我々は彼らのクライオスタットを使用するための許可フレッドハッチンソンがん研究センターのジョナサン·クーパーラボに感謝したいと思います。この作品は、NIHとWMケック財団によってサポートされていました。 BMは、ライフサイエンス研究財団のゴードンとベティ·ムーア仲間です。私達は私達と彼の固定プロトコルを共有するためのダニエルGottschlingに感謝しています。

1。酵母のコミュニティを修正<ol><li>メンブレンフィルター（; 図2A 例えば 、ミリポアMF膜フィルター）に酵母のコミュニティを育てています。このプロトコルは、6mm径のメンブレンフィルター上の未満2×10 8個の細胞の典型的な地域に対応しています。 </li><li>ウェル1センチ直径（ 図2B）の底をカバーする541ワットマン濾紙を使用しています。このワットマン紙は後の段階でコミュニティを転送するためのキャリアとして使用されます。ウェルに1ミリリットル100％メタノールを追加し、平衡化するために、温度を-20でよく℃を残す。 </li><li>デュワーに液体窒素を入れてください 。ピンセット（ 図2C）を使用して、液体N 2中で少なくとも15秒間コミュニティを浸漬することにより、液体窒素中でコミュニティをフリーズします。 </li><li> -20℃メタノール（ 図2D）のウェルに凍結コミュニティを転送します。メタノールでそれを浸すとき社会が水平に保たれていることを確認します。20分待ってください。 MF膜フィルターは、メタノール中で崩壊し始めます。 </li><li>よくメタノールの蒸発（ 図2E）は-20℃で保た冷たいペトリ皿にメタノールからコミュニティの担体を用いて541ワットマンろ紙を転送します。転送する場合は、キャリアWhatmanフィルターの上にコミュニティを維持し、寒いペトリ皿に入れる前に厚いワットマン紙の別の部分を用いてメタノールの余分な水滴を離れて描画します。これは蒸発時間は、サンプルとサンプルの間の一貫性があることを保証します。 </li><li>キャリアWhatmanフィルターが乾燥して見えるまで蒸発のために4から6時間待ちます。不十分な蒸発はセクショニングと干渉残留メタノールを残します。過乾燥は、地域社会に亀裂や変形が生じる。 </li><li> -20℃の冷凍庫からサンプルを取り出します。コミュニティで覆われていないワットマン541濾紙を切り取った。 </li><li>サンプルはから少なくとも約2 mmのマージンを持っているような十分な大きさの長方形の立方体のアルミ箔コンテナを作るそれぞれの側（ 図2F）。アルミ箔容器の底面にコミュニティを置き、すぐに3〜10月でサンプル〜コミュニティの高さ上記4ミリメートルをカバーしています。重要な場合は、試料の配向が容器の側面に関連して、このステップで調整することができます。 10分待ってください。 </li><li>凍結するドライアイス上に金属板の上に10月包埋サンプルを置きます。 -20℃または-80℃の冷凍庫で凍結コミュニティを保管してください。 </li></ol> 2。蛍光イメージング用冷凍コミュニティセク<ol><li> -25℃に凍結切片室の温度を設定し、その温度が室内の温度に達するまでチャンバー内のサンプルのままにしておきます。 </li><li>台紙に10月のドロップを適用した後にクライオマウントにサンプルをマウントします。 10月の厚さが2-3 mmであるように、露出したワットマン濾紙（容器の底部）で試料の側面に均一に10月を広げた。 10月はSE前クライオスタット室の内部に凍結しましょうctioning。サンプルのすべての側面に2〜3mmの10月のマージンを確保することは、セクションの整合性を維持するのに役立ちます。 </li><li> 10月のサンプルブロックの辺はサンプルを整列させるために使用することができます。サンプルがブレードに対して位置合わせされていない場合は、セクション化は、サンプルのコーナーやサイドからスタートします。ブレードはサンプルブロックの完全に垂直（もしくは水平）面をカットしていることを確認するためにマウントを調整します。 </li><li>酵母のコミュニティのための典型的なセクションでは、〜14μmの厚さである。セクションをカットした後、ゆっくりと切断部にスライドを接近して、セクションを収集するために室温に保っ顕微鏡スライドを使用しています。セクションでは、溶融し、顕微鏡スライドに移ります。最大18のセクションには、1つのスライドに転写することができる。 </li><li>好ましくは-20低温、℃、イメージングの前でスライドを格納します。 4℃で1週間保持する際、信号の損失が最小限に抑えられます最大蛍光シグナルは、イメージングは​​、好ましくは、セクショニングの直後に行われます。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Tolker-Nielsen, T., Molin, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spatial+Organization+of+Microbial+Biofilm+Communities.">Spatial Organization of Microbial Biofilm Communities.