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1。手術前にフォンフレイのベースライン測定フォンフレイテストの手順については、セクション5を参照してください。 2。麻酔/準備<ol><li>動物（ケタミンおよび15 mg / kgのキシラジンを100mg/kgの混合物の腹腔内注射）を麻酔。 </li><li> （例えば、紙タオルで覆われて）完全に麻酔まで、静かな場所で動物を置きます。 </li><li>ピンセットで尾の先端と足をつまんで反射神経をチェックしてください。動物が進む前に応答しないことを確認してください。 </li><li>皮下抗生物質、例えば、アンピシリン（脱水を避けるために、これは簡単な外科的処置であるが、感染を防ぐために）と（バック肩の部分）0.5ミリリットル等張食塩水を注入する。 </li><li>電気シェーバーを使用して、（右利きの人のために左後肢を推奨）をわずかに膝エリ​​アの下からヒップのエリアへの術野を削る。 </li><li>綿棒で目に眼軟膏を適用します。 </li><li>その右側に動物を配置し、それが上昇を維持するために小さなプラットフォーム上で左後肢を置きます。粘着テープで足を固定します。 </li><li>手術部位の外からエタノールとbetadineのスクラブを交互に術野を消毒する。 </li></ol> 3。手術<ol><li>左手の親指で膝の位置を確認し、アプリを作るためにメスを使用してください。膝への近位長手方向に1cmの切開。 </li><li>滅菌はさみの先端を使用して鈍的切開で皮膚を開きます。 </li><li>右はっきりと目に見える血管の隣の鈍的切開により筋層を分離、大腿骨（大腿骨）に近い。正しく行えば、筋肉の層は簡単に右の筋肉の下に坐骨神経を明らかに、あらゆる出血することなく分離されます。 出血が近くに膝に血管への損傷によって、例えば発生した場合は、血液を吸収するために滅菌綿、ウールの芽や視線の部分を使用。出血が止まるまで押します。 </li><li>実体顕微鏡下でマウスを置き、慎重に坐骨神経を可視化するために滅菌ピンセット（nr. 2）のペアで筋肉を区切ります。リトラクターを適用することもできる。 </li><li>坐骨神経からの腓腹神経の枝領域を識別します。腓腹神経は左足で右に分岐、三権の中で最小です。 </li><li>腓腹枝に触れないように非常に注意しながら、依然として並列で実行されている他の二つの枝の周り縫合糸を（6-0縫合糸）（脛骨と総腓骨神経）を適用します。腓腹神経は完全にそのままにする必要があるので、これは重要なステップです。 </li><li>タイトな外科的結び目を作る。第一結び目がタイトである場合は、四肢の収縮が観察されます。 </li><li>ピンセット（nr. 5） 縫合糸でカットする神経を持ってきて、はさみの小さなペアでピンセットの上下に神経を切る。ピンセット上記の最初のカットによって、神経の引き上げが避けられます。 </li><li>マイクロハサミで縫合の端をカットオフし、静かに筋層を閉じます。外科ノットで傷や縫合にリドカインのドロップを追加。 </li></ol> 4。手術後の<ol><li>眼軟膏はまだ十分であるかどうか確認して下さい。 </li><li>快適な姿勢でペーパータオルできれいなケージでマウスを置きます。部屋が冷えている場合、（のみ好ましい場合寒い地域に脱出することができるはずの動物のようなケージの一部の下で）ケージの一部の下に熱パッドを配置。 </li><li>簡単にアクセス可能な水と餌を確認してください。 </li></ol> 5。フォンフレイテスト（ベースライン、および手術後の日から） <ol><li>ワイヤーメッシュのテーブルに置かれた赤い色のプラスチック製のシリンダーが2日間、手術の前日にマウスを置きます。テスト前シリンダーで15分間慣らす。シリンダーの赤い色は、彼らがお互いを参照して暗い領域にあることができないようにマウスはすぐにリラックスするのに役立ちます。 </li><li>マウスが穏やかであることを確認して、足の外側部分にフォンフレイのフィラメントを適用する：0.02 gのフィラメントで起動すると、最初の30秒間（刺激あたり約2秒）の合計期間左足に5回の力を適用し、各アプリケーションの後にマウスの反応を測る。同じフィラメントと、他のマウスの左前足を繰り返してから、次のフィラメントなどに移る前に、最初にマウスの右前足をもう一度初めからやり直します。 <ul><li>マウス1：左足フィラメント0.02グラムで5回</li><li>マウス2：左足フィラメント0.02グラムなどで5回</li><li>マウス1：右足フィラメント0.02グラムで5回</li><li>マウス2：右足フィラメント0.02グラムなどで5回</li><li>マウス1：左足フィラメント0.04グラムで5回</li><li>マウス2：左足フィラメント0.04グラムなどで5回</li></ul></li><li> five刺激のうち3つの応答は、正反応とみなされます。 threshol上記フィラメントdは、しきい値レベルを確認するために適用することができます。 応答=突然の足の撤退、舐める突然尻込み、突然の足。 </li></ol> 6。代表的な結果<img src="/files/ftp_upload/3092/3092fig1.jpg" alt="図1" /> 80〜10週齢C57BL / 6マウスの年齢の図1。フォンフレイテストは、操作を繰り返し、次の手術前に1日を実施した。 4月8日の動物は、各グループに含まれていた。運営側のフォンフレイテストは、対で表される同側と非駆動制御側で表されます。非操作しながら動物が作動足に重大な過敏症を開発する手術の翌日にはほんのわずかに偽手術したマウスからの相対影響を受けます。 （* &lt;0.05、** &lt;0.01、*** &lt;0.001、対側同側の相対的な）。

