この作品は、PATにNIHの助成金Ey10540によって賄われていた。

1。アイリスの細胞培養<ol><li> 7イモリ（PBSで製造した3 - アミノ安息香酸、メタンスルホン酸エチル0.1％麻酔）とカルシウムマグネシウムフリーハンクス溶液（CMF）の位置から眼球を収集する。 </li><li>手袋を変更し、組織培養フードで働いています。 </li><li> 3秒間Lugol&#39;s - EtOH中で目のボールを滅菌する。 </li><li> CMFで2回洗浄する。 </li><li>ハンクスに目を移し、解剖を始める。 </li><li>アイリス - 角膜の複合体を摘出し、神経網膜を削除します。 </li><li>ハンクスの新しい皿に複合体を移す。 </li><li>背側と腹側半分に＃15メス、別々の複合体を使用する。 </li><li>アイリスの断片を（最初の腹側）を取り外し、1 mlのL - 15を含む皿の場所。 </li><li> 15％（150 UL）ディスパーゼの量を（7.5単位/ mlの濃度）を追加します。 </li><li> 27 2時間° C（パラフィルムでラップ皿）でインキュベートする。 </li><li>ストロマ（27において配置トリプシン溶液° C）からIPE細胞を分離する。 </li><li> 1.5 mlチューブにIPE細胞を回収。 </li><li> 2分間RT（室温）で1000回転で遠心分離、上清を取り除く。 </li><li> 1ミリリットルハンクスと2分間、室温で1000rpmで遠心機で洗って、上清を取り除く。 </li><li> 1ミリリットルトリプシン溶液を追加し、27℃で2時間インキュベート℃に</li><li> 2分間、室温で1000rpmで遠心分離は、トリプシンを削除します。 </li><li> 2分間1000rpmで遠心分離、洗浄するために1 mlのL - 15を追加。 </li><li>ゆっくりと上下に800 ulのL - 15、ピペット〜10回（12倍以上の付着を減少させる）を追加します。 </li><li>プレート27で24ウェルコラーゲンコーティングプレートとインキュベート上IPE細胞℃で2週間（通常は、4背、4腹の井戸は7イモリから得られる）のため。 </li><li>この段階で細胞が遺伝子のトランスフェクションまたは誘引し、又はレンズの再生を妨げることでその役割を決定する要因との治療に適している。 </li></ol> 2。アイリスの細胞の凝集<ol><li>虹彩の細胞を含むプレートに400μlの培地、優しくスワールにディスパーゼ溶液を20μlの追加。 </li><li> 27℃で一晩培養する。 </li><li>上下に優しくピペット細胞を取り除くために、 </li><li>エッペンドルフチュー​​ブ、室温で1000rpmで2分間スピンに場所細胞。 </li><li> 1ミリリットルの完全なL - 15室温で1000rpmで、スピン2分を追加することによって培地と洗浄液を除去、培地を取り除く。 </li><li>集約あたりの2000-7000の細胞を使用してください。各チューブに集約あたり200μlのL - 15を追加。 </li><li>新しいエッペンドルフチュー​​ブに分割細胞（200μl）を。 </li><li>室温で2分間、1000rpmでスピン。 </li><li> 27で48時間インキュベート℃に</li></ol> 3。まとめたところ細胞の移植<ol><li>イモリの目の角膜のスリットを作り、レンズを取り外します。 </li><li>レンズを除去した後、ちょうど目の腹側の角膜組織の下にIPE細胞の集合体を配置。 </li><li>イモリは、それらがレンズを再生成できるようにするか月間保持されます。 </li></ol> 4。イモリの目の埋め込み<ol><li>アグリゲートを移植したイモリの目を削除し、リン酸塩に置くには、緩衝食塩水（PBS）。 </li><li>少なくとも4時間または一晩4℃で4％パラホルムアルデヒドで固定してください。 </li><li> 30分間、PBS、4℃で洗浄する。 </li><li> 4℃、30分：0.85％生理食塩水でそれを扱う。 </li><li> 15分間RT：生理食塩水/エタノール（1:1）で洗浄する。 </li><li> 70％エタノールで洗う：RT、15分。一度それを繰り返します。 </li><li> 85％エタノールで洗浄し、室温にて95％エタノール、30分ごとに</li><li> 100％エタノールで洗う：RT、30分。一度それを繰り返します。 </li><li> 4℃または継続。 </li><li> 100％キシレンで洗浄する：RT、30分。一度それを繰り返します。 </li><li> 60 ° C、45分：キシレン/パラフィン（1:1）で扱います。 </li><li> 60 ° C、20分：100％パラフィンで処理。それをあと2回繰り返します。 </li><li>金型を埋め込むに埋め込む。 </li></ol> 5。セクショニング<ol><li>ミクロトームを使用して埋め込まれた目の15μmの切片を作製します。 </li><li>ゼラチンコートしたスライド上に目のセクションを配置し、暖かくスライド上に置いたまま。 </li></ol> 6。染色<ol><li> 10分間、キシレンでスライドを置きます。もう一度それを繰り返します。 </li><li>の水和物：100％、95％、80％、70％、1分ごとに30％エタノール</li><li>分間超純水ですすいでください。 </li><li> 15分間PBSで洗浄する。 </li><li> 15分間PBST（0.2％PBSでトリトン- X 100）で洗浄する。 </li><li> 15分間PBSで洗浄する。 </li><li>時間溶液（1​​0％ヤギ二次抗体）をブロッキングの場所。 </li><li>一晩一次抗体の場所。 </li><li> 15分間PBSで一次抗体を洗浄してください。 </li><li> 15分間PBSTで洗浄する。 </li><li> 15分間PBSで洗浄する。 </li><li>暗所で2時間二次抗体の代わりに（PBSで1:100希釈）。 </li><li> 15分ごとにしてからマウントするためにPBS、PBST、そしてPBSで洗浄する。 </li><li>蛍光顕微鏡下でスライドを観察。 </li></ol> 7。代表的な結果： 培養イモリIRのこの手順細胞は背側と腹側IPE細胞の再生の可能性を研究するために利用されているです。また、イモリの眼のレンズの再生メカニズムに向けて貢献する特定の遺伝子を研究することも可能です。細胞を2週間培養されているとき（ 図1）これらはレンズの再生でその機能を調べるために遺伝子によってトランスフェクトすることができます。特に興味深いのは、腹側の絞りを誘発するかもしれない遺伝子があります。腹側アイリスの細胞がレンズ（ 図2）候補遺伝子の誘導機能に分化形質転換することができないので研究することができる。過去には、このテクニックを使用して我々は6 - 3はオーバーレチノイン酸のレンズの誘導の存在下で発現されたときに腹側絞り6から観察されたことが示されている。 図3に我々は腹側アイリスの集合体は背側アイリス（矢印）からホストのレンズよりも差が十分に成長し、分化したレンズ（矢印）、を生じさせたことがわかります。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2713/2713fig1.jpg" alt="図1" /> 図1。 ）背虹彩色素上皮細胞は2週間の期間のためにin vitroで培養した。 b）の腹側の虹彩色素上皮細胞は2週間の期間のためにin vitroで培養した。色素沈着は、背側と腹側の両方虹彩の細胞でこの段階に続くことに注意してください。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2713/2713fig2.jpg" alt="図2" /> 図2。培養IPE細胞の再生能力。背IPE細胞の集合体（矢頭）からA）レンズの誘導。背アイリス（矢印）、ディからレンズの誘導ホスト：背アイリス、viの：腹側アイリス、ル：レンズ上皮、LF：レンズ繊維。腹IPE細胞の集合体（矢頭）からレンズの誘導のb）の欠如。背アイリス（矢印）からホストのレンズの誘導。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2713/2713fig3.jpg" alt="図3" /> 図3。腹骨材からのレンズの誘導は、6 - 3をトランスフェクトし、レチノイン酸で処理した。背アイリス（矢印）からホストのレンズの誘導。腹骨材（矢頭）からレンズの誘導。