</a> Microbial Ecology. 40 (2), 75-84 (2000).</li><li>Moller, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=+In+Situ+Gene+Expression+in+Mixed-Culture+Biofilms:+Evidence+of+Metabolic+Interactions+between+Community+Members."> In Situ Gene Expression in Mixed-Culture Biofilms: Evidence of Metabolic Interactions between Community Members.</a> Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64 (2), 721-732 (1998).</li><li>Lepp, P. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Methanogenic+Archaea+and+human+periodontal+disease.">Methanogenic Archaea and human periodontal disease.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 101 (16), 6176-6181 (2004).</li><li>V&#225;chov&#225;, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Architecture+of+developing+multicellular+yeast+colony:+spatio-temporal+expression+of+Ato1p+ammonium+exporter.">Architecture of developing multicellular yeast colony: spatio-temporal expression of Ato1p ammonium exporter.</a> Environmental Microbiology. 11 (7), 1866-1877 (2009).</li><li>Min&#225;rikov&#225;, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differentiated+Gene+Expression+in+Cells+within+Yeast+Colonies.">Differentiated Gene Expression in Cells within Yeast Colonies.</a> Experimental Cell Research. 271 (2), 296-304 (2001).</li><li>Shou, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synthetic+cooperation+in+engineered+yeast+populations.">Synthetic cooperation in engineered yeast populations.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104, 1877-1882 (2007).</li><li>Momeni, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cooperation+generates+a+unique+spatial+signature+in+microbial+communities.">Cooperation generates a unique spatial signature in microbial communities.</a> , (2012).</li><li>Kiernan, J., ed, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Histological and Histochemical Methods: Theory and Practice. , 4 (2008).</li><li>Piccirillo, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Rim101p/PacC+Pathway+and+Alkaline+pH+Regulate+Pattern+Formation+in+Yeast+Colonies.">The Rim101p/PacC Pathway and Alkaline pH Regulate Pattern Formation in Yeast Colonies.</a> Genetics. 184 (3), 707-716 (2010).</li></ol>