<ol>
	<li>Costigan, M., Scholz, J., Woolf, C. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuropathic+pain:+a+maladaptive+response+of+the+nervous+system+to+damage.">Neuropathic pain: a maladaptive response of the nervous system to damage.</a> Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 32, 1-32 (2009).</li><li>Decosterd, I., Woolf, C. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spared+nerve+injury:+an+animal+model+of+persistent+peripheral+neuropathic+pain.">Spared nerve injury: an animal model of persistent peripheral neuropathic pain.</a> Pain. 87, 149-158 (2000).</li><li>Bourquin, A. -. F., S&#252;veges, M., Pertin, M., Gilliar, N., Sardy, S., Davidson, A. C., Spahn, D. R., Decosterd, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessment+and+analysis+of+mechanical+allodynia-like+behavior+induced+by+spared+nerve+injury+(SNI)+in+the+mouse.">Assessment and analysis of mechanical allodynia-like behavior induced by spared nerve injury (SNI) in the mouse.</a> Pain. 122, 14.e1-14.e14 (2006).</li><li>Chaplan, S. R., Bach, F. W., Pogrel, J. W., Chung, J. M., Yaksh, T. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+assessment+of+tactile+allodynia+in+the+rat+paw.">Quantitative assessment of tactile allodynia in the rat paw.</a> J. Neurosci. Methods. 53, 55-63 (1994).</li><li>Bennett, G. J., Xie, Y. -. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+peripheral+mononeuropathy+in+rat+that+produces+disorders+of+pain+sensation+like+those+seen+in+man.">A peripheral mononeuropathy in rat that produces disorders of pain sensation like those seen in man.</a> Pain. 33, 87-107 (1988).</li><li>Seltzer, Z., Dubner, R., Shir, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+behavioral+model+of+neuropathic+pain+disorders+produced+in+rats+by+partial+sciatic+nerve+injury.">A novel behavioral model of neuropathic pain disorders produced in rats by partial sciatic nerve injury.</a> Pain. 43, 205-218 (1990).</li><li>Hargreaves, K., Dubner, R., Brown, F., Flores, C., Joris, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+and+sensitive+method+for+measuring+thermal+nociception+in+cutanous+hyperalgesia.">A new and sensitive method for measuring thermal nociception in cutanous hyperalgesia.</a> Pain. 32, 77-88 (1988).</li><li>Erichsen, H. K., Blackburn-Munro, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pharmacological+characterization+of+the+spared+nerve+injury+model+of+neuropathic+pain.">Pharmacological characterization of the spared nerve injury model of neuropathic pain.</a> Pain. 98, 151-161 (2002).</li></ol>