<ol>
	<li>Tsonis, P. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regeneration+in+vertebrates.">Regeneration in vertebrates.</a> Dev Biol. 221, 273-284 (2000).</li><li>Tsonis, P. A., Madhavan, M., Tancous, E. E., Del Rio-Tsonis, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+newt's+eye+view+of+lens+regeneration.">A newt's eye view of lens regeneration.</a> Int. J. Dev. Biol. 48, 975-980 (2004).</li><li>Del Rio-Tsonis, K., Tsonis, P. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Eye+regeneration+at+the+molecular+age.">Eye regeneration at the molecular age.</a> Dev. Dyn. , 226-2211 (2003).</li><li>Okamoto, M., Ito, M., Owaribe, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Difference+between+dorsal+and+ventral+iris+in+lens+producing+potency+in+normal+lens+regeneration+is+maintained+after+dissociation+and+reaggregation+of+cells+from+the+adult+newt,+Cynops+pyrrhogaster.">Difference between dorsal and ventral iris in lens producing potency in normal lens regeneration is maintained after dissociation and reaggregation of cells from the adult newt, Cynops pyrrhogaster.</a> Develop Growth Differ. 40, 11-18 (1998).</li><li>Hayashi, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Highly+efficient+transfection+system+for+functional+gene+analysis+in+adult+amphibian+lens+regeneration.">Highly efficient transfection system for functional gene analysis in adult amphibian lens regeneration.</a> Develop Growth Differ. 43, 361-370 (2001).</li><li>Grogg, M. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=BMP+inhibition-driven+regulation+of+six-3+underlies+induction+of+newt+lens+regeneration.">BMP inhibition-driven regulation of six-3 underlies induction of newt lens regeneration.</a> Nature. 438, 858-862 (2005).</li><li>Nakamura, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=miRNAs+in+Newt+Lens+Regeneration:+Specific+Control+of+Proliferation+and+Evidence+for+miRNA+Networking.">miRNAs in Newt Lens Regeneration: Specific Control of Proliferation and Evidence for miRNA Networking.</a> PLoS One. 5, e12058-e12058 (2010).</li><li>Madhavan, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+Pax-6+in+lens+regeneration.">The role of Pax-6 in lens regeneration.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103, 14848-14853 (2006).</li><li>Maki, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oocyte-type+linker+histone+B4+is+required+for+transdifferentiation+of+somatic+cells+in+vivo.">Oocyte-type linker histone B4 is required for transdifferentiation of somatic cells in vivo.</a> FASEB J. 24, 3462-3467 (2010).</li></ol>

