We would like to thank Jonathan Cooper Lab at Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center for the permission to use their cryostat. This work was supported by NIH and the W.M. Keck Foundation. BM is a Gordon and Betty Moore fellow of Life Science Research Foundation. We are grateful to Daniel Gottschling for sharing his fixing protocol with us.

1. Fixing Yeast Communities
<ol>
	<li>Grow yeast communities on a membrane filter (e.g., Millipore MF membrane filter; Figure 2A). This protocol corresponds to a typical community of less than 2x108 cells on a 6 mm-diameter membrane filter.</li>
	<li>Use a piece of Whatman 541 filter paper to cover the bottom of a 1 cm-diameter well (Figure 2B). This Whatman paper will be used as a carrier to transfer the community in later stages. Add 1 ml 100% methanol to the well, and leave the well in -20 &deg;C for the temperature to equilibrate.</li>
	<li>Put liquid N2 in a dewar. Freeze community in liquid nitrogen by dipping the community for at least 15 sec in liquid N2 using a tweezer (Figure 2C).</li>
	<li>Transfer frozen community to the well of -20 &deg;C methanol (Figure 2D). Ensure that the community is kept horizontal when submerging it in the methanol. Wait 20 min. The MF membrane filter starts to disintegrate in methanol.</li>
	<li>Transfer community using the carrier Whatman 541 filter paper from the methanol well to a cold Petri dish kept at -20 &deg;C for methanol evaporation (Figure 2E). When transferring, keep the community on top of carrier Whatman filter and draw away extra drops of methanol using another piece of thick Whatman paper before putting in the cold Petri dish. This will ensure that evaporation time is consistent from sample to sample.</li>
	<li>Wait 4-6 hr for evaporation until the carrier Whatman filter looks dry. Insufficient evaporation leaves residual methanol which interferes with sectioning. Over-drying causes cracks and deformation in communities.</li>
	<li>Take the sample out of -20 &deg;C freezer. Cut away Whatman 541 filter paper not covered by community.</li>
	<li>Make a rectangular cubic aluminum-foil container which is large enough such that the sample has at least ~2 mm margin from each side (Figure 2F). Place the community on the bottom surface of the aluminum-foil container; immediately cover the sample with OCT to 3~4 mm above community height. If important, the orientation of the sample can be adjusted in this step with regard to the sides of the container. Wait 10 min.</li>
	<li>Place the OCT-embedded sample on a metallic plate on dry ice to freeze. Store the frozen communities at -20 &deg;C or -80 &deg;C freezer.</li>
</ol>
2. Sectioning Frozen Communities for Fluorescence Imaging
<ol>
	<li>Set the temperature of cryosection chamber to -25 &deg;C and leave the samples in the chamber until its temperature reaches the temperature of the chamber.</li>
	<li>Mount the sample onto a cryo-mount after applying a drop of OCT on the mount. Spread OCT uniformly on the side of sample with exposed Whatman filter paper (bottom of the container) so that OCT thickness is 2-3 mm. Let OCT freeze inside the cryostat chamber before sectioning. Ensuring an OCT margin of 2-3 mm on all sides of the sample helps to preserve the integrity of sections.</li>
	<li>The sides of the OCT sample block can be used to align the sample. If the sample is not aligned with respect to the blade, sectioning will start from a corner or side of the sample. Adjust the mount to ensure that the blade cuts a perfectly vertical (or horizontal) face of the sample block.</li>
	<li>Typical sections for yeast communities are ~14 &mu;m-thick. After cutting a section, use a microscope slide kept at room temperature to collect the section, by slowly approaching the slide to the cut section. The section will melt and transfer to the microscope slide. Up to 18 sections can be transferred onto one slide.</li>
	<li>Store the slides at cold temperatures, preferably -20 &deg;C, before imaging. Loss of signal is minimal when kept for one week at 4 &deg;C. For maximum fluorescence signal, imaging is preferably done immediately after sectioning.</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Tolker-Nielsen, T., Molin, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spatial+Organization+of+Microbial+Biofilm+Communities.">Spatial Organization of Microbial Biofilm Communities.</a> Microbial Ecology. 40 (2), 75-84 (2000).</li><li>Moller, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=+In+Situ+Gene+Expression+in+Mixed-Culture+Biofilms:+Evidence+of+Metabolic+Interactions+between+Community+Members."> In Situ Gene Expression in Mixed-Culture Biofilms: Evidence of Metabolic Interactions between Community Members.</a> Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64 (2), 721-732 (1998).</li><li>Lepp, P. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Methanogenic+Archaea+and+human+periodontal+disease.">Methanogenic Archaea and human periodontal disease.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 101 (16), 6176-6181 (2004).</li><li>V&#225;chov&#225;, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Architecture+of+developing+multicellular+yeast+colony:+spatio-temporal+expression+of+Ato1p+ammonium+exporter.">Architecture of developing multicellular yeast colony: spatio-temporal expression of Ato1p ammonium exporter.</a> Environmental Microbiology. 11 (7), 1866-1877 (2009).</li><li>Min&#225;rikov&#225;, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differentiated+Gene+Expression+in+Cells+within+Yeast+Colonies.">Differentiated Gene Expression in Cells within Yeast Colonies.</a> Experimental Cell Research. 271 (2), 296-304 (2001).</li><li>Shou, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synthetic+cooperation+in+engineered+yeast+populations.">Synthetic cooperation in engineered yeast populations.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104, 1877-1882 (2007).</li><li>Momeni, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cooperation+generates+a+unique+spatial+signature+in+microbial+communities.">Cooperation generates a unique spatial signature in microbial communities.</a> , (2012).</li><li>Kiernan, J., ed, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Histological and Histochemical Methods: Theory and Practice. , 4 (2008).</li><li>Piccirillo, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Rim101p/PacC+Pathway+and+Alkaline+pH+Regulate+Pattern+Formation+in+Yeast+Colonies.">The Rim101p/PacC Pathway and Alkaline pH Regulate Pattern Formation in Yeast Colonies.</a> Genetics. 184 (3), 707-716 (2010).</li></ol>