特別な利害関係は宣言されません。

ここで紹介する手順は、酵母のコミュニティの内部構造を検査する方法を提供します。メタノール固定工程は8リジッド酵母コロニーを作り、コロニーの整合性を維持しますが、それはまた、結果を解釈する際に考慮すべき8収縮を引き起こす。我々は通常、直接9を固定せずに 10月中に埋め込 ​​まれたコロニーに比べて酵母のコロニーの高さの約30％...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> 試薬の名称 </td><td> 会社 </td><td> カタログ番号 </td><td> コメント（オプション） </td></tr><tr><td> 100％メタノール</td><td> JTベーカー</td><td> 9070から01 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>組織 - Tek社のOCTコンパウンド</td><td> Andwin科学</td><td> 4583 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ワットマングレード541号定量濾紙</td><td>ワットマン</td><td> 1541-047 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ミリポア-MFメンブレンフィルター</td><td>ミリポア</td><td> HAWP04700 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>低温保持装置</td><td>ライカ</td><td> CMは1510年のS </td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

cryosectioning yeast communities for examining fluorescence patterns

微生物は、一般的に地域社会に住んでいます。コミュニティ内での細胞の空間的な組織は、コミュニティ1の生存と機能に影響を及ぼすと考えられている。焦点と二光子顕微鏡を含む光学セクショニング技術は、細菌や古細菌群集2,3の空間組織を観察するために有用であることが証明されています。酵母のコロニーの共焦点イメージングおよび物理的なセクショニングの組み合わせは、セル4の内部組織を明らかにした。しかし、共焦点や2光子顕微鏡を用いた直接的な光学セクショニングは、酵母のコロニーの奥深くまで少数の細胞層に到達することができるだけであった。この制限があるため4酵母細胞からの光の強い散乱の可能性があります。 ここでは、固定及びSaccharomyces cerevisiaeのコミュニティ内で蛍光細胞の空間分布を得るために、凍結セクショニングに基づく方法を提案する。我々は、定着剤としてメタノールを使用細胞の空間分布を保存する方法について説明します。固定されたコミュニティはクライオスタットにおけるOCT化合物、冷凍、および凍結切片を浸透されています。セクションの蛍光イメージングは​​、コミュニティ内の蛍光細胞の内部組織を明らかにする。 赤と緑の蛍光タンパク質を発現する株から成る酵母コミュニティの例としては、同様に酵母のコロニー2,3内の遺伝子発現の場合と蛍光細胞の空間分布を明らかにするために凍結セクショニング法の可能性を実証している。我々の焦点は、Saccharomyces cerevisiaeのコミュニティになっているにもかかわらず、同じ方法を用いて、潜在的に他の微生物群集を検討するために適用することができる。

赤と緑のタグを付けた競争力のある集団6を含む酵母群集の垂直断面の蛍光画像を図3に示します。これらのコミュニティは2原栄養酵母の菌株とスペースを含む共有リソースのための彼らの競争から成り、それらの垂直断面に表示されているように、円柱状のパターンに7をリードしています 。単一細胞の解像度ダウン、クロスセクションで解決することが...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Cryosectioning Yeast Communities for Examining Fluorescence Patterns at JoVE.com

Cryosectioning Yeast Communities for Examining Fluorescence Patterns

我々は、蛍光細胞の内部のパターンを観察するために酵母コミュニティを凍結および凍結セクショニングするためのプロトコルを提示します。この方法は、メタノール固定に依存しており、コミュニティ内での蛍光タンパク質を不活性化することなく、細胞の空間的な分布を維持するために10月エンベディング。

蛍光パターンを調査するための凍結セクショニング酵母コミュニティ

Microbes typically live  in communities. The spatial organization  of cells within a community is believed to impact the survival and function of the  ...

cryosectioning-yeast-communities-for-examining-fluorescence-patterns

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

8.8K ビュー.  Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center. 我々は、蛍光細胞の内部のパターンを観察するために酵母コミュニティを凍結および凍結セクショニングするためのプロトコルを提示します。この方法は、メタノール固定に依存しており、コミュニティ内での蛍光タンパク質を不活性化することなく、細胞の空間的な分布を維持するために10月エンベディング。

ビデオ: Cryosectioning Yeast Communities for Examining Fluorescence Patterns

Flash Freezing and Cryosectioning E12.5 Mouse Brain

Demonstrated in this video are the techniques for flash freezing and sectioning embryonic brain tissue from mouse. Useful tips for using the cryostat are given, including troubleshooting methods that can be used while cutting to ensure that the resultant tissues sections are free of cracks and other distortions.

Flashは、E12.5マウス脳の凍結とCryosectioning

生物学

Microbial Communities in Nature and Laboratory - Interview

自然と実験室での微生物群集 - インタビュー

Biology of Microbial Communities  - Interview

微生物群集の生物学 - インタビュー

Time-lapse Imaging of Mitosis After siRNA Transfection

Changes in cellular organization and chromosome dynamics that occur during mitosis are tightly coordinated to ensure accurate inheritance of genomic and cellular content. Hallmark events of mitosis, such as chromosome movement, can be readily tracked on an individual cell basis using time-lapse fluorescence microscopy of mammalian cell lines expressing specific GFP-tagged proteins. In combination with RNAi-based depletion, this can be a powerful method for pinpointing the stage(s) of mitosis where defects occur after levels of a particular protein have been lowered. In this protocol, we present a basic method for assessing the effect of depleting a potential mitotic regulatory protein on the timing of mitosis. Cells are transfected with siRNA, placed in a stage-top incubation chamber, and imaged using an automated fluorescence microscope. We describe how to use software to set up a time-lapse experiment, how to process the image sequences to make either still-image montages or movies, and how to quantify and analyze the timing of mitotic stages using a cell-line expressing mCherry-tagged histone H2B. Finally, we discuss important considerations for designing a time-lapse experiment. This strategy is complementary to other approaches and offers the advantages of 1) sensitivity to changes in kinetics that might not be observed when looking at cells as a population and 2) analysis of mitosis without the need to synchronize the cell cycle using drug treatments. The visual information from such imaging experiments not only allows the sub-stages of mitosis to be assessed, but can also provide unexpected insight that would not be apparent from cell cycle analysis by FACS.

