to record changes in intracellular Ca2+ in the serotonergic Hermaphrodite Specific Neurons (HSNs) as they drive egg-laying behavior. By co-expressing mCherry, a Ca2+-insensitive fluorescent protein, we can track the position of the HSN within ~ 1 &#181;m and correct for fluctuations in fluorescence caused by changes in focus or movement. Simultaneous, infrared brightfield imaging allows for behavior recording and animal tracking using a motorized stage. By integrating these microscopic techniques and data streams, we can record Ca2+ activity in the C. elegans egg-laying circuit as it progresses between inactive and active behavior states over tens of minutes.

Ratiometric Calcium Imaging of Individual Neurons in Behaving Caenorhabditis Elegans

This protocol describes the use of genetically encoded Ca2+ reporters to record changes in neural activity in behaving Caenorhabditis elegans worms. &#8195;

線虫の行動で個々 のニューロンのレシオ メトリック カルシウム イメージング

It has become increasingly clear that neural circuit activity in behaving animals differs substantially from that seen in anesthetized or immobilized ...

Advanced Diffusion Imaging in The Hippocampus of Rats with Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is the most common type of acquired brain injury. Since patients with traumatic brain injury show a tremendous variability and heterogeneity (age, gender, type of trauma, other possible pathologies, etc.), animal models play a key role in unraveling factors that are limitations in clinical research. They provide a standardized and controlled setting to investigate the biological mechanisms of injury and repair following TBI. However, not all animal models mimic the diffuse and subtle nature of mTBI effectively. For example, the commonly used controlled cortical impact (CCI) and lateral fluid percussion injury (LFPI) models make use of a craniotomy to expose the brain and induce widespread focal trauma, which are not commonly seen in mTBI. Therefore, these experimental models are not valid to mimic mTBI. Thus, an appropriate model should be used to investigate mTBI. The Marmarou weight drop model for rats induces similar microstructural alterations and cognitive impairments as seen in patients who sustain mild trauma; therefore, this model was selected for this protocol. Conventional computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans commonly show no damage following a mild injury, because mTBI induces often only subtle and diffuse injuries. With diffusion weighted MRI, it is possible to investigate microstructural properties of brain tissue, which can provide more insight into the microscopic alterations following mild trauma. Therefore, the goal of this study is to obtain quantitative information of a selected region-of-interest (i.e., hippocampus) to follow up disease progression after obtaining a mild and diffuse brain injury.

The overall goal of this procedure is to obtain quantitative microstructural information of the hippocampus in a rat with mild traumatic brain injury. This is done using an advanced diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging protocol and region-of-interest based analysis of parametric diffusion maps.