No conflicts of interest declared.

The procedure presented here offers a way to inspect the internal structure of yeast communities. The methanol fixing step makes the yeast colony rigid8 and preserves the integrity of the colony; however, it also causes shrinkage8 that should be taken into account in interpreting the results. We typically see around 30% shrinkage in height of yeast colonies, compared to colonies directly embedded in OCT without fixing9.
To avoid shrinkage, an alternativ...

<table border="1">
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td>Name of the reagent</td>
 <td>Company</td>
 <td>Catalogue number</td>
 <td>Comments (optional)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>100% Methanol</td>
 <td>J.T. Baker</td>
 <td>9070-01</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Tissue-Tek O.C.T. Compound</td>
 <td>Andwin Scientific</td>
 <td>4583</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Whatman Grade No. 541 Quantitative Filter Paper</td>
 <td>Whatman</td>
 <td>1541-047 </td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Millipore-MF Membrane Filter</td>
 <td>Millipore</td>
 <td>HAWP04700</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Cryostat</td>
 <td>Leica</td>
 <td>CM 1510 S</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>

cryosectioning yeast communities for examining fluorescence patterns

Microbes typically live in communities. The spatial organization of cells within a community is believed to impact the survival and function of the community1. Optical sectioning techniques, including confocal and two-photon microscopy, have proven useful for observing spatial organization of bacterial and archaeal communities2,3. A combination of confocal imaging and physical sectioning of yeast colonies has revealed internal organization of cells4. However, direct optical sectioning using confocal or two-photon microscopy has been only able to reach a few cell layers deep into yeast colonies. This limitation is likely because of strong scattering of light from yeast cells4.
Here, we present a method based on fixing and cryosectioning to obtain spatial distribution of fluorescent cells within Saccharomyces cerevisiae communities. We use methanol as the fixative agent to preserve the spatial distribution of cells. Fixed communities are infiltrated with OCT compound, frozen, and cryosectioned in a cryostat. Fluorescence imaging of the sections reveals the internal organization of fluorescent cells within the community.
Examples of yeast communities consisting of strains expressing red and green fluorescent proteins demonstrate the potentials of the cryosectioning method to reveal the spatial distribution of fluorescent cells as well as that of gene expression within yeast colonies2,3. Even though our focus has been on Saccharomyces cerevisiae communities, the same method can potentially be applied to examine other microbial communities.

Fluorescence images of vertical cross-sections of yeast communities containing red- and green-tagged competitive populations6 are shown in Figure 3. These communities consist of two prototrophic strains of yeast and their competition for shared resources, including space, leads to columnar patterns7, as displayed in their vertical cross-sections. Resolutions down to a single cell can be resolved in cross-sections. Figure 3 compares cross-sections of replicate ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Cryosectioning Yeast Communities for Examining Fluorescence Patterns at JoVE.com

Cryosectioning Yeast Communities for Examining Fluorescence Patterns

We present a protocol for freezing and cryosectioning yeast communities to observe internal patterns of fluorescent cells. The method relies on methanol-fixing and OCT-embedding to preserve the spatial distribution of cells without inactivating fluorescent proteins within a community.

Microbes typically live  in communities. The spatial organization  of cells within a community is believed to impact the survival and function of the  ...

cryosectioning-yeast-communities-for-examining-fluorescence-patterns

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8.8K Views.  Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center. We present a protocol for freezing and cryosectioning yeast communities to observe internal patterns of fluorescent cells. The method relies on methanol-fixing and OCT-embedding to preserve the spatial distribution of cells without inactivating fluorescent proteins within a community.