Here we describe a basic protocol to image and quantify the mitotic timing of live mammalian tissue culture cells after siRNA transfection.

siRNAトランスフェクション後の有糸分裂のタイムラプスイメージング

Changes in cellular organization and chromosome dynamics that occur during mitosis are tightly coordinated to ensure accurate inheritance of genomic and ...

Examining the Conformational Dynamics of Membrane Proteins in situ with Site-directed Fluorescence Labeling

Two electrode voltage clamp electrophysiology (TEVC) is a powerful tool to investigate the mechanism of ion transport1 for a wide variety of membrane proteins including ion channels2, ion pumps3, and transporters4. Recent developments have combined site-specific fluorophore labeling alongside TEVC to 
concurrently examine the conformational dynamics at specific residues and function of these proteins on the surface of single cells.
We will describe a method to study the conformational dynamics of membrane proteins by simultaneously monitoring fluorescence and current changes using voltage-clamp fluorometry. This approach can be used to examine the molecular motion of membrane proteins site-specifically following cysteine replacement and site-directed fluorophore labeling5,6. Furthermore, this method provides an approach to determine distance constraints between specific residues7,8. 
This is achieved by selectively attaching donor and acceptor fluorophores to two mutated cysteine residues of interest.
In brief, these experiments are performed following functional expression of the desired protein on the surface of Xenopus leavis oocytes. The large surface area of these oocytes enables facile functional measurements and a robust fluorescence signal5. It is also possible to readily change the extracellular conditions such as pH, ligand or cations/anions, which can provide further information on the mechanism of membrane proteins4. Finally, recent developments 
have also enabled the manipulation of select internal ions following co-expression with a second protein9.
Our protocol is described in multiple parts. First, cysteine scanning mutagenesis proceeded by fluorophore labeling is completed at residues located at the interface of the transmembrane and extracellular domains. Subsequent experiments are designed to identify residues which demonstrate large changes in fluorescence intensity (&lt;5%)3 upon a conformational change of the protein. Second, these changes in fluorescence intensity are compared to the kinetic parameters of 
the membrane protein in order to correlate the conformational dynamics to the function of the protein10. This enables a rigorous biophysical analysis of the molecular motion of the target protein. Lastly, two residues of the holoenzyme can be labeled with a donor and acceptor fluorophore in order to determine distance constraints using donor photodestruction methods. It is also possible to monitor the relative movement of protein subunits following labeling with a donor and acceptor fluorophore.

Examining the Conformational Dynamics of Membrane Proteins in situ with Site-directed Fluorescence Labeling

We will describe a method which measures the kinetics of ion transport of membrane proteins alongside site-specific analysis of conformational changes using fluorescence on single cells. This technique is adaptable to ion channels, transporters and ion pumps and can be utilized to determine distance constraints between protein subunits.

膜タンパク質の構造動力学を調べるその場で部位特異的蛍光標識を持つ

Two electrode voltage clamp electrophysiology (TEVC) is a powerful tool to investigate the mechanism of ion transport1 for a wide variety of membrane ...

