この作品は、NIEHS R01ES014470（KMZ）によってサポートされていました。

前にこのプロトコルを開始する、出生後日目新生仔マウスを集め1-3保護さと暖かさのために、元のケージ寝具を使用してネストされた滅菌容器内（P1-3）。これは、ミクログリア収率を最適化するためにこのプロトコルを介して迅速かつ効率的に作業することが重要である。完全な試薬リストについては、表1を参照してください。 1。楽器、文化メディア、料理の準備<ol><li> 10ミリリットル/子犬ミクログリアを調製する完全培地（MCM; 1×最少必須培地イーグル[MEM]を補充した1 mMのL-グルタミン、1mMピルビン酸ナトリウム、0.6％v / vのD-（+） - グルコース、100μg/ mlのペニシリン/ストレプトマイシン（P / S）、4％v / vのウシ胎児血清（FBS）、6％v / vのウマ血清）、各T-75フラスコ（1フラスコ/仔）に追加する、キャップと場所に水平にインキュベーター（37℃、5％CO 2）で 1時間平衡化する。 それは、切開を開始する前に、フラスコ（単数または複数）でこのメディアを平衡化することが不可欠である 。 </li><li> PREPA37℃の水浴の解剖用MCM（6ミリリットル/ PUP）とセルの再懸濁のための独立した円錐状の管MCM（2ミリリットル/ PUP）内での一定分量、そして暖かい、再。 、準備分量、氷上ミンチメディア上のチル（MM、HBSSを補充：100μg/ mlのP / S、0.01MのHEPES、3ミリリットル/ PUP）、および解剖メディア（DM、MEMは/ 100μg/ mlのPを補充したがSであり、2ミリリットル/ PUP）。 </li><li> 10分間、70％エタノールに浸漬して、次の手術器具を殺菌：シザー＃1（1;首を切るために）、＃1（2;鼻を確保し、皮質を除去するために）鉗子、はさみ＃2（1; nonangled、頭皮を開くために）、＃2（1鉗子、頭皮を除去するために）、＃3（1鉗子、頭蓋骨を除去するために）、＃4（2鉗子;髄膜を除去するために）、シザー＃3（1、脳組織をミンチにする）。無菌パッド上で空気乾燥させます。 </li><li> 70％エタノールで水平気流ワークステーションと解剖顕微鏡を拭う。 </li><li>頭を取得するための2無菌、100ミリメートルペトリ皿にDMを分注（3ミリリットル、1/3匹の皿）と解剖（1ミリリットル;解剖の前に氷上で冷却）; / PUP 1一品。脳組織（; 1ディッシュ/ PUP 1ミリリットル）をミンチ用の1の滅菌、100ミリメートルペトリ皿に、MMを分注する。 </li></ol> 2。脳の組織切開<ol><li>安楽死の前に、そっとラボの組織を用いて70％エタノールで首と子犬の頭を消毒。シザー＃1と、すぐに頭を削除して子犬を安楽死させる。先に調製したペトリ皿に頭を捕獲。安楽死させると次の動物に進む前に、1子犬の解剖を完了します。 </li><li>チルド解剖皿に頭を移し、解剖顕微鏡下で＃1（あるいは、ヘッドが目のソケットを介して鉗子を穿孔することによって固定することができる）の鉗子を用いて鼻をつまんで頭部を固定し、オープンな頭皮シザー＃2を使用して作成することにより、 Yカット：ヘッドのベースから、目に向けて角度で始まる。優しく頭蓋骨を露出させ、横方向に剥離することにより、頭皮を削除するには＃3の鉗子を使用します。 </li><li>鉗子＃3を使用して、ゆっくりとベースの結合組織を取り除く頭。 （半球間裂以下）は、脳と頭蓋骨の間に鉗子の一方の腕を通すことによって頭蓋底が露出し、慎重に開いて頭蓋骨、グリップ、そっと開いて引き裂くために上方頭蓋骨を引く。 </li><li>鉗子＃1を用いて脳の腹側の下に結合組織を崩壊され、その後、同じツールを使用して脳を削除します。脳の腹側の下に上向きの力を利用して頭蓋骨から脳を持ち上げます。 </li><li>その解剖学的位置に脳に注意してください。背側は、解剖顕微鏡下で皮質を視覚化するために上に向け、中脳および皮質の交差点に鉗子の先端を挿入して所定の位置に脳を固定し、完全に鉗子＃4で皮質髄膜を除去し、そして腹髄膜を除去して進んでください。髄膜が完全に除去された後、鉗子＃4を用いて脳の他の部分から皮質を分離する。 それが完全にミクログリアの純度とyielを最大化するために髄膜組織を除去することが不可欠であるD。 </li></ol> 3。脳組織ミンチ<ol><li>転送皮質は、以前に料理をミンチ準備する。クラスII生物学的安全キャビネットの滅菌技術を使用してステップをミンチに進みます。 </li><li>ミンチシザー＃3を使用して、脳組織、15ミリリットルコニカルチューブにみじん切りの組織を転送し、ハサミとMMの1ミリリットルごとにミンチの皿をすすぎ、みじん切りの組織を含む15ミリリットルコニカルチューブにリンスを収集し、分注このすすぎ工程を最大化します 。 すべての残存組織が ​​円錐管に移されるようにすることで、ミクログリアの収量 。刻んだ組織はチューブの底に沈降させ、1〜2分間乱さ組織懸濁液のままにしておきます。MMは必須栄養素が含まれていないように2分を超えないようにしてください。 </li><li>慎重に取り外し、定住みじん切り組織を破壊していない、あること、標準ピペットチップで汎用の千μlのピペットで上清を2ミリリットルを廃棄する。 </li&gt; <li>みじん切り組織にMCMの3ミリリットルを追加します。標準のピペットチップを使用してジェネリック千μlのピペットを使用して完全な力で組織を粉砕するチュレーションが完了したときには識別可能な固形組織が ​​残っていないはずです 。。ピペットチップから残留粉末化したサンプルを収集し、同じピペットチップでMCMの別の3ミリリットルを追加します。 </li></ol> 4。成長している皮質細胞<ol><li>遠心分離機細胞（215×gで、5分、室温で、スイングバケットローターを用いた臨床遠心分離機）をペレット化し細分化した組織。