利害の衝突は宣言されません。

このプロトコルは、イモリのレンズ再生のメカニズムを研究するためのin vitroの系を確立しています。凝集するので（どちらか背側または腹側は誠実には再生、この手法の間に生体内での行動でイモリの遺伝子導入に必要と関数のゲインだけでなく、機能の実験7,8,9の損失のために使用することができる途方もない労力を軽減することができる従ってください。また、 、全体としての集合体または虹彩は容易に増殖因子で処理し、このプロトコルで説明されているようにその効果を調べることができます。例えば、BMP経路の役割はこのテクニック6を使用して検討されている。

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<td>Lugol's solution</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>L-6146</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>HEPES</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>H-4034</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>Ethyl 3-aminobenzoate methanesulfonic acid</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>E-10521</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Dispase</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Gibco</td>
<td>17105-041</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Trypsin 1:250</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Gibco</td>
<td>27250018</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>L-15 ( Leibovitz)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>L-4386</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>DNase 1</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>D5025-150KU</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>Kanamycin Sulfate</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Gibco</td>
<td>100x, 15160</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>FBS</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>F4135</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>Fungizone (amphotericin B solution)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>A2942</td>
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<td>24 well collagen coated plate</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>BD biosciences</td>
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a system for culturing iris pigment epithelial cells to study lens regeneration in newt

イモリやアホロートルのようなサンショウウオは、四肢、脊髄、眼、脳、心臓、顎1と尾など、その失われた身体の部分の多くを再生成する能力を有する。具体的には、イモリは、そのレンズの再生能力のための固有のものです。レンズの取り外し時には、背側の虹彩のIPE細胞は水晶体細胞への分化形質転換すると最終的に約月に2,3の新しいレンズを形成する。再生のこのプロパティは、腹側の虹彩細胞で展示されることはありません。虹彩の細胞の再生の可能性は 、in vitro培養IPE細胞での移植を行うことによって調べることができます。培養には、背側と腹側の虹彩細胞が最初に目から絶縁されており、2週間の期間（ 図1）に別々に培養した。これらの培養細胞はreaggregatedとイモリの目に戻って注入される。過去の研究では、腹骨材は4,5（ 図2）このように生体内でのプロセスにおいて 、recapitulating、レンズを形成しないのに対し、背側再集合させるが、そのレンズ形成能力を維持することが示されている。背側と腹側の虹彩細胞の再生の可能性を決定するこのシステムは、レンズの再生に関与する遺伝子やタンパク質の役割を研究するに非常に便利です。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A System for Culturing Iris Pigment Epithelial Cells to Study Lens Regeneration in Newt at JoVE.com