Genomic MRI - a Public Resource for Studying Sequence Patterns within Genomic DNA

Non-coding genomic regions in complex eukaryotes, including intergenic areas, introns, and untranslated segments of exons, are profoundly non-random in their nucleotide composition and consist of a complex mosaic of sequence patterns. These patterns include so-called Mid-Range Inhomogeneity (MRI) regions -- sequences 30-10000 nucleotides in length that are enriched by a particular base or combination of bases (e.g. (G+T)-rich, purine-rich, etc.). MRI regions are associated with unusual (non-B-form) DNA structures that are often involved in regulation of gene expression, recombination, and other genetic processes (Fedorova &amp; Fedorov 2010). The existence of a strong fixation bias within MRI regions against mutations that tend to reduce their sequence inhomogeneity additionally supports the functionality and importance of these genomic sequences (Prakash et al. 2009).
Here we demonstrate a freely available Internet resource -- the Genomic MRI program package -- designed for computational analysis of genomic sequences in order to find and characterize various MRI patterns within them (Bechtel et al. 2008). This package also allows generation of randomized sequences with various properties and level of correspondence to the natural input DNA sequences. The main goal of this resource is to facilitate examination of vast regions of non-coding DNA that are still scarcely investigated and await thorough exploration and recognition.

We present a public computational web site for the analysis of genomic sequences. It detects DNA sequence patterns with various non-random nucleotide compositions. This resource also generates randomized sequences with diverse levels of complexity.

ゲノムMRI - ゲノムDNA内の配列パターンを研究するためのパブリックリソース

Non-coding genomic regions in complex eukaryotes, including intergenic areas, introns, and untranslated segments of exons, are profoundly non-random in ...

A Fluorescence Microscopy Assay for Monitoring Mitophagy in the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Autophagy is important for turnover of cellular components under a range of different conditions. It serves an essential homeostatic function as well as a quality control mechanism that can target and selectively degrade cellular material including organelles1-4. For example, damaged or redundant mitochondria (Fig. 1), not disposed of by autophagy, can represent a threat to cellular homeostasis and cell survival. In the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, nutrient deprivation (e.g., nitrogen starvation) or damage can promote selective turnover of mitochondria by autophagy in a process termed mitophagy 5-9.
We describe a simple fluorescence microscopy approach to assess autophagy. For clarity we restrict our description here to show how the approach can be used to monitor mitophagy in yeast cells. The assay makes use of a fluorescent reporter, Rosella, which is a dual-emission biosensor comprising a relatively pH-stable red fluorescent protein linked to a pH-sensitive green fluorescent protein. The operation of this reporter relies on differences in pH between the vacuole (pH ~ 5.0-5.5) and mitochondria (pH ~ 8.2) in living cells. Under growing conditions, wild type cells exhibit both red and green fluorescence distributed in a manner characteristic of the mitochondria. Fluorescence emission is not associated with the vacuole. When subjected to nitrogen starvation, a condition which induces mitophagy, in addition to red and green fluorescence labeling the mitochondria, cells exhibit the accumulation of red, but not green fluorescence, in the acidic vacuolar lumen representing the delivery of mitochondria to the vacuole. Scoring cells with red, but not green fluorescent vacuoles can be used as a measure of mitophagic activity in cells5,10-12.

A Fluorescence Microscopy Assay for Monitoring Mitophagy in the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

A robust approach to monitor the delivery of organelles to the acidic lumen of the yeast vacuole for degradation and recycling is described. The method relies on the specific labeling of target organelles with a genetically encoded dual-emission fluorescence pH-biosensor, and visualization of individual cells using fluorescence microscopy.

酵母でMitophagyを監視するための蛍光顕微鏡アッセイサッカロマイセスセレビシエ

Autophagy is important for turnover of cellular components under a range of different conditions. It serves an essential homeostatic function as well as a ...