生物学的安全キャビネットにペレット化した細胞を戻し、削除し、上清を捨て、ゆっくりと細胞ペレット（; MCM 2ミリリットル/管）;再懸濁以前に調製したT-75フラスコに細胞の再懸濁を追加します。フラスコに蓋をして中に水平に配置します加湿された、標準的な組織培養インキュベーター（37℃、5％CO 2）。細胞を24時間インキュベートすることができます。 </li><li> 24時間後、静かに破壊するの手のひらに対してフラスコをタップ組織破片。前と残骸の完全な除去を確実にするためにタップした後、細胞を確認してください。セットフラスコ垂直、メディアを取り出し、廃棄し、フラスコの底に新鮮なMCMを追加（12ミリリットル、37℃）、キャップと水平に、インキュベーターに戻し入れます。 </li><li>汚染の毎日のセルをチェックして、成長を監視する。 </li><li> 体外 （DIV） でのおよそ17〜21日、ミクログリア細胞は、混合グリア培養物から収穫の準備ができているでしょう。細胞は準備ができているかどうかを判断するには、倒立位相差顕微鏡で細胞を調べる。 ミクログリア〜40％の集密度でとき収穫の準備ができている。彼らは、他のグリアの上に単層として成長し、小さな、明るい球状セルとして表示されます。 </li></ol> 5。混合グリア培養物からミクログリアの分離<ol><li>ミクログリアを分離するために、積極的に実験台に対してフラスコをタップします。この攪拌は、ミクログリアの低接着特性のために、他のグリア細胞とは別のミクログリアに役立ちます。 </li><li&gt;パラフィルムでシール、T-75フラスコのキャップを、混合グリア培養（200 rpmで、37℃、5時間）回転させます。温度制御され、無加湿ロータリーシェーカーを使用して、細胞が5時間よりも長く握手させないようにしてください視覚的に検査します。ミクログリアは、倒立位相差顕微鏡を用いて、5時間後、フラスコ表面から持ち上げられている。 ミクログリアは明るく、球状、浮遊細胞である。フラスコの底に付着したアストロサイトとオリゴデンドロサイトの残留層が存在します。 </li><li>無菌コニカル遠心管にミクログリアを含む上清のメディアを集め、ペレットミクログリア（215 XG; 5分、バケットローターを振る）。 </li><li> 〜2、0.6％体積/ vglucose、1mMのL-グルタミン、100μg/ mlののP / S、5％v / vのFBSを1 mMピルビン酸ナトリウム：;暖かいミクログリア増殖培地（MGMにおけるミクログリアペレットを再懸濁MEMを補充したミリリットル/フラスコ）、血球計数器を用いて細胞濃度を決定し、上の24ウェルプレートフォーマットにおいてウェル1×10 5細胞/プレートプラスチックまたは（500μL/ウェル; MGM）を滅菌ガラスカバースリップ。 この手順を用いて、平均ミクログリア収量は7.5×10 5細胞/ PUP皮質である。 </li><li> 24時間後のめっき、浮遊細胞および破片を除去するために、新鮮なMGM（37°C）とメディアと再給細胞のすべてを削除します。 このステップでは、細胞の生存にし、静止ミクログリアを維持することが重要です。細胞は、すぐに再給紙後に実験のために利用することができる。 </li></ol> 6。たとえばトリートメント<ol><li>加湿インキュベーター中で2又は24時間（37℃、5％CO 2）インキュベートし;パムの10 ng / mlの3 CSK 4（パム）、10 ng / mlのリポ多糖（LPS）またはビヒクル対照に細胞をさらす。 </li></ol> 7。機能性生体外を経由して免疫蛍光イメージングおよび免疫細胞化学のためにミクログリアを分析する<ol><li>微量遠心管（1.5ml）およびCENTR治療、収穫細胞培養培地の後にメディアを消去するには、卓上マイクロ（900 XG 2分）を使用してifuge。使用する準備ができるまで、すぐにアッセイ、または-20℃で保存、きれいなマイクロチューブに上清を移します。市販のマウスTNF-αELISAキットを介して細胞培養上清中のTNF-α濃度を分析します。 </li><li>リン酸緩衝生理食塩水（PBS）で細胞を洗浄し、4％パラホルムアルデヒドで細胞を固定（w / v）のパラホルムアルデヒド/ 4％（w / v）のスクロース/ PBS液pH7.4（4％PFA、15分、RT）。固定後、穏やかにオービタルシェーカー上で振盪しながら5分間PBSで細胞を洗浄。 <ol><li> 免疫蛍光/免疫細胞化学で固定し、PBS洗浄、免疫細胞化学のためのプロセスミクログリアの後。 すべてのステップは、穏やかに振とうしながら行った 。 PBS/0.1％トリトンX-100で細胞を透過、一時間PBS/10％正常ヤギ血清でブロックセル。ブロッキング緩衝液中で、またはウサギ抗伊庭-1抗体（1/750）;ウサギ抗NF-κB抗体（1/1、250 p65サブユニット）と、O / N、4℃で細胞をインキュベートする。ビジュアル抗原をIZE：蛍光コンジュゲートヤギ抗ウサギIgG二次抗体（1時間、1/1、000）とのインキュベーション後の抗体複合体。 PBS/0.1％トリトンX-100（3X 5分）で洗浄することによって結合していない二次抗体を除去する。 </li><li> 4 &#39;、6 -ジアミジノ-2 -フェニルインドール/ PBS（DAPI; 0.1μg/ ml）を有するカウンター染色細胞。細胞核を視覚化する全てのミクログリアはCX3CR1-GFPに由来+ / -マウスは、GFPを発現する。 DAPIを可視化するために350nmの波長フィルタを利用し、GFPを可視化する488nmの波長フィルターと594 nmの波長フィルタは、p65および伊庭-1免疫複合体を視覚化する。 </li></ol></li><li>マウントカバーは、水性マウンティング溶液を用いて、蛍光顕微鏡を用いて視覚化ミクログリアを滑る。 </li></ol>