A System for Culturing Iris Pigment Epithelial Cells to Study Lens Regeneration in Newt

イモリでは、レンズの絞り色素上皮細胞（IPEs）の分化転換によって背側の虹彩から常に再生成されます。ここでは、イモリの眼への文化背側と腹イモリIPE細胞とその移植する手順を説明します。移植細胞は、組織切片と免疫組織化学によって研究されています。

イモリのレンズ再生を研究するために培養虹彩色素上皮細胞のためのシステム

Salamanders like newt and axolotl possess the ability to regenerate many of its lost body parts such as limbs, the tail with spinal cord, eye, brain, ...

a-system-for-culturing-iris-pigment-epithelial-cells-to-study-lens

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

11.7K ビュー.  University of Dayton. イモリでは、レンズの絞り色素上皮細胞（IPEs）の分化転換によって背側の虹彩から常に再生成されます。ここでは、イモリの眼への文化背側と腹イモリIPE細胞とその移植する手順を説明します。移植細胞は、組織切片と免疫組織化学によって研究されています。

ビデオ: A System for Culturing Iris Pigment Epithelial Cells to Study Lens Regeneration in Newt

Laser Ablation of the Zebrafish Pronephros to Study Renal Epithelial Regeneration

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is characterized by high mortality rates from deterioration of renal function over a period of hours or days that culminates in renal failure1. AKI can be caused by a number of factors including ischemia, drug-based toxicity, or obstructive injury1. This results in an inability to maintain fluid and electrolyte homeostasis. While AKI has been observed for decades, effective clinical therapies have yet to be developed. Intriguingly, some patients with AKI recover renal functions over time, a mysterious phenomenon that has been only rudimentally characterized1,2. Research using mammalian models of AKI has shown that ischemic or nephrotoxin-injured kidneys experience epithelial cell death in nephron tubules1,2, the functional units of the kidney that are made up of a series of specialized regions (segments) of epithelial cell types3. Within nephrons, epithelial cell death is highest in proximal tubule cells. There is evidence that suggests cell destruction is followed by dedifferentiation, proliferation, and migration of surrounding epithelial cells, which can regenerate the nephron entirely1,2. However, there are many unanswered questions about the mechanisms of renal epithelial regeneration, ranging from the signals that modulate these events to reasons for the wide variation of abilities among humans to regenerate injured kidneys.
The larval zebrafish provides an excellent model to study kidney epithelial regeneration as its pronephric kidney is comprised of nephrons that are conserved with higher vertebrates including mammals4,5. The nephrons of zebrafish larvae can be visualized with fluorescence techniques because of the relative transparency of the young zebrafish6. This provides a unique opportunity to image cell and molecular changes in real-time, in contrast to mammalian models where nephrons are inaccessible because the kidneys are structurally complex systems internalized within the animal. Recent studies have employed the aminoglycoside gentamicin as a toxic causative agent for study of AKI and subsequent renal failure: gentamicin and other antibiotics have been shown to cause AKI in humans, and researchers have formulated methods to use this agent to trigger kidney damage in zebrafish7,8. However, the effects of aminoglycoside toxicity in zebrafish larvae are catastrophic and lethal, which presents a difficulty when studying epithelial regeneration and function over time. Our method presents the use of targeted cell ablation as a novel tool for the study of epithelial injury in zebrafish. Laser ablation gives researchers the ability to induce cell death in a limited population of cells. Varying areas of cells can be targeted based on morphological location, function, or even expression of a particular cellular phenotype. Thus, laser ablation will increase the specificity of what researchers can study, and can be a powerful new approach to shed light on the mechanisms of renal epithelial regeneration. This protocol can be broadly applied to target cell populations in other organs in the zebrafish embryo to study injury and regeneration in any number of contexts of interest.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) in humans is a common clinical problem caused by damage to the epithelial cells that comprise kidney nephrons, and AKI is associated with high mortality rates of 50-70%1. Following epithelial cell destruction, nephrons have a limited ability to regenerate, though the mechanisms and limitations that guide this phenomenon remain poorly understood. In this video article, we describe our technique for targeted laser ablation of kidney nephron cells in the zebrafish embryo kidney, or pronephros. Our new method can be used to complement nephrotoxicity-induced models of AKI and gain a high-resolution understanding of the cell and molecular alterations that are associated with epithelial regeneration in the kidney nephron.