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重要なステップ腓腹神経の損傷は、脛骨と総腓骨神経の損傷後そのまま腓腹神経の病理学的変化を研究するために避けるべきである。腓腹神経への巻き添え被害が麻痺につながる可能性がありますので、操作後肢のドラッグとして可視化することができる。 足の唯一の側面は脇に置いて腓腹神経で神経支配と、それゆえ、唯一のこの領域は、神経障害を開発しています。 transected神経によって支配さ、他の領域のテスト、バイアス変更された機械的なしきい値の評価を強くできる。 実行可​​能な変更ライゲーションの他のタイプは、そのような慢性的収縮損傷などの末梢神経損傷後の病理学的な痛みの条件を研究するという点で補足、[5]または部分的な神経結紮[6]があります。前術後の試験に考慮すべき明確な表現型の変化の各実験操作の結果。 この表現型は少ない堅牢な以下のSNIですがさらに、そのような熱痛覚過敏のような他の感覚テストは、[7]を適用してもよい。 将来のアプリケーションこの技術は、機械的異痛症の開発や保守を変える薬物のテストに使用することができる[8]。坐骨神経の分析、後根神経節（DRG）および/または腰部脊髄は、誘導表現型の原因分子メカニズムの研究を可能にする。 動物実験は、デンマークとヨーロッパの規制に完全に準拠優良試験所の状況にしたがって実施した。全ての実験は、法務省（許可番号2006/561-1206）でデンマークの動物実験検査官によって承認された。

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td>麻酔：ケタミンとキシラジン</td><td>外科用メス</td></tr><tr><td>眼軟膏</td><td>ピンセットNRのペア。 2 </td></tr><tr><td>電気かみそり</td><td>ピンセットNRのペア。 5 </td></tr><tr><td>手袋</td><td>鈍的切開用はさみ</td></tr><tr><td> 70％（v / v）エタノール</td><td>マイクロはさみ</td></tr><tr><td>コットンウールのつぼみ/視線</td><td> 6.0 Prolene非吸収性縫合糸</td></tr><tr><td>ステレオ顕微鏡</td><td> 2 ×針ホルダー</td></tr><tr><td>接着テープ</td><td>熱パッド</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">フォンフレイフィラメント（0.02〜2.0グラムのマウス用）（Stoelting） </td></tr></tbody></table>

the spared nerve injury (sni) model of induced mechanical allodynia in mice

末梢神経因性疼痛は外傷から末梢神経系の感覚神経につながる可能性重度慢性疼痛治療​​の条件です。免れる神経損傷（SNI）モデルが原因で、通常痛みを伴う応答を誘発しない触覚刺激するような機械的異痛症すなわち痛などの神経因性疼痛の症状を誘導する[1]。 腓腹神経はそのまま残っている間、SNIのマウスモデルは、坐骨神経（脛骨神経と総腓骨神経）の三権の二つのライゲーションを含む[2]。脇に置いて腓腹神経によって支配されている足の外側の領域で著しい過敏症の病変の結果。マウスの非手術側を対照として使用することができます。 SNIモデルの利点は、応答の頑健性であり、それが専門家顕微スキルを必要としないこと。 機械的な疼痛反応のしきい値が繰り返し足の外側の領域に押圧されているの増加曲げ力のフォンフレイフィラメント、でテストすることによって決定される[3]、[4]。肯定的な痛みの反応は、フィラメントによって誘発されるなめると/または足を尻込み、突然の足の撤退として定義されています。 5人に3つの反復刺激の肯定応答は、疼痛閾値として定義されています。 ビデオのプロトコルで示すように、C57BL / 6マウスは、手術の翌日には早くも深遠な異痛症を経験し、数週間のためにこれを維持する。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Spared Nerve Injury SNI Model of Induced Mechanical Allodynia in Mice at JoVE.com

The Spared Nerve Injury SNI Model of Induced Mechanical Allodynia in Mice

免れる神経損傷の動物モデルは、残りの腓腹神経はそのままに、脛骨と総腓骨神経の枝をlesioningによって坐骨神経の部分的除神経以下の末梢神経因性疼痛のマウスモデルとしてここで説明されています。機械的異痛症に起因する行動修正は、von Freyのフィラメントによって定量化される。

マウスで誘導機械的異痛症の倹約神経損傷（SNI）モデル

Peripheral neuropathic pain is a severe chronic pain condition which may result from trauma to sensory nerves in the peripheral nervous system. The spared ...