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Neurochem. 80, 697-705 (2002).</li><li>Uesugi, M., Nakajima, K., Tohyama, Y., Kohsaka, S., Kurihara, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nonparticipation+of+nuclear+factor+kappa+B+(NFkappaB)+in+the+signaling+cascade+of+c-JunN-terminal+kinase+(JNK)-+and+p38+mitogen-activated+protein+kinase+(p38MAPK)-dependent+tumor+necrosis+factor+alpha+(TNFalpha)+induction+in+lipopolysaccharide+(LPS)-stimulated+microglia.">Nonparticipation of nuclear factor kappa B (NFkappaB) in the signaling cascade of c-JunN-terminal kinase (JNK)- and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK)-dependent tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) induction in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated microglia.</a> Brain Res. , 1073-1074 (2006).</li><li>Beraud, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microglial+Activation+and+Antioxidant+Responses+Induced+by+the+Parkinson's+Disease+Protein+alpha-Synuclein.">Microglial Activation and Antioxidant Responses Induced by the Parkinson's Disease Protein alpha-Synuclein.</a> J. Neuroimmun. Pharmacol. 8, 94-117 (2013).</li><li>Su, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synuclein+activates+microglia+in+a+model+of+Parkinson's+disease.">Synuclein activates microglia in a model of Parkinson's disease.</a> Neurobiol. Aging. 29, 1690-1701 (2008).</li><li>Minghetti, L., Levi, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microglia+as+effector+cells+in+brain+damage+and+repair:+focus+on+prostanoids+and+nitric+oxide.">Microglia as effector cells in brain damage and repair: focus on prostanoids and nitric oxide.</a> Prog. Neurobiol. 54, 99-125 (1998).</li><li>Hirsch, E. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glial+cells+and+Parkinson's+disease.">Glial cells and Parkinson's disease.</a> J. Neurol.. 247 (2), 58-62 (2000).</li><li>Liu, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+nitric+oxide+in+inflammation-mediated+neurodegeneration.">Role of nitric oxide in inflammation-mediated neurodegeneration.</a> Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 962, 318-331 (2002).</li><li>Shie, F. S., Nivison, M., Hsu, P. C., Montine, T. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modulation+of+microglialinnate+immunity+in+Alzheimer's+disease+by+activation+of+peroxisome+proliferator-activated+receptor+gamma.">Modulation of microglialinnate immunity in Alzheimer's disease by activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma.</a> Curr. Med. Chem. 16, 643-651 (2009).</li><li>Rogers, J., Mastroeni, D., Leonard, B., Joyce, J., Grover, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuroinflammation+in+Alzheimer's+disease+and+Parkinson's+disease:+are+microglia+pathogenic+in+either+disorder.">Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease: are microglia pathogenic in either disorder.</a> Int. Rev. Neurobiol. 82, 235-246 (2007).</li><li>Cardona, A. E., Huang, D., Sasse, M. E., Ransohoff, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+of+murinemicroglial+cells+for+RNA+analysis+or+flow+cytometry.">Isolation of murinemicroglial cells for RNA analysis or flow cytometry.</a> Nat. Protoc. 1, 1947-1951 (2006).</li><li>Ford, A. L., Goodsall, A. L., Hickey, W. F., Sedgwick, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Normal+adult+ramified+microglia+separated+from+other+central+nervous+system+macrophages+by+flow+cytometric+sorting.+Phenotypic+differences+defined+and+direct+ex+vivo+antigenpresentation+to+myelin+basic+protein-reactive+CD4++T+cells+compared.">Normal adult ramified microglia separated from other central nervous system macrophages by flow cytometric sorting. Phenotypic differences defined and direct ex vivo antigenpresentation to myelin basic protein-reactive CD4+ T cells compared.</a> J. Immunol. 154, 4309-4321 (1995).</li><li>Ford, A. L., Foulcher, E., Goodsall, A. L., Sedgwick, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tissue+digestion+with+dispase+substantially+reduces+lymphocyte+and+macrophage+cell-surface+antigen+expression.">Tissue digestion with dispase substantially reduces lymphocyte and macrophage cell-surface antigen expression.</a> J. Immunol. Methods. 194, 71-75 (1996).</li><li>Pino, P. A., Cardona, A. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+of+brain+and+spinal+cord+mononuclear+cells+using+percoll+gradients.">Isolation of brain and spinal cord mononuclear cells using percoll gradients.</a> J. Vis. Exp. , (2011).</li><li>Veremeyko, T., Starossom, S. C., Weiner, H. L., Ponomarev, E. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detection+of+microRNAs+in+microglia+by+real-time+PCR+in+normal+CNS+and+during+neuroinflammation.">Detection of microRNAs in microglia by real-time PCR in normal CNS and during neuroinflammation.</a> J. Vis. Exp. , (2012).</li><li>Su, X., Federoff, H. J., Maguire-Zeiss, K. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mutant+alpha-synuclein+overexpression+mediates+early+proinflammatory+activity.">Mutant alpha-synuclein overexpression mediates early proinflammatory activity.</a> Neurotox. Res. 16, 238-254 (2009).</li><li>Jung, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+fractalkine+receptorCX(3)CR1+function+by+targeted+deletion+and+green+fluorescent+protein+reporter+gene+insertion.">Analysis of fractalkine receptorCX(3)CR1 function by targeted deletion and green fluorescent protein reporter gene insertion.</a> Mol. Cell. Biol. 20, 4106-4114 (2000).</li><li>Imai, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+and+molecular+characterization+of+fractalkine+receptor+CX3CR1,+which+mediates+both+leukocyte+migration+and+adhesion.">Identification and molecular characterization of fractalkine receptor CX3CR1, which mediates both leukocyte migration and adhesion.</a> Cell. 91, 521-530 (1997).</li><li>Cardona, A. 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著者は研究が関心のある潜在的な競合として解釈される可能性のある商業や金融関係が存在しない場合に実施されたことを宣言します。

現在の手順では、新生マウスからの皮質ミクログリアの単離のための効果的な方法を提供しています。この手順では、蛍光イメージング、免疫細胞、およびELISAで測定し、1）保存ミクログリアの免疫表現と機能の2倍の利益を持っている、そして、2）ミクログリアの前に、他のグリア細胞（アストロサイトおよびoligodentrocytes）の存在下で成熟することができますグリア培養成熟期間中に重要?...