腎上皮再生を研究するためにゼブラフィッシュの前腎のレーザーアブレーション

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is characterized by high mortality rates from deterioration of renal function over a period of hours or days that culminates in ...

生物学

A 3D System for Culturing Human Articular Chondrocytes in Synovial Fluid

Cartilage destruction is a central pathological feature of osteoarthritis, a leading cause of disability in the US. Cartilage in the adult does not regenerate very efficiently in vivo; and as a result, osteoarthritis leads to irreversible cartilage loss and is accompanied by chronic pain and immobility 1,2. Cartilage tissue engineering offers promising potential to regenerate and restore tissue function. This technology typically involves seeding chondrocytes into natural or synthetic scaffolds and culturing the resulting 3D construct in a balanced medium over a period of time with a goal of engineering a biochemically and biomechanically mature tissue that can be transplanted into a defect site in vivo 3-6. Achieving an optimal condition for chondrocyte growth and matrix deposition is essential for the success of cartilage tissue engineering. 
 In the native joint cavity, cartilage at the articular surface of the bone is bathed in synovial fluid. This clear and viscous fluid provides nutrients to the avascular articular cartilage and contains growth factors, cytokines and enzymes that are important for chondrocyte metabolism 7,8. Furthermore, synovial fluid facilitates low-friction movement between cartilaginous surfaces mainly through secreting two key components, hyaluronan and lubricin 9 10. In contrast, tissue engineered cartilage is most often cultured in artificial media. While these media are likely able to provide more defined conditions for studying chondrocyte metabolism, synovial fluid most accurately reflects the natural environment of which articular chondrocytes reside in.
 Indeed, synovial fluid has the advantage of being easy to obtain and store, and can often be regularly replenished by the body. Several groups have supplemented the culture medium with synovial fluid in growing human, bovine, rabbit and dog chondrocytes, but mostly used only low levels of synovial fluid (below 20&#37;) 11-25. While chicken, horse and human chondrocytes have been cultured in the medium with higher percentage of synovial fluid, these culture systems were two-dimensional 26-28. Here we present our method of culturing human articular chondrocytes in a 3D system with a high percentage of synovial fluid (up to 100&#37;) over a period of 21 days. In doing so, we overcame a major hurdle presented by the high viscosity of the synovial fluid. This system provides the possibility of studying human chondrocytes in synovial fluid in a 3D setting, which can be further combined with two other important factors (oxygen tension and mechanical loading) 29,30 that constitute the natural environment for cartilage to mimic the natural milieu for cartilage growth. Furthermore, This system may also be used for assaying synovial fluid activity on chondrocytes and provide a platform for developing cartilage regeneration technologies and therapeutic options for arthritis.

A 3D system of culturing human articular chondrocytes in high levels of synovial fluid is described. Synovial fluid reflects the most natural microenvironment for articular cartilage, and can be easily obtained and stored. This system thus can be used for studying cartilage regeneration and for screening therapeutics for treating arthritis.

滑液における培養ヒト関節軟骨細胞用の3Dシステム

Cartilage destruction is a central pathological feature of osteoarthritis, a leading cause of disability in the US. Cartilage in the adult does not ...

Do-It-Yourself Device for Recovery of Cryopreserved Samples Accidentally Dropped into Cryogenic Storage Tanks