the-spared-nerve-injury-sni-model-induced-mechanical-allodynia

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

The Spared Nerve Injury (SNI) Model of Induced Mechanical Allodynia in Mice

62.8K ビュー.  Aarhus University. 免れる神経損傷の動物モデルは、残りの腓腹神経はそのままに、脛骨と総腓骨神経の枝をlesioningによって坐骨神経の部分的除神経以下の末梢神経因性疼痛のマウスモデルとしてここで説明されています。機械的異痛症に起因する行動修正は、von Freyのフィラメントによって定量化される。

ビデオ: The Spared Nerve Injury SNI Model of Induced Mechanical Allodynia in Mice

An in vivo Rodent Model of Contraction-induced Injury and Non-invasive Monitoring of Recovery

Muscle strains are one of the most common complaints treated by physicians. A muscle injury is typically diagnosed from the patient history and physical exam alone, however the clinical presentation can vary greatly depending on the extent of injury, the patient's pain tolerance, etc. In patients with muscle injury or muscle disease, assessment of muscle damage is typically limited to clinical signs, such as tenderness, strength, range of motion, and more recently, imaging studies. Biological markers, such as serum creatine kinase levels, are typically elevated with muscle injury, but their levels do not always correlate with the loss of force production. This is even true of histological findings from animals, which provide a "direct measure" of damage, but do not account for all the loss of function. Some have argued that the most comprehensive measure of the overall health of the muscle in contractile force. Because muscle injury is a random event that occurs under a variety of biomechanical conditions, it is difficult to study. Here, we describe an in vivo animal model to measure torque and to produce a reliable muscle injury. We also describe our model for measurement of force from an isolated muscle in situ. Furthermore, we describe our small animal MRI procedure.

An in vivo Rodent Model of Contraction-induced Injury and Non-invasive Monitoring of Recovery

An in vivo animal model of injury is described. The method takes advantage of the subcutaneous position of the fibular nerve. Velocity, timing of muscle activation, and arc of motion are all pre-determined and synchronized using commercial software. Post injury changes are monitored in vivo using MR imaging/spectroscopy.

アン in vivoで</em収縮で誘起された損傷と回復の非侵襲的モニタリングの>齧歯類モデル

Muscle strains are one of the most  common complaints treated by physicians. A muscle injury is typically diagnosed from the patient history and  physical ...

医学

Ischemia-reperfusion Model of Acute Kidney Injury and Post Injury Fibrosis in Mice

Ischemia-reperfusion induced acute kidney injury (IR-AKI) is widely used as a model of AKI in mice, but results are often quite variable with high, often unreported mortality rates that may confound analyses. Bilateral renal pedicle clamping is commonly used to induce IR-AKI, but differences between effective clamp pressures and/or renal responses to ischemia between kidneys often lead to more variable results. In addition, shorter clamp times are known to induce more variable tubular injury, and while mice undergoing bilateral injury with longer clamp times develop more consistent tubular injury, they often die within the first 3 days after injury due to severe renal insufficiency. To improve post-injury survival and obtain more consistent and predictable results, we have developed two models of unilateral ischemia-reperfusion injury followed by contralateral nephrectomy. Both surgeries are performed using a dorsal approach, reducing surgical stress resulting from ventral laparotomy, commonly used for mouse IR-AKI surgeries. For induction of moderate injury BALB/c mice undergo unilateral clamping of the renal pedicle for 26 min and also undergo simultaneous contralateral nephrectomy. Using this approach, 50-60% of mice develop moderate AKI 24 hr after injury but 90-100% of mice survive. To induce more severe AKI, BALB/c mice undergo renal pedicle clamping for 30 min followed by contralateral nephrectomy 8 days after injury. This allows functional assessment of renal recovery after injury with 90-100% survival. Early post-injury tubular damage as well as post injury fibrosis are highly consistent using this model.

We describe models of moderate and severe ischemia-reperfusion-induced kidney injury in which the mice undergo unilateral renal pedicle clamping followed by simultaneous or delayed contralateral nephrectomy, respectively. These models consistently give rise to renal dysfunction and post-injury fibrosis, but injury severity and survival are dependent on mouse background, age and surgical equipment.

マウスにおける急性腎障害とポスト傷害線維の虚血再灌流モデル

Ischemia-reperfusion induced acute kidney injury (IR-AKI) is widely used as a model of AKI in mice, but results are often quite variable with high, often ...