小膠細胞は、CNS実質の監視マクロファージは、成体哺乳類の脳の全細胞集団の約12％を構成する。小膠細胞は、卵黄嚢、骨髄前駆細胞に由来し、成体CNS 1-5内の異なる領域における細胞構築の細胞密度および形態が変化している。健康な成人の脳では、ミクログリアは、微細な、ダイナミックなプロセスと、小さな枝状または極性細胞である。周辺マクロファージの形態とは対照的に、ミクログリアは細胞非アクティブとして表示されることがあり、健康な脳では静止、ロープロファイル表現型を示すが、in vivoイメージング研究は、ミクログリアのプロセスを動的」を彷彿とさせる方法で、その微小環境を監視するために拡張し、撤回することを実証サンプリングと測量」6,7。 ミクログリアは、スイッチング、高度かつ差別的脳における環境的および病態生理学的な変化に応答する監視者からの​​状態 - 一般的に彼らの休止およびそれぞれ活性化した状態とみなさエフェクターへ。活性化のこのスイッチは、このような病原体関連分子パターン（PAMP）に反応し、Toll様受容体（TLR）、などの膜結合パターン認識受容体（PRR）の係合によって、すなわち細菌やウイルス由来のリポタンパク質を媒介することができます、核酸、及び炭水化物8-11。のPAMPのほかに、PRRは、また、細胞損傷12-16のようなCNS恒常性に摂動を表す危険/ダメージ関連分子パターン（DAMPS）として知られている無菌の、非病原性の分子に対するミクログリア活性化を誘導することが示されている。かつて従事し、PRRははミクログリア細胞の形態や遺伝子発現の変化をもたらす細胞内シグナル伝達カスケードを開始する、具体的には、活性化したミクログリアは、アメーバ様の表現型を適応させる細胞核にP65、NF-κBサブユニット（P65）を転位し、アップレギュレートのproductionような活性酸素種（ROS）16-24に沿っ腫瘍壊死因子-α（TNF-α）、インターロイキン1-β（IL-1β）などの炎症誘発性サイトカインの分泌。 CNSの先天性免疫応答の積分が、これらの分泌された分子はまた、それによって、パーキンソン病およびアルツハイマー病などの25-29疾患状態における神経変性を誘導し、悪化、ニューロンの酸化ストレスを増加させることが見出されている。 しかし、病的状態にあるミクログリア活性化のメカニズムは完全には理解されていない。ミクログリアの活性化の生体内での機能の多くは、培養中で要約することができるように、したがって、ミクログリアの単離は、これらの生物学的プロセスへの強力な調査ツールです。いくつかの方法がCNS組織30,31の酵素消化後のパーコール勾配を経由して分離を含むミクログリアを分離するための利用可能です。しかし、酵素消化を変更することができます細胞表面抗原の発現32を減少させることによって、細胞の免疫表現型、および本明細書に記載された方法よりも、動物あたりの細胞収量をもたらす。以前パーコール勾配収率3-5×10 5細胞30,33,34を経由して、全CNSから単離法を報告しながら、具体的には、7.5×10 5細胞の子犬皮質あたりの平均ミクログリア収率を報告している。現在の手順では、それによってミクログリア免疫表現性と機能性を維持し、彼らの低接着特性に基づいたミクログリアを分離することにより、消化酵素の使用を回避する。 （CX3CR1-GFP + / - ）は、本研究では、新生児のヘテロ接合カイン-GFPに由来し混合グリア培養からミクログリア細胞の単離を記載し、ロータリーシェーカー、以前の延長線上の機械的攪拌を経由して、C57BL / 6マウスの皮質公表された方法の24,35。私たちは、ミクログリアの容易な視覚化のための前のマウス系統を利用単球特異的プロモーター36〜38 -これらのマウスは、内因性CX3CR1遺伝子座の制御下にGFPを発現する。このメソッドは、保存免疫表現ex vivoで細菌性リポ多糖（LPS）またはパム3 CSK 4、TLR4およびTLR1 / 2アゴニストでチャレンジしたときの形態学的変化、p65の核移行、およびTNF-αの分泌によって証明されるようにして高純度のミクログリアの文化を生産であった。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="680">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="160">
			<td height="160" style="height:160px;width:233px;">Glucose</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">G8270</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Make 20% Stock Solution with MilliQ water; filter sterilize; store at 4 &#176;C; shelf life: 3-6 months. Used to make MCM and MGM.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:233px;">Sodium pyruvate 100 mM (100x)</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Hyclone</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">SH30239.01</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Store at 4 &#176;C. Used to make MCM and MGM.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="80">
			<td height="80" style="height:80px;width:233px;">Penicillin/Streptomycin 10,000 units/ml (100x)</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">15140-122</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Store at -20 &#176;C. Used to make MCM, MGM, MM, and DM.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:233px;">L-glutamine 200 mM (100x)</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">25030-081</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Store at -20 &#176;C. Used to make MCM and MGM.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="80">
			<td height="80" style="height:80px;width:233px;">Fetal Bovine Serum (Defined)</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Hyclone</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">SH30070.03</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Filter sterilize; store at -20 &#176;C. Used to make MCM and MGM.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="120">
			<td height="120" style="height:120px;width:233px;">Minimum Essential Medium Earle&#39;s (MEM)</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Cellgro</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">15-010-CV</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Without L-glutamine. Contains Earle&#39;s salts. Used to make MCM, MGM, and DM.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="80">
			<td height="80" style="height:80px;width:233px;">Horse Serum</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">16050</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Filter sterilize; store at -20 &#176;C. Used to make MCM and MGM.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="80">
			<td height="80" style="height:80px;width:233px;">Hanks&#39; Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS)</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Cellgro</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">21-021-CV</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Without calcium and magnesium. Store at 4 &#176;C. Used to make MM.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:233px;">HEPES 1 M</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">15630-031</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Store at 4 &#176;C. Used to make MM.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:233px;">T-75 Flask</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">430641</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:233px;">4&#39;,6-Diamidino-2-Phenylindole, dilactate (DAPI)</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">D3571</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Used to stain cell nucleus.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:233px;">Rabbit anti-Iba1</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Wako</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">019-19741</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Used at 1/750 dilution for ICC staining of Iba1.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:233px;">Rabbit anti-NF&#954;B (p65)</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Abcam</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">7970</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Used at 1/1250 dilution for ICC staining for p65.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="100">
			<td height="100" style="height:100px;width:233px;">Alexafluor 594 Goat anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L)</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">A11012</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Used at 1/1000 dilution for visualization of antigen:antibody complex in ICC.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:233px;">10 ml Disposable Serological Pipet</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">13-678-11E</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:233px;">50 ml Disposable Centrifuge Tube</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">05-539-8</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:233px;">15 ml Disposible Centrifuge Tube</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">05-539-12</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:233px;">Sterile Polystyrene Petri Dish</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">875713</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">100 mm x 15 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:233px;">Scissor: Straight Metzembaum (scissor #1)</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Roboz Surgical</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">RS-6010</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">1; 5 inch; used for removing head</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="80">
			<td height="80" style="height:80px;width:233px;">Scissor: Vannas 
			(scissor #2)</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">15000-08</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">1; non-angled; 2.5mm cutting edge; used to open scalp</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:233px;">Scissor: Student Vannas (scissor #3)</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">91501-09</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">1; curved; used to mince brain tissue</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:233px;">Forcep: Dumont #7 
			(forcep #1)</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">91197-00</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">2; used to secure nose and remove cortices&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:233px;">Forcep: Dumont #2 
			(forcep #2)</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">11223-20</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">1; used to remove scalp</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:233px;">Forcep: Dumont #3 
			(forcep #3)</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">11231-30</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">1; used to remove skull</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:233px;">Forcep: Dumont #5a 
			(forcep #4)</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">11253-21</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">1; used to remove meninges</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Table of specific equipment</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:233px;">Name of Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Name of Company</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Catalogue Number</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="80">
			<td height="80" style="height:80px;width:233px;">Zoom Stereo Dissection Microscope&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Olympus</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">SZ4060</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Microscope is placed inside Laminar-Horizontal Flow Cabinet</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:233px;">Laminar-Horizontal Flow Cabinet</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Nuaire</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">NU-201-330</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:233px;">Biological Safety Cabinet</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Labconco</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">3440001</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Class II</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="46">
			<td height="46" style="height:46px;width:233px;">Water-Jacketed CO2 Incubator</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">VWR</td>
			<td>97025-836</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Set to 37 &#176;C, 5% CO2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:233px;">Swing-out buckets</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>75006441</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">To be used with Swing-out rotor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:233px;">Swing-out Rotor</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>75006445</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Max Radius: 19.2 (cm)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:233px;">Sorvall Legend RT+ Centrifuge 
			(clinical centrifuge)</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>75-004-377</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">With swing-out rotor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="80">
			<td height="80" style="height:80px;width:233px;">AccuSpin Micro 17 microcentrifuge 
			(tabletop microcentrifuge)</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>S98645</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">With microliter rotor (24 x 1.5/2.0 ml; 
			Cat #: 75003524)&#160;&#160;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

