We wish to thank S. Taneja-Bageshwar, K. Beifuss, S. Kedroske, and H-C. Hsiao for helpful discussions. This work was funded by start-up funds from the TAMHSC Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine. The compound scope and spinning disk were purchased with funds provided by the department and the TAMHSC Office of the Dean. Some strains were provided by the Caenorhabditis Genetics Center, which is funded by the National Center for Research Resources. pRF4 (rol-6(su1006)) was a gift of A. Fire.

1. Preparation of DiI stain
<ol>
 <li>Prepare a stock solution of 20 mg/mL DiI (Biotium, Inc., Hayward, CA) in DMF. DiI is light sensitive, so protect DiI from light by wrapping in foil.</li>
 <li>Create a working dilution of DiI by adding 0.6 &mu;L DiI stock to 399.4 &mu;L M9 for each population. This should give a final working dilution of 30 &mu;g/mL DiI in M9. This can be scaled up for staining multiple populations simultaneously. Shield DiI from light by wrapping the tube(s) in foil.</li>
</ol>
<p class="jove_titl...

<ol>
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Biol. 86, 456-470 (1981).</li><li>Hall, D., Altun, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> C. elegans Atlas. , (2008).</li><li>Page, A. P., Johnstone, I. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+cuticle.">The cuticle.</a> The C. elegans Research Community. , (2007).</li><li>Kramer, J. M., Johnson, J. J., Edgar, R. S., Basch, C., Roberts, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+sqt-1+gene+of+C.+elegans+encodes+a+collagen+critical+for+organismal+morphogenesis.">The sqt-1 gene of C. elegans encodes a collagen critical for organismal morphogenesis.</a> Cell. 55, 555-565 (1988).</li><li>Mende, N. v. o. n., Bird, D. M., Albert, P. S., Riddle, D. 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R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+actin+filaments+in+patterning+the+Caenorhabditis+elegans+cuticle.">The role of actin filaments in patterning the Caenorhabditis elegans cuticle.</a> Dev. Biol. 184, 373-384 (1997).</li><li>Sapio, M. R., Hilliard, M. A., Cermola, M., Favre, R., Bazzicalupo, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Zona+Pellucida+domain+containing+proteins,+CUT-1,+CUT-3+and+CUT-5,+play+essential+roles+in+the+development+of+the+larval+alae+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans.">The Zona Pellucida domain containing proteins, CUT-1, CUT-3 and CUT-5, play essential roles in the development of the larval alae in Caenorhabditis elegans.</a> Dev. Biol.. 282, 231-245 (2005).</li><li>Johnstone, I. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cuticle+collagen+genes.+Expression+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans.">Cuticle collagen genes. Expression in Caenorhabditis elegans.</a> Trends Genet. 16, 21-27 (2000).</li><li>Kramer, J. M., French, R. P., Park, E. C., Johnson, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Caenorhabditis+elegans+rol-6+gene,+which+interacts+with+the+sqt-1+collagen+gene+to+determine+organismal+morphology,+encodes+a+collagen.">The Caenorhabditis elegans rol-6 gene, which interacts with the sqt-1 collagen gene to determine organismal morphology, encodes a collagen.</a> Mol. Cell Biol. 10, 2081-2089 (1990).</li><li>Thein, M. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Caenorhabditis+elegans+exoskeleton+collagen+COL-19:+an+adult-specific+marker+for+collagen+modification+and+assembly,+and+the+analysis+of+organismal+morphology.">Caenorhabditis elegans exoskeleton collagen COL-19: an adult-specific marker for collagen modification and assembly, and the analysis of organismal morphology.</a> Dev. Dyn. 226, 523-539 (2003).</li><li>McMahon, L., Muriel, J. M., Roberts, B., Quinn, M., Johnstone, I. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Two+sets+of+interacting+collagens+form+functionally+distinct+substructures+within+a+Caenorhabditis+elegans+extracellular+matrix.">Two sets of interacting collagens form functionally distinct substructures within a Caenorhabditis elegans extracellular matrix.</a> Molecular Biology of the Cell. 14, 1366-1378 (2003).</li><li>Link, C. D., Ehrenfels, C. W., Wood, W. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mutant+expression+of+male+copulatory+bursa+surface+markers+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans.">Mutant expression of male copulatory bursa surface markers in Caenorhabditis elegans.</a> Development. 103, 485-495 (1988).</li><li>Tong, Y. G., Burglin, T. 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K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+osm-6,+a+gene+that+affects+sensory+cilium+structure+and+sensory+neuron+function+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans.">Analysis of osm-6, a gene that affects sensory cilium structure and sensory neuron function in Caenorhabditis elegans.</a> Genetics. 148, 187-200 (1998).</li><li>Brenner, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+genetics+of+Caenorhabditis+elegans.">The genetics of Caenorhabditis elegans.</a> Genetics. 77, 71-94 (1974).</li></ol>

We have nothing to disclose.