Tibial Nerve Transection - A Standardized Model for Denervation-induced Skeletal Muscle Atrophy in Mice

The tibial nerve transection model is a well-tolerated, validated, and reproducible model of denervation-induced skeletal muscle atrophy in rodents. Although originally developed and used extensively in the rat due to its larger size, the tibial nerve in mice is big enough that it can be easily manipulated with either crush or transection, leaving the peroneal and sural nerve branches of the sciatic nerve intact and thereby preserving their target muscles. Thus, this model offers the advantages of inducing less morbidity and impediment of ambulation than the sciatic nerve transection model and also allows investigators to study the physiologic, cellular and molecular biologic mechanisms regulating the process of muscle atrophy in genetically engineered mice. The tibial nerve supplies the gastrocnemius, soleus and plantaris muscles, so its transection permits the study of denervated skeletal muscle composed of fast twitch type II fibers and/or slow twitch type I fibers. Here we demonstrate the tibial nerve transection model in the C57Black6 mouse. We assess the atrophy of the gastrocnemius muscle, as a representative muscle, at 1, 2, and 4 weeks post-denervation by measuring muscle weights and fiber type specific cross-sectional area on paraffin-embedded histologic sections immunostained for fast twitch myosin.

The tibial nerve transection model is a well-tolerated, validated, and reproducible model of skeletal muscle atrophy. The model surgical protocol is described and demonstrated in C57Black6 mice. &#160;

脛骨神経切断 - マウスにおける脱神経誘発性骨格筋萎縮のために標準化されたモデル

The tibial nerve transection model is a well-tolerated, validated, and reproducible model of denervation-induced skeletal muscle atrophy in rodents. ...

The Sciatic Nerve Cuffing Model of Neuropathic Pain in Mice

Neuropathic pain arises as a consequence of a lesion or a disease affecting the somatosensory system. This syndrome results from maladaptive changes in injured sensory neurons and along the entire nociceptive pathway within the central nervous system. It is usually chronic and challenging to treat. In order to study neuropathic pain and its treatments, different models have been developed in rodents. These models derive from known etiologies, thus reproducing peripheral nerve injuries, central injuries, and metabolic-, infectious- or chemotherapy-related neuropathies. Murine models of peripheral nerve injury often target the sciatic nerve which is easy to access and allows nociceptive tests on the hind paw. These models rely on a compression and/or a section. Here, the detailed surgery procedure for the &#34;cuff model&#34; of neuropathic pain in mice is described. In this model, a cuff of PE-20 polyethylene tubing of standardized length (2 mm) is unilaterally implanted around the main branch of the sciatic nerve. It induces a long-lasting mechanical allodynia, i.e., a nociceptive response to a normally non-nociceptive stimulus that can be evaluated by using von Frey filaments. Besides the detailed surgery and testing procedures, the interest of this model for the study of neuropathic pain mechanism, for the study of neuropathic pain sensory and anxiodepressive aspects, and for the study of neuropathic pain treatments are also discussed.

Neuropathic pain is a consequence of a lesion or disease affecting the somatosensory system. The &#8220;cuff model&#8221; of neuropathic pain in mice consists of the implantation of a polyethylene cuff around the main branch of the sciatic nerve. Mechanical allodynia is tested using von Frey filaments.

マウスにおける神経因性疼痛の坐骨神経細胞浸潤モデル

Neuropathic pain arises as a consequence of a lesion or a disease affecting the somatosensory system. This syndrome results from maladaptive changes in ...

Facial Nerve Axotomy in Mice: A Model to Study Motoneuron Response to Injury

The goal of this surgical protocol is to expose the facial nerve, which innervates the facial musculature, at its exit from the stylomastoid foramen and either cut or crush it to induce peripheral nerve injury. Advantages of this surgery are its simplicity, high reproducibility, and the lack of effect on vital functions or mobility from the subsequent facial paralysis, thus resulting in a relatively mild surgical outcome compared to other nerve injury models. A major advantage of using a cranial nerve injury model is that the motoneurons reside in a relatively homogenous population in the facial motor nucleus in the pons, simplifying the study of the motoneuron cell bodies. Because of the symmetrical nature of facial nerve innervation and the lack of crosstalk between the facial motor nuclei, the operation can be performed unilaterally with the unaxotomized side serving as a paired internal control. A variety of analyses can be performed postoperatively to assess the physiologic response, details of which are beyond the scope of this article. For example, recovery of muscle function can serve as a behavioral marker for reinnervation, or the motoneurons can be quantified to measure cell survival. Additionally, the motoneurons can be accurately captured using laser microdissection for molecular analysis. Because the facial nerve axotomy is minimally invasive and well tolerated, it can be utilized on a wide variety of genetically modified mice. Also, this surgery model can be used to analyze the effectiveness of peripheral nerve injury treatments. Facial nerve injury provides a means for investigating not only motoneurons, but also the responses of the central and peripheral glial microenvironment, immune system, and target musculature. The facial nerve injury model is a widely accepted peripheral nerve injury model that serves as a powerful tool for studying nerve injury and regeneration.