isolation of cortical microglia with preserved immunophenotype and functionality from murine neonates

CNS組織からミクログリアの単離は、ex vivoでミクログリア生物学を研究するために使用される強力な調査ツールです。本発明の方法は、ロータリーシェーカーで機械的攪拌により、新生児マウスの皮質からのミクログリアを単離するための手順を詳しく説明します。このミクログリアの分離法の利回り生体内で正常な、非病理状態で静止ミクログリアを示す形態学的および機能的な特徴を示す高純度皮質ミクログリア。この手順は、形態学的変化、NF-κB（P65）のp65サブユニットの核移行、および特徴的な前炎症性サイトカインの分泌の誘導によって示されるように、ミクログリア免疫表現および生化学的機能を維持し、腫瘍壊死因子α（TNF-α ）、リポポリサッカライド（LPS）とパム3 CSK 4（PAM）の課題に依存する。そのため、本単離法は、静止してACTIの両方の免疫表現を保持するex vivoでの条件でミクログリア生物を調査する実験方法を提供し、ミクログリアをvated。

隔離中のミクログリアex vivoでの免疫表現と機能性を保持することミクログリア生物学のための捜査モデルとして、これらの細胞を利用できることが重要です。本発明の方法を用いて、ミクログリアimmunofunctionalityの正常な保全性を実証するために、我々はP3新生児から皮質ミクログリアを単離した（CX3CR1-GFP + / -およびC57BL / 6）およびLPS又はパムのいずれかで培養物を処理した。...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation of Cortical Microglia with Preserved Immunophenotype and Functionality From Murine Neonates at JoVE.com

Isolation of Cortical Microglia with Preserved Immunophenotype and Functionality From Murine Neonates

ミクログリア生物学の成功の調査の一つの鍵は、CNS組織からの単離の間にex vivoでミクログリア免疫機能の維持である。蛍光イメージング、免疫細胞、および炎症誘発性刺激リポ多糖（LPS）とパム3 CSK 4（PAM）を用いたELISA次のミクログリアの活性化によって評価されるように、高純度と免疫機能細胞培養で回転振盪結果を経由してミクログリアを分離する。

マウス新生児から保護免疫表現と機能皮質ミクログリアの分離

Isolation of microglia from CNS tissue is a powerful investigative tool used to study microglial biology ex vivo. The present method details a procedure ...

isolation-cortical-microglia-with-preserved-immunophenotype

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

15.6K ビュー.  Georgetown University Medical Center. ミクログリア生物学の成功の調査の一つの鍵は、CNS組織からの単離の間にex vivoでミクログリア免疫機能の維持である。蛍光イメージング、免疫細胞、および炎症誘発性刺激リポ多糖（LPS）とパム3 CSK 4（PAM）を用いたELISA次のミクログリアの活性化によって評価されるように、高純度と免疫機能細胞培養で回転振盪結果を経由してミ...