Liquid nitrogen is colorless, odorless, extremely cold (-196 &deg;C) liquid kept under pressure. It is commonly used as a cryogenic fluid for long term storage of biological materials such as blood, cells and tissues 1,2. The cryogenic nature of liquid nitrogen, while ideal for sample preservation, can cause rapid freezing of live tissues on contact - known as 'cryogenic burn'2, which may lead to severe frostbite in persons closely involved in storage and retrieval of samples from Dewars. Additionally, as liquid nitrogen evaporates it reduces the oxygen concentration in the air and might cause asphyxia, especially in confined spaces2.
In laboratories, biological samples are often stored in cryovials or cryoboxes stacked in stainless steel racks within the Dewar tanks1. These storage racks are provided with a long shaft to prevent boxes from slipping out from the racks and into the bottom of Dewars during routine handling. All too often, however, boxes or vials with precious samples slip out and sink to the bottom of liquid nitrogen filled tank. In such cases, samples could be tediously retrieved after transferring the liquid nitrogen into a spare container or discarding it. The boxes and vials can then be relatively safely recovered from emptied Dewar. However, the cryogenic nature of liquid nitrogen and its expansion rate makes sunken sample retrieval hazardous. It is commonly recommended by Safety Offices that sample retrieval be never carried out by a single person. Another alternative is to use commercially available cool grabbers or tongs to pull out the vials3. However, limited visibility within the dark liquid filled Dewars poses a major limitation in their use.
In this article, we describe the construction of a Cryotolerant DIY retrieval device, which makes sample retrieval from Dewar containing cryogenic fluids both safe and easy.

Here we present a low cost, durable cryotolerant device for sample retrieval from Dewar tanks filled with liquid nitrogen. The ease of construction and modular design of the device makes the process of sample retrieval from cryogenic tanks safe and easy.

凍結保存サンプルの回復のための日曜大工のデバイスが誤って低温貯蔵タンクに落とし

Liquid nitrogen is colorless, odorless, extremely cold (-196 &deg;C) liquid kept under pressure. It is commonly used as a cryogenic fluid for long term ...

Rapid Genetic Analysis of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Signaling During Hair Regeneration

Hair follicle morphogenesis, a complex process requiring interaction between epithelia-derived keratinocytes and the underlying mesenchyme, is an attractive model system to study organ development and tissue-specific signaling. Although hair follicle development is genetically tractable, fast and reproducible analysis of factors essential for this process remains a challenge. Here we describe a procedure to generate targeted overexpression or shRNA-mediated knockdown of factors using lentivirus in a tissue-specific manner. Using a modified version of a hair regeneration model 5, 6, 11, we can achieve robust gain- or loss-of-function analysis in primary mouse keratinocytes or dermal cells to facilitate study of epithelial-mesenchymal signaling pathways that lead to hair follicle morphogenesis. We describe how to isolate fresh primary mouse keratinocytes and dermal cells, which contain dermal papilla cells and their precursors, deliver lentivirus containing either shRNA or cDNA to one of the cell populations, and combine the cells to generate fully formed hair follicles on the backs of nude mice. This approach allows analysis of tissue-specific factors required to generate hair follicles within three weeks and provides a fast and convenient companion to existing genetic models.

Tissue-specific analysis of a hair follicle regeneration model using lentivirus to mediate gain- or loss-of-function.

髪の再生の間に上皮間葉シグナル伝達の迅速遺伝子解析

Hair follicle morphogenesis, a complex process requiring interaction between epithelia-derived keratinocytes and the underlying mesenchyme, is an ...

Induction and Analysis of Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition

Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is essential for proper morphogenesis during development. Misregulation of this process has been implicated as a key event in fibrosis and the progression of carcinomas to a metastatic state. Understanding the processes that underlie EMT is imperative for the early diagnosis and clinical control of these disease states. Reliable induction of EMT in vitro is a useful tool for drug discovery as well as to identify common gene expression signatures for diagnostic purposes. Here we demonstrate a straightforward method for the induction of EMT in a variety of cell types. Methods for the analysis of cells pre- and post-EMT induction by immunocytochemistry are also included. Additionally, we demonstrate the effectiveness of this method through antibody-based array analysis and migration/invasion assays.

A straightforward method is described for the induction of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in a variety of cell types. Methods for the analysis of cells in EMT states by immunocytochemistry are included.

間葉転換を誘導し、上皮の分析

Epithelial  to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is essential for proper morphogenesis during  development. Misregulation of this  process has been implicated ...