Quantitative Live Cell Fluorescence-microscopy Analysis of Fission Yeast

Several microscopy techniques are available today that can detect a specific protein within the cell. During the last decade live cell imaging using fluorochromes like Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) directly attached to the protein of interest has become increasingly popular 1. Using GFP and similar fluorochromes the subcellular localisations and movements of proteins can be detected in a fluorescent microscope. Moreover, also the subnuclear localisation of a certain region of a chromosome can be studied using this technique. GFP is fused to the Lac Repressor protein (LacR) and ectopically expressed in the cell where tandem repeats of the lacO sequence has been inserted into the region of interest on the chromosome2. The LacR-GFP will bind to the lacO repeats and that area of the genome will be visible as a green dot in the fluorescence microscope. Yeast is especially suited for this type of manipulation since homologous recombination is very efficient and thereby enables targeted integration of the lacO repeats and engineered fusion proteins with GFP 3. Here we describe a quantitative method for live cell analysis of fission yeast. Additional protocols for live cell analysis of fission yeast can be found, for example on how to make a movie of the meiotic chromosomal behaviour 4. In this particular experiment we focus on subnuclear organisation and how it is affected during gene induction. We have labelled a gene cluster, named Chr1, by the introduction of lacO binding sites in the vicinity of the genes. The gene cluster is enriched for genes that are induced early during nitrogen starvation of fission yeast 5. In the strain the nuclear membrane (NM) is labelled by the attachment of mCherry to the NM protein Cut11 giving rise to a red fluorescent signal. The Spindle Pole body (SPB) compound Sid4 is fused to Red Fluorescent Protein (Sid4-mRFP) 6. In vegetatively growing yeast cells the centromeres are always attached to the SPB that is embedded in the NM 7. The SPB is identified as a large round structure in the NM. By imaging before and 20 minutes after depletion of the nitrogen source we can determine the distance between the gene cluster (GFP) and the NM/SPB. The mean or median distances before and after nitrogen depletion are compared and we can thus quantify whether or not there is a shift in subcellular localisation of the gene cluster after nitrogen depletion.

The fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, is a good model system to study basic cellular processes. Here we describe a method to perform quantitative live cell analysis of fission yeast. In this particular experiment we focus on organisation of the genome within the cell nucleus, but the method can also be used to study cytosolic factors.

分裂酵母の定量的なライブセル蛍光-顕微鏡解析

Several microscopy techniques are available today that can detect a specific protein within the cell. During the last decade live cell imaging using ...

Acquiring Fluorescence Time-lapse Movies of Budding Yeast and Analyzing Single-cell Dynamics using GRAFTS

Fluorescence time-lapse microscopy has become a powerful tool in the study of many biological processes at the single-cell level. In particular, movies depicting the temporal dependence of gene expression provide insight into the dynamics of its regulation; however, there are many technical challenges to obtaining and analyzing fluorescence movies of single cells. We describe here a simple protocol using a commercially available microfluidic culture device to generate such data, and a MATLAB-based, graphical user interface (GUI) -based software package to quantify the fluorescence images. The software segments and tracks cells, enables the user to visually curate errors in the data, and automatically assigns lineage and division times. The GUI further analyzes the time series to produce whole cell traces as well as their first and second time derivatives. While the software was designed for S. cerevisiae, its modularity and versatility should allow it to serve as a platform for studying other cell types with few modifications.

We present a simple protocol to obtain fluorescence microscopy movies of growing yeast cells, and a GUI-based software package to extract single-cell time series data. The analysis includes automated lineage and division time assignment integrated with visual inspection and manual curation of tracked data.

出芽酵母の蛍光タイムラプス作品を取得し、移植片を使用したシングルセルダイナミクスの解析

Fluorescence time-lapse microscopy has become a powerful tool in the study of many biological processes at the single-cell level. In particular, movies ...

Cryosectioning Method for Microdissection of Murine Colonic Mucosa

The colonic mucosal tissue provides a vital barrier to luminal antigens. This barrier is composed of a monolayer of simple columnar epithelial cells. The colonic epithelium is dynamically turned over and epithelial cells are generated in the stem cell containing crypts of Lieberk&#252;hn. Progenitor cells produced in the crypt-bases migrate toward the luminal surface, undergoing a process of cellular differentiation before being shed into the gut lumen. In order to study these processes at the molecular level, we have developed a simple method for the microdissection of two spatially distinct regions of the colonic mucosa; the proliferative crypt zone, and the differentiated surface epithelial cells. Our objective is to isolate specific crypt and surface epithelial cell populations from mouse colonic mucosa for the isolation of RNA and protein.

Here we describe a simple method for the isolation of spatially distinct murine colonic epithelial surface cells from the underlying crypt-base cells.

マウス結腸粘膜の顕微解剖のための凍結切片法

The colonic mucosal tissue provides a vital barrier to luminal antigens. This barrier is composed of a monolayer of simple columnar epithelial cells. The ...