ビデオ: Isolation of Cortical Microglia with Preserved Immunophenotype and Functionality From Murine Neonates

Primary Microglia Isolation from Mixed Glial Cell Cultures of Neonatal Rat Brain Tissue

Microglia account for approximately 12% of the total cellular population in the mammalian brain. While neurons and astrocytes are considered the major cell types of the nervous system, microglia play a significant role in normal brain physiology by monitoring tissue for debris and pathogens and maintaining homeostasis in the parenchyma via phagocytic activity 1,2. Microglia are activated during a number of injury and disease conditions, including neurodegenerative disease, traumatic brain injury, and nervous system infection 3. Under these activating conditions, microglia increase their phagocytic activity, undergo morpohological and proliferative change, and actively secrete reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, pro-inflammatory chemokines and cytokines, often activating a paracrine or autocrine loop 4-6. As these microglial responses contribute to disease pathogenesis in neurological conditions, research focused on microglia is warranted.
	Due to the cellular heterogeneity of the brain, it is technically difficult to obtain sufficient microglial sample material with high purity during in vivo experiments. Current research on the neuroprotective and neurotoxic functions of microglia require a routine technical method to consistently generate pure and healthy microglia with sufficient yield for study. We present, in text and video, a protocol to isolate pure primary microglia from mixed glia cultures for a variety of downstream applications. Briefly, this technique utilizes dissociated brain tissue from neonatal rat pups to produce mixed glial cell cultures. After the mixed glial cultures reach confluency, primary microglia are mechanically isolated from the culture by a brief duration of shaking. The microglia are then plated at high purity for experimental study.
	The principle and protocol of this methodology have been described in the literature 7,8. Additionally, alternate methodologies to isolate primary microglia are well described 9-12. Homogenized brain tissue may be separated by density gradient centrifugation to yield primary microglia 12. However, the centrifugation is of moderate length (45 min) and may cause cellular damage and activation, as well as, cause enriched microglia and other cellular populations. Another protocol has been utilized to isolate primary microglia in a variety of organisms by prolonged (16 hr) shaking while in culture 9-11. After shaking, the media supernatant is centrifuged to isolate microglia. This longer two-step isolation method may also perturb microglial function and activation. We chiefly utilize the following microglia isolation protocol in our laboratory for a number of reasons: (1) primary microglia simulate in vivo biology more faithfully than immortalized rodent microglia cell lines, (2) nominal mechanical disruption minimizes potential cellular dysfunction or activation, and (3) sufficient yield can be obtained without passage of the mixed glial cell cultures.
	It is important to note that this protocol uses brain tissue from neonatal rat pups to isolate microglia and that using older rats to isolate microglia can significantly impact the yield, activation status, and functional properties of isolated microglia. There is evidence that aging is linked with microglia dysfunction, increased neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative pathologies, so previous studies have used ex vivo adult microglia to better understand the role of microglia in neurodegenerative diseases where aging is important parameter. However, ex vivo microglia cannot be kept in culture for prolonged periods of time. Therefore, while this protocol extends the life of primary microglia in culture, it should be noted that the microglia behave differently from adult microglia and in vitro studies should be carefully considered when translated to an in vivo setting.

Isolating primary microglia from the cellular heterogeneity of the brain is essential to investigate their role in both physiological and pathological conditions. This protocol describes a mechanical isolation and mixed cell culture technique that provides high yield and high purity, viable primary microglial cells for in vitro study and downstream applications.

新生仔ラットの脳組織の混合グリア細胞培養物から主要なミクログリアの分離

Microglia account for approximately 12% of the  total cellular population in the mammalian brain. While neurons and astrocytes are considered  the major ...

免疫・感染学

Isolation, Processing and Analysis of Murine Gingival Cells

We have developed a technique to precisely isolate and process murine gingival tissue for flow cytometry and molecular studies. The gingiva is a unique and important tissue to study immune mechanisms because it is involved in host immune response against oral biofilm that might cause periodontal diseases. Furthermore, the close proximity of the gingiva to alveolar bone tissue enables also studying bone remodeling under inflammatory conditions. Our method yields large amount of immune cells that allows analysis of even rare cell populations such as Langerhans cells and T regulatory cells as we demonstrated previously 1. Employing mice to study local immune responses involved in alveolar bone loss during periodontal diseases is advantageous because of the availability of various immunological and experimental tools. Nevertheless, due to their small size and the relatively inconvenient access to the murine gingiva, many studies avoided examination of this critical tissue. The method described in this work could facilitate gingival analysis, which hopefully will increase our understating on the oral immune system and its role during periodontal diseases.

This study describes an efficient technique to isolate and process gingival tissues from the mouse oral cavity in order to produce a single-cell culture. The resulting cells can be further used for flow cytometry analysis and molecular studies.

マウス歯肉細胞の単離、処理と解析

We have developed a technique to precisely isolate and process murine gingival tissue for flow cytometry and molecular studies. The gingiva is a unique ...

Culturing Microglia from the Neonatal and Adult Central Nervous System

Microglia are the resident macrophage-like cells of the central nervous system (CNS) and, as such, have critically important roles in physiological and pathological processes such as CNS maturation in development, multiple sclerosis, and spinal cord injury. Microglia can be activated and recruited to action by neuronal injury or stimulation, such as axonal damage seen in MS or ischemic brain trauma resulting from stroke. These immunocompetent members of the CNS are also thought to have roles in synaptic plasticity under non-pathological conditions. We employ protocols for culturing microglia from the neonatal and adult tissues that are aimed to maximize the viable cell numbers while minimizing confounding variables, such as the presence of other CNS cell types and cell culture debris. We utilize large and easily discernable CNS components (e.g. cortex, spinal cord segments), which makes the entire process feasible and reproducible. The use of adult cells is a suitable alternative to the use of neonatal brain microglia, as many pathologies studied mainly affect the postnatal spinal cord. These culture systems are also useful for directly testing the effect of compounds that may either inhibit or promote microglial activation. Since microglial activation can shape the outcomes of disease in the adult CNS, there is a need for in vitro systems in which neonatal and adult microglia can be cultured and studied.