Culturing of Human Nasal Epithelial Cells at the Air Liquid Interface

In vitro models using human primary epithelial cells are essential in understanding key functions of the respiratory epithelium in the context of microbial infections or inhaled agents. Direct comparisons of cells obtained from diseased populations allow us to characterize different phenotypes and dissect the underlying mechanisms mediating changes in epithelial cell function. Culturing epithelial cells from the human tracheobronchial region has been well documented, but is limited by the availability of human lung tissue or invasiveness associated with obtaining the bronchial brushes biopsies. Nasal epithelial cells are obtained through much less invasive superficial nasal scrape biopsies and subjects can be biopsied multiple times with no significant side effects. Additionally, the nose is the entry point to the respiratory system and therefore one of the first sites to be exposed to any kind of air-borne stressor, such as microbial agents, pollutants, or allergens. 
Briefly, nasal epithelial cells obtained from human volunteers are expanded on coated tissue culture plates, and then transferred onto cell culture inserts. Upon reaching confluency, cells continue to be cultured at the air-liquid interface (ALI), for several weeks, which creates more physiologically relevant conditions. The ALI culture condition uses defined media leading to a differentiated epithelium that exhibits morphological and functional characteristics similar to the human nasal epithelium, with both ciliated and mucus producing cells. Tissue culture inserts with differentiated nasal epithelial cells can be manipulated in a variety of ways depending on the research questions (treatment with pharmacological agents, transduction with lentiviral vectors, exposure to gases, or infection with microbial agents) and analyzed for numerous different endpoints ranging from cellular and molecular pathways, functional changes, morphology, etc. 
In vitro models of differentiated human nasal epithelial cells will enable investigators to address novel and important research questions by using organotypic experimental models that largely mimic the nasal epithelium in vivo.

Nasal epithelial cells, obtained through superficial scrape biopsy of human volunteers, are expanded and transferred onto tissue culture inserts. Upon reaching confluency, cells are grown at air liquid interface, yielding cultures of ciliated and non-ciliated cells. Differentiated nasal epithelial cell cultures provide viable experimental models for studying the respiratory mucosa.

エア·液界面での人間の鼻上皮細胞の培養

In vitro models using human primary  epithelial cells are essential in understanding key functions of the respiratory  epithelium in the context of ...

Using Caenorhabditis elegans as a Model System to Study Protein Homeostasis in a Multicellular Organism

The folding and assembly of proteins is essential for protein function, the long-term health of the cell, and longevity of the organism. Historically, the function and regulation of protein folding was studied in vitro, in isolated tissue culture cells and in unicellular organisms. Recent studies have uncovered links between protein homeostasis (proteostasis), metabolism, development, aging, and temperature-sensing. These findings have led to the development of new tools for monitoring protein folding in the model metazoan organism Caenorhabditis elegans. In our laboratory, we combine behavioral assays, imaging and biochemical approaches using temperature-sensitive or naturally occurring metastable proteins as sensors of the folding environment to monitor protein misfolding. Behavioral assays that are associated with the misfolding of a specific protein provide a simple and powerful readout for protein folding, allowing for the fast screening of genes and conditions that modulate folding. Likewise, such misfolding can be associated with protein mislocalization in the cell. Monitoring protein localization can, therefore, highlight changes in cellular folding capacity occurring in different tissues, at various stages of development and in the face of changing conditions. Finally, using biochemical tools ex vivo, we can directly monitor protein stability and conformation. Thus, by combining behavioral assays, imaging and biochemical techniques, we are able to monitor protein misfolding at the resolution of the organism, the cell, and the protein, respectively.

Using Caenorhabditis elegans as a Model System to Study Protein Homeostasis in a Multicellular Organism

To study the relationship between protein homeostasis, stress and aging, we monitored changes in protein folding by following protein dysfunction, protein localization in the cell and protein stability at the organismal, cellular and protein levels, using the genetically tractable metazoan Caenorhabditis elegans as a model system.

The folding and assembly of proteins is essential for protein function, the long-term health of the cell, and longevity of the organism. Historically, the ...

Nephrotoxin Microinjection in Zebrafish to Model Acute Kidney Injury

The kidneys are susceptible to harm from exposure to chemicals they filter from the bloodstream. This can lead to organ injury associated with a rapid decline in renal function and development of the clinical syndrome known as acute kidney injury (AKI). Pharmacological agents used to treat medical circumstances ranging from bacterial infection to cancer, when administered individually or in combination with other drugs, can initiate AKI. Zebrafish are a useful animal model to study the chemical effects on renal function in vivo, as they form an embryonic kidney comprised of nephron functional units that are conserved with higher vertebrates, including humans. Further, zebrafish can be utilized to perform genetic and chemical screens, which provide opportunities to elucidate the cellular and molecular facets of AKI and develop therapeutic strategies such as the identification of nephroprotective molecules. Here, we demonstrate how microinjection into the zebrafish embryo can be utilized as a paradigm for nephrotoxin studies.