We present a surgical protocol detailing how to perform a cut or crush axotomy on the facial nerve in the mouse. The facial nerve axotomy can be employed to study the physiological response to nerve injury and test therapeutic techniques.

マウスにおける顔面神経軸索切断：傷害に運動ニューロン応答を研究するためのモデル

The goal of this surgical protocol is to expose the facial nerve, which innervates the facial musculature, at its exit from the stylomastoid foramen and ...

Photothrombosis-induced Focal Ischemia as a Model of Spinal Cord Injury in Mice

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating clinical condition causing permanent changes in sensorimotor and autonomic functions of the spinal cord (SC) below the site of injury. The secondary ischemia that develops following the initial mechanical insult is a serious complication of the SCI and severely impairs the function and viability of surviving neuronal and non-neuronal cells in the SC. In addition, ischemia is also responsible for the growth of lesion during chronic phase of injury and interferes with the cellular repair and healing processes. Thus there is a need to develop a spinal cord ischemia model for studying the mechanisms of ischemia-induced pathology. Focal ischemia induced by photothrombosis (PT) is a minimally invasive and very well established procedure used to investigate the pathology of ischemia-induced cell death in the brain. Here, we describe the use of PT to induce an ischemic lesion in the spinal cord of mice. Following retro-orbital sinus injection of Rose Bengal, the posterior spinal vein and other capillaries on the dorsal surface of SC were irradiated with a green light resulting in the formation of a thrombus and thus ischemia in the affected region. Results from histology and immunochemistry studies show that PT-induced ischemia caused spinal cord infarction, loss of neurons and reactive gliosis. Using this technique a highly reproducible and relatively easy model of SCI in mice can be achieved that would serve the purpose of scientific investigations into the mechanisms of ischemia induced cell death as well as the efficacy of neuroprotective drugs. This model will also allow exploration of the pathological changes that occur following SCI in live mice like axonal degeneration and regeneration, neuronal and astrocytic Ca2+ signaling using two-photon microscopy.

Photothrombosis is a minimally invasive and highly reproducible procedure to induce focal ischemia in the spinal cord and serves as a model of spinal cord injury in mice.

マウスの脊髄損傷のモデルとしての光血栓誘発性局所虚血

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating clinical condition causing permanent changes in sensorimotor and autonomic functions of the spinal cord (SC) ...

A Repetitive Concussive Head Injury Model in Mice

Despite the concussion/ mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) being the most frequent occurrence of traumatic brain injury, there is still a lack of knowledge on the injury and its effects. To develop a better understanding of concussions, animals are often used because they provide a controlled, rigorous, and efficient model. Studies have adapted traditional animal models to perform mTBI to stimulate mild injury severity by changing the injury parameters. These models have been used because they can produce morphologically similar brain injuries to the clinical condition and provide a spectrum of injury severities. However, they are limited in their ability to present the identical features of injuries in patients. Using a traditional impact system, a repetitive concussive injury (rCHI) model can induce mild to moderate human-like concussion. The injury degree can be determined by measuring the period of loss of consciousness (LOC) with a sign of a transient termination of breathing. The rCHI model is beneficial to use for its accuracy and simplicity in determining mTBI effects and potential treatments.

Concussion presents the most common type of traumatic brain injury. Therefore, a repetitive concussive animal model, which replicates the important features of an injury in patients, may provide a means to study concussion in a rigorous, controlled, and efficient manner.

マウスにおける反復震とう頭部損傷モデル

Despite the concussion/ mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) being the most frequent occurrence of traumatic brain injury, there is still a lack of ...