We outline methods for the efficient and quick isolation/culture of viable microglia from the neonatal cerebral cortex and adult spinal cord. The dissection and plating of cortical microglia can be accomplished within 90 minutes, with the subsequent microglial harvest taking place ~ 10 days following the initial dissection.

新生児と大人の中枢神経系から培養ミクログリア

Microglia are the resident macrophage-like cells of the central nervous system (CNS) and, as such, have critically important roles in physiological and ...

Isolation of Murine Lymph Node Stromal Cells

Secondary lymphoid organs including lymph nodes are composed of stromal cells that provide a structural environment for homeostasis, activation and differentiation of lymphocytes. Various stromal cell subsets have been identified by the expression of the adhesion molecule CD31 and glycoprotein podoplanin (gp38), T zone reticular cells or fibroblastic reticular cells, lymphatic endothelial cells, blood endothelial cells and FRC-like pericytes within the double negative cell population. For all populations different functions are described including, separation and lining of different compartments, attraction of and interaction with different cell types, filtration of the draining fluidics and contraction of the lymphatic vessels. In the last years, different groups have described an additional role of stromal cells in orchestrating and regulating cytotoxic T cell responses potentially dangerous for the host. 
Lymph nodes are complex structures with many different cell types and therefore require a appropriate procedure for isolation of the desired cell populations. Currently, protocols for the isolation of lymph node stromal cells rely on enzymatic digestion with varying incubation times; however, stromal cells and their surface molecules are sensitive to these enzymes, which results in loss of surface marker expression and cell death. Here a short enzymatic digestion protocol combined with automated mechanical disruption to obtain viable single cells suspension of lymph node stromal cells maintaining their surface molecule expression is proposed.

Isolation of lymph node stromal cells is a multistep procedure including enzymatic digestion and mechanical disaggregation to obtain fibroblastic reticular cells, lymphatic and blood endothelial cells. In the described procedure, a short digestion is combined with automated mechanical disaggregation to minimize surface marker degradation of viable lymph node stromal cells.

ネズミリンパ節間質細胞の単離

Secondary lymphoid organs including lymph nodes are composed of stromal cells that provide a structural environment for homeostasis, activation and ...

Isolation of Leukocytes from the Murine Tissues at the Maternal-Fetal Interface

Immune tolerance in pregnancy requires that the immune system of the mother undergoes distinctive changes in order to accept and nurture the developing fetus. This tolerance is initiated during coitus, established during fecundation and implantation, and maintained throughout pregnancy. Active cellular and molecular mediators of maternal-fetal tolerance are enriched at the site of contact between fetal and maternal tissues, known as the maternal-fetal interface, which includes the placenta and the uterine and decidual tissues. This interface is comprised of stromal cells and infiltrating leukocytes, and their abundance and phenotypic characteristics change over the course of pregnancy. Infiltrating leukocytes at the maternal-fetal interface include neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cells, T cells, B cells, NK cells, and NKT cells that together create the local micro-environment that sustains pregnancy. An imbalance among these cells or any inappropriate alteration in their phenotypes is considered a mechanism of disease in pregnancy. Therefore, the study of leukocytes that infiltrate the maternal-fetal interface is essential in order to elucidate the immune mechanisms that lead to pregnancy-related complications. Described herein is a protocol that uses a combination of gentle mechanical dissociation followed by a robust enzymatic disaggregation with a proteolytic and collagenolytic enzymatic cocktail to isolate the infiltrating leukocytes from the murine tissues at the maternal-fetal interface. This protocol allows for the isolation of high numbers of viable leukocytes (&#62;70%) with sufficiently conserved antigenic and functional properties. Isolated leukocytes can then be analyzed by several techniques, including immunophenotyping, cell sorting, imaging, immunoblotting, mRNA expression, cell culture, and in vitro functional assays such as mixed leukocyte reactions, proliferation, or cytotoxicity assays.

Described herein is a protocol to isolate and analyze the infiltrating leukocytes of tissues at the maternal-fetal interface (uterus, decidua, and placenta) of mice. This protocol maintains the integrity of most cell surface markers and yields enough viable cells for downstream applications including flow cytometry analysis.

母体·胎児界面におけるマウス組織からの白血球の分離

Immune tolerance in pregnancy requires that the immune system of the mother undergoes distinctive changes in order to accept and nurture the developing ...

Isolation and Activation of Murine Lymphocytes

B and T cells, with their extremely diverse antigen-receptor repertoires, have the ability to mount specific immune responses against almost any invading pathogen1,2. Understandably, such intricate abilities are controlled by a large number of molecules involved in various cellular processes to ensure timely and spatially regulated immune responses3. Here, we describe experimental procedures that allow rapid isolation of highly purified murine lymphocytes using magnetic cell sorting technology. The resulting purified lymphocytes can then be subjected to various in vitro or in vivo functional assays, such as the determination of lymphocyte signaling capacity upon stimulation by immunoblotting4 and the investigation of proliferative abilities by 3H-thymidine incorporation or carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE) labeling5-7. In addition to comparing the functional capacities of control and genetically modified lymphocytes, we can also determine the T cell stimulatory capacity of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in vivo, as shown in our representative results using transplanted CFSE-labeled OT-I T cells.

Lymphocytes are the major players in adaptive immune responses. Here, we present a lymphocyte purification protocol to determine the physiological functions of the desired molecules in lymphocyte activation in vitro and in vivo. The described experimental procedures are suitable for comparing functional capacities between control and genetically modified lymphocytes.