Renal injuries incurred from nephrotoxins, which include drugs ranging from antibiotics to chemotherapeutics, can result in complex disorders whose pathogenesis remains incompletely understood. This protocol demonstrates how zebrafish can be used for disease modeling of these conditions, which can be applied to the identification of renoprotective measures.

ゼブラフィッシュにおける腎毒素マイクロインジェクションは急性腎障害をモデルに

The kidneys are susceptible to harm from exposure to chemicals they filter from the bloodstream. This can lead to organ injury associated with a rapid ...

Intestinal Epithelial Regeneration in Response to Ionizing Irradiation

The intestinal epithelium consists of a single layer of cells yet contains multiple types of terminally differentiated cells, which are generated by the active proliferation of intestinal stem cells located at the bottom of intestinal crypts. However, during events of acute intestinal injury, these active intestinal stem cells undergo cell death. Gamma irradiation is a widely used colorectal cancer treatment, which, while therapeutically efficacious, has the side effect of depleting the active stem cell pool. Indeed, patients frequently experience gastrointestinal radiation syndrome while undergoing radiotherapy, in part due to active stem cell depletion. The loss of active intestinal stem cells in intestinal crypts activates a pool of typically quiescent reserve intestinal stem cells and induces dedifferentiation of secretory and enterocyte precursor cells. If not for these cells, the intestinal epithelium would lack the ability to recover from radiotherapy and other such major tissue insults. New advances in lineage-tracing technologies allow tracking of the activation, differentiation, and migration of cells during regeneration and have been successfully employed for studying this in the gut. This study aims to depict a method for the analysis of cells within the mouse intestinal epithelium following radiation injury.

The gastrointestinal tract is one of the most sensitive organs to injury upon radiotherapeutic cancer treatments. It is simultaneously an organ system with one of the highest regenerative capacities following such insults. The presented protocol describes an efficient method to study the regenerative capacity of the intestinal epithelium.

電離放射線照射による腸管上皮再生

The intestinal epithelium consists of a single layer of cells yet contains multiple types of terminally differentiated cells, which are generated by the ...

Primary Culture of Porcine Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a monolayer of polarized pigmented epithelial cells, located between the choroid and neuroretina in the retina. Multiple functions, including phagocytosis, nutrient/metabolite transportation, vitamin A metabolism, etc., are conducted by the RPE on a daily basis. RPE cells are terminally differentiated epithelial cells with little or no regenerative capacity. Loss of RPE cells results in multiple eye diseases leading to visual impairment, such as age-related macular degeneration. Therefore, the establishment of an in vitro culture model of primary RPE cells, which more closely resembles the RPE in vivo than cell lines, is critical for the characteristic and mechanistic studies of RPE cells. Considering the fact that the source of human eyeballs is limited, we create a protocol to culture primary porcine RPE cells. By using this protocol, RPE cells can be easily dissociated from adult porcine eyeballs. Subsequently, these dissociated cells attach to culture dishes/inserts, proliferate to form a confluent monolayer, and quickly re-establish key features of epithelial tissue in vivo within 2 wks. By qRT-PCR, it is demonstrated that primary porcine RPE cells express multiple signature genes at comparable levels with native RPE tissue, while the expressions of most of these genes are lost/highly reduced in human RPE-like cells, ARPE-19. Moreover, the immunofluorescence staining shows the distribution of tight junction, tissue polarity, and cytoskeleton proteins, as well as the presence of RPE65, an isomerase critical for vitamin A metabolism, in cultured primary cells. Altogether, we have developed an easy-to-follow approach to culture primary porcine RPE cells with high purity and native RPE features, which could serve as a good model to understand RPE physiology, study cell toxicities, and facilitate drug screenings.

Here, an easy-to-follow method to culture primary porcine retinal pigment epithelial cells in vitro is presented.

ブタ網膜色素上皮細胞の初代培養

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a monolayer of polarized pigmented epithelial cells, located between the choroid and neuroretina in the retina. ...