The DiI staining method presented here allows for a relatively quick and convenient way to visualize the cuticle in C. elegans. By repurposing and optimizing a method commonly used to image environmentally exposed sensory neurons15,17, DiI can be used to fluorescently stain both alae and annular structures (Figures 1 and 2), as well as the vulva, male tail, and hermaphrodite tail spike (Figure 3). We have found that the incubation solution and time influence the ability of DiI to consistently stain th...

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Reagents</td>
			<td>Synonyms</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalogue number</td>
			<td>Comments </td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DiI</td>
			<td>1,1'-Dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate</td>
			<td>Biotium, Inc.</td>
			<td>60010</td>
			<td>Stock dilution: 
			20 mg/mL in DMF 
			working dilution: 30 mg/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMF</td>
			<td>Dimethylformamide</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, Inc.</td>
			<td>D4551</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton 
			X-100</td>
			<td>Octylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol</td>
			<td>VWR International, LLC.</td>
			<td>EM-9410</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>M9</td>
			<td>22mM KH2PO4, 42mM Na2HPO4, 86mM NaCl, 1mM MgSO4</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NGM</td>
			<td>Nematode growth medium</td>
			<td>IPM Scientific, Inc.</td>
			<td>11006-501</td>
			<td>Can be prepared following NGM agar protocol18</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agar-agar</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>EMD Chemicals, Inc.</td>
			<td>1.01614</td>
			<td>4% in water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Levamisole</td>
			<td>Levamisole hydrochloride</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, Inc.</td>
			<td>31742</td>
			<td>100 &mu;M - 1 mM levamisole as required</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope slides</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>VWR International, LLC.</td>
			<td>16005-106</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope cover glasses</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>VWR International, LLC.</td>
			<td>16004-302</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Compound scope</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Carl Zeiss, Inc.</td>
			<td>A1m</td>
			<td>Use objectives to match the needs of the experiment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TRITC or other compatible filter</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Chroma Technology Corp.</td>
			<td>49005</td>
			<td>ET - DSRed (TRITC/Cy3) sputtered filter set</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

visualization of caenorhabditis elegans cuticular structures using the lipophilic vital dye dii

The cuticle of C. elegans is a highly resistant structure that surrounds the exterior of the animal1-4. The cuticle not only protects the animal from the environment, but also determines body shape and plays a role in motility4-6. Several layers secreted by epidermal cells comprise the cuticle, including an outermost lipid layer7.
Circumferential ridges in the cuticle called annuli pattern the length of the animal and are present during all stages of development8. Alae are longitudinal ridges that are present during specific stages of development, including L1, dauer, and adult stages2,9. Mutations in genes that affect cuticular collagen organization can alter cuticular structure and animal body morphology5,6,10,11. While cuticular imaging using compound microscopy with DIC optics is possible, current methods that highlight cuticular structures include fluorescent transgene expression12, antibody staining13, and electron microscopy1. Labeled wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) has also been used to visualize cuticular glycoproteins, but is limited in resolving finer cuticular structures14. Staining of cuticular surface using fluorescent dye has been observed, but never characterized in detail15. We present a method to visualize cuticle in live C. elegans using the red fluorescent lipophilic dye DiI (1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate), which is commonly used in C. elegans to visualize environmentally exposed neurons. This optimized protocol for DiI staining is a simple, robust method for high resolution fluorescent visualization of annuli, alae, vulva, male tail, and hermaphrodite tail spike in C. elegans.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Visualization of Caenorhabditis elegans Cuticular Structures Using the Lipophilic Vital Dye DiI at JoVE.com

Visualization of Caenorhabditis elegans Cuticular Structures Using the Lipophilic Vital Dye DiI

We present a method to visualize cuticle in live C. elegans using the red fluorescent lipophilic dye DiI (1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate), which is commonly used in C. elegans to visualize environmentally exposed neurons. With this optimized protocol, alae and annular cuticular structures are stained by DiI and observed using compound microscopy.

Visualization of Caenorhabditis elegans Cuticular Structures Using the Lipophilic Vital Dye DiI

The cuticle of C. elegans is a highly resistant structure that surrounds the exterior of the animal1-4. The cuticle not only protects the animal from the ...

visualization-caenorhabditis-elegans-cuticular-structures-using

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JoVE Journal

Biology

16.9K ビュー.  Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, College of Medicine. 我々は、ライブでキューティクルを可視化する手法を提案 C.エレガンス一般的に使用される赤色蛍光親油性色素DII（1,1' - ジオクタデシル- 3、3,3'、3' - tetramethylindocarbocyanine過塩素酸塩）を使用して、 C.エレガンス環境的に露出した神経細胞を可視化する。この最適化されたプロトコルで、alaeと環状のクチクラ構造は、DIIによ...