単離とマウスリンパ球の活性化

B and T cells, with their extremely diverse antigen-receptor repertoires, have the ability to mount specific immune responses against almost any invading ...

Isolation of Extracellular Vesicles from Murine Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Using an Ultrafiltration Centrifugation Technique

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are newly discovered subcellular components that play important roles in many biological signaling functions during physiological and pathological states. The isolation of EVs continues to be a major challenge in this field, due to limitations intrinsic to each technique. The differential ultracentrifugation with density gradient centrifugation method is a commonly used approach and is considered to be the gold standard procedure for EV isolation. However, this procedure is time-consuming, labor-intensive, and generally results in low scalability, which may not be suitable for small-volume samples such as bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. We demonstrate that an ultrafiltration centrifugation isolation method is simple and time- and labor-efficient yet provides a high recovery yield and purity. We propose that this isolation method could be an alternative approach that is suitable for EV isolation, particularly for small-volume biological specimens.

Here, we describe two extracellular vesicle isolation protocols, ultrafiltration centrifugation and ultracentrifugation with density gradient centrifugation, to isolate extracellular vesicles from murine bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples. The extracellular vesicles derived from murine bronchoalveolar lavage fluid by both methods are quantified and characterized.

限外ろ過遠心分離法を用いたマウスの気管支肺胞洗浄液細胞小胞の分離

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are newly discovered subcellular components that play important roles in many biological signaling functions during ...

Application of Consistent Massage-Like Perturbations on Mouse Calves and Monitoring the Resulting Intramuscular Pressure Changes

Massage is generally recognized to be beneficial for relieving pain and inflammation. Although previous studies have reported anti-inflammatory effects of massage on skeletal muscles, the molecular mechanisms behind are poorly understood. We have recently developed a simple device to apply local cyclical compression (LCC), which can generate intramuscular pressure waves with varying amplitudes. Using this device, we have demonstrated that LCC modulates inflammatory responses of macrophages in situ and alleviates immobilization-induced muscle atrophy. Here, we describe protocols for the optimization and application of LCC as a massage-like intervention against immobilization-induced inflammation and atrophy of skeletal muscles of mouse hindlimbs. The protocol that we have developed can be useful for investigating the mechanism underlying beneficial effects of physical exercise and massage. Our experimental system provides a prototype of the analytical approach to elucidate the mechanical regulation of muscle homeostasis, although further development needs to be made for more comprehensive studies.

Here we describe the protocols for applying defined mechanical loads to mouse calves and for monitoring the concomitant intramuscular pressure changes. The experimental systems that we have developed can be useful for investigating the mechanism behind the beneficial effects of physical exercise and massage.

マウス子牛に対する一貫したマッサージ様摂動の適用と、結果として生じる筋肉内圧変化のモニタリング

Massage is generally recognized to be beneficial for relieving pain and inflammation. Although previous studies have reported anti-inflammatory effects of ...

Isolation of Lamina Propria Mononuclear Cells from Murine Colon Using Collagenase E

The intestine is the home to the largest number of immune cells in the body. The small and large intestinal immune systems police exposure to exogenous antigens and modulate responses to potent microbially derived immune stimuli. For this reason, the intestine is a major target site of immune dysregulation and inflammation in many diseases including but, not limited to inflammatory bowel diseases such as Crohn&#8217;s disease and ulcerative colitis, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) after bone marrow transplantation (BMT), and many allergic and infectious conditions. Murine models of gastrointestinal inflammation and colitis are heavily used to study GI complications and to pre-clinically optimize strategies for prevention and treatment. Data gleaned from these models via isolation and phenotypic analysis of immune cells from the intestine is critical to further immune understanding that can be applied to ameliorate gastrointestinal and systemic inflammatory disorders. This report describes a highly effective protocol for the isolation of mononuclear cells (MNC) from the colon using a mixed silica-based density gradient interface. This method reproducibly isolates a significant number of viable leukocytes while minimizing contaminating debris, allowing subsequent immune phenotyping by flow cytometry or other methods.

The goal of this protocol is to isolate mononuclear cells that reside in the lamina propria of the colon by enzymatic digestion of the tissue using collagenase. This protocol allows for the efficient isolation of mononuclear cells resulting in a single cell suspension which in turn can be used for robust immunophenotyping.

コラゲナーゼEを用いてマウスコロンからのラミナプロプリア単核細胞の単核細胞の単核細胞の単核細胞の単核細胞の単核細胞の単核細胞の単核細胞の単核細胞の単核細胞の単核細胞

The intestine is the home to the largest number of immune cells in the body. The small and large intestinal immune systems police exposure to exogenous ...

Concomitant Isolation of Primary Astrocytes and Microglia for Protozoa Parasite Infection

Astrocytes and microglia are the most abundant glial cells. They are responsible for physiological support and homeostasis maintenance in the central nervous system (CNS). The increasing evidences of their involvement in the control of infectious diseases justify the emerging interest in the improvement of methodologies to isolate primary astrocytes and microglia in order to evaluate their responses to infections that affect the CNS. Considering the impact of Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) and Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) infection in the CNS, here we provide a method to extract, maintain, dissociate and infect murine astrocytes and microglia cells with protozoa parasites. Extracted cells from newborn cortices are maintained in vitro for 14 days with periodic differential media replacement. Astrocytes and microglia are obtained from the same extraction protocol by mechanical dissociation. After phenotyping by flow cytometry, cells are infected with protozoa parasites. The infection rate is determined by fluorescence microscopy at different time points, thus enabling the evaluation of differential ability of glial cells to control protozoan invasion and replication. These techniques represent simple, cheap and efficient methods to study the responses of astrocytes and microglia to infections, opening the field for further neuroimmunology analysis.

The overall goal of this protocol is to instruct how to extract, maintain, and dissociate murine astrocyte and microglia cells from the central nervous system, followed by infection with protozoa parasites.

原虫性原虫感染に対する原発星およびミクログリアの同時分離

Astrocytes and microglia are the most abundant glial cells. They are responsible for physiological support and homeostasis maintenance in the central ...