Induction of Accelerated Atherosclerosis in Mice: The "Wire-Injury" Model

Atherosclerosis is a proliferative fibro-inflammatory disease developing in the arterial wall, inducing a deficient blood flow or a lack of blood flow. Moreover, by rupture of the defective vascular wall, atherosclerosis induces occlusive thrombus formation, which represents the main cause of myocardial infarction or stroke and the most frequent cause of death. Despite the advances in the cardiovascular field, many questions remain unanswered, and additional basic research is essential to improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms during atherosclerosis and its effects. Due to limited clinical studies, there is a need for representative animal models recreating atherosclerotic conditions such as neointima formation after stent implantation, balloon angioplasty, or endarterectomy. Since the mouse presents many advantages and is the most frequently used model for studying molecular processes, the current study proposes an invasive procedure of endothelial denudation, also known as the wire-injury model, which is representative of the human condition of neointima formation in arteries after revascularization procedures.

Induction of Accelerated Atherosclerosis in Mice: The &quot;Wire-Injury&quot; Model

This study describes an invasive procedure for the induction of accelerated atherosclerosis in mice. In comparison to other methods using electric- or cryo-induced injury, mechanical-induced injury mimics the human condition of restenosis after revascularization therapies and is ideal for the study of the molecular mechanisms involved.

マウスにおける加速アテローム性動脈硬化症の誘導:ワイヤー傷害モデル

Atherosclerosis is a proliferative fibro-inflammatory disease developing in the arterial wall, inducing a deficient blood flow or a lack of blood flow. ...

A Tissue Displacement-based Contusive Spinal Cord Injury Model in Mice

Producing a consistent and reproducible contusive spinal cord injury (SCI) is critical to minimizing behavioral and histological variabilities between experimental animals. Several contusive SCI models have been developed to produce injuries using different mechanisms. The severity of the SCI is based on the height that a given weight is dropped, the injury force, or the spinal cord displacement. In the current study, we introduce a novel mouse contusive SCI device, the Louisville Injury System Apparatus (LISA) impactor, which can create a displacement-based SCI with high injury velocity and accuracy. This system utilizes laser distance sensors combined with advanced software to produce graded and highly-reproducible injuries. We performed a contusive SCI at the 10th thoracic vertebral (T10) level in mice to demonstrate the step-by-step procedure. The model can also be applied to the cervical and lumbar spinal levels.

We introduce a tissue displacement-based contusive spinal cord injury model that can produce a consistent contusive spinal cord injury in adult mice.

マウスにおける組織変位ベースの脊柱挫傷モデルの検討

Producing a consistent and reproducible contusive spinal cord injury (SCI) is critical to minimizing behavioral and histological variabilities between ...

Isometric Contractility Measurement of the Mouse Mesenteric Artery Using Wire Myography

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and drugs. It is widely used in many studies on the physiological functions of vascular smooth muscle, the pathogenesis of vascular diseases such as hypertension, and the development of smooth muscle relaxant drugs. The mouse is a widely used model animal with a large pool of disease models and genetically modified strains. We introduced this method to measure the isometric contraction of mouse mesenteric artery in detail. A 1.4-mm segment of mouse mesenteric resistance artery was isolated and mounted on a myograph chamber by passing two steel wires through its lumen. After equilibration and normalization steps, the vessel segment was potentiated by a high-K+ solution twice prior to the contraction assay. As an example of the application of this method in drug development, we measured the relaxant effect of a novel natural substance, neoliensinine, isolated from a Chinese herb, embryos of the lotus seed (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) on mouse mesenteric arteries. The vessel segments mounted on the myograph chamber were stimulated with a high-K+ solution. When the force tension reached a stable sustained phase, cumulative doses of neoliensinine were added to the chamber. We found that neoliensinine had a dose-dependent relaxant effect on smooth muscle contraction, thus suggesting that it bears potential activity against hypertension. In addition, as the vessel segment can survive at least 4 hours after mounting and maintain contractility induced by the high-K+ solution for many times, we suggest that the wire myograph system may be used for the time-consuming process of drug screening.

The wire myograph technique is used to investigate vascular smooth muscle functions and screen new drugs. We report a detailed protocol for measuring the isometric contractility of the mouse mesenteric artery and for screening new relaxants of vascular smooth muscle.

ワイヤー図法を使用してマウスの腸間膜動脈の等尺性収縮力